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The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020217. [PMID: 36829495 PMCID: PMC9953051 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. Accordingly, the current work distils existing mechanical stress knowledge by bringing in side-by-side the research conducted on both stem and roots. First, the various types of mechanical stress encountered by plants are defined. Second, plant perception mechanisms are outlined. Finally, the different strategies employed by the plant stem and roots to counteract the perceived mechanical stresses are summarized, depicting the corresponding morphological, phytohormonal, and molecular characteristics. The comprehensive literature on both perennial (woody) and annual plants was reviewed, considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of the two plant types, which allowed us to highlight current gaps in knowledge as areas of interest for future research.
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Wood Formation under Changing Environment: Omics Approaches to Elucidate the Mechanisms Driving the Early-to-Latewood Transition in Conifers. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global change scenarios highlight the urgency of clarifying the mechanisms driving the determination of wood traits in forest trees. Coniferous xylem is characterized by the alternation between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW), on which proportions the wood density depend, one of the most important mechanical xylem qualities. However, the molecular mechanisms triggering the transition between the production of cells with the typical features of EW to the LW are still far from being completely elucidated. The increasing availability of omics resources for conifers, e.g., genomes and transcriptomes, would lay the basis for the comprehension of wood formation dynamics, boosting both breeding and gene-editing approaches. This review is intended to introduce the importance of wood formation dynamics and xylem traits of conifers in a changing environment. Then, an up-to-date overview of the omics resources available for conifers was reported, focusing on both genomes and transcriptomes. Later, an analysis of wood formation studies using omics approaches was conducted, with the aim of elucidating the main metabolic pathways involved in EW and LW determination. Finally, the future perspectives and the urgent needs on this research topic were highlighted.
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Sierra-de-Grado R, Pando V, Voltas J, Zas R, Majada J, Climent J. Straightening the crooked: intraspecific divergence of stem posture control and associated trade-offs in a model conifer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1222-1235. [PMID: 34865003 PMCID: PMC8866635 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the straightening capacity of the stem is key for light capture and mechanical stability in forest trees, little is known about its adaptive implications. Assuming that stem straightening is costly, trade-offs are expected with competing processes such as growth, maintenance, and defence. We established a manipulative experiment in a common garden of Pinus pinaster including provenances typically showing either straight-stemmed or crooked-stemmed phenotypes. We imposed a bending up to 35º on plants aged 9 years of both provenance groups and followed the straightening kinetics and shoot elongation after releasing. Eight months later, we destructively assessed biomass partitioning, reaction wood, wood microdensity, xylem reserve carbohydrates, and phloem secondary metabolites. The experimental bending and release caused significant, complex changes with a marked difference between straight- and crooked-type plants. The straight-type recovered verticality faster and to a higher degree and developed more compression wood, while displaying a transitory delay in shoot elongation, reducing resource allocation to defence and maintaining the levels of non-structural carbohydrates compared with the crooked type. This combination of responses indicates the existence of intraspecific divergence in the reaction to mechanical stresses that may be related to different adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sierra-de-Grado
- ETSIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentin Pando
- ETSIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo 28, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Juan Majada
- CETEMAS, Pumarabule s/n, Carbayín, 33936 Asturias, Spain
| | - Jose Climent
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Forestales (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Morales-Quintana L, Ramos P. A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312630. [PMID: 34884435 PMCID: PMC8657560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.M.-Q.); (P.R.); Tel.: +56-71-2735-699 (L.M.-Q.); +56-73-2213-501 (P.R.)
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CenBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Centro del Secano, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.M.-Q.); (P.R.); Tel.: +56-71-2735-699 (L.M.-Q.); +56-73-2213-501 (P.R.)
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Xiao Y, Yi F, Ling J, Wang Z, Zhao K, Lu N, Qu G, Kong L, Ma W, Wang J. Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveal the Cellulose and Pectin Metabolic Processes in the Tension Wood (Non-G-Layer) of Catalpa bungei. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1686. [PMID: 32121503 PMCID: PMC7084593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
: Catalpa bungei is an economically important tree with high-quality wood and highly valuable to the study of wood formation. In this work, the xylem microstructure of C. bungei tension wood (TW) was observed, and we performed transcriptomics, proteomics and Raman spectroscopy of TW, opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW). The results showed that there was no obvious gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the TW of C. bungei and that the secondary wall deposition in the TW was reduced compared with that in the OW and NW. We found that most of the differentially expressed mRNAs and proteins were involved in carbohydrate polysaccharide synthesis. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that the cellulose and pectin content and pectin methylation in the TW were lower than those in the OW and NW, and many genes and proteins involved in the metabolic pathways of cellulose and pectin, such as galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), polygalacturonase (PG), endoglucanase (CLE) and β-glucosidase (BGLU) genes, were significantly upregulated in TW. In addition, we found that the MYB2 transcription factor may regulate the pectin degradation genes PG1 and PG3, and ARF, ERF, SBP and MYB1 may be the key transcription factors regulating the synthesis and decomposition of cellulose. In contrast to previous studies on TW with a G-layer, our results revealed a change in metabolism in TW without a G-layer, and we inferred that the change in the pectin type, esterification and cellulose characteristics in the TW of C. bungei may contribute to high tensile stress. These results will enrich the understanding of the mechanism of TW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Juanjuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Kun Zhao
- Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Luoyang 471002, China;
| | - Nan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Lisheng Kong
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P5C2, Canada;
| | - Wenjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Z.W.); (N.L.); (W.M.)
