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Dou M, Li Y, Hao Y, Zhang K, Yin X, Feng Z, Xu X, Zhang Q, Bao W, Chen X, Liu G, Wang Y, Tian L, Xu Y. Histological and transcriptomic insights into the interaction between grapevine and Colletotrichum viniferum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1446288. [PMID: 39220012 PMCID: PMC11362058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1446288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Grape is of high economic value. Colletotrichum viniferum, a pathogen causing grape ripe rot and leaf spot, threatens grape production and quality. Methods This study investigates the interplay between C. viniferum by Cytological study and transcriptome sequencing. Results Different grapevine germplasms, V. vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless (TS), V. labrusca accession Beaumont (B) and V. piasezkii Liuba-8 (LB-8) were classified as highly sensitive, moderate resistant and resistant to C. viniferum, respectively. Cytological study analysis reveals distinct differences between susceptible and resistant grapes post-inoculation, including faster pathogen development, longer germination tubes, normal appressoria of C. viniferum and absence of white secretions in the susceptible host grapevine. To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of C. viniferum, transcriptome sequencing was performed on the susceptible grapevine "TS" identifying 236 differentially expressed C. viniferum genes. These included 56 effectors, 36 carbohydrate genes, 5 P450 genes, and 10 genes involved in secondary metabolism. Fungal effectors are known as pivotal pathogenic factors that modulate plant immunity and affect disease development. Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in Nicotiana benthamiana screened 10 effectors (CvA13877, CvA01508, CvA05621, CvA00229, CvA07043, CvA05569, CvA12648, CvA02698, CvA14071 and CvA10999) that inhibited INF1 (infestans 1, P. infestans PAMP elicitor) induced cell death and 2 effectors (CvA02641 and CvA11478) that induced cell death. Additionally, transcriptome analysis of "TS" in response to C. viniferum identified differentially expressed grape genes related to plant hormone signaling (TGA, PR1, ETR, and ERF1/2), resveratrol biosynthesis genes (STS), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes (PAL and COMT), photosynthetic antenna proteins (Lhca and Lhcb), transcription factors (WRKY, NAC, MYB, ERF, GATA, bHLH and SBP), ROS (reactive oxygen species) clearance genes (CAT, GSH, POD and SOD), and disease-related genes (LRR, RPS2 and GST). Discussion This study highlights the potential functional diversity of C. viniferum effectors. Our findings lay a foundation for further research of infection mechanisms in Colletotrichum and identification of disease response targets in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangzhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zinuo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenwu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ling Tian
- School of Management, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Frank S, Saeid Nia M, Schäfer A, Desel C, Mulisch M, Voigt U, Nowara D, Tandron Moya YA, von Wiren N, Bilger W, Hensel G, Krupinska K. Over-accumulation of chloroplast-nucleus located WHIRLY1 in barley leads to a decrease in growth and an enhanced stress resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1210-1225. [PMID: 38843114 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
WHIRLY1 is a chloroplast-nucleus located DNA/RNA-binding protein with functions in development and stress tolerance. By overexpression of HvWHIRLY1 in barley, one line with a 10-fold and two lines with a 50-fold accumulation of the protein were obtained. In these lines, the relative abundance of the nuclear form exceeded that of the chloroplast form. Growth of the plants was shown to be compromised in a WHIRLY1 abundance-dependent manner. Over-accumulation of WHIRLY1 in chloroplasts had neither an evident impact on nucleoid morphology nor on the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus. Nevertheless, oeW1 plants were found to be compromised in the light reactions of photosynthesis as well as in carbon fixation. The reduction in growth and photosynthesis was shown to be accompanied by a decrease in the levels of cytokinins and an increase in the level of jasmonic acid. Gene expression analyses revealed that in nonstress conditions the oeW1 plants had enhanced levels of pathogen response (PR) gene expression indicating activation of constitutive defense. During growth in continuous light of high irradiance PR gene expression increased indicating that under stress conditions oeW1 are capable to further enhance defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Frank
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Monireh Saeid Nia
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Mulisch
- Central Microscopy of the Center of Biology, CAU, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Voigt
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Nowara
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Nicolaus von Wiren
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
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Al-Shammari WB, Abdulkreem Al-Huquil A, Alshammery K, Lotfi S, Altamimi H, Alshammari A, Al-Harbi NA, Rashed AA, Abdelaal K. Alleviation of drought stress damages by melatonin and Bacillus thuringiensis associated with adjusting photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidative system, and anatomical structure of Glycine max (L.). Heliyon 2024; 10:e34754. [PMID: 39149001 PMCID: PMC11325389 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
These experiments were performed to study the effect of exogenous treatment with melatonin at 100 μM and seed treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis (106-8 CFU/cm3) on growth, physio-biochemical characters, antioxidant enzymes, and anatomical features of soybean plants cv. Giza 111 under drought conditions. The findings showed that leaves number, nodules number, branches number, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were significantly reduced in soybean under drought stress. In addition, anatomical structure of stems and leaves were negatively affected in stressed plants. Moreover, proline, electrolyte leakage (EL%) lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide (O2 ·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), were significantly increased under drought stress. However, application of melatonin or Bacillus caused an improvement in growth characters, such as branches number, and increased chlorophyll a and b content, RWC as well as Fv/Fm in drought stressed soybean plants. Furthermore, melatonin and Bacillus treatments showed a significant decrease in EL%, MDA, O2 ·- and H2O2, besides regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. The stems and leaves anatomical structure, such as lamina thickness, lower and upper epidermis thickness, number of xylem vessels/bundle, stem diameter, xylem vessels diameter, and phloem thickness, were improved under drought conditions with melatonin and Bacillus treatments. Therefore, the outcomes of this investigation recommended the use of melatonin as foliar spray and Bacillus thuringiensis as seed treatment, which could regulate a number of stress-responsive mechanisms to protect the stressed soybean plants, improve their growth under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasimah B Al-Shammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huquil
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud Alshammery
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Lotfi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Altamimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadi Awad Al-Harbi
- Biology Department, University College of Tayma, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Abdullah Rashed
- Biology Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Abdelaal
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab., Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Egypt
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Nielsen ME. Vesicle trafficking pathways in defence-related cell wall modifications: papillae and encasements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3700-3712. [PMID: 38606692 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens that cause plant diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, anthracnose, and late blight continue to represent an enormous challenge for farmers worldwide. Interestingly, these pathogens, although phylogenetically distant, initiate pathogenesis in a very similar way by penetrating the cell wall and establishing a feeding structure inside the plant host cell. To prevent pathogen ingress, the host cell responds by forming defence structures known as papillae and encasements that are thought to mediate pre- and post-invasive immunity, respectively. This form of defence is evolutionarily conserved in land plants and is highly effective and durable against a broad selection of non-adapted filamentous pathogens. As most pathogens have evolved strategies to overcome the defences of only a limited range of host plants, the papilla/encasement response could hold the potential to become an optimal transfer of resistance from one plant species to another. In this review I lay out current knowledge of the involvement of membrane trafficking that forms these important defence structures and highlight some of the questions that still need to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Eggert Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, CPSC, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Nehela Y, Mazrou YSA, El_Gammal NA, Atallah O, Xuan TD, Elzaawely AA, El-Zahaby HM, Abdelrhim AS, Behiry SI, Hafez EM, Makhlouf AH, Hussain WAM. Non-proteinogenic amino acids mitigate oxidative stress and enhance the resistance of common bean plants against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1385785. [PMID: 38711604 PMCID: PMC11070507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1385785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
White mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a challenging disease to common bean cultivation worldwide. In the current study, two non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ß-alanine, were suggested as innovative environmentally acceptable alternatives for more sustainable management of white mold disease. In vitro, GABA and ß-alanine individually demonstrated potent dose-dependent fungistatic activity and effectively impeded the radial growth and development of S. sclerotiorum mycelium. Moreover, the application of GABA or ß-alanine as a seed treatment followed by three root drench applications efficiently decreased the disease severity, stimulated plant growth, and boosted the content of photosynthetic pigments of treated S. sclerotiorum-infected plants. Furthermore, although higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2 •-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that S. sclerotiorum infection had markedly triggered oxidative stress in infected bean plants, the exogenous application of both NPAAs significantly reduced the levels of the three studied oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, the application of GABA and ß-alanine increased the levels of both non-enzymatic (total soluble phenolics and flavonoids), as well as enzymatic (catalase [CAT], peroxidases [POX], and polyphenol oxidase [PPO]) antioxidants in the leaves of S. sclerotiorum-infected plants and improved their scavenging activity and antioxidant efficiency. Applications of GABA and ß-alanine also raised the proline and total amino acid content of infected bean plants. Lastly, the application of both NPAAs upregulated the three antioxidant-related genes PvCAT1, PvCuZnSOD1, and PvGR. Collectively, the fungistatic activity of NPAAs, coupled with their ability to alleviate oxidative stress, enhance antioxidant defenses, and stimulate plant growth, establishes them as promising eco-friendly alternatives for white mold disease management for sustainable bean production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser S. A. Mazrou
- Business Administration Department, Community College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad A. El_Gammal
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The International Development and Cooperation (IDEC) Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hassan M. El-Zahaby
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Said I. Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Emad M. Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abeer H. Makhlouf
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Warda A. M. Hussain
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Alafari HA, Hafez Y, Omara R, Murad R, Abdelaal K, Attia K, Khedr A. Physio-Biochemical, Anatomical, and Molecular Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Cultivars Infected with TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK Novel Puccinia graminis Races. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1045. [PMID: 38611573 PMCID: PMC11013933 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, is one of the most dangerous rust diseases on wheat. Through physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis, the relationship between the change in resistance of 15 wheat cultivars to stem rust disease and the response of 41 stem rust resistance genes (Sr,s) as well as TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK races was explained. Some cultivars and Sr genes, such as Gemmeiza-9, Gemmeiza-11, Sids-13, Sakha-94, Misr-1, Misr-2, Sr31, and Sr38, became susceptible to infection. Other new cultivars include Mir-3 and Sakha-95, and Sr genes 13, 37, 40, GT, and FR*2/SRTT3-SRTT3-SR10 remain resistant. Some resistance genes have been identified in these resistant cultivars: Sr2, Sr13, Sr24, Sr36, and Sr40. Sr31 was not detected in any cultivars. Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, enzymes activities (catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase), and electrolyte leakage were increased in the highly susceptible cultivars, while they decreased in the resistant ones. Anatomical characteristics such as the thickness of the epidermis, ground tissue, phloem tissue and vascular bundle diameter in the midrib were decreased in susceptible cultivars compared with resistant cultivars. Our results indicated that some races (TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK) appeared for the first time in Egypt and many other countries, which broke the resistant cultivars. The wheat rust breeding program must rely on land races and pyramiding genes in order to develop new resistance genes that will survive for a very long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Ali Alafari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt (R.M.)
| | - Reda Omara
- Wheat Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Rasha Murad
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt (R.M.)
| | - Khaled Abdelaal
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt (R.M.)
| | - Kotb Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr Khedr
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt (R.M.)
