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Long Q, Qiu S, Man J, Ren D, Xu N, Luo R. OsAAI1 Increases Rice Yield and Drought Tolerance Dependent on ABA-Mediated Regulatory and ROS Scavenging Pathway. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 37535208 PMCID: PMC10400514 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the function of OsAAI1 in yield and drought tolerance by constructing overexpression line OE-OsAAI1 and mutant line osaai1. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the AAI gene-OsAAI1- belongs to the HPS_like subfamily of the AAI_LTSS superfamily, and OsAAI1 was localized in the nucleus. The expression of OsAAI1 was significantly induced by ABA and drought stress. OsAAI1 overexpression (OE19) significantly increased, and gene mutant (osaai1-1) repressed plant height, primary root length, lateral root number, grain size and yield in rice. Moreover, physiological and biochemical analyses showed that osaai1 was sensitive to drought stress, while OE19 enhanced the drought tolerance in rice. DAB and NBT staining revealed that under drought treatment, osaai1 accumulated a large amount of ROS compared with the wild type, while OE19 accumulated the least, and CAT, APX, GPX, GR activities were higher in OE19 and lower in osaai1, suggesting that OE19 improves rice tolerance to drought stress by enhancing ROS scavenging ability. OE19 also induce the expression of ABA-mediated regulatory pathway genes and enhance accumulation of ABA content in rice seedling. Predictably, OE19 displayed enhanced sensitivity to ABA, and ROS accumulation was significantly higher than in wild type and osaai1 under 3 µM ABA treatment. Thus, these results suggest that OsAAI1 is a positive regulator of rice yield and drought tolerance dependent on the ABA-mediated regulatory and ROS scavenging pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Long
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shichun Qiu
- Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wanzhou, Chongqing City, 404155, China
| | - Jianmin Man
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Denghong Ren
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Rui Luo
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
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Suttiyut T, Benzinger SW, McCoy RM, Widhalm JR. Strategies to study the metabolic origins of specialized plant metabolites: The specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:217-246. [PMID: 36710012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of specialized plant metabolites is that they are produced using precursors from central metabolism. Therefore, in addition to identifying and characterizing the pathway genes and enzymes involved in synthesizing a specialized compound, it is critical to study its metabolic origins. Identifying what primary metabolic pathways supply precursors to specialized metabolism and how primary metabolism has diversified to sustain fluxes to specialized metabolite pathways is imperative to optimizing synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value plant natural products in crops and microbial systems. Improved understanding of the metabolic origins of specialized plant metabolites has also revealed instances of recurrent evolution of the same compound, or nearly identical compounds, with similar ecological functions, thereby expanding knowledge about the factors driving the chemical diversity in the plant kingdom. In this chapter, we describe detailed methods for performing tracer studies, chemical inhibitor experiments, and reverse genetics. We use examples from investigations of the metabolic origins of specialized plant 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs). The plant 1,4-NQs provide an excellent case study for illustrating the importance of investigating the metabolic origins of specialized metabolites. Over half a century of research by many groups has revealed that the pathways to synthesize plant 1,4-NQs are the result of multiple events of convergent evolution across several disparate plant lineages and that plant 1,4-NQ pathways are supported by extraordinary events of metabolic innovation and by various primary metabolic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Scott W Benzinger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rachel M McCoy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Pal M, Yadav R, Goutam U, Chaudhury A. A simple protocol for high frequency plant regeneration and enhancing Shikonin production from callus cultures in Arnebia hispidissima. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 149:781-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Yadav S, Sharma A, Nayik GA, Cooper R, Bhardwaj G, Sohal HS, Mutreja V, Kaur R, Areche FO, AlOudat M, Shaikh AM, Kovács B, Mohamed Ahmed AE. Review of Shikonin and Derivatives: Isolation, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Pharmacology and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905755. [PMID: 35847041 PMCID: PMC9283906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives, isolated from traditional medicinal plant species of the genus Lithospermum, Alkanna, Arnebia, Anchusa, Onosma, and Echium belonging to the Boraginaceae family, have numerous applications in foods, cosmetics, and textiles. Shikonin, a potent bioactive red pigment, has been used in traditional medicinal systems to cure various ailments and is well known for its diverse pharmacological potential such as anticancer, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gonadotropic, antioxidants, antimicrobial and insecticidal. Herein, updated research on the natural sources, pharmacology, toxicity studies, and various patents filed worldwide related to shikonin and approaches to shikonin’s biogenic and chemical synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, recent studies to establish reliable production systems to meet market demand, functional identification, and future clinical development of shikonin and its derivatives against various diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehlata Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh- Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, India