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Cai M, Huang H, Ni F, Tong Z, Lin E, Zhu M. RNA-Seq analysis of differential gene expression in Betula luminifera xylem during the early stages of tension wood formation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5427. [PMID: 30155351 PMCID: PMC6108316 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Betula luminifera H. Winkler, which is widely distributed in southern China, is an economically important broadleaf tree species. However, little genomic information of B. luminifera is available, and little is known about the molecular mechanisms of wood formation in this species. Meanwhile, few efforts have focused on investigating the early transcriptional changes during tension wood formation in woody plants. Results A reference transcriptome dataset was first generated containing 45,700 Unigenes, and 35,135 (76.9%) Unigenes were annotated by a BLAST similarity search against four public databases. Then, based on an anatomical investigation, the global gene expression changes during the early stages of tension wood formation were analyzed. Gene expression profiling showed that a total of 13,273 Unigenes were differentially regulated during the early stages of tension wood formation. Most genes involved in cellulose and lignin biosynthesis were highlighted to reveal their biological importance in tension wood formation. In addition, the transcription levels of many genes involved in the auxin response pathway were significantly changed during the early stages of tension wood formation. Furthermore, 18 TFs co-expressed with key enzymes of cellulose synthesis were identified. Conclusions Our results revealed the transcriptional changes associated with TW formation and identified potential key genes in the regulation of this process. These results will help to dissect the molecular mechanism of wood formation and provide key candidate genes for marker-assisted selection in B. luminifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahong Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ni
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaikang Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erpei Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Expression Profiling in Pinus pinaster in Response to Infection with the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8080279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Laitinen T, Morreel K, Delhomme N, Gauthier A, Schiffthaler B, Nickolov K, Brader G, Lim KJ, Teeri TH, Street NR, Boerjan W, Kärkönen A. A Key Role for Apoplastic H 2O 2 in Norway Spruce Phenolic Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1449-1475. [PMID: 28522458 PMCID: PMC5490890 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoplastic events such as monolignol oxidation and lignin polymerization are difficult to study in intact trees. To investigate the role of apoplastic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in gymnosperm phenolic metabolism, an extracellular lignin-forming cell culture of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was used as a research model. Scavenging of apoplastic H2O2 by potassium iodide repressed lignin formation, in line with peroxidases activating monolignols for lignin polymerization. Time-course analyses coupled to candidate substrate-product pair network propagation revealed differential accumulation of low-molecular-weight phenolics, including (glycosylated) oligolignols, (glycosylated) flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins, in lignin-forming and H2O2-scavenging cultures and supported that monolignols are oxidatively coupled not only in the cell wall but also in the cytoplasm, where they are coupled to other monolignols and proanthocyanidins. Dilignol glycoconjugates with reduced structures were found in the culture medium, suggesting that cells are able to transport glycosylated dilignols to the apoplast. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that scavenging of apoplastic H2O2 resulted in remodulation of the transcriptome, with reduced carbon flux into the shikimate pathway propagating down to monolignol biosynthesis. Aggregated coexpression network analysis identified candidate enzymes and transcription factors for monolignol oxidation and apoplastic H2O2 production in addition to potential H2O2 receptors. The results presented indicate that the redox state of the apoplast has a profound influence on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Laitinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kris Morreel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bastian Schiffthaler
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kaloian Nickolov
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Günter Brader
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kean-Jin Lim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Kärkönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green Technology, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Bygdell J, Srivastava V, Obudulu O, Srivastava MK, Nilsson R, Sundberg B, Trygg J, Mellerowicz EJ, Wingsle G. Protein expression in tension wood formation monitored at high tissue resolution in Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3405-3417. [PMID: 28633298 PMCID: PMC5853651 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood (TW) is a specialized tissue with contractile properties that is formed by the vascular cambium in response to gravitational stimuli. We quantitatively analysed the proteomes of Populus tremula cambium and its xylem cell derivatives in stems forming normal wood (NW) and TW to reveal the mechanisms underlying TW formation. Phloem-, cambium-, and wood-forming tissues were sampled by tangential cryosectioning and pooled into nine independent samples. The proteomes of TW and NW samples were similar in the phloem and cambium samples, but diverged early during xylogenesis, demonstrating that reprogramming is an integral part of TW formation. For example, 14-3-3, reactive oxygen species, ribosomal and ATPase complex proteins were found to be up-regulated at early stages of xylem differentiation during TW formation. At later stages of xylem differentiation, proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of rhamnogalacturonan-I, rhamnogalacturonan-II, arabinogalactan-II and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were up-regulated in TW. Surprisingly, two isoforms of exostosin family proteins with putative xylan xylosyl transferase function and several lignin biosynthesis proteins were also up-regulated, even though xylan and lignin are known to be less abundant in TW than in NW. These data provided new insight into the processes behind TW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Bygdell
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ogonna Obudulu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj K Srivastava
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, UP, India
| | - Robert Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Trygg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational life science cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Characters related to higher starch accumulation in cassava storage roots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19823. [PMID: 26892156 PMCID: PMC4759534 DOI: 10.1038/srep19823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is valued mainly for high content starch in its roots. Our understanding of mechanisms promoting high starch accumulation in the roots is, however, still very limited. Two field-grown cassava cultivars, Huanan 124(H124) with low root starch and Fuxuan 01(F01) with high root starch, were characterised comparatively at four main growth stages. Changes in key sugars in the leaves, stems and roots seemed not to be strongly associated with the final amount of starch accumulated in the roots. However, when compared with H124, F01 exhibited a more compact arrangement of xylem vascular bundles in the leaf axils, much less callose around the phloem sieve plates in the stems, higher starch synthesis-related enzymatic activity but lower amylase activity in the roots, more significantly up-regulated expression of related genes, and a much higher stem flow rate (SFR). In conclusion, higher starch accumulation in the roots results from the concurrent effects of powerful stem transport capacity highlighted by higher SFR, high starch synthesis but low starch degradation in the roots, and high expression of sugar transporter genes in the stems. A model of high starch accumulation in cassava roots was therefore proposed and discussed.
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Garcés M, Le Provost G, Lalanne C, Claverol S, Barré A, Plomion C, Herrera R. Proteomic analysis during ontogenesis of secondary xylem in maritime pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1263-1277. [PMID: 24614303 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Secondary xylem (wood) is formed through an intricate biological process that results in a highly variable final product. Studies have focused on understanding the molecular events for wood formation in conifers. In this process environmental, ontogenic and genetic factors influence variation in wood characteristics, including anatomical, chemical and physical properties. The main objective of this study was to analyse the ageing (ontogenic) effect on protein accumulation in wood-forming tissues along a cambial age (CA) gradient, ranging from juvenile wood (JW) sampled at the top of the tree, to mature wood (MW) sampled at the bottom of the tree. A total of 62 proteins whose accumulation varied by at least 1.5-fold according to CA were selected and identified by ESI-MS/MS; 30 of these were more abundant in MW and 32 were more abundant in JW. Consistent with earlier findings, our results show that JW is a tissue characterized by a high energy demand with the accumulation of gene products involved in energy, protein fate and cellular transport, while proteins identified in MW (heat shock response, oxygen and radical detoxification, and the S-adenosyl methionine cycle) support the idea that this tissue undergoes extended cell-wall thickening and a delay of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Garcés
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile Present address: Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, BIOREN, Universidad de la Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Grégoire Le Provost
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33170 Talence, France
| | - Céline Lalanne
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33170 Talence, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Plateforme Protéome, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Barré
- Centre de Bioinformatique Bordeaux, Université V. Segalen Bordeaux 2, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33170 Talence, France
| | - Raul Herrera
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
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Granot D, Kelly G, Stein O, David-Schwartz R. Substantial roles of hexokinase and fructokinase in the effects of sugars on plant physiology and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:809-19. [PMID: 24293612 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The basic requirements for plant growth are light, CO2, water, and minerals. However, the absorption and utilization of each of these requires investment on the part of the plant. The primary products of plants are sugars, and the hexose sugars glucose and fructose are the raw material for most of the metabolic pathways and organic matter in plants. To be metabolized, hexose sugars must first be phosphorylated. Only two families of enzymes capable of catalysing the essential irreversible phosphorylation of glucose and fructose have been identified in plants, hexokinases (HXKs) and fructokinases (FRKs). These hexose-phosphorylating enzymes appear to coordinate sugar production with the abilities to absorb light, CO2, water, and minerals. This review describes the long- and short-term effects mediated by HXK and FRK in various tissues, as well as the role of these enzymes in the coordination of sugar production with the absorption of light, CO2, water, and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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14