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Fodor J, Nagy JK, Király L, Mészáros K, Bányai J, Cséplő MK, Schwarczinger I, Künstler A. Heat Treatments at Varying Ambient Temperatures and Durations Differentially Affect Plant Defense to Blumeria hordei in a Resistant and a Susceptible Hordeum vulgare Line. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:418-426. [PMID: 37665321 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0191-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research showed that a powdery mildew resistant barley line (MvHV07-17) maintains its resistance to Blumeria hordei (Bh) even if plants are exposed to a long-term high temperature of 35°C for 120 h before Bh inoculation, whereas such high temperature pretreatment further increases susceptibility to infection in the susceptible barley line MvHV118-17. In the present study, we extended this approach using short-term high-temperature water treatment (49°C for 30 s) to determine how it affects powdery mildew resistance in these barley lines. We found that this short-term heat shock (HS) impaired plant defense responses, as reflected by development of Bh colonies and visible necrotic spots on leaves of MvHV07-17, which does not develop visible symptoms upon Bh inoculation under optimal growth conditions. In contrast, both HS and long-term heat stress enhanced susceptibility to Bh in MvHV118-17 plants. These results were supported by the measurement of Bh biomass using a qPCR method. Furthermore, microscopic examinations showed that HS elevated the rate of successful Bh penetration events and the spread of cell death in the surrounding mesophyll area and allowed for colony formation and sporulation in resistant barley, whereas early and effective plant defense responses, such as papilla formation and single-cell epidermal hypersensitive response, were significantly reduced. Furthermore, we found that the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in both resistant and susceptible barley was correlated with susceptibility induced by HS and long-term heat-stress. This study may contribute to a better understanding of plant defense responses to Bh in barley exposed to heat. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Fodor
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Mészáros
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Judit Bányai
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Mónika Károlyiné Cséplő
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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Omara RI, Alkhateeb OA, Abdou AH, El-Kot GA, Shahin AA, Saad-El-Din HI, Abdelghany R, AL-Shammari WB, Albadrani M, Hafez Y, Abdelaal K. How to Differentiate between Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Cultivars for Leaf Rust Fungi Using Antioxidant Enzymes and Histological and Molecular Studies? Cells 2023; 12:2643. [PMID: 37998379 PMCID: PMC10670212 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight wheat cultivars, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Sids-1, Sids-12, Sids-13, Shandweel-1, Misr-1, and Misr-2, were evaluated for leaf rust at the seedling and adult stages in the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses were performed to determine the link between cultivars that were either sensitive or resistant to the disease. Misr-2 and Giza-171 cultivars had the highest levels of resistance to leaf rust races in 2021 (LTCGT, STSJT, and TTTST) and 2022 (MBGJT, TTTKS, and TTTTT) at the seedling stage. However, at the adult stage, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Misr-1, and Misr-2 cultivars had the highest levels of resistance; consequently, they had the lowest final disease severity and the lowest values of AUDPC. The correlation between the seedling reaction and adult reaction was non-significant, with values of 0.4401 and 0.4793 in the 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Throughout the biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses, it was observed that catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities significantly increased in the resistant cultivars. The discoloration of superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly decreased in resistant and moderately resistant wheat cultivars (Sakha-94, Giza-171, Misr-1, and Misr-2); higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-) levels were recorded for the susceptible cultivars compared to the resistant cultivars. Molecular markers proved that the Lr50 gene was detected in the resistant cultivars. Puccinia triticina infections negatively affected most histological characteristics of flag leaves, especially in susceptible cultivars. The thickness of the blade (µ), the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis (UE and LE), the thickness of mesophyll tissue (MT), and bundle length and width in the midrib were decreased in susceptible cultivars such as Sids-1, Sids-13, and Shandwel-1 compared with resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda I. Omara
- Wheat DiseasesResearch Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.I.O.)
| | - Omar Abdullah Alkhateeb
- Department of Agribusiness and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hassan Abdou
- Social Studies Department, College of Arts, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Hotel Studies Department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Gabr A. El-Kot
- Plant Pathology Branch, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Atef A. Shahin
- Wheat DiseasesResearch Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.I.O.)
| | - Heba I. Saad-El-Din
- Wheat DiseasesResearch Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.I.O.)
| | - Rady Abdelghany
- Wheat DiseasesResearch Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.I.O.)
| | - Wasimah B. AL-Shammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muayad Albadrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawara 999088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Khaled Abdelaal
- EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
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9
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Accumulation Contributes to Citrus sinensis Response against ' Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus' via Modulation of Multiple Metabolic Pathways and Redox Status. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3753. [PMID: 37960112 PMCID: PMC10650511 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB; also known as citrus greening) is the most destructive bacterial disease of citrus worldwide with no known sustainable cure yet. Herein, we used non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to prove that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation might influence the homeostasis of several metabolic pathways, as well as antioxidant defense machinery, and their metabolism-related genes. Overall, 41 metabolites were detected in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) leaf extract including 19 proteinogenic amino acids (PAA), 10 organic acids, 5 fatty acids, and 9 other amines (four phenolic amines and three non-PAA). Exogenous GABA application increased most PAA in healthy (except L-threonine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, and L-methionine) and 'Candidatus L. asiaticus'-infected citrus plants (with no exception). Moreover, GABA accumulation significantly induced L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and α-linolenic acid, the main precursors of auxins, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), respectively. Furthermore, GABA supplementation upregulated most, if not all, of amino acids, phenolic amines, phytohormone metabolism-related, and GABA shunt-associated genes in both healthy and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected leaves. Moreover, although 'Ca. L. asiaticus' induced the accumulation of H2O2 and O2•- and generated strong oxidative stress in infected leaves, GABA possibly stimulates the activation of a multilayered antioxidative system to neutralize the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintain redox status within infected leaves. This complex system comprises two major components: (i) the enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery (six POXs, four SODs, and CAT) that serves as the front line in antioxidant defenses, and (ii) the non-enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery (phenolic acids and phenolic amines) that works as a second defense line against 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-induced ROS in citrus infected leaves. Collectively, our findings suggest that GABA might be a promising alternative eco-friendly strategy that helps citrus trees battle HLB particularly, and other diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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10
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Yang L, Wu X, Liu S, Zhang L, Li T, Cao Y, Duan Q. Comprehensive Analysis of BrHMPs Reveals Potential Roles in Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Pollen–Stigma Interaction in Brassica rapa. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071096. [PMID: 37048168 PMCID: PMC10093364 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal-associated proteins (HMPs) participate in heavy metal detoxification. Although HMPs have been identified in several plants, no studies to date have identified the HMPs in Brassica rapa (B. rapa). Here, we identified 85 potential HMPs in B. rapa by bioinformatic methods. The promoters of the identified genes contain many elements associated with stress responses, including response to abscisic acid, low-temperature, and methyl jasmonate. The expression levels of BrHMP14, BrHMP16, BrHMP32, BrHMP41, and BrHMP42 were upregulated under Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ stresses. BrHMP06, BrHMP30, and BrHMP41 were also significantly upregulated after drought treatment. The transcripts of BrHMP06 and BrHMP11 increased mostly under cold stress. After applying salt stress, the expression of BrHMP02, BrHMP16, and BrHMP78 was induced. We observed increased BrHMP36 expression during the self-incompatibility (SI) response and decreased expression in the compatible pollination (CP) response during pollen–stigma interactions. These changes in expression suggest functions for these genes in HMPs include participating in heavy metal transport, detoxification, and response to abiotic stresses, with the potential for functions in sexual reproduction. We found potential co-functional partners of these key players by protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis and found that some of the predicted protein partners are known to be involved in corresponding stress responses. Finally, phosphorylation investigation revealed many phosphorylation sites in BrHMPs, suggesting post-translational modification may occur during the BrHMP-mediated stress response. This comprehensive analysis provides important clues for the study of the molecular mechanisms of BrHMP genes in B. rapa, especially for abiotic stress and pollen–stigma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Shangjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yunyun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Qiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
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11
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Benzimidazole Derivatives Suppress Fusarium Wilt Disease via Interaction with ERG6 of Fusarium equiseti and Activation of the Antioxidant Defense System of Pepper Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020244. [PMID: 36836358 PMCID: PMC9961032 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), also known as bell pepper, is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops worldwide. It is attacked by numerous phytopathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium equiseti, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease. In the current study, we proposed two benzimidazole derivatives, including 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-H benzimidazole (HPBI) and its aluminum complex (Al-HPBI complex), as potential control alternatives to F. equiseti. Our findings showed that both compounds demonstrated dose-dependent antifungal activity against F. equiseti in vitro and significantly suppressed disease development in pepper plants under greenhouse conditions. According to in silico analysis, the F. equiseti genome possesses a predicted Sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (FeEGR6) protein that shares a high degree of homology with EGR6 from F. oxysporum (FoEGR6). It is worth mentioning that molecular docking analysis confirmed that both compounds can interact with FeEGR6 from F. equiseti as well as FoEGR6 from F. oxysporum. Moreover, root application of HPBI and its aluminum complex significantly enhanced the enzymatic activities of guaiacol-dependent peroxidases (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and upregulated four antioxidant-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (CaSOD-Cu), L-ascorbate peroxidase 1, cytosolic (CaAPX), glutathione reductase, chloroplastic (CaGR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (CaMDHAR). Additionally, both benzimidazole derivatives induced the accumulation of total soluble phenolics and total soluble flavonoids. Collectively, these findings suggest that the application of HPBI and Al-HPBI complex induce both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense machinery.