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Govt. Degree College Shopian, Srinagar, India
| | - Raymond Cooper
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Garima Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, India
| | | | - Vishal Mutreja
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Franklin Ore Areche
- Professional School of Agroindustrial Engineering, National University of Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - Mohannad AlOudat
- Doctoral School of Food Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapset, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Kovács
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
- *Correspondence: Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed,
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Suttiyut T, Auber RP, Ghaste M, Kane CN, McAdam SAM, Wisecaver JH, Widhalm JR. Integrative analysis of the shikonin metabolic network identifies new gene connections and reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab087. [PMID: 35048120 PMCID: PMC8969065 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones present a remarkable case of convergent evolution. Species across multiple discrete orders of vascular plants produce diverse 1,4-naphthoquinones via one of several pathways using different metabolic precursors. Evolution of these pathways was preceded by events of metabolic innovation and many appear to share connections with biosynthesis of photosynthetic or respiratory quinones. Here, we sought to shed light on the metabolic connections linking shikonin biosynthesis with its precursor pathways and on the origins of shiknoin metabolic genes. Downregulation of Lithospermum erythrorhizon geranyl diphosphate synthase (LeGPPS), recently shown to have been recruited from a cytoplasmic farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulted in reduced shikonin production and a decrease in expression of mevalonic acid and phenylpropanoid pathway genes. Next, we used LeGPPS and other known shikonin pathway genes to build a coexpression network model for identifying new gene connections to shikonin metabolism. Integrative in silico analyses of network genes revealed candidates for biochemical steps in the shikonin pathway arising from Boraginales-specific gene family expansion. Multiple genes in the shikonin coexpression network were also discovered to have originated from duplication of ubiquinone pathway genes. Taken together, our study provides evidence for transcriptional crosstalk between shikonin biosynthesis and its precursor pathways, identifies several shikonin pathway gene candidates and their evolutionary histories, and establishes additional evolutionary links between shikonin and ubiquinone metabolism. Moreover, we demonstrate that global coexpression analysis using limited transcriptomic data obtained from targeted experiments is effective for identifying gene connections within a defined metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Robert P Auber
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Manoj Ghaste
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Yamamoto H, Tsukahara M, Yamano Y, Wada A, Yazaki K. Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity Converts 3″-Hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone to an Aldehyde Intermediate for Shikonin and Benzoquinone Derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1798-1806. [PMID: 32810231 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin derivatives are red naphthoquinone pigments produced by several boraginaceous plants, such as Lithospermum erythrorhizon. These compounds are biosynthesized from p-hydroxybenzoic acid and geranyl diphosphate. The coupling reaction that yields m-geranyl-p-hydroxybenzoic acid has been actively characterized, but little is known about later biosynthetic reactions. Although 3″-hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone produced from geranylhydroquinone by CYP76B74 has been regarded as an intermediate of shikonin derivatives, the next intermediate has not yet been identified. This study describes a novel alcohol dehydrogenase activity in L. erythrorhizon cell cultures. This enzyme was shown to oxidize the 3″-alcoholic group of (Z)-3″-hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone to an aldehyde moiety concomitant with the isomerization at the C2'-C3' double bond from the Z-form to the E-form. An enzyme oxidizing this substrate was not detected in other plant cell cultures, suggesting that this enzyme is specific to L. erythrorhizon. The reaction product, (E)-3″-oxo-geranylhydroquinone, was further converted to deoxyshikonofuran, another meroterpenoid metabolite produced in L. erythrorhizon cells. Although nonenzymatic cyclization occurred slowly, it was more efficient in the presence of crude enzymes of L. erythrorhizon cells. This activity was detected in both shikonin-producing and nonproducing cells, suggesting that the aldehyde intermediate at the biosynthetic branch point between naphthalene and benzo/hydroquinone ring formation likely constitutes a key common intermediate in the synthesis of shikonin and benzoquinone products, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirobumi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