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Sato S, Yoshida M, Hiraide H, Ihara K, Yamamoto H. Transcriptome Analysis of Reaction Wood in Gymnosperms by Next-Generation Sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.518295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Parsons HT, Weinberg CS, Macdonald LJ, Adams PD, Petzold CJ, Strabala TJ, Wagner A, Heazlewood JL. Golgi enrichment and proteomic analysis of developing Pinus radiata xylem by free-flow electrophoresis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84669. [PMID: 24416096 PMCID: PMC3887118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the contribution of Golgi proteins to cell wall and wood formation in any woody plant species is limited. Currently, little Golgi proteomics data exists for wood-forming tissues. In this study, we attempted to address this issue by generating and analyzing Golgi-enriched membrane preparations from developing xylem of compression wood from the conifer Pinus radiata. Developing xylem samples from 3-year-old pine trees were harvested for this purpose at a time of active growth and subjected to a combination of density centrifugation followed by free flow electrophoresis, a surface charge separation technique used in the enrichment of Golgi membranes. This combination of techniques was successful in achieving an approximately 200-fold increase in the activity of the Golgi marker galactan synthase and represents a significant improvement for proteomic analyses of the Golgi from conifers. A total of thirty known Golgi proteins were identified by mass spectrometry including glycosyltransferases from gene families involved in glucomannan and glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. The free flow electrophoresis fractions of enriched Golgi were highly abundant in structural proteins (actin and tubulin) indicating a role for the cytoskeleton during compression wood formation. The mass spectrometry proteomics data associated with this study have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000557.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet T. Parsons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Li X, Yang X, Wu HX. Transcriptome profiling of radiata pine branches reveals new insights into reaction wood formation with implications in plant gravitropism. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:768. [PMID: 24209714 PMCID: PMC4046691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of compression (CW) and opposite wood (OW) in branches and bent trunks is an adaptive feature of conifer trees in response to various displacement forces, such as gravity, wind, snow and artificial bending. Several previous studies have characterized tracheids, wood and gene transcription in artificially or naturally bent conifer trunks. These studies have provided molecular basis of reaction wood formation in response to bending forces and gravity stimulus. However, little is known about reaction wood formation and gene transcription in conifer branches under gravity stress. In this study SilviScan® technology was used to characterize tracheid and wood traits in radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) branches and genes differentially transcribed in CW and OW were investigated using cDNA microarrays. RESULTS CW drastically differed from OW in tracheids and wood traits with increased growth, thicker tracheid walls, larger microfibril angle (MFA), higher density and lower stiffness. However, CW and OW tracheids had similar diameters in either radial or tangential direction. Thus, gravity stress largely influenced wood growth, secondary wall deposition, cellulose microfibril orientation and wood properties, but had little impact on primary wall expansion. Microarray gene transcription revealed about 29% of the xylem transcriptomes were significantly altered in CW and OW sampled in both spring and autumn, providing molecular evidence for the drastic variation in tracheid and wood traits. Genes involved in cell division, cellulose biosynthesis, lignin deposition, and microtubules were mostly up-regulated in CW, conferring its greater growth, thicker tracheid walls, higher density, larger MFA and lower stiffness. However, genes with roles in cell expansion and primary wall formation were differentially transcribed in CW and OW, respectively, implicating their similar diameters of tracheid walls and different tracheid lengths. Interestingly, many genes related to hormone and calcium signalling as well as various environmental stresses were exclusively up-regulated in CW, providing important clues for earlier molecular signatures of reaction wood formation under gravity stimulus. CONCLUSIONS The first comprehensive investigation of tracheid characteristics, wood properties and gene transcription in branches of a conifer species revealed more accurate and new insights into reaction wood formation in response to gravity stress. The identified differentially transcribed genes with diverse functions conferred or implicated drastic CW and OW variation observed in radiata pine branches. These genes are excellent candidates for further researches on the molecular mechanisms of reaction wood formation with a view to plant gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Li
- />CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- />CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- />Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Harry X Wu
- />CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- />Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Carvalho A, Paiva J, Louzada J, Lima-Brito J. The transcriptomics of secondary growth and wood formation in conifers. Mol Biol Int 2013; 2013:974324. [PMID: 24288610 PMCID: PMC3830773 DOI: 10.1155/2013/974324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, forestry scientists have adapted genomics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to the search for candidate genes related to the transcriptomics of secondary growth and wood formation in several tree species. Gymnosperms, in particular, the conifers, are ecologically and economically important, namely, for the production of wood and other forestry end products. Until very recently, no whole genome sequencing of a conifer genome was available. Due to the gradual improvement of the NGS technologies and inherent bioinformatics tools, two draft assemblies of the whole genomes sequence of Picea abies and Picea glauca arose in the current year. These draft genome assemblies will bring new insights about the structure, content, and evolution of the conifer genomes. Furthermore, new directions in the forestry, breeding and research of conifers will be discussed in the following. The identification of genes associated with the xylem transcriptome and the knowledge of their regulatory mechanisms will provide less time-consuming breeding cycles and a high accuracy for the selection of traits related to wood production and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvalho
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology (IBB/CGB), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge Paiva
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT), Centro de Florestas e Produtos Florestais (FLOR), Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Louzada
- Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape (CIFAP), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Lima-Brito
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology (IBB/CGB), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Salazar MM, Nascimento LC, Camargo ELO, Gonçalves DC, Lepikson Neto J, Marques WL, Teixeira PJPL, Mieczkowski P, Mondego JMC, Carazzolle MF, Deckmann AC, Pereira GAG. Xylem transcription profiles indicate potential metabolic responses for economically relevant characteristics of Eucalyptus species. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:201. [PMID: 23521840 PMCID: PMC3618336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eucalyptus is one of the most important sources of industrial cellulose. Three species of this botanical group are intensively used in breeding programs: E. globulus, E. grandis and E. urophylla. E. globulus is adapted to subtropical/temperate areas and is considered a source of high-quality cellulose; E. grandis grows rapidly and is adapted to tropical/subtropical climates; and E. urophylla, though less productive, is considered a source of genes related to robustness. Wood, or secondary xylem, results from cambium vascular differentiation and is mostly composed of cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses. In this study, the xylem transcriptomes of the three Eucalyptus species were investigated in order to provide insights on the particularities presented by each of these species. Results Data analysis showed that (1) most Eucalyptus genes are expressed in xylem; (2) most genes expressed in species-specific way constitutes genes with unknown functions and are interesting targets for future studies; (3) relevant differences were observed in the phenylpropanoid pathway: E. grandis xylem presents higher expression of genes involved in lignin formation whereas E. urophylla seems to deviates the pathway towards flavonoid formation; (4) stress-related genes are considerably more expressed in E. urophylla, suggesting that these genes may contribute to its robustness. Conclusions The comparison of these three transcriptomes indicates the molecular signatures underlying some of their distinct wood characteristics. This information may contribute to the understanding of xylogenesis, thus increasing the potential of genetic engineering approaches aiming at the improvement of Eucalyptus forest plantations productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Mendes Salazar
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo CEP: 13083-970, Campinas, Brasil
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19
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Ramos P, Le Provost G, Gantz C, Plomion C, Herrera R. Transcriptional analysis of differentially expressed genes in response to stem inclination in young seedlings of pine. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:923-33. [PMID: 22646487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The gravitropic response in trees is a widely studied phenomenon, however understanding of the molecular mechanism involved remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to identify differentially expressed genes in response to inclination using a comparative approach for two conifer species. Young seedlings were subjected to inclination and samples were collected at four different times points. First, suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) was used to identify differentially regulated genes in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). cDNA libraries were constructed from the upper and lower part of inclined stems in a time course experiment, ranging from 2.5 h to 1 month. From a total of 3092 sequences obtained, 2203 elements were assembled, displaying homology to a public database. A total of 942 unigene elements were identified using bioinformatic tools after redundancy analysis. Of these, 614 corresponded to known function genes and 328 to unknown function genes, including hypothetical proteins. Comparative analysis between radiata pine and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) was performed to validate the differential expression of relevant candidate genes using qPCR. Selected genes were involved in several functional categories: hormone regulation, phenylpropanoid pathway and signal transduction. This comparative approach for the two conifer species helped determine the molecular gene pattern generated by inclination, providing a set of Pinus gene signatures that may be involved in the gravitropic stress response. These genes may also represent relevant candidate genes involved in the gravitropic response and potentially in wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramos