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12
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Shekhawat K, Fröhlich K, García-Ramírez GX, Trapp MA, Hirt H. Ethylene: A Master Regulator of Plant-Microbe Interactions under Abiotic Stresses. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010031. [PMID: 36611825 PMCID: PMC9818225 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant phytohormone ethylene regulates numerous physiological processes and contributes to plant-microbe interactions. Plants induce ethylene production to ward off pathogens after recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, plant immune responses against pathogens are essentially not different from those triggered by neutral and beneficial microbes. Recent studies indicate that ethylene is an important factor for beneficial plant-microbial association under abiotic stress such as salt and heat stress. The association of beneficial microbes with plants under abiotic stresses modulates ethylene levels which control the expression of ethylene-responsive genes (ERF), and ERFs further regulate the plant transcriptome, epi-transcriptome, Na+/K+ homeostasis and antioxidant defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Understanding ethylene-dependent plant-microbe interactions is crucial for the development of new strategies aimed at enhancing plant tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. In this review, we underline the importance of ethylene in beneficial plant-microbe interaction under abiotic stresses.
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13
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Sahu PK, Jayalakshmi K, Tilgam J, Gupta A, Nagaraju Y, Kumar A, Hamid S, Singh HV, Minkina T, Rajput VD, Rajawat MVS. ROS generated from biotic stress: Effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042936. [PMID: 36352882 PMCID: PMC9638130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varies between necrotrophs and biotrophs. A fine-tuned systemic induction system is involved in ROS-mediated disease development in plants. In regulated concentrations, ROS act as a signaling molecule and activate different pathways to suppress the pathogens. However, an excess of these ROS is deleterious to the plant system. Along with altering cell structure, ROS cause a variety of physiological reactions in plants that lower plant yield. ROS also degrade proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other substances. Plants have their own mechanisms to overcome excess ROS and maintain homeostasis. Microbes, especially endophytes, have been reported to maintain ROS homeostasis in both biotic and abiotic stresses by multiple mechanisms. Endophytes themselves produce antioxidant compounds and also induce host plant machinery to supplement ROS scavenging. The structured reviews on how endophytes play a role in ROS homeostasis under biotic stress were very meager, so an attempt was made to compile the recent developments in ROS homeostasis using endophytes. This review deals with ROS production, mechanisms involved in ROS signaling, host plant mechanisms in alleviating oxidative stress, and the roles of endophytes in maintaining ROS homeostasis under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Sahu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. Jayalakshmi
- Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Directorate of Onion Garlic Research, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotsana Tilgam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amrita Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Yalavarthi Nagaraju
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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El-Nagar A, Elzaawely AA, Xuan TD, Gaber M, El-Wakeil N, El-Sayed Y, Nehela Y. Metal Complexation of Bis-Chalcone Derivatives Enhances Their Efficacy against Fusarium Wilt Disease, Caused by Fusarium equiseti, via Induction of Antioxidant Defense Machinery. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182418. [PMID: 36145818 PMCID: PMC9501551 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most widely produced vegetable plants in the world. Fusarium wilt of pepper is one of the most dangerous soil-borne fungal diseases worldwide. Herein, we investigated the antifungal activities and the potential application of two chalcone derivatives against the phytopathogenic fungus, Fusarium equiseti, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in vitro and in vivo. The tested compounds included 3-(4-dimethyl amino-phenyl)-1-{6-[3-(4 dimethyl amino-phenyl)-a cryloyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-propanone (DMAPAPP) and its metal complex with ruthenium III (Ru-DMAPAPP). Both compounds had potent fungistatic activity against F. equiseti and considerably decreased disease progression. The tested compounds enhanced the vegetative growth of pepper plants, indicating there was no phytotoxicity on pepper plants in greenhouse conditions. DMAPAPP and Ru-DMAPAPP also activated antioxidant defense mechanisms that are enzymatic, including peroxidase, polyphenole oxidase, and catalase, and non-enzymatic, such as total soluble phenolics and total soluble flavonoids. DMAPAPP and Ru-DMAPAPP also promoted the overexpression of CaCu-SOD and CaAPX genes. However, CaGR and CaMDHAR were downregulated. These results demonstrate how DMAPAPP and Ru-DMAPAPP could be employed as a long-term alternative control approach for Fusarium wilt disease as well as the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that protect plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El-Nagar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.E.-N.); (Y.N.)
| | - Abdelnaser A. Elzaawely
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | - Mohamed Gaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nadia El-Wakeil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yusif El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.E.-N.); (Y.N.)
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15
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Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Schwarczinger I, Király L, Bacsó R, Ádám AL, Künstler A. Near-Isogenic Barley Lines Show Enhanced Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew Infection Following High-Temperature Stress. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070903. [PMID: 35406883 PMCID: PMC9003484 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Barley cultivation is adversely affected by high-temperature stress, which may modulate plant defense responses to pathogens such as barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgh). Earlier research focused mainly on the influence of short-term heat stress (heat shock) of barley on Bgh infection. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effects of both short- and long-term heat stress (35 °C from 30 s to 5 days) on Bgh infection in the barley cultivar Ingrid and its near-isogenic lines containing different powdery mildew resistance genes (Mla12, Mlg, and mlo5) by analyzing symptom severity and Bgh biomass with RT-qPCR. The expression of selected barley defense genes (BAX inhibitor-1, Pathogenesis- related protein-1b, Respiratory burst oxidase homologue F2, and Heat shock protein 90-1) was also monitored in plants previously exposed to heat stress followed by inoculation with Bgh. We demonstrated that pre-exposure to short- and long-term heat stress negatively affects the resistance of all resistant lines manifested by the appearance of powdery mildew symptoms and increased Bgh biomass. Furthermore, prolonged heat stress (48 and 120 h) enhanced both Bgh symptoms and biomass in susceptible wild-type Ingrid. Heat stress suppressed and delayed early defense gene activation in resistant lines, which is a possible reason why resistant barley became partially susceptible to Bgh.
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16
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Elsharkawy MM, Omara RI, Mostafa YS, Alamri SA, Hashem M, Alrumman SA, Ahmad AA. Mechanism of Wheat Leaf Rust Control Using Chitosan Nanoparticles and Salicylic Acid. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030304. [PMID: 35330306 PMCID: PMC8950986 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust is one of the world’s most widespread rusts. The progress of the disease was monitored using two treatments: chitosan nanoparticles and salicylic acid (SA), as well as three application methods; spraying before or after the inoculation by 24 h, and spraying both before and after the inoculation by 24 h. Urediniospore germination was significantly different between the two treatments. Wheat plants tested for latent and incubation periods, pustule size and receptivity and infection type showed significantly reduced leaf rust when compared to untreated plants. Pucciniatriticina urediniospores showed abnormalities, collapse, lysis, and shrinkage as a result of chitosan nanoparticles treatment. The enzymes, peroxidase and catalase, were increased in the activities. In both treatments, superoxide (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were apparent as purple and brown discolorations. Chitosan nanoparticles and SA treatments resulted in much more discoloration and quantitative measurements than untreated plants. In anatomical examinations, chitosan nanoparticles enhanced thickness of blade (µ), thickness of mesophyll tissue, thickness of the lower and upper epidermis and bundle length and width in the midrib compared to the control. In the control treatment’s top epidermis, several sori and a large number of urediniospores were found. Most anatomical characters of flag leaves in control plants were reduced by biotic stress with P. triticina. Transcription levels of PR1-PR5 and PR10 genes were activated in chitosan nanoparticles treated plants at 0, 1 and 2 days after inoculation. In light of the data, we suggest that the prospective use of chitosan nanoparticles might be an eco-friendly strategy to improve growth and control of leaf rust disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-106-577-2170
| | - Reda Ibrahim Omara
- Wheat Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Yasser Sabry Mostafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Saad Abdulrahman Alamri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.); (S.A.A.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman A. Alrumman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (Y.S.M.); (S.A.A.); (M.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Abdelmonim Ali Ahmad
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El Minia 61519, Egypt;
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17
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Liu Q, Xu K, Yi L, Hou Y, Li D, Hu H, Zhou F, Song P, Yu Y, Wei Q, Guan Y, Hu P, Bu R, Chen E, Su X, Li H, Li C. A rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus by INABS applied to crops that develop axillary buds and can survive from cuttings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:545. [PMID: 34800968 PMCID: PMC8605592 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the most convenient and powerful methods of reverse genetics. In vitro-inoculation of plant virus is an important method for studying the interactions between viruses and plants. Agrobacterium-based infiltration has been widely adopted as a tool for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus. Most agrobacterium-based infiltration methods applied to VIGS and virus inoculation have the characteristics of low transformation efficiencies, long plant growth time, large amounts of plant tissue, large test spaces, and complex preparation procedures. Therefore, a rapid, simple, economical, and highly efficient VIGS and virus inoculation method is in need. Previous studies have shown that the selection of suitable plant tissues and inoculation sites is the key to successful infection. RESULTS In this study, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) mediated VIGS and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) for virus inoculation were developed in tomato plants based on the agrobacterium tumefaciens-based infiltration by injection of the no-apical-bud stem section (INABS). The no-apical-bud stem section had a "Y- type" asymmetric structure and contained an axillary bud that was about 1-3 cm in length. This protocol provides high transformation (56.7%) and inoculation efficiency (68.3%), which generates VIGS transformants or diseased plants in a very short period (8 dpi). Moreover, it greatly reduces the required experimental space. This method will facilitate functional genomic studies and large-scale disease resistance screening. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and virus inoculation by INABS was developed in tomato. It was reasonable to believe that it can be used as a reference for the other virus inoculation methods and for the application of VIGS to other crops (such as sweet potato, potato, cassava and tobacco) that develop axillary buds and can survive from cuttings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466000, China
| | - Lun Yi
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yalin Hou
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Puwen Song
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yongang Yu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Qichao Wei
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Ruifang Bu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Eryong Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Xiaojia Su
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China.