| | - Mika Tsukahara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558 Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558 Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
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Izuishi Y, Isaka N, Li H, Nakanishi K, Kageyama J, Ishikawa K, Shimada T, Masuta C, Yoshikawa N, Kusano H, Yazaki K. Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13555. [PMID: 32782359 PMCID: PMC7421898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a medicinal plant that produces shikonin, a red lipophilic naphthoquinone derivative that accumulates exclusively in roots. The biosynthetic steps required to complete the naphthalene ring of shikonin and its mechanism of secretion remain unclear. Multiple omics studies identified several candidate genes involved in shikonin production. The functions of these genes can be evaluated using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems, which have been shown advantageous in introducing iRNA genes into non-model plants. This study describes the development of a VIGS system using an apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector and a target gene, phytoene desaturase (LePDS1). Virus particles packaged in Nicotiana benthamiana were inoculated into L. erythrorhizon seedlings, yielding new leaves with albino phenotype but without disease symptoms. The levels of LePDS1 mRNAs were significantly lower in the albino plants than in mock control or escape plants. Virus-derived mRNA was detected in infected plants but not in escape and mock plants. Quantitative PCR and deep sequencing analysis indicated that transcription of another hypothetical PDS gene (LePDS2) also decreased in the defective leaves. Virus infection, however, had no effect on shikonin production. These results suggest that virus-based genetic transformation and the VIGS system silence target genes in soil-grown L. erythrorhizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Izuishi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Natsumi Isaka
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hao Li
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Joji Kageyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
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Tatsumi K, Ichino T, Onishi N, Shimomura K, Yazaki K. Highly efficient method of Lithospermum erythrorhizon transformation using domestic Rhizobium rhizogenes strain A13. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:39-46. [PMID: 32362747 PMCID: PMC7193830 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.1212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon, a medicinal plant growing in Asian countries, produces shikonin derivatives that are lipophilic secondary metabolites. These red naphthoquinone pigments are traditionally used as a natural drug and a dye in East Asia. In intact L. erythrorhizon plants, shikonin derivatives are produced in the root epidermal cells and secreted into extracellular spaces. The biosynthetic pathway for shikonin derivatives remains incompletely understood and the secretion mechanisms are largely unknown. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying shikonin biosynthesis and transport in L. erythrorhizon cells requires functional analysis of candidate genes using transgenic plants. To date, however, standard transformation methods have not yet been established. This study describes an efficient method for L. erythrorhizon transformation using hairy roots by Rhizobium rhizogenes strain A13, present domestically in Japan. Hairy roots of L. erythrorhizon were generated from explants of the axenic shoots that were infected with R. rhizogenes strain A13. Integration into the genome was assessed by PCR amplifying a transgene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and by monitoring GFP expression. This method enhanced transformation efficiency 50-70%. Although methods for the systematic stable transformation of L. erythrorhizon plants have not yet been reported, the method described in this study resulted in highly efficient stable transformation using hairy roots. This method enables the functional analysis of L. erythrorhizon genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanade Tatsumi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Noboru Onishi
- Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Holdings Company Limited, 1-13-5 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Beigmohamadi M, Movafeghi A, Sharafi A, Jafari S, Danafar H. Cell Suspension Culture of Plumbago europaea L. Towards Production of Plumbagin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e2169. [PMID: 31457059 PMCID: PMC6697843 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plumbagin is as an important bioactive secondary metabolite found in the roots of Plumbago spp. The only one species, Plumbago europaea L., grows wild in Iran. The therapeutic use of plumbagin is limited due to its insufficient supply from the natural sources as the plants grow slowly and take several years to produce quality roots. OBJECTIVES To develop an efficient protocol for the establishment of callus and cell suspension cultures of P. europaea and to evaluate production of plumbagin in callus and cell suspension cultures of P. europaea for the first time. MATERIAL AND METHODS Stems and leaves explants were cultured on agar solidified (7% w/v) MS media, supplemented with different combination of 2, 4-D and Kin or 6-Benzylaminopurin (BA) for callus induction. The rapid growing calli were cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) media in agitated condition for establishing cell suspension cultures of P. europaea. Moreover, the effects of light and dark conditions on the