- Instituto Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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21
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Janz D, Lautner S, Wildhagen H, Behnke K, Schnitzler JP, Rennenberg H, Fromm J, Polle A. Salt stress induces the formation of a novel type of 'pressure wood' in two Populus species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:129-141. [PMID: 22126133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• Salinity causes osmotic stress and limits biomass production of plants. The goal of this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying hydraulic adaptation to salinity. • Anatomical, ecophysiological and transcriptional responses to salinity were investigated in the xylem of a salt-sensitive (Populus × canescens) and a salt-tolerant species (Populus euphratica). • Moderate salt stress, which suppressed but did not abolish photosynthesis and radial growth in P. × canescens, resulted in hydraulic adaptation by increased vessel frequencies and decreased vessel lumina. Transcript abundances of a suite of genes (FLA, COB-like, BAM, XET, etc.) previously shown to be activated during tension wood formation, were collectively suppressed in developing xylem, whereas those for stress and defense-related genes increased. A subset of cell wall-related genes was also suppressed in salt-exposed P. euphratica, although this species largely excluded sodium and showed no anatomical alterations. Salt exposure influenced cell wall composition involving increases in the lignin : carbohydrate ratio in both species. • In conclusion, hydraulic stress adaptation involves cell wall modifications reciprocal to tension wood formation that result in the formation of a novel type of reaction wood in upright stems named 'pressure wood'. Our data suggest that transcriptional co-regulation of a core set of genes determines reaction wood composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Janz
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Lautner
- Zentrum für Holzwirtschaft, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Wildhagen
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Behnke
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg Fromm
- Zentrum für Holzwirtschaft, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Britto D, Pirovani C, Gonzalez E, Silva J, Gesteira A, Cascardo J. Oxidative stress proteins as an indicator of a low quality of eucalyptus clones for the pulp and paper industry. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3798-813. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.august.17.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Li X, Wu HX, Southerton SG. Transcriptome profiling of Pinus radiata juvenile wood with contrasting stiffness identifies putative candidate genes involved in microfibril orientation and cell wall mechanics. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:480. [PMID: 21962175 PMCID: PMC3224210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical properties of wood are largely determined by the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in secondary cell walls. Several genes and their allelic variants have previously been found to affect microfibril angle (MFA) and wood stiffness; however, the molecular mechanisms controlling microfibril orientation and mechanical strength are largely uncharacterised. In the present study, cDNA microarrays were used to compare gene expression in developing xylem with contrasting stiffness and MFA in juvenile Pinus radiata trees in order to gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying microfibril orientation and cell wall mechanics. RESULTS Juvenile radiata pine trees with higher stiffness (HS) had lower MFA in the earlywood and latewood of each ring compared to low stiffness (LS) trees. Approximately 3.4 to 14.5% out of 3, 320 xylem unigenes on cDNA microarrays were differentially regulated in juvenile wood with contrasting stiffness and MFA. Greater variation in MFA and stiffness was observed in earlywood compared to latewood, suggesting earlywood contributes most to differences in stiffness; however, 3-4 times more genes were differentially regulated in latewood than in earlywood. A total of 108 xylem unigenes were differentially regulated in juvenile wood with HS and LS in at least two seasons, including 43 unigenes with unknown functions. Many genes involved in cytoskeleton development and secondary wall formation (cellulose and lignin biosynthesis) were preferentially transcribed in wood with HS and low MFA. In contrast, several genes involved in cell division and primary wall synthesis were more abundantly transcribed in LS wood with high MFA. CONCLUSIONS Microarray expression profiles in Pinus radiata juvenile wood with contrasting stiffness has shed more light on the transcriptional control of microfibril orientation and the mechanical properties of wood. The identified candidate genes provide an invaluable resource for further gene function and association genetics studies aimed at deepening our understanding of cell wall biomechanics with a view to improving the mechanical properties of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Li
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Harry X Wu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Dept. Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Goulao LF, Vieira-Silva S, Jackson PA. Association of hemicellulose- and pectin-modifying gene expression with Eucalyptus globulus secondary growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:873-81. [PMID: 21429757 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wood properties are ultimately related to the morphology and biophysical properties of the xylem cell wall. Although the cellulose and lignin biosynthetic pathways have been extensively studied, modifications of other wall matrix components during secondary growth have attracted relatively less attention. In this work, thirty-eight new Eucalyptus cDNAs encoding cell wall-modifying proteins from nine candidate families that act on the cellulose-hemicellulose and pectin networks were cloned and their gene expression was investigated throughout the developing stem. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed distinct, gene-specific transcription patterns for each clone, allowing the identification of genes up-regulated in xylem or phloem of stem regions undergoing secondary growth. Some genes, namely an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, one mannan-hydrolase and three pectin methylesterases showed transcription in juvenile and also in mature stages of wood development. The patterns of gene expression using samples from tension and opposite wood disclosed a general trend for up-regulation in tension wood and/or down-regulation in opposite wood. Localised gene expression of two selected representative clones, EGl-XTH1 and EGl-XTH4, obtained through in situ hybridization confirms the RT-PCR results and association with secondary xylem formation. Likewise, immunolocalisation studies with the anti-pectin antibody (JIM5) also supported the idea that the development of tissue-specific pectin characteristics is important during secondary growth. These results emphasize an involvement of hemicellulose and pectin biochemistry in wood formation, suggesting that the controlled and localised modification of these polysaccharides may define cell properties and architecture and thus, contribute to determining different biophysical characteristics of Eucalyptus wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Goulao
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Abril N, Gion JM, Kerner R, Müller-Starck G, Cerrillo RMN, Plomion C, Renaut J, Valledor L, Jorrin-Novo JV. Proteomics research on forest trees, the most recalcitrant and orphan plant species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1219-42. [PMID: 21353265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of proteomics to the knowledge of forest tree (the most recalcitrant and almost forgotten plant species) biology is being reviewed and discussed, based on the author's own research work and papers published up to November 2010. This review is organized in four introductory sections starting with the definition of forest trees (1), the description of the environmental and economic importance (2) and its derived current priorities and research lines for breeding and conservation (3) including forest tree genomics (4). These precede the main body of this review: a general overview to proteomics (5) for introducing the forest tree proteomics section (6). Proteomics, defined as scientific discipline or experimental approach, it will be discussed both from a conceptual and methodological point of view, commenting on realities, challenges and limitations. Proteomics research in woody plants is limited to a reduced number of genera, including Pinus, Picea, Populus, Eucalyptus, and Fagus, mainly using first-generation approaches, e.g., those based on two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. This area joins the own limitations of the technique and the difficulty and recalcitrance of the plant species as an experimental system. Furthermore, it contributes to a deeper knowledge of some biological processes, namely growth, development, organogenesis, and responses to stresses, as it is also used in the characterization and cataloguing of natural populations and biodiversity (proteotyping) and in assisting breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Abril
- Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ed. Severo Ochoa, Cordoba, Spain
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26