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Ge C, Wentzel E, D'Souza N, Chen K, Oliver RP, Ellwood SR. Adult resistance genes to barley powdery mildew confer basal penetration resistance associated with broad-spectrum resistance. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20129. [PMID: 34392613 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew isa major disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for which breeders have traditionally relied on dominant, pathogen race-specific resistance genes for genetic control. Directional selection pressures in extensive monocultures invariably result in such genes being overcome as the pathogen mutates to evade recognition. This has led to a widespread reliance on fungicides and a single broad-spectrum recessive resistance provided by the mlo gene. The range of resistance genes and alleles found in wild crop relatives and landraces has been reduced in agricultural cultivars through an erosion of genetic diversity during domestication and selective breeding. Three novel major-effect adult plant resistance (APR) genes from landraces, designated Resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Rbgh1 to Rbgh3), were identified in the terminal regions of barley chromosomes 5HL, 7HS, and 1HS, respectively. The phenotype of the new APR genes showed neither pronounced penetration resistance, nor the spontaneous necrosis and mesophyll cell death typical of mlo resistance, nor a whole epidermal cell hypersensitive response, typical of race-specific resistance. Instead, resistance was localized to the site of attempted penetration in an epidermal cell and was associated with cell wall appositions and cytosolic vesicle-like bodies, and lacked strong induction of reactive oxygen species. The APR genes exhibited differences in vesicle-like body sizes, their distribution, and the extent of localized 3,3-diaminobenzidine staining in individual doubled haploid lines. The results revealed a set of unique basal penetration resistance genes that offer opportunities for combining different resistance mechanisms in breeding programs for robust mildew resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ge
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Univ., Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Elzette Wentzel
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Univ., Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Nola D'Souza
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Univ., Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Kefei Chen
- Statistics for the Australian Grains Industry-West, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Univ., Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Richard P Oliver
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Univ., Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Simon R Ellwood
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Univ., Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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Yuan H, Jin C, Pei H, Zhao L, Li X, Li J, Huang W, Fan R, Liu W, Shen QH. The Powdery Mildew Effector CSEP0027 Interacts With Barley Catalase to Regulate Host Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733237. [PMID: 34567043 PMCID: PMC8458882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most important fungal pathogen diseases. The genome of barley mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), encodes a large number of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). So far, the function and mechanism of most CSEPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a Bgh effector CSEP0027, a member of family 41, triggering cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. CSEP0027 contains a functional signal peptide (SP), verified by yeast secretion assay. We show that CSEP0027 promotes Bgh virulence in barley infection using transient gene expression and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Barley catalase HvCAT1 is identified as a CSEP0027 interactor by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and the interaction is verified in yeast, in vitro and in vivo. The coexpression of CSEP0027 and HvCAT1 in barley cells results in altered localization of HvCAT1 from the peroxisome to the nucleus. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-silencing and transiently-induced gene silencing (TIGS) assays reveal that HvCAT1 is required for barley immunity against Bgh. We propose that CSEP0027 interacts with barley HvCAT1 to regulate the host immunity and likely reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to promote fungal virulence during barley infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Renchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Beraldo-Hoischen P, Hoefle C, López-Sesé AI. Fungal Development and Callose Deposition in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions in Melon Infected with Powdery Mildew. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070873. [PMID: 34358023 PMCID: PMC8308529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two post-haustorial resistance mechanisms (types I and II) against powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthii, have been described previously in melon according to the arresting of fungal development and the timing of hypersensitive response (HR) in host cells. In our work, host-pathogen interactions between races 1, 2, and 5 of Podosphaera and several melon accessions carrying different resistance genes, have been characterized by observing several parameters, such as the number of fungal penetration points with callose accumulation, the number of epidermal cells with callose accumulation in their cell walls, and the number of conidiophores developed. Influence of temperature was observed in some cases affecting the timing of fungal development arrest. According to our results, besides the compatible interaction, four different resistance behaviors in the plant-pathogen interaction have been observed herein: type I and II, as described previously, as well as an earlier and a later type II: IIa and IIb, respectively. Melon genotypes showing post-haustorial resistance mechanism types IIa and IIb against powdery mildew, seem to show different behavior according to temperature, affecting fungal development, mainly those genotypes carrying QTL of linkage group V for powdery mildew resistance, such as "TGR-1551".
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Beraldo-Hoischen
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Avda. Dr. Wienberg, s/n, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
| | - Caroline Hoefle
- Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann Strasse 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Ana I. López-Sesé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Avda. Dr. Wienberg, s/n, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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ALKahtani M, Hafez Y, Attia K, Al-Ateeq T, Ali MAM, Hasanuzzaman M, Abdelaal K. Bacillus thuringiensis and Silicon Modulate Antioxidant Metabolism and Improve the Physiological Traits to Confer Salt Tolerance in Lettuce. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10051025. [PMID: 34065369 PMCID: PMC8160669 DOI: 10.3390/plants10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis as seed treatment and application with silicon on lettuce plants exposed to salinity levels (4 dS m−1 and 8 dS m−1). Results revealed that leaves number, head weight, total yield, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll a and b declined considerably due to two salinity levels. Oxidative stress markers, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2−), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) dramatically augmented in stressed plants. On the other hand, leaves number, total yield, RWC, and chlorophyll a, b in stressed lettuce plants were considerably enhanced because of the application of Si or B. thuringiensis. In contrast, EL%, MDA, and H2O2 were considerably reduced in treated lettuce plants with Si and B. thuringiensis. In addition, the treatment with Si and B. thuringiensis increased head weight (g) and total yield (ton hectare-1), and caused up-regulation of proline and catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity in lettuce leaves under salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneera ALKahtani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh POX 102275-11675, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yaser Hafez
- Excellence Center (EPCRS), Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Kotb Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh POX 2455-11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.); (T.A.-A.)
- Rice Biotechnology Lab, Rice Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Sakha 33717, Egypt
| | - Talal Al-Ateeq
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh POX 2455-11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.); (T.A.-A.)
| | - Mohamed A. M. Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt;
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Khaled Abdelaal
- Excellence Center (EPCRS), Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (K.A.)
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22
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Ezzat A, Szabó S, Szabó Z, Hegedűs A, Berényi D, Holb IJ. Temporal Patterns and Inter-Correlations among Physical and Antioxidant Attributes and Enzyme Activities of Apricot Fruit Inoculated with Monilinia laxa under Salicylic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate Treatments under Shelf-Life Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:341. [PMID: 33925014 PMCID: PMC8145973 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monilinia laxa causes serious postharvest damage on apricot fruits under shelf-life storage conditions. Plant elicitors of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) can reduce this damage, and their research can explain the background of the plant defense physiological processes in M. laxa-infected fruits. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of MeJA and SA on brown rot incidence (BRI) and lesion diameter (LD) of apricot fruits; (ii) to measure the temporal patterns for the effect of 0.4 mmol L-1 MeJA and 2 mmol L-1 SA treatments on BRI, LD and seven fruit measures (fruit firmness (FF), lignin content (LC), total soluble phenol content (TSPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and enzyme activities of PAL, POD and SOD) in treatments of M. laxa-inoculated versus (vs.) non-inoculated fruits over an eight-day shelf-life storage period; and (iii) to determine inter-correlations among the seven fruit measures for MeJA and SA treatments. Both MeJA and SA significantly reduced BRI and LD. LC, FF, TAC, TSPC, as well as SOD and PAL activities in the MeJA and SA treatments were higher than the water-treated control in most assessment days and both inoculation treatments. In both inoculation treatments, the activity of POD in the SA-treated fruits was higher than MeJA-treated and control fruits at all dates. In MeJA vs. SA and inoculated vs. non-inoculated treatments, six variable pairs (FF vs. TSPC, FF vs. TAC, TAC vs. PAL, PAL vs. POD, PAL vs. SOD, and POD vs. SOD) showed significant inter-correlation values. Principal component analyses explained 96% and 93% of the total variance for inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, respectively. In inoculated treatments, both PC1 and PC2 explained 41% of the total variance and correlated with FF, TSPC and TAC and with PAL, SOD and POD, respectively. In non-inoculated treatments, PC1 and PC2 explained 49% and 44% of the total variance and correlated with LC, PAL, POD and SOD and with FF, TSPC and TAC, respectively. It can be concluded that MeJA and SA are useful in the practice to enhance the plant defense system against brown rot by reducing fungal growth and by improving physical and antioxidant attributes (FF, LC, TAC and TSPC) and the activity of defense-related enzymes (PAL, POD and SOD) in apricot fruits during shelf-life storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ezzat
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Szilárd Szabó
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Attila Hegedűs
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dorina Berényi
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Imre J. Holb
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (D.B.)