cell growth, cell viability and plumbagin production in cell suspension cultures of P. europaea were assessed. RESULTS Friable calli were successfully induced using stem segments of P. europaea in semisolid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.L-1 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 mg.L-1of kinetin (Kin). Optimal cell growth was obtained when the cells were grown in MS liquid media supplemented with 1 mg.L-1 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg.L-1 kinetin with an initial cell density of ~3×105 cells per ml incubated in the dark at 25 ± 1 °C. Growth curve revealed that the maximum cell growth rate (14.83×105 cells per ml) achieved on the day 18 and the highest plumbagin content (0.9 mg.g-1 Dry Cell Weight (DCW)) in the cells was obtained at the late exponential phase under dark condition which determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Based on the obtained results, cell viability remained around 82.73% during the 18 days of cell culture in darkness. These suspension cultures showed continuous and stable production of plumbagin. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that cell suspension cultures of P. europaea represent an effective system for biosynthesis and production of plumbagin as a valuable bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samineh Jafari
- Pharmacognosy Department, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Danafar
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Zhu Y, Lu GH, Bian ZW, Wu FY, Pang YJ, Wang XM, Yang RW, Tang CY, Qi JL, Yang YH. Involvement of LeMDR, an ATP-binding cassette protein gene, in shikonin transport and biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:198. [PMID: 29132307 PMCID: PMC5683320 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shikonin is a naphthoquinone secondary metabolite with important medicinal value and is found in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Considering the limited knowledge on the membrane transport mechanism of shikonin, this study investigated such molecular mechanism. RESULTS We successfully isolated an ATP-binding cassette protein gene, LeMDR, from L. erythrorhizon. LeMDR is predominantly expressed in L. erythrorhizon roots, where shikonin accumulated. Functional analysis of LeMDR by using the yeast cell expression system revealed that LeMDR is possibly involved in the shikonin efflux transport. The accumulation of shikonin is lower in yeast cells transformed with LeMDR-overexpressing vector than that with empty vector. The transgenic hairy roots of L. erythrorhizon overexpressing LeMDR (MDRO) significantly enhanced shikonin production, whereas the RNA interference of LeMDR (MDRi) displayed a reverse trend. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of LeMDR was up-regulated by treatment with shikonin and shikonin-positive regulators, methyl jasmonate and indole-3-acetic acid. There might be a relationship of mutual regulation between the expression level of LeMDR and shikonin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the important role of LeMDR in transmembrane transport and biosynthesis of shikonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hua Lu
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Wu Bian
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Pang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Wu Yang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yi Tang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Liang Qi
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
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Yazaki K. Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures: Present and future aspects. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2017; 34:131-142. [PMID: 31275019 PMCID: PMC6565996 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.17.0823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures have been used to produce plant secondary metabolites, as well as in biosynthetic studies. Shikonin, a representative secondary metabolite of L. erythrorhizon, was first produced industrially by dedifferentiated cell cultures in the 1980s. This culture system has since been used in research on various plant secondary metabolites. Other boraginaceaeous plant species, including Arnebia, Echium, Onosma and Alkanna, have been shown to produce shikonin, and studies have assessed shikonin regulation, including transgene expression, in these plants. This review summarizes current knowledge of shikonin production by L. erythrorhizon cell and hairy root cultures, including the historical aspect of large-scale production, and discusses future biochemical and biological research using this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Wu FY, Tang CY, Guo YM, Bian ZW, Fu JY, Lu GH, Qi JL, Pang YJ, Yang YH. Transcriptome analysis explores genes related to shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermeae plants and provides insights into Boraginales' evolutionary history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4477. [PMID: 28667265 PMCID: PMC5493674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives extracted from Lithospermeae plants' red roots have current applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Previous studies have cloned some genes related to shikonin biosynthesis. However, most genes related to shikonin biosynthesis remain unclear, because the lack of the genome/transcriptome of the Lithospermeae plants. Therefore, in order to provide a new understanding of shikonin biosynthesis, we obtained transcriptome data and unigenes expression profiles in three shikonin-producing Lithospermeae plants, i.e., Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Arnebia