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Beaulieu J, Doerksen T, Boyle B, Clément S, Deslauriers M, Beauseigle S, Blais S, Poulin PL, Lenz P, Caron S, Rigault P, Bicho P, Bousquet J, Mackay J. Association genetics of wood physical traits in the conifer white spruce and relationships with gene expression. Genetics 2011; 188:197-214. [PMID: 21385726 PMCID: PMC3120141 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marker-assisted selection holds promise for highly influencing tree breeding, especially for wood traits, by considerably reducing breeding cycles and increasing selection accuracy. In this study, we used a candidate gene approach to test for associations between 944 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers from 549 candidate genes and 25 wood quality traits in white spruce. A mixed-linear model approach, including a weak but nonsignificant population structure, was implemented for each marker-trait combination. Relatedness among individuals was controlled using a kinship matrix estimated either from the known half-sib structure or from the markers. Both additive and dominance effect models were tested. Between 8 and 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be significantly associated (P ≤ 0.01) with each of earlywood, latewood, or total wood traits. After controlling for multiple testing (Q ≤ 0.10), 13 SNPs were still significant across as many genes belonging to different families, each accounting for between 3 and 5% of the phenotypic variance in 10 wood characters. Transcript accumulation was determined for genes containing SNPs associated with these traits. Significantly different transcript levels (P ≤ 0.05) were found among the SNP genotypes of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, a β-tonoplast intrinsic protein, and a long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 9. These results should contribute toward the development of efficient marker-assisted selection in an economically important tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Beaulieu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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Pesquet E, Tuominen H. Ethylene stimulates tracheary element differentiation in Zinnia elegans cell cultures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:138-149. [PMID: 21219334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact role of ethylene in xylogenesis remains unclear, but the Zinnia elegans cell culture system provides an excellent model with which to study its role during the differentiation of tracheary elements (TEs) in vitro. Here, we analysed ethylene homeostasis and function during Z. elegans TE differentiation using biochemical, molecular and pharmacological methods. Ethylene evolution was confined to specific stages of TE differentiation. It was found to peak at the time of TE maturation and to correlate with the activity of the ethylene biosynthetic 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase. The ethylene precursor ACC was exported and accumulated to high concentrations in the extracellular medium, which also displayed a high capacity to convert ACC into ethylene. The effects of adding inhibitors of the ethylene biosynthetic ACC synthase and ACC oxidase enzymes to the TE cultures demonstrated for the first time strict dependence of TE differentiation on ethylene biosynthesis and a stimulatory effect of ethylene on the rate of TE differentiation. In a whole-plant context, our results suggest that ethylene synthesis occurs in the apoplast of the xylem elements and that ethylene participates, in a paracrine manner, in the control of the cambial stem cell pool size during secondary xylem formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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28
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Molina-Rueda JJ, Pascual MB, Cánovas FM, Gallardo F. Characterization and developmental expression of a glutamate decarboxylase from maritime pine. PLANTA 2010; 232:1471-1483. [PMID: 20859639 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in higher plants. A complete cDNA encoding glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) was characterized from Pinus pinaster Ait, and its expression pattern was studied to gain insight into the role of GAD in the differentiation of the vascular system. Pine GAD contained a C-terminal region with conserved residues and a predicted secondary structure similar to the calmodulin (CaM)-binding domains of angiosperm GADs. The enzyme was able to bind to a bovine CaM-agarose column and GAD activity was higher at acidic pH, suggesting that the pine GAD can be regulated in vivo by Ca(2+)/CaM and pH. A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against the pine protein. GAD expression was studied at activity, protein, and mRNA level and was compared with the expression of other genes during the differentiation of the hypocotyl and induction of reaction wood. In seedling organs, GABA levels closely matched GAD expression, with high levels in the root and during lignification of the hypocotyl. GAD expression was also induced in response to the production of compression wood and its expression matched the pattern of other genes involved in ethylene and 2-oxoglutarate synthesis. The results suggest of a role of GAD in hypocotyl and stem development in pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jesús Molina-Rueda
- Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Mast S, Peng L, Jordan TW, Flint H, Phillips L, Donaldson L, Strabala TJ, Wagner A. Proteomic analysis of membrane preparations from developing Pinus radiata compression wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1456-1468. [PMID: 21030408 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For coniferous gymnosperms, few data exist as to the contribution of the membrane-associated proteome to cell wall and wood formation. In this study, we begin to address this knowledge deficiency by examining the proteomic profile of Golgi-enriched membrane preparations derived from developing Pinus radiata compression wood. These membrane preparations were generated by a combination of discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and Triton X-114-based phase separation. Fractionation by phase separation removed contaminating proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and enabled the discrimination between soluble and membrane-bound/integral proteins. The proteomic analysis of the resulting aqueous and detergent phases using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of 175 proteins. The majority of the identified proteins were membrane bound/integral and originated from cellular components such as the nucleus, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and Golgi vesicles. On the basis of bioinformatic analysis, many of the identified proteins were predicted to be involved either in the regulation of wood formation or in cell wall biosynthesis, which indicated that the proteomic analysis of non-cytosolic proteins in developing xylem is a useful strategy to investigate the molecular aspects of wood formation in pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mast
- Center for BIodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zeland
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Herrera R, Krier C, Lalanne C, Ba EHM, Stokes A, Salin F, Fourcaud T, Claverol S, Plomion C. (Not) Keeping the stem straight: a proteomic analysis of maritime pine seedlings undergoing phototropism and gravitropism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:217. [PMID: 20925929 PMCID: PMC3017815 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are subjected to continuous stimuli from the environment and have evolved an ability to respond through various growth and development processes. Phototropism and gravitropism responses enable the plant to reorient with regard to light and gravity. RESULTS We quantified the speed of maritime pine seedlings to reorient with regard to light and gravity over 22 days. Seedlings were inclined at 15, 30 and 45 degrees with vertical plants as controls. A lateral light source illuminated the plants and stem movement over time was recorded. Depending on the initial angle of stem lean, the apical response to the lateral light source differed. In control and 15° inclined plants, the apex turned directly towards the light source after only 2 h. In plants inclined at 30° and 45°, the apex first reoriented in the vertical plane after 2 h, then turned towards the light source after 24 h. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was then used to describe the molecular response of stem bending involved in photo- and gravi-tropism after 22 hr and 8 days of treatment. A total of 486 spots were quantitatively analyzed using image analysis software. Significant changes were determined in the protein accumulation of 68 protein spots. Early response gravitropic associated proteins were identified, which are known to function in energy related and primary metabolism. A group of thirty eight proteins were found to be involved in primary metabolism and energy related metabolic pathways. Degradation of Rubisco was implicated in some protein shifts. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a rapid gravitropic response in apices of maritime pine seedlings inclined >30°. Little or no response was observed at the stem bases of the same plants. The primary gravitropic response is concomitant with a modification of the proteome, consisting of an over accumulation of energy and metabolism associated proteins, which may allow the stem to reorient rapidly after bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Herrera
- Instituto Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Catherine Krier
- INRA, UMR Biogeco 1202, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Celine Lalanne
- INRA, UMR Biogeco 1202, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - El Hadji Maodo Ba
- Inspection Régionale des Eaux et Forêts de Kolda, Bp 57 Kolda, Senegal
| | | | - Franck Salin
- INRA, UMR Biogeco 1202, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | | | - Stéphane Claverol
- Pôle protéomique de la Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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Yuan S, Dean JFD. Differential responses of the promoters from nearly identical paralogs of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) ACC oxidase to biotic and abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2010; 232:873-886. [PMID: 20632186 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Promoters from an ACC oxidase gene (PtACO1) and its nearly identical paralog (NIP) (PtACO2) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were recovered from genomic DNA using PCR amplification. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring genetic constructs from which beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression was driven by the full-length (pACO1:GUS, pACO2:GUS) or truncated (pACO1-1.2:GUS, pACO2-1.2:GUS) loblolly pine ACC oxidase gene promoters displayed distinctive patterns of expression for the different promoter constructs. Both full-length promoter constructs, but not those using truncated promoters, responded to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and wounding. Both pACO1:GUS and pACO1-1.2:GUS responded to pathogen attack, while neither version of the pACO2 promoter responded to infection. In the inflorescence stalks, the full-length pACO1 promoter construct, but not the truncated pACO1-1.2:GUS or either pACO2 construct, responded to bending stress. When flowering transgenic Arabidopsis plants were placed in a horizontal position for 48 h, expression from pACO2:GUS, but not the other constructs, was induced on the underside of shoots undergoing gravitropic reorientation. The expression pattern for the pACO2:GUS construct in transgenic Arabidopsis was consistent with what might be expected for a gene promoter involved in the compression wood response in loblolly pine. Although near complete sequence identity between PtACO1 and PtACO2 transcripts prevented quantitation of specific gene products, the promoter expression analyses presented in this study provide strong evidence that the two ACC oxidase genes are likely differentially expressed and responded to different external stimuli in pine. These results are discussed with respect to the potential functional differences between these two genes in loblolly pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Yuan
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Moura JCMS, Bonine CAV, de Oliveira Fernandes Viana J, Dornelas MC, Mazzafera P. Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:360-76. [PMID: 20377698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a polymer of phenylpropanoid compounds formed through a complex biosynthesis route, represented by a metabolic grid for which most of the genes involved have been sequenced in several plants, mainly in the model-plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus. Plants are exposed to different stresses, which may change lignin content and composition. In many cases, particularly for plant-microbe interactions, this has been suggested as defence responses of plants to the stress. Thus, understanding how a stressor modulates expression of the genes related with lignin biosynthesis may allow us to develop study-models to increase our knowledge on the metabolic control of lignin deposition in the cell wall. This review focuses on recent literature reporting on the main types of abiotic and biotic stresses that alter the biosynthesis of lignin in plants.