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Shah A, Tyagi S, Saratale GD, Guzik U, Hu A, Sreevathsa R, Reddy VD, Rai V, Mulla SI. A comprehensive review on the influence of light on signaling cross-talk and molecular communication against phyto-microbiome interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:370-393. [PMID: 33550862 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Generally, plant growth, development, and their productivity are mainly affected by their growth rate and also depend on environmental factors such as temperature, pH, humidity, and light. The interaction between plants and pathogens are highly specific. Such specificity is well characterized by plants and pathogenic microbes in the form of a molecular signature such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and microbes-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), which in turn trigger systemic acquired immunity in plants. A number of Arabidopsis mutant collections are available to investigate molecular and physiological changes in plants under the presence of different light conditions. Over the past decade(s), several studies have been performed by selecting Arabidopsis thaliana under the influence of red, green, blue, far/far-red, and white light. However, only few phenotypic and molecular based studies represent the modulatory effects in plants under the influence of green and blue lights. Apart from this, red light (RL) actively participates in defense mechanisms against several pathogenic infections. This evolutionary pattern of light sensitizes the pathologist to analyze a series of events in plants during various stress conditions of the natural and/or the artificial environment. This review scrutinizes the literature where red, blue, white, and green light (GL) act as sensory systems that affects physiological parameters in plants. Generally, white and RL are responsible for regulating various defense mechanisms, but, GL also participates in this process with a robust impact! In addition to this, we also focus on the activation of signaling pathways (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) and their influence on plant immune systems against phytopathogen(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Shah
- CP College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, Dantiwada, India
| | - Shaily Tyagi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Urszula Guzik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Vaddi Damodara Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Vandna Rai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
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Yang H, Sun Y, Wang H, Zhao T, Xu X, Jiang J, Li J. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the ERF2 gene family in response to disease resistance against Stemphylium lycopersici in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:72. [PMID: 33530947 PMCID: PMC7856819 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors are a plant-specific family of transcription factors and one of the largest families of transcription factors. Ethylene response factors (ERF) regulate plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. In a previous study, the ERF2 gene was significantly upregulated in both resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars in response to Stemphylium lycopersici. The main purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the ERF family and to explore the mechanism of ERF2 in tomato plants resisting pathogen infection by the Virus-induced Gene Silencing technique. RESULTS In this experiment, 134 ERF genes were explored and subjected to bioinformatic analysis and divided into twelve groups. The spatiotemporal expression characteristics of ERF transcription factor gene family in tomato were diverse. Combined with RNA-seq, we found that the expression of 18 ERF transcription factors increased after inoculation with S. lycopersici. In ERF2-silenced plants, the susceptible phenotype was observed after inoculation with S. lycopersici. The hypersensitive response and ROS production were decreased in the ERF2-silenced plants. Physiological analyses showed that the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities were lower in ERF2-silenced plants than in control plants, and the SA and JA contents were lower in ERF2-silenced plants than in control plants after inoculation with S. lycopersici. Furthermore, the results indicated that ERF2 may directly or indirectly regulate Pto, PR1b1 and PR-P2 expression and enhance tomato resistance. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified and analyzed members of the tomato ERF family by bioinformatics methods and classified, described and analyzed these genes. Subsequently, we used VIGS technology to significantly reduce the expression of ERF2 in tomatoes. The results showed that ERF2 had a positive effect on tomato resistance to S. lycopersici. Interestingly, ERF2 played a key role in multiple SA, JA and ROS signaling pathways to confer resistance to invasion by S. lycopersici. In addition, ERF2 may directly or indirectly regulate Pto, PR1b1 and PR-P2 expression and enhance tomato resistance to S. lycopersici. In summary, this study provides gene resources for breeding for disease resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Yaoguang Sun
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Hexuan Wang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfu Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
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Pitaloka MK, Harrison EL, Hepworth C, Wanchana S, Toojinda T, Phetluan W, Brench RA, Narawatthana S, Vanavichit A, Gray JE, Caine RS, Arikit S. Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677839. [PMID: 34149777 PMCID: PMC8213340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a water-intensive crop, and like other plants uses stomata to balance CO2 uptake with water-loss. To identify agronomic traits related to rice stomatal complexes, an anatomical screen of 64 Thai and 100 global rice cultivars was undertaken. Epidermal outgrowths called papillae were identified on the stomatal subsidiary cells of all cultivars. These were also detected on eight other species of the Oryza genus but not on the stomata of any other plant species we surveyed. Our rice screen identified two cultivars that had "mega-papillae" that were so large or abundant that their stomatal pores were partially occluded; Kalubala Vee had extra-large papillae, and Dharia had approximately twice the normal number of papillae. These were most accentuated on the flag leaves, but mega-papillae were also detectable on earlier forming leaves. Energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry revealed that silicon is the major component of stomatal papillae. We studied the potential function(s) of mega-papillae by assessing gas exchange and pathogen infection rates. Under saturating light conditions, mega-papillae bearing cultivars had reduced stomatal conductance and their stomata were slower to close and re-open, but photosynthetic assimilation was not significantly affected. Assessment of an F3 hybrid population treated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola indicated that subsidiary cell mega-papillae may aid in preventing bacterial leaf streak infection. Our results highlight stomatal mega-papillae as a novel rice trait that influences gas exchange, stomatal dynamics, and defense against stomatal pathogens which we propose could benefit the performance of future rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutiara K. Pitaloka
- Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Emily L. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Watchara Phetluan
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Robert A. Brench
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Supatthra Narawatthana
- Thailand Rice Science Institute, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphanburi, Thailand
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Julie E. Gray,
| | - Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Robert S. Caine,
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Siwaret Arikit,
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26
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Saur IML, Hückelhoven R. Recognition and defence of plant-infecting fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153324. [PMID: 33249386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infections of plants with fungi result in diverse outcomes ranging from symptom-less resistance to severe disease and even death of infected plants. The deleterious effect on crop yield have led to intense focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility. This research has uncovered plant resistance or susceptibility genes that explain either dominant or recessive inheritance of plant resistance with many of them coding for receptors that recognize pathogen invasion. Approaches based on cell biology and phytochemistry have contributed to identifying factors that halt an invading fungal pathogen from further invasion into or between plant cells. Plant chemical defence compounds, antifungal proteins and structural reinforcement of cell walls appear to slow down fungal growth or even prevent fungal penetration in resistant plants. Additionally, the hypersensitive response, in which a few cells undergo a strong local immune reaction, including programmed cell death at the site of infection, stops in particular biotrophic fungi from spreading into surrounding tissue. In this review, we give a general overview of plant recognition and defence of fungal parasites tracing back to the early 20th century with a special focus on Triticeae and on the progress that was made in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Kouzai Y, Shimizu M, Inoue K, Uehara‐Yamaguchi Y, Takahagi K, Nakayama R, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Hirayama T, Abdelsalam SSH, Noutoshi Y, Mochida K. BdWRKY38 is required for the incompatible interaction of Brachypodium distachyon with the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:995-1008. [PMID: 32891065 PMCID: PMC7756360 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a soil-borne necrotrophic fungus that causes sheath blight in grasses. The basal resistance of compatible interactions between R. solani and rice is known to be modulated by some WRKY transcription factors (TFs). However, genes and defense responses involved in incompatible interaction with R. solani remain unexplored, because no such interactions are known in any host plants. Recently, we demonstrated that Bd3-1, an accession of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, is resistant to R. solani and, upon inoculation with the fungus, undergoes rapid induction of genes responsive to the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) that encode the WRKY TFs BdWRKY38 and BdWRKY44. Here, we show that endogenous SA and these WRKY TFs positively regulate this accession-specific R. solani resistance. In contrast to a susceptible accession (Bd21), the infection process in the resistant accessions Bd3-1 and Tek-3 was suppressed at early stages before the development of fungal biomass and infection machinery. A comparative transcriptome analysis during pathogen infection revealed that putative WRKY-dependent defense genes were induced faster in the resistant accessions than in Bd21. A gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis based on the transcriptome dataset demonstrated that BdWRKY38 was a GRN hub connected to many target genes specifically in resistant accessions, whereas BdWRKY44 was shared in the GRNs of all three accessions. Moreover, overexpression of BdWRKY38 increased R. solani resistance in Bd21. Our findings demonstrate that these resistant accessions can activate an incompatible host response to R. solani, and BdWRKY38 regulates this response by mediating SA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kouzai
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City University641‐12 Maioka‐choTotsuka, Yokohama244‐0813Japan
| | - Minami Shimizu
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City University641‐12 Maioka‐choTotsuka, Yokohama244‐0813Japan
| | - Komaki Inoue
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Yukiko Uehara‐Yamaguchi
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
| | - Kotaro Takahagi
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City University22‐2 Seto, Kanazawa‐kuYokohamaKanagawa236‐0027Japan
| | - Risa Nakayama
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City University641‐12 Maioka‐choTotsuka, Yokohama244‐0813Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR)Okayama University2‐20‐1 ChuoKurashiki710‐0046Japan
| | - Izumi C. Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR)Okayama University2‐20‐1 ChuoKurashiki710‐0046Japan
| | - Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR)Okayama University2‐20‐1 ChuoKurashiki710‐0046Japan
| | - Sobhy S. H. Abdelsalam
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama University1‐1‐1 TsushimanakaOkayama700‐8530Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama University1‐1‐1 TsushimanakaOkayama700‐8530Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research TeamRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐choTsurumi, Yokohama230‐0045Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City University641‐12 Maioka‐choTotsuka, Yokohama244‐0813Japan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City University22‐2 Seto, Kanazawa‐kuYokohamaKanagawa236‐0027Japan
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR)Okayama University2‐20‐1 ChuoKurashiki710‐0046Japan
- Microalgae Production Technology LaboratoryRIKEN Baton Zone ProgramRIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub1‐7‐22 Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
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28
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Liu Q, Li Y, Xu K, Li D, Hu H, Zhou F, Song P, Yu Y, Wei Q, Liu Q, Wang W, Bu R, Sun H, Wang X, Hao J, Li H, Li C. Clay nanosheet-mediated delivery of recombinant plasmids expressing artificial miRNAs via leaf spray to prevent infection by plant DNA viruses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:179. [PMID: 33328436 PMCID: PMC7603507 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses are economically important plant pathogens that cause severe problems in many crop plants, such as tomato, papaya, cotton, and tobacco. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a typical monopartite begomovirus that has been extensively studied, but methods that can efficiently control begomoviruses are still scarce. In this study, we combined artificial microRNA (amiRNA)-mediated silencing technology and clay nanosheet-mediated delivery by spraying and developed a method for efficiently preventing TYLCV infection in tomato plants. We designed three amiRNAs that target different regions of TYLCV to silence virus-produced transcripts. Three plant expression vectors expressing pre-amiRNAs were constructed, and recombinant plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) were loaded onto nontoxic and degradable layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets. LDH nanosheets containing multiple pDNAs were sprayed onto plant leaves. We found that the designed amiRNAs were significantly accumulated in leaves 7 days after spraying, while the pDNAs were sustainably detected for 35 days after the spray, suggesting that the LDH nanosheets released pDNAs in a sustained manner, protected pDNAs from degradation and efficiently delivered pDNAs into plant cells. Importantly, when the LDH nanosheets coated with pDNAs were sprayed onto plants infected by TYLCV, both the disease severity and TYLCV viral concentration in sprayed plants were significantly decreased during the 35 days, while the levels of H2O2 were significantly increased in those plants. Taken together, these results indicate that LDH nanosheets loaded with pDNAs expressing amiRNAs can be a sustainable and promising tool for begomovirus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liu
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Puwen Song
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongang Yu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qichao Wei
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruifang Bu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haili Sun
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.