euchroma and Echium plantagineum. As a result, two unigenes (i.e., G10H and 12OPR) that are involved in "shikonin downstream biosynthesis" and "methyl jasmonate biosynthesis" were deemed to relate to shikonin biosynthesis in this study. Furthermore, we conducted a Lamiids phylogenetic model and identified orthologous unigenes under positive selection in above three Lithospermeae plants. The results indicated Boraginales was more relative to Solanales/Gentianales than to Lamiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yu-Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuo-Wu Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiang-Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gui-Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jin-Liang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yan-Jun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Ovando-Medina I, Pérez-Díaz LP, Ruiz-González S, Salvador-Figueroa M, Urbina-Reyes ME, Adriano-Anaya L. Production of cytotoxic compounds in dedifferentiated cells of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2616. [PMID: 27833801 PMCID: PMC5101598 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the in vitro culture as an alternative to obtain compounds with cytotoxic activity from the medicinal plant Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae). We determined the presence of cytotoxic compounds in both whole plants and dedifferentiated cells. We evaluated the effect of auxin, cytokinins and light on callus induction in cotyledon explants. We found that the most effective combination to induce callus was the auxin 2,4-D (5 mM) with the cytokinin 6-BAP (2.5 mM), on Murashige-Skoog medium in darkness. We compared the callogenic potential among accessions from different geographic origins, finding that ARR-251107-MFG7 is most prone to form callus. The roots of J. curcas grown in field produced a compound chromatographically similar to the cytotoxic diterpene jatrophone. The profile of compounds extracted from the dedifferentiated cells was similar to that of the whole plant, including a relatively abundant stilbene-like compound. This study contributes to the future establishment of protocols to produce anti-cancer compounds from J. curcas cultivated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ovando-Medina
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Leny P. Pérez-Díaz
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
- Current affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Investigación Periférica, Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Sonia Ruiz-González
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | - Lourdes Adriano-Anaya
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Fang R, Wu F, Zou A, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Zhao H, Liao Y, Tang RJ, Yang T, Pang Y, Wang X, Yang R, Qi J, Lu G, Yang Y. Transgenic analysis reveals LeACS-1 as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy roots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:345-58. [PMID: 26780904 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene (ET) is a crucial signaling molecule that induces the biosynthesis of shikonin and its derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon shoot cultures. However, the molecular mechanism and the positive regulators involved in this physiological process are largely unknown. In this study, the function of LeACS-1, a key gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase for ET biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots, was characterized by using overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) strategies. The results showed that overexpression of LeACS-1 significantly increased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production, consistent with the up-regulated genes involved in ET biosynthesis and transduction, as well as the genes related to shikonin biosynthesis. Conversely, RNAi of LeACS-1 effectively decreased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production and down-regulated the expression level of above genes. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive linear relationship between ET concentration and shikonin production. All these results suggest that LeACS-1 acts as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots. Our work not only gives new insights into the understanding of the relationship between ET and shikonin biosynthesis, but also provides an efficient genetic engineering target gene for secondary metabolite production in non-model plant L. erythrorhizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ailan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yonghui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tongyi Yang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rongwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Widhalm JR, Rhodes D. Biosynthesis and molecular actions of specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone natural products produced by horticultural plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16046. [PMID: 27688890 PMCID: PMC5030760 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life. Plants, including many horticultural species, collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant-plant (allelopathy), plant-insect and plant-microbe interactions. Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years. As a result, horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs. Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs. In this review, the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species. An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action, both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective, of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided. In addition, future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