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Yuan S, Wang Y, Dean JFD. ACC oxidase genes expressed in the wood-forming tissues of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) include a pair of nearly identical paralogs (NIPs). Gene 2010; 453:24-36. [PMID: 20053371 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase catalyzes the final reaction of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, converting the unusual cyclic amino acid, ACC, into ethylene. Past studies have shown a possible link between ethylene and compression wood formation in conifers, but the relationship has received no more than modest study at the gene expression level. In this study, a cDNA clone encoding a putative ACC oxidase, PtACO1, was isolated from a cDNA library produced using mRNA from lignifying xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trunk wood. The cDNA clone comprised an open reading frame of 1461 bp encoding a protein of 333 amino acids. Using PCR amplification techniques, a genomic clone corresponding to PtACO1 was isolated and shown to contain three introns with typical GT/AG boundaries defining the splice junctions. The PtACO1 gene product shared 70% identity with an ACC oxidase from European white birch (Betula pendula), and phylogenetic analyses clearly placed the gene product in the ACC oxidase cluster of the Arabidopsis thaliana 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily tree. The PtACO1 sequence was used to identify additional ACC oxidase clones from loblolly pine root cDNA libraries characterized as part of an expressed sequence tag (EST) discovery project. The PtACO1 sequence was also used to recover additional paralogous sequences from genomic DNA, one of which (PtACO2) turned out to be >98% identical to PtACO1 in the nucleotide coding sequence, leading to its classification as a "nearly identical paralog" (NIP). Quantitative PCR analyses showed that the expression level of PtACO1-like transcripts varied in different tissues, as well as in response to hormonal treatments and bending. Possible roles for PtACO1 in compression wood formation in loblolly pine and the discovery of its NIP are discussed in light of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yuan
- University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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34
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Ren Y, Lv J, Wang H, Li L, Peng Y, Qu LJ. A comparative proteomics approach to detect unintended effects in transgenic Arabidopsis. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:629-39. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Jiang S, Xu K, Zhao N, Zheng SX, Ren YP, Gao YB, Gu S. Ethylene evolution changes in tilted Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica maxim. seedlings in relation to tension wood formation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:707-713. [PMID: 19566649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ethylene on tension wood formation were studied in 3-year-old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, ethylene evolution of buds and stems was measured using gas chromatography after 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of treatment; in experiment 2, both aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and AgNO3 were applied to the horizontally-placed stems, and the cell numbers on sites of applications were measured after 40 d. Ethylene evolution from buds was found to be much greater in tilted seedlings than in upright ones. The cell numbers of wood fibers in shoots and 1-year-old stems were reduced in treatments with 12.5 x 10(-7)micromol/L AVG, 12.5 x 10(-8)micromol/L AVG, and 11.8 x 10(-8)micromol/L AgNO3; whereas the horizontal and vertical diameters were reduced by treatment of 12.5 x 10(-7)micromol/L AVG. Ethylene evolutions of shoots and 1-year-old stems were inhibited greatly in comparison with the control by applying 12.5 x 10(-7)micromol/L AVG. The formation of a gelatinous layer of wood fibers was affected by neither AVG nor AgNO3 application. These results suggest that ethylene regulates the quantity of wood production, but does not affect G-layer formation in F. mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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36
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Abreu HS, Latorraca JV, Pereira RP, Monteiro MBO, Abreu FA, Amparado KF. A supramolecular proposal of lignin structure and its relation with the wood properties. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009; 81:137-42. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the great importance of cellulose the lignin is considered the second most abundant substance of the wood. However, little attention has been given it, mainly to wood properties. The lignin as well as other structural compounds (cellulose and hemicelluloses), has obviously an important role on the wood properties, probably due its composition and existent bonds. In general lignins have β-O-4 (Alkyl Aril Ether) as majoritary bond. This bond in a continued structure form big molecules with spiral conformation as virtual model. Based on this idea, lignins that have high/low β-O-4 content may have differentiated spiraled structures,suggesting different behaviors on the wood properties,which shows that the lignins (Guaicyl:Syringyl (GS)) of angiosperms, for example, which have higher β-O-4 content would present higher spiral conformation than gymnosperms lignins(HG). On the other hand HG lignins have chance of being more anchored on the matrix compound than GS lignins. In this context, the β-O-4 bonds of lignins possibly affect the wood properties, therefore, it is considered relevant for wood technology science discussion.