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29
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Schnake A, Hartmann M, Schreiber S, Malik J, Brahmann L, Yildiz I, von Dahlen J, Rose LE, Schaffrath U, Zeier J. Inducible biosynthesis and immune function of the systemic acquired resistance inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6444-6459. [PMID: 32725118 PMCID: PMC7586749 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has provided evidence for the occurrence of N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis thaliana, characterized its pathogen-inducible biosynthesis by a three-step metabolic sequence from l-lysine, and established a central role for NHP in the regulation of systemic acquired resistance. Here, we show that NHP is biosynthesized in several other plant species in response to microbial attack, generally together with its direct metabolic precursor pipecolic acid and the phenolic immune signal salicylic acid. For example, NHP accumulates locally in inoculated leaves and systemically in distant leaves of cucumber in response to Pseudomonas syringae attack, in Pseudomonas-challenged tobacco and soybean leaves, in tomato inoculated with the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, in leaves of the monocot Brachypodium distachyon infected with bacterial (Xanthomonas translucens) and fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) pathogens, and in M. oryzae-inoculated barley. Notably, resistance assays indicate that NHP acts as a potent inducer of acquired resistance to bacterial and fungal infection in distinct monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Pronounced systemic accumulation of NHP in leaf phloem sap of locally inoculated cucumber supports a function for NHP as a phloem-mobile immune signal. Our study thus generalizes the existence and function of an NHP resistance pathway in plant systemic acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schnake
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Malik
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Brahmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina von Dahlen
- Institute for Population Genetics, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute for Population Genetics, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
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30
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Killiny N, Nehela Y, Hijaz F, Gonzalez-Blanco P, Hajeri S, Gowda S. Knock-down of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase via virus-induced gene silencing alters the microRNA biogenesis and causes stress-related reactions in citrus plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110622. [PMID: 32900450 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA) is an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of tetrapyrroles. Tetrapyrroles play vital roles in many biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and light-sensing. ALA-dehydratase (ALAD) combines two molecules of δ-ALA to form porphobilinogen. In citrus, the silencing of ALAD caused discrete yellow spots and necrosis in leaves and stems. Additionally, it caused rapid death in developing new shoots. Herein, we hypothesize that the accumulation of δ-ALA results in severe stress and reduced meristem development. For that reason, we investigated the dynamic changes in the expression profiles of 23 microRNA (miRNA) identified through small RNA sequencing, from CTV-tALAD plants in comparison with healthy C. macrophylla and C. macrophylla infiltrated with CTV-wt. Furthermore, we reported the effect of ALAD silencing on the total phenolics, H2O2, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, to examine the possibilities of miRNAs involving the regulation of these pathways. Our results showed that the total phenolics content, H2O2, and O2- levels were increased in CTV-tALAD plants. Moreover, 63 conserved miRNA members belonging to 23 different miRNA families were differentially expressed in CTV-tALAD plants compared to controls. The identified miRNAs are implicated in auxin biosynthesis and signaling, axillary shoot meristem formation and leaf morphology, starch metabolism, and oxidative stress. Collectively, our findings suggested that ALAD silencing initiates stress on citrus plants. As a result, CTV-tALAD plants exhibit reduced metabolic rate, growth, and development in order to cope with the stress that resulted from the accumulation of δ-ALA. This cascade of events led to leaf, stem, and meristem necrosis and failure of new shoot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Subhas Hajeri
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Siddarame Gowda
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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31
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Chung H, Lee YH. Hypoxia: A Double-Edged Sword During Fungal Pathogenesis? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1920. [PMID: 32903454 PMCID: PMC7434965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen functions as an electron acceptor for aerobic respiration and a substrate for key metabolisms and cellular processes. Most eukaryotes develop direct or indirect oxygen sensors and reprogram transcriptional and translational metabolisms to adapt to altered oxygen availability under varying oxygen concentrations. Human fungal pathogens manipulate transcriptional levels of genes related to virulence as well as oxygen-dependent metabolisms such as ergosterol homeostasis when they are confronted with oxygen limitation (hypoxia) during infection. Oxygen states in plant tissues also vary depending on site, species, and external environment, potentially providing hypoxia to plant pathogens during infection. In this review, knowledge on the regulation of oxygen sensing and adaptive mechanisms in eukaryotes and nascent understanding of hypoxic responses in plant pathogens are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Immunity Research Center, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Antioxidant Defense System Can Display Salt Tolerance of Salt Acclimated Sweet Pepper Plants Treated with Chitosan and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress deleteriously affects the growth and yield of many plants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and chitosan both play an important role in combating salinity stress and improving plant growth under adverse environmental conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of PGPR and chitosan on the growth of sweet pepper plant grown under different salinity regimes. For this purpose, two pot experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the role of PGPR (Bacillus thuringiensis MH161336 106–8 CFU/cm3) applied as seed treatment and foliar application of chitosan (30 mg dm−3) on sweet pepper plants (cv. Yolo Wonder) under two salinity concentrations (34 and 68 mM). Our findings revealed that, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fm ratio), chlorophyll a and b concentrations, relative water content (RWC), and fruit yield characters were negatively affected and significantly reduced under salinity conditions. The higher concentration was more harmful. Nevertheless, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide (O2−) significantly increased in stressed plants. However, the application of B. thuringiensis and chitosan led to improved plant growth and resulted in a significant increase in RWC, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fm ratio), and fruit yield. Conversely, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, O2−, and H2O2 were significantly reduced in stressed plants. Also, B. thuringiensis and chitosan application regulated the proline accumulation and enzyme activity, as well as increased the number of fruit plant−1, fruit fresh weight plant−1, and total fruit yield of sweet pepper grown under saline conditions.
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33
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Nostadt R, Hilbert M, Nizam S, Rovenich H, Wawra S, Martin J, Küpper H, Mijovilovich A, Ursinus A, Langen G, Hartmann MD, Lupas AN, Zuccaro A. A secreted fungal histidine- and alanine-rich protein regulates metal ion homeostasis and oxidative stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1174-1188. [PMID: 32285459 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Like pathogens, beneficial endophytic fungi secrete effector proteins to promote plant colonization, for example, through perturbation of host immunity. The genome of the root endophyte Serendipita indica encodes a novel family of highly similar, small alanine- and histidine-rich proteins, whose functions remain unknown. Members of this protein family carry an N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved C-terminal DELD motif. Here we report on the functional characterization of the plant-responsive DELD family protein Dld1 using a combination of structural, biochemical, biophysical and cytological analyses. The crystal structure of Dld1 shows an unusual, monomeric histidine zipper consisting of two antiparallel coiled-coil helices. Similar to other histidine-rich proteins, Dld1 displays varying affinity to different transition metal ions and undergoes metal ion- and pH-dependent unfolding. Transient expression of mCherry-tagged Dld1 in barley leaf and root tissue suggests that Dld1 localizes to the plant cell wall and accumulates at cell wall appositions during fungal penetration. Moreover, recombinant Dld1 enhances barley root colonization by S. indica, and inhibits H2 O2 -mediated radical polymerization of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Our data suggest that Dld1 has the potential to enhance micronutrient accessibility for the fungus and to interfere with oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species homeostasis to facilitate host colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nostadt
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Hilbert
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shadab Nizam
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Martin
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31/1160, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31/1160, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Mijovilovich
- Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31/1160, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid Ursinus
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus D Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrei N Lupas
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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34
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Saja D, Janeczko A, Barna B, Skoczowski A, Dziurka M, Kornaś A, Gullner G. Powdery Mildew-Induced Hormonal and Photosynthetic Changes in Barley Near Isogenic Lines Carrying Various Resistant Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124536. [PMID: 32630603 PMCID: PMC7352864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work focused on the characterization of some physiological mechanisms activated upon powdery mildew inoculation of the susceptible barley cultivar Ingrid and its near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying various resistant genes (Mla, Mlg and mlo). After inoculation with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), measurements of leaf reflectance and chlorophyll a fluorescence were performed 3 and 7 day post-inoculation (dpi), while hormone assays were made 7 dpi. Bgh-inoculated resistant genotypes were characterized by lowered leaf reflectance parameters that correlated with carotenoids (CRI) and water content (WBI) in comparison to inoculated Ingrid. The PSII activity (i.e., Fv/Fm, ETo/CSm and P.I.ABS) strongly decreased in susceptible Ingrid leaves when the disease symptoms became visible 7 dpi. In Mla plants with visible hypersensitive spots the PSII activity decreased to a lesser extent. Inoculation resulted in a very slight decrease of photosynthesis at later stage of infection in Mlg plants, whereas in resistant mlo plants the PSII activity did not change. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements allowed presymptomatic detection of infection in Ingrid and Mla. Changes in the homeostasis of 22 phytohormones (cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins and the stress hormones JA, SA and ABA) in powdery mildew inoculated barley are discussed in relation to resistance against this biotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saja
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (D.S.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (D.S.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Andrzej Skoczowski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (D.S.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (D.S.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.G.)
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Formela-Luboińska M, Chadzinikolau T, Drzewiecka K, Jeleń H, Bocianowski J, Kęsy J, Labudda M, Jeandet P, Morkunas I. The Role of Sugars in the Regulation of the Level of Endogenous Signaling Molecules during Defense Response of Yellow Lupine to Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4133. [PMID: 32531938 PMCID: PMC7312090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose in plant host cells not only play the role as donors of carbon skeletons, but they may also induce metabolic signals influencing the expression of defense genes. These metabolites function in a complex network with many bioactive molecules, which independently or in dialogue, induce successive defense mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of sucrose and monosaccharides as signaling molecules in the regulation of the levels of phytohormones and hydrogen peroxide participating in the defense responses of Lupinus luteus L. to a hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. lupini. A positive correlation between the level of sugars and postinfection accumulation of salicylic acid and its glucoside, as well as abscisic acid, was noted. The stimulatory effect of sugars on the production of ethylene was also reported. The protective role of soluble sugars in embryo axes of yellow lupine was seen in the limited development of infection and fusariosis. These results provide evidence for the enhanced generation of signaling molecules both by sugar alone as well as during the crosstalk between sugars and infection caused by F. oxysporum. However, a considerable postinfection increase in the level of these signaling molecules under the influence of sugars was recorded. The duration of the postinfection generation of these molecules in yellow lupine was also variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Formela-Luboińska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.F.-L.); (T.C.)
| | - Tamara Chadzinikolau
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.F.-L.); (T.C.)
| | - Kinga Drzewiecka
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Henryk Jeleń
- Institute of Plant Products Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań;
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.F.-L.); (T.C.)