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Qiu D, Wilson IW, Gan S, Washusen R, Moran GF, Southerton SG. Gene expression in Eucalyptus branch wood with marked variation in cellulose microfibril orientation and lacking G-layers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:94-103. [PMID: 18422902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to gravitational stresses, angiosperm trees form tension wood in the upper sides of branches and leaning stems in which cellulose content is higher, microfibrils are typically aligned closely with the fibre axis and the fibres often have a thick inner gelatinous cell wall layer (G-layer). Gene expression was studied in Eucalyptus nitens branches oriented at 45 degrees using microarrays containing 4900 xylem cDNAs, and wood fibre characteristics revealed by X-ray diffraction, chemical and histochemical methods. Xylem fibres in tension wood (upper branch) had a low microfibril angle, contained few fibres with G-layers and had higher cellulose and decreased Klason lignin compared with lower branch wood. Expression of two closely related fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and a beta-tubulin was inversely correlated with microfibril angle in upper and lower xylem from branches. Structural and chemical modifications throughout the secondary cell walls of fibres sufficient to resist tension forces in branches can occur in the absence of G-layer enriched fibres and some important genes involved in responses to gravitational stress in eucalypt xylem are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyou Qiu
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia
| | - Iain W Wilson
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2001, Australia
| | - Siming Gan
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia
| | - Russell Washusen
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, Private Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gavin F Moran
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia
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Paiva JAP, Garcés M, Alves A, Garnier-Géré P, Rodrigues JC, Lalanne C, Porcon S, Le Provost G, Da Silva Perez D, Brach J, Frigerio JM, Claverol S, Barré A, Fevereiro P, Plomion C. Molecular and phenotypic profiling from the base to the crown in maritime pine wood-forming tissue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:283-301. [PMID: 18298434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental, developmental and genetic factors affect variation in wood properties at the chemical, anatomical and physical levels. Here, the phenotypic variation observed along the tree stem was explored and the hypothesis tested that this variation could be the result of the differential expression of genes/proteins during wood formation. Differentiating xylem samples of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) were collected from the top (crown wood, CW) to the bottom (base wood, BW) of adult trees. These samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and analytical pyrolysis. Two main groups of samples, corresponding to CW and BW, could be distinguished from cell wall chemical composition. A genomic approach, combining large-scale production of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), gene expression profiling and quantitative proteomics analysis, allowed identification of 262 unigenes (out of 3512) and 231 proteins (out of 1372 spots) that were differentially expressed along the stem. A good relationship was found between functional categories from transcriptomic and proteomic data. A good fit between the molecular mechanisms involved in CW-BW formation and these two types of wood phenotypic differences was also observed. This work provides a list of candidate genes for wood properties that will be tested in forward genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A P Paiva
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Tropical Research Institute of Portugal (IICT), Forest and Forest Products Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Garcés
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología. Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Ana Alves
- Tropical Research Institute of Portugal (IICT), Forest and Forest Products Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, ISA-DEF, Tapada Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pauline Garnier-Géré
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - José Carlos Rodrigues
- Tropical Research Institute of Portugal (IICT), Forest and Forest Products Centre, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, ISA-DEF, Tapada Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Céline Lalanne
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Stéphane Porcon
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Grégoire Le Provost
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Denilson Da Silva Perez
- FCBA InTechFibres, Laboratoire Bois Process, Domaine Universitaire, BP 251, 38044 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Brach
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Frigerio
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | | | - Aurélien Barré
- Centre de Bioinformatique Bordeaux, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Pedro Fevereiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversity Genes and Communities, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France
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Parelle J, Zapater M, Scotti-Saintagne C, Kremer A, Jolivet Y, Dreyer E, Brendel O. Quantitative trait loci of tolerance to waterlogging in a European oak (Quercus robur L.): physiological relevance and temporal effect patterns. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:422-34. [PMID: 17324229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quercus robur L. is a mid-European broadleaved tree species that grows readily on temporary waterlogged soils. An experiment aiming to identify potential markers of tolerance to waterlogging in this species and to assess the degree of genetic control over the corresponding traits was conducted. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were assessed in an F(1) progeny for responses to waterlogging, and the relevance of the observed traits as markers of tolerance was investigated using a precise description of the time course of their expression. Five significant QTL involved in the response to waterlogging were identified. In particular, QTL were detected for the development of hypertrophied lenticels and for the degree of leaf epinasty, but not for the formation of adventitious roots. A multi-environment QTL model allowed a detailed description of the time course (7 weeks) of the allelic substitution effect of some of these QTL. Correlation clustering identified significant clusters of QTL, at inter-trait as well as at intra-trait level. These clusters suggest the occurrence of a genetically controlled response cascade to waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Parelle
- UMR INRA-UHP 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Centre INRA de Nancy 54280 Champenoux, et Faculté des Sciences, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
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Hudgins JW, Ralph SG, Franceschi VR, Bohlmann J. Ethylene in induced conifer defense: cDNA cloning, protein expression, and cellular and subcellular localization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase in resin duct and phenolic parenchyma cells. PLANTA 2006; 224:865-77. [PMID: 16705404 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Pinaceae family have complex chemical defense strategies. Conifer defenses associated with specialized cell types of the bark involve constitutive and inducible accumulation of phenolic compounds in polyphenolic phloem parenchyma cells and oleoresin terpenoids in resin ducts. These defenses can protect trees against insect herbivory and fungal colonization. The phytohormone ethylene has been shown to induce the same anatomical and cellular defense responses that occur following insect feeding, mechanical wounding, or fungal inoculation in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stems (Hudgins and Franceschi in Plant Physiol 135:2134-2149, 2004). However, very little is known about the genes involved in ethylene formation in conifer defense or about the temporal and spatial patterns of their protein expression. The enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) catalyzes the final step in ethylene biosynthesis. We cloned full-length and near full-length ACO cDNAs from three conifer species, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), white spruce (P. glauca), and Douglas fir, each with high similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana ACO proteins. Using an Arabidopsis anti-ACO antibody we determined that ACO is constitutively expressed in Douglas fir stem tissues and is up-regulated by mechanical wounding, consistent with the wound-induced increase of ethylene levels. Immunolocalization showed cytosolic ACO is predominantly present in specialized cell types of the wound-induced bark, specifically in epithelial cells of terpenoid-producing cortical resin ducts, in polyphenolic phloem parenchyma cells, and in ray parenchyma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hudgins
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 321-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Forest L, Padilla F, Martínez S, Demongeot J, San Martín J. Modelling of auxin transport affected by gravity and differential radial growth. J Theor Biol 2006; 241:241-51. [PMID: 16403534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When a tree stem deviates from verticality, as a result of different environmental factors, patterns of differential radial growth appear. Higher rates of wood production have been observed on the lower side of the tree and lower rates in the opposite side. Biological studies on plant hormones have shown that the concentration of auxin induces radial growth. They also have demonstrated the redistribution of auxin transport in response to gravity. Auxin is then designated as a mediator for differential growth. This paper presents a model for three-dimensional (3-D) auxin transport in conifer trees, which includes gravity dependence. We obtain realistic heterogeneous patterns of auxin distribution over the tree. Then, we propose a law of growth based on auxin concentration to simulate successive differential radial growths. The predicted growths are compared with experimental results of reconstruction of 3-D annual growth of Radiata pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Forest
- Laboratoire Techniques de l'Imagerie, de la Modélisation et de la Cognition (TIMC UMR CNRS 5525), Institut d'Ingénierie de l'Information de Santé, Pavillon Taillefer, Faculté de Médecine, 38706 La Tronche cedex, France.
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Scippa GS, Di Michele M, Di Iorio A, Costa A, Lasserre B, Chiatante D. The response of Spartium junceum roots to slope: anchorage and gene factors. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 97:857-66. [PMID: 16352708 PMCID: PMC2803426 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcj603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant anchorage is governed by complex, finely regulated mechanisms that occur at a morphological, architectural and anatomical level. Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) is a woody plant frequently found on slopes--a condition that affects plant anchorage. This plant grows throughout the Mediterranean area where it plays an important role in preventing landslides. Spanish broom seedlings respond promptly to slope by altering stem and root morphology. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms whereby the root system of Spanish broom seedlings adapts to ensure anchorage to the ground. METHODS Seedlings were grown in tilted and untilted pots under controlled conditions. The root apparatus was removed at different times of growth and subjected to morphological, biomechanical and molecular analyses. KEY RESULTS In slope-grown seedlings, changes in root system morphology, pulling strength and chemical lignin content, all features related to plant anchorage in the soil, were related to seedling age. cDNA-AFLP analysis revealed changes in the expression of several genes in root systems of slope-grown plants. BLAST analysis showed that some differentially expressed genes are homologues of genes induced by environmental stresses in other plant species, and/or are involved in the production of strengthening materials. CONCLUSION Plants use various mechanisms/strategies to respond to slope depending on their developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Stefania Scippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Ambiente ed il Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via Mazzini 8, 86170 Isernia, Italy.
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Cato S, McMillan L, Donaldson L, Richardson T, Echt C, Gardner R. Wood formation from the base to the crown in Pinus radiata: gradients of tracheid wall thickness, wood density, radial growth rate and gene expression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:565-81. [PMID: 16525892 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-5022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation was investigated at five heights along the bole for two unrelated trees of Pinus radiata. Both trees showed clear gradients in wood properties from the base to the crown. Cambial cells at the base of the tree were dividing 3.3-fold slower than those at the crown, while the average thickness of cell walls in wood was highest at the base. Cell wall thickness showed an overall correlation coefficient of >0.7 with wood density in both genotypes. Microscopic examination of developing tracheids showed that 33% of cells had formed secondary cell walls at the base of the tree, reducing to 3% at the crown. In total, 455 genes differentially expressed in developing xylem tissue from either the base or the crown were identified using modified differential display. RT-PCR analysis of 156 genes confirmed differential expression for 77%. Of the genes tested, 73% showed gradients in transcript abundance either up or down the bole of the tree, although the steepness of the gradients differed between genes. Genes involved in cell division and expansion tended to be more highly expressed in the crown of the tree, and two putative cell-cycle repressor genes were expressed 2-fold higher at the base. Conversely, transcripts of genes involved in secondary wall thickening were more abundant at the base of the tree. These results suggest that differences in the rate of cambial cell division, differences in the rate and duration of tracheid wall thickening, and differences in gene expression underpin the gradients of wood properties found in pines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree Cato
- Scion (formerly Forest Research), Cellwall Biotechnology Centre, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand.