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Qari SH, Al Surhanee AA, Yasin G, Alamri S, Hashem M, M Al-Saadi A. Plant hypersensitive response vs pathogen ingression: Death of few gives life to others. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104224. [PMID: 32360524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a defense action against pathogen ingression. Typically, HR is predictable with the appearance of the dead, brown cells along with visible lesions. Although death during HR can be limited to the cells in direct contact with pathogens, yet cell death can also spread away from the infection site. The variety in morphologies of plant cell death proposes involvement of different pathways for triggering HR. It is considered that, despite the differences, HR in plants performs the resembling functions like that of animal programmed cell death (PCD) for confining pathogen progression. HR, in fact, crucially initiates systemic signals for activation of defense in distal plant parts that ultimately results in systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Therefore, HR can be separated from other local immune actions/responses at the infection site. HR comprises of serial events inclusive of transcriptional reprograming, Ca2+ influx, oxidative bursts and phyto-hormonal signaling. Although a lot of work has been done on HR in plants but many questions regarding mechanisms and consequences of HRs remain unaddressed.We have summarized the mechanistic roles and cellular events of plant cells during HR in defense regulation. Roles of different genes during HR have been discussed to clarify genetic control of HR in plants. Generally existing ambiguities about HR and programmed cell death at the reader level has been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Sameer Hasan Qari
- Biology Department, Al-jumum University College, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameena A Al Surhanee
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau ud din Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research center for advance materials science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, PO Box 9004 Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Assuit University, Botany and Microbiology department, Assuit. 71516, Egypt
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Hafez YM, Mourad RY, Nasr EB, Attia KOTB, Abdelaal KA, Ghazy AI, Al-Ateeq TK, Ibrahim EI, Mohammed AA. Biochemical and molecular characterization of non-host resistance keys in food crops. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1091-1099. [PMID: 32256170 PMCID: PMC7105668 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, under normal conditions plants are resistant to many of the incompatible pathogens (viral, fungal and bacterial), and this is named "non-host resistance phenomenon". To understand this phenomenon, different types of food crops (faba bean, squash, barley and wheat) were inoculated with compatible and incompatible pathogens. Strong resistance symptoms were observed in the non-host/incompatible pathogen combinations as compared with host/compatible pathogen combinations, which showed severe infection (susceptibility). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mostly hydrogen peroxide and superoxide were significantly increased early 24 and 48 h after inoculation (hai) in the non-host plants comparing to the host. Antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) were not increased at the same early time 24, 48 hai in the non-host resistant and host resistant plants, however, it increased later at 72 and 168 hai. Electrolyte leakage decreased significantly in non-host resistant and host resistant/pathogen combinations. Catalase and peroxidase genes were significantly expressed in non-host resistant and in host resistant plants as compared to the host susceptible one, which did not show expression using RT-PCR technique. Furthermore, Yr5, Yr18 and Yr26 resistant genes were identified positively using PCR in all treatments either host susceptible or non-host resistant plants in which prove that no clear role of these resistant genes in resistance. Early accumulation of ROS could have a dual roles, first role is preventing the growth or killing the pathogens early in the non-host, second, stimulating the gene appearance of related genes in addition the activition of antioxidant enzymes later on which thereby, neutralize the harmful effect of ROS and consequently suppressing disease symptoms. The new finding from this study supporting the plant breeders with new source of resistance to develop new resistant cultivars and/or stop the breakdown of resistance in resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser M. Hafez
- EPCRS Center of Excellence, Department of Agricultural Botany, Agriculture College, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Rasha Y. Mourad
- EPCRS Center of Excellence, Department of Agricultural Botany, Agriculture College, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - El-Baghdady Nasr
- Department of Genetics, Agriculture College, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - KOTB Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Rice Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research & Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Sakha, Kafr EL-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Abdelaal
- EPCRS Center of Excellence, Department of Agricultural Botany, Agriculture College, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Abdelhalim I. Ghazy
- Plant Production Department, Food Science and Agriculture College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal K. Al-Ateeq
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid I. Ibrahim
- Plant Production Department, Food Science and Agriculture College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif A. Mohammed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abraham N, Chitrampalam P, Nelson B, Sharma Poudel R, Chittem K, Borowicz P, Brueggeman R, Jain S, LeBoldus JM. Microscopic, Biochemical, and Molecular Comparisons of Moderately Resistant and Susceptible Populus Genotypes Inoculated with Sphaerulina musiva. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2074-2086. [PMID: 31483223 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0105-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sphaerulina musiva, the causal agent of Septoria leaf spot and stem canker, is responsible for mortality and yield loss in Populus plantations. However, little is known about the mode of infection and the mechanisms of resistance in this pathosystem. To characterize these phenomena, microscopic, biochemical, and transcriptome comparisons were performed between leaves of moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes of Populus inoculated with S. musiva conidia. Using scanning electron, cryofracture, and laser-scanning confocal microscopy, the infection and colonization of Populus leaves by S. musiva were examined across five time points (48 h, 96 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks). The infection process was similar regardless of the host genotype. Differences in host colonization between susceptible and moderately resistant genotypes were apparent by 1 week postinoculation. However, the germination of conidia was greater on the susceptible than on the moderately resistant genotype (P < 0.008). Diaminobenzidine staining, a measure of hydrogen peroxide accumulation, was different (P < 0.001) between the host genotypes by 2 weeks postinoculation. Transcriptome differences between genotypes indicated that the speed and amplitude of the defense response were faster and more extensive in the moderately resistant genotype. Changes in gene expression support the microscopic and biochemical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivi Abraham
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | | | - Berlin Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | | | - Kishore Chittem
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Pawel Borowicz
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Shalu Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Jared Michael LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Forest Engineering Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Tabe L, Samuel S, Dunn M, White R, Mago R, Estavillo G, Spielmeyer W. Phenotypes Conferred by Wheat Multiple Pathogen Resistance Locus, Sr2, Include Cell Death in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1751-1759. [PMID: 31199201 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0099-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The wheat Sr2 locus confers partial resistance to four biotrophic pathogens: wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), leaf rust (P. triticina), stripe rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici), and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). In addition, Sr2 is linked with a brown coloration of ears and stems, termed pseudo-black chaff (PBC). PBC, initially believed to be elicited by stem rust infection, was subsequently recognized to occur in the absence of pathogen infection. The current study demonstrates that the resistance response to stem rust is associated with the death of photosynthetic cells around rust infection sites in the inoculated leaf sheath. Similarly, Sr2-dependent resistance to powdery mildew was associated with the death of leaf mesophyll cells around mildew infection sites. We demonstrate that PBC occurring in the absence of pathogen inoculation also corresponds with death and the collapse of photosynthetic cells in the affected parts of stems and ears. In addition, Sr2-dependent necrosis was inducible in leaves by application of petroleum jelly or by heat treatments. Thus, Sr2 was found to be associated with cell death, which could be triggered by either biotic or abiotic stresses. Our results suggest a role for the Sr2 locus in controlling cell death in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tabe
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sharon Samuel
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rosemary White
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Estavillo
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Spielmeyer
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Lenk M, Wenig M, Bauer K, Hug F, Knappe C, Lange B, Häußler F, Mengel F, Dey S, Schäffner A, Vlot AC. Pipecolic Acid Is Induced in Barley upon Infection and Triggers Immune Responses Associated with Elevated Nitric Oxide Accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1303-1313. [PMID: 31194615 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0013-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an essential component of systemic acquired resistance, priming resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. Here, we studied the potential role of Pip in bacteria-induced systemic immunity in barley. Exudates of barley leaves infected with the systemic immunity-inducing pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica induced immune responses in A. thaliana. The same leaf exudates contained elevated Pip levels compared with those of mock-treated barley leaves. Exogenous application of Pip induced resistance in barley against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis. Furthermore, both a systemic immunity-inducing infection and exogenous application of Pip enhanced the resistance of barley against the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. In contrast to a systemic immunity-inducing infection, Pip application did not influence lesion formation by a systemically applied inoculum of the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in barley leaves increased after Pip application. Furthermore, X. translucens pv. cerealis induced the accumulation of superoxide anion radicals and this response was stronger in Pip-pretreated compared with mock-pretreated plants. Thus, the data suggest that Pip induces barley innate immune responses by triggering NO and priming reactive oxygen species accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Bauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Hug
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Finni Häußler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Mengel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sanjukta Dey
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton Schäffner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Qin Y, Torp AM, Glauser G, Pedersen C, Rasmussen SK, Thordal-Christensen H. Barley isochorismate synthase mutant is phylloquinone-deficient, but has normal basal salicylic acid level. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1671122. [PMID: 31559895 PMCID: PMC6804694 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1671122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling hormone in plant immunity. It can be synthesized by either the phenylpropanoid pathway or the isochorismate pathway, but mutant studies of this have been scarce in other species than Arabidopsis. Here we identified a mutation that introduced a stop-codon early in the barley gene for isochorismate synthase (ICS). We found that homozygous ics plants wilted if not sprayed with 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, a precursor of phylloquinone, also synthesized via the isochorismate pathway. Interestingly, ics had unchanged SA, suggesting that the basal level of SA is synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway. Previous studies have failed seeing increased SA levels in barley after attack by the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh), and indeed, we saw no changes in the interaction of ics with this fungus. Overall, we hope this mutant will be useful for other studies of SA in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Maria Torp
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Institute of Biology, Neuchâtel Platform Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren K. Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Balint‐Kurti P. The plant hypersensitive response: concepts, control and consequences. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1163-1178. [PMID: 31305008 PMCID: PMC6640183 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen resistance, though, in specific situations, it may have other consequences such as pathogen susceptibility, growth retardation and, over evolutionary timescales, speciation. Due to the potentially severe costs of inappropriate activation, plants employ multiple mechanisms to suppress inappropriate activation of HR and to constrain it after activation. The ubiquity of this response among higher plants despite its costs suggests that it is an extremely effective component of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balint‐Kurti
- Plant Science Research UnitUSDA‐ARSRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7613USA
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43