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45
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Spokevicius AV, Van Beveren KS, Bossinger G. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of dormant lateral buds in poplar trees reveals developmental patterns in secondary stem tissues. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:133-139. [PMID: 32689220 DOI: 10.1071/fp05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to devise a method for the rapid creation of somatic transgenic wood sectors of sufficient size that would allow us to detect and analyse altered wood characteristics within them, we have explored the manual wounding and subsequent infection with Agrobacterium of dormant lateral buds in poplar. Following treatment and transformation with a 35S-GUS construct, frequent stable transformation was found in the form of distinct and specific GUS staining patterns in the outer cortex, cambial region (including primary and secondary xylem and phloem) and pith. Sector frequency and size were consistent with anatomical features of dormant lateral buds at the time of manual wounding and Agrobacterium-infection. The suitability of somatic sector analysis for functional genomic studies as well as for studies investigating pattern formation and the developmental fate of various cell-types within poplar stems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antanas V Spokevicius
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Kim S Van Beveren
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia
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Gion JM, Lalanne C, Le Provost G, Ferry-Dumazet H, Paiva J, Chaumeil P, Frigerio JM, Brach J, Barré A, de Daruvar A, Claverol S, Bonneu M, Sommerer N, Negroni L, Plomion C. The proteome of maritime pine wood forming tissue. Proteomics 2006; 5:3731-51. [PMID: 16127725 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Wood is one of our most important natural resources. Surprisingly, we know hardly anything about the details of the process of wood formation. The aim of this work was to describe the main proteins expressed in wood forming tissue of a conifer species (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Using high resolution 2-DE with linear pH gradient ranging from 4 to 7, a total of 1039 spots were detected. Out of the 240 spots analyzed by MS/MS, 67.9% were identified, 16.7% presented no homology in the databases, and 15.4% corresponded to protein mixtures. Out of the 57 spots analyzed by MALDI-MS, only 15.8% were identified. Most of the 175 identified proteins play a role in either defense (19.4%), carbohydrates (16.6%) and amino acid (14.9%) metabolisms, genes and proteins expression (13.1%), cytoskeleton (8%), cell wall biosynthesis (5.7%), secondary (5.1%) and primary (4%) metabolisms. A summary of the identified proteins, their putative functions, and behavior in different types of wood are presented. This information was introduced into the PROTICdb database and is accessible at http://cbib1.cbib.u-bordeaux2.fr/Protic/Protic/home/index.php. Finally, the average protein amount was compared with their respective transcript abundance as quantified through EST counting in a cDNA-library constructed with mRNA extracted from wood forming tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Gion
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, INRA, Equipe de Génétique, Cestas, France
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Sorin C, Negroni L, Balliau T, Corti H, Jacquemot MP, Davanture M, Sandberg G, Zivy M, Bellini C. Proteomic analysis of different mutant genotypes of Arabidopsis led to the identification of 11 proteins correlating with adventitious root development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:349-64. [PMID: 16377752 PMCID: PMC1326056 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.067868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A lack of competence to form adventitious roots by cuttings or explants in vitro occurs routinely and is an obstacle for the clonal propagation and rapid fixation of elite genotypes. Adventitious rooting is known to be a quantitative genetic trait. We performed a proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants affected in their ability to develop adventitious roots in order to identify associated molecular markers that could be used to select genotypes for their rooting ability and/or to get further insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling adventitious rooting. Comparison of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein profiles resulted in the identification of 11 proteins whose abundance could be either positively or negatively correlated with endogenous auxin content, the number of adventitious root primordia, and/or the number of mature adventitious roots. One protein was negatively correlated only to the number of root primordia and two were negatively correlated to the number of mature adventitious roots. Two putative chaperone proteins were positively correlated only to the number of primordia, and, interestingly, three auxin-inducible GH3-like proteins were positively correlated with the number of mature adventitious roots. The others were correlated with more than one parameter. The 11 proteins are predicted to be involved in different biological processes, including the regulation of auxin homeostasis and light-associated metabolic pathways. The results identify regulatory pathways associated with adventitious root formation and represent valuable markers that might be used for the future identification of genotypes with better rooting abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Sorin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
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Pot D, McMillan L, Echt C, Le Provost G, Garnier-Géré P, Cato S, Plomion C. Nucleotide variation in genes involved in wood formation in two pine species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:101-12. [PMID: 15948834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide diversity in eight genes related to wood formation was investigated in two pine species, Pinus pinaster and P. radiata. The nucleotide diversity patterns observed and their properties were compared between the two species according to the specific characteristics of the samples analysed. A lower diversity was observed in P. radiata compared with P. pinaster. In particular, for two genes (Pp1, a glycin-rich protein homolog and CesA3, a cellulose synthase) the magnitude of the reduction of diversity potentially indicates the action of nonneutral factors. For both, particular patterns of nucleotide diversity were observed in P. pinaster (high genetic differentiation for Pp1 and close to zero differentiation associated with positive Tajima's D-value for CesA3). In addition, KORRIGAN, a gene involved in cellulose-hemicellulose assembly, demonstrated a negative Tajima's D-value in P. radiata accompanied by a high genetic differentiation in P. pinaster. The consistency of the results obtained at the nucleotide level, together with the physiological roles of the genes analysed, indicate their potential susceptibility to artificial and/or natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pot
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, INRA, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas Cédex, France
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Paux E, Carocha V, Marques C, Mendes de Sousa A, Borralho N, Sivadon P, Grima-Pettenati J. Transcript profiling of Eucalyptus xylem genes during tension wood formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:89-100. [PMID: 15948833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood formed in response to gravitational force is a striking example of the plasticity of angiosperm wood. In this study our goal was to characterize the early changes in gene expression during tension wood formation in Eucalyptus. Using cDNA array technology, transcript profiling of 231 genes preferentially expressed in differentiating Eucalyptus xylem was followed from 6 h to 1 wk of a tension time course of artificially bent Eucalyptus trees. 196 genes were differentially regulated between control and bent trees, some exhibiting distinctive expression patterns related to changes in secondary cell wall structure and composition. For instance, expression of a cellulose synthase gene was well correlated with the appearance of the G-layers. Cluster correlation analysis revealed differential regulation of lignin biosynthetic genes and may also be used to help infer the function of unknown gene products. Eucalyptus wood transcriptome analysis during tension wood formation not only provided new clues into the transcriptional regulatory network of genes preferentially expressed in xylem, but also highlighted candidate genes responsible for the genetic and environmentally induced variation of wood quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Paux
- UMR UPS/CNRS 5546, Pôle de Biotechnologies Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville Tolosane, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Plomion C, Richardson T, MacKay J. Advances in forest tree genomics. Forest Trees Workshop, Plant and Animal Genome XIII Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, January 2005. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 166:713-7. [PMID: 15869635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Plomion
- UMR BioGeco, INRA Equipe de Génétique, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas Cédex, France.
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