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Gillmeister M, Ballert S, Raschke A, Geistlinger J, Kabrodt K, Baltruschat H, Deising HB, Schellenberg I. Polyphenols from Rheum Roots Inhibit Growth of Fungal and Oomycete Phytopathogens and Induce Plant Disease Resistance. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1674-1684. [PMID: 31095470 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1168-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A growing world population requires an increase in the quality and quantity of food production. However, field losses due to biotic stresses are currently estimated to be between 10 and 20% worldwide. The risk of resistance and strict pesticide legislation necessitate innovative agronomical practices to adequately protect crops in the future, such as the identification of new substances with novel modes of action. In the present study, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to characterize Rheum rhabarbarum root extracts that were primarily composed of the stilbenes rhaponticin, desoxyrhaponticin, and resveratrol. Minor components were the flavonoids catechin, epicatechin gallate, and procyanidin B1. Specific polyphenolic mixtures inhibited mycelial growth of several phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Foliar spray applications with fractions containing stilbenes and flavonoids inhibited spore germination of powdery mildew in Hordeum vulgare with indications of synergistic interactions. Formulated extracts led to a significant reduction in the incidence of brown rust in Triticum aestivum under field conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction studies suggested that the stilbenes induce salicylic acid-mediated resistance. Thus, the identified substances of Rheum roots represent an excellent source of antifungal agents that can be used in horticulture and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Gillmeister
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Ballert
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Anja Raschke
- 2 Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences - Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joerg Geistlinger
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kabrodt
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Baltruschat
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- 2 Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences - Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Schellenberg
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
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44
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Foroud NA, Pordel R, Goyal RK, Ryabova D, Eranthodi A, Chatterton S, Kovalchuk I. Chemical Activation of the Ethylene Signaling Pathway Promotes Fusarium graminearum Resistance in Detached Wheat Heads. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:796-803. [PMID: 30540553 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-18-0286-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant signaling hormones such as ethylene have been shown to affect the host response to various pathogens. Often, the resistance responses to necrotrophic fungi are mediated through synergistic interactions of ethylene (ET) with the jasmonate signaling pathway. On the other hand, ET is also an inducer of senescence and cell death, which could be beneficial for some invading necrotrophic pathogens. Fusarium graminearum, a causative agent in Fusarium head blight of wheat, is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, meaning it has both biotrophic and necrotrophic phases during the course of infection. However, the role of ET signaling in the host response to Fusarium spp. is unclear; some studies indicate that ET mediates resistance, while others have shown that it is associated with susceptibility. These discrepancies could be related to various aspects of different experimental designs, and suggest that the role of ET signaling in the host response to FHB is potentially dependent on interactions with some undetermined factors. To investigate whether wheat genotype can influence the ET-mediated response to FHB, the effect of chemical treatments affecting the ET pathway was studied in six wheat genotypes in detached-head assays. ET-inhibitor treatments broke down resistance to both initial infection and disease spread in three resistant wheat genotypes, whereas ET-enhancer treatments resulted in reduced susceptibility in three susceptible genotypes. The results presented here show that the ET signaling can mediate FHB resistance to F. graminearum in different wheat backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- 1 Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Reyhaneh Pordel
- 1 Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada; and
| | - Ravinder K Goyal
- 3 Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Daria Ryabova
- 1 Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Anas Eranthodi
- 1 Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Syama Chatterton
- 1 Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada; and
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Van Gansbeke B, Khoo KHP, Lewis JG, Chalmers KJ, Mather DE. Fine mapping of Rha2 in barley reveals candidate genes for resistance against cereal cyst nematode. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:1309-1320. [PMID: 30656354 PMCID: PMC6476833 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cereal cyst nematode resistance locus Rha2 was mapped to a 978 kbp region on the long arm of barley chromosome 2H. Three candidate genes are discussed. The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Heterodera avenae is a soil-borne obligate parasite that can cause severe damage to cereals. This research involved fine mapping of Rha2, a CCN resistance locus on chromosome 2H of barley. Rha2 was previously mapped relative to restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in two mapping populations. Anchoring of flanking RFLP clone sequences to the barley genome assembly defined an interval of 5077 kbp. Genotyping-by-sequencing of resistant and susceptible materials led to the discovery of potentially useful single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Assays were designed for these SNPs and applied to mapping populations. This narrowed the region of interest to 3966 kbp. Further fine mapping was pursued by crossing and backcrossing the resistant cultivar Sloop SA to its susceptible ancestor Sloop. Evaluation of F2 progeny confirmed that the resistance segregates as a single dominant gene. Genotyping of 9003 BC2F2 progeny identified recombinants. Evaluation of recombinant BC2F3 progeny narrowed the region of interest to 978 kbp. Two of the SNPs within this region proved to be diagnostic of CCN resistance across a wide range of barley germplasm. Fluorescence-based and gel-based assays were developed for these SNPs for use in marker-assisted selection. Within the candidate region of the reference genome, there are nine high-confidence predicted genes. Three of these, one that encodes RAR1 (a cysteine- and histidine-rich domain-containing protein), one that is predicted to encode an acetylglutamate kinase and one that is predicted to encode a tonoplast intrinsic protein, are discussed as candidate genes for CCN resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Van Gansbeke
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Kelvin H P Khoo
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - John G Lewis
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Kenneth J Chalmers
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Diane E Mather
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Kuska MT, Behmann J, Namini M, Oerke EC, Steiner U, Mahlein AK. Discovering coherency of specific gene expression and optical reflectance properties of barley genotypes differing for resistance reactions against powdery mildew. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213291. [PMID: 30889193 PMCID: PMC6424429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging has proved its potential for evaluating complex plant-pathogen interactions. However, a closer link of the spectral signatures and genotypic characteristics remains elusive. Here, we show relation between gene expression profiles and specific wavebands from reflectance during three barley-powdery mildew interactions. Significant synergistic effects between the hyperspectral signal and the corresponding gene activities has been shown using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Combining the data sets of hyperspectral signatures and gene expression profiles allowed a more precise differentiation of the three investigated barley-Bgh interactions independent from the time after inoculation. This shows significant synergistic effects between the hyperspectral signal and the corresponding gene activities. To analyze this coherency between spectral reflectance and seven different gene expression profiles, relevant wavelength bands and reflectance intensities for each gene were computed using the Relief algorithm. Instancing, xylanase activity was indicated by relevant wavelengths around 710 nm, which are characterized by leaf and cell structures. HvRuBisCO activity underlines relevant wavebands in the green and red range, elucidating the coherency of RuBisCO to the photosynthesis apparatus and in the NIR range due to the influence of RuBisCO on barley leaf cell development. These findings provide the first insights to links between gene expression and spectral reflectance that can be used for an efficient non-invasive phenotyping of plant resistance and enables new insights into plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Thomas Kuska
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Behmann
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mahsa Namini
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erich-Christian Oerke
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Mahlein
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research (IfZ), Göttingen, Germany
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Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Gong S, Yan S, Li G, Hu G, Ren H, Yang J, Yu T, Yang K. Comparative transcriptome analysis of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant maize reveals potential mechanisms to enhance salt resistance. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:781-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hou YP, Mao XW, Wu LY, Wang JX, Mi B, Zhou MG. Impact of fluazinam on morphological and physiological characteristics of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 155:81-89. [PMID: 30857631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic and filamentous fungus with a broad host range. Fluazinam is a pyridinamine fungicide with a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and had a strong inhibition effect on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum populations. But the impact of fluazinam on morphological and physiological characteristics of S. sclerotiorum is little known. In this study, the EC50 values of fluazinam to three strains of S. sclerotiorum (CZ17S, YZ55S and SA42S) were 0.0084, 0.007, 0.0065 μg/ml respectively. After fluazinam treatment, hyphae of S. sclerotiorum became thinner, hyphal offshoot of top increased, the distance between one septum and another became shorter, cell membrane permeability increased markedly, exopolysaccharide (EPS) content and oxalic acid content decreased significantly, peroxidase (POD) activity increased significantly and mycelial respiration was inhibited. While the number and dry weight of sclerotia, glycerol content in the mycelia did not significantly change. In protective activity assay on detached rapeseed leaves, application of fluazinam at 40 μg/ml and 80 μg/ml, the control efficacy reached to 41.4% and 100%, respectively. In curative activity assay, application of fluazinam at 100 μg/ml, the control efficacy reached to 61.09%. In the same concentration, protective activity of fluazinam against S. sclerotiorum was higher than curative activity. These results will contribute to us on evaluating the potential of the fungicide fluazinam for management of Sclerotinia stem rot and understanding the mode of action of fluazinam against S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xue-Wei Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Luo-Yu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bao Mi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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49
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Dangol S, Chen Y, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Iron- and Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Ferroptotic Cell Death in Rice- Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:189-209. [PMID: 30563847 PMCID: PMC6391706 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitive response (HR) cell death is the most effective plant immune response restricting fungal pathogen invasion. Here, we report that incompatible rice (Oryza sativa) Magnaporthe oryzae interactions induce iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death in rice cells. Ferric ions and ROS (i.e., H2O2) accumulated in tissues undergoing HR cell death of rice leaf sheath tissues during avirulent M. oryzae infection. By contrast, iron did not accumulate in rice cells during virulent M. oryzae infection or treatment with the fungal elicitor chitin. Avirulent M. oryzae infection in ΔOs-nadp-me2-3 mutant rice did not trigger iron and ROS accumulation and suppressed HR cell death, suggesting that NADP-malic enzyme2 is required for ferroptotic cell death in rice. The small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitors deferoxamine, ferrostatin-1, and cytochalasin E and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium suppressed iron-dependent ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation to completely attenuate HR cell death in rice sheaths during avirulent M. oryzae infection. By contrast, the small-molecule inducer erastin triggered iron-dependent ROS accumulation and glutathione depletion, which ultimately led to HR cell death in rice in response to virulent M. oryzae These combined results demonstrate that iron- and ROS-dependent signaling cascades are involved in the ferroptotic cell death pathway in rice to disrupt M. oryzae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 06213, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kouzai Y, Noutoshi Y, Inoue K, Shimizu M, Onda Y, Mochida K. Benzothiadiazole, a plant defense inducer, negatively regulates sheath blight resistance in Brachypodium distachyon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17358. [PMID: 30478396 PMCID: PMC6255916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defense inducers that mimic functions of the plant immune hormone salicylic acid (SA) often affect plant growth. Although benzothiadiazole (BTH), a synthetic analog of SA, has been widely used to protect crops from diseases by inducing plant defense responses, we recently demonstrated that SA, but not BTH, confers resistance against Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of sheath blight disease, in Brachypodium distachyon. Here, we demonstrated that BTH compromised the resistance of Bd3-1 and Gaz4, the two sheath blight-resistant accessions of B. distachyon, which activate SA-dependent signaling following challenge by R. solani. Moreover, upon analyzing our published RNA-seq data from B. distachyon treated with SA or BTH, we found that BTH specifically induces expression of genes related to chloroplast function and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, suggesting that BTH attenuates R. solani resistance by perturbing growth-defense trade-offs and/or by inducing a JA response that may increase susceptibility to R. solani. Our findings demonstrated that BTH does not work as a simple mimic of SA in B. distachyon, and consequently may presumably cause unfavorable side effects through the transcriptional alteration, particularly with respect to R. solani resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kouzai
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Komaki Inoue
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minami Shimizu
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Onda
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Bioproductivity Informatics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan. .,Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan. .,Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan. .,Microalgae Production Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. .,Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0027, Japan.
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