- ()
| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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Hao H, Pu GB, Lei CY, Ye HC, Wang H. Effects of ammonium ion on cell growth and biosynthesis of shikonin derivatives in callus tissues of Arnebia euchroma. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Malik S, Bhushan S, Sharma M, Ahuja PS. Biotechnological approaches to the production of shikonins: a critical review with recent updates. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:327-40. [PMID: 25319455 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.961003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shikonins are commercially important secondary compounds, known for array of biological activities such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, antitumor, antioxidants, etc. These compounds are usually colored and therefore have application in food, textiles and cosmetics. Shikonin and its derivatives, which are commercially most important of the naphthoquinone pigments, are distributed among members of the family Boraginaceae. These include different species of Lithospermum, Arnebia, Alkanna, Anchusa, Echium and Onosma. The growing demand for plant-based natural products has made this group of compounds one of the enthralling targets for their in vitro production. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent progress in production of shikonins by various biotechnological means. Different methods of increasing the levels of shikonins in plant cells such as selection of cell lines, optimization of culture conditions, elicitation, in situ product removal, genetic transformation and metabolic engineering are discussed. The experience of different researchers working worldwide on this aspect is also considered. Further, to meet market demand, the needs for continuous and reliable production systems, as well as future prospects, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Malik
- a Division of Biotechnology , CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India and.,b Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- a Division of Biotechnology , CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India and
| | - Madhu Sharma
- a Division of Biotechnology , CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India and
| | - Paramvir Singh Ahuja
- a Division of Biotechnology , CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , Himachal Pradesh , India and
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Effects of Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate on the Biosynthesis of Shikonin Derivatives in Callus Tissues of Arnebia euchroma. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:2198-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shitan N, Yazaki K. New insights into the transport mechanisms in plant vacuoles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:383-433. [PMID: 23890387 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vacuole is the largest compartment in plant cells, often occupying more than 80% of the total cell volume. This organelle accumulates a large variety of endogenous ions, metabolites, and xenobiotics. The compartmentation of divergent substances is relevant for a wide range of biological processes, such as the regulation of stomata movement, defense mechanisms against herbivores, flower coloration, etc. Progress in molecular and cellular biology has revealed that a large number of transporters and channels exist at the tonoplast. In recent years, various biochemical and physiological functions of these proteins have been characterized in detail. Some are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of ions and metabolites, whereas others are related to defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we provide an updated inventory of vacuolar transport mechanisms and a comprehensive summary of their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
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22
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Ooi CT, Syahida A, Stanslas J, Maziah M. Efficiency of different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains on hairy roots induction in Solanum mammosum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:421-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang W, Zou A, Miao J, Yin Y, Tian R, Pang Y, Yang R, Qi J, Yang Y. LeERF-1, a novel AP2/ERF family gene within the B3 subcluster, is down-regulated by light signals in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:343-8. [PMID: 21309981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that ethylene might be involved in the process of shikonin biosynthesis regulated by light signals. Here, we cloned a full-length cDNA of LeERF-1, a putative ethylene response factor gene, from Lithospermum erythrorhizon using the RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LeERF-1 was classified in the B3 subfamily, together with ERF1 and ORA59 of Arabidopsis. Heterologous expression of LeERF-1 in Arabidopsis showed that LeERF-1:eGFP fusion protein was precisely localised to the nucleus, implying that it might function as a transcription factor. Detailed expression analysis with real-time PCR showed that LeERF-1 was significantly down-regulated by white, blue and red light, although the inhibitory effect of red light was relatively weak compared to other light conditions. Tissue-specific expression analysis also indicated that LeERF-1 was dominantly expressed in the roots, which grow in soil in darkness. These patterns are all consistent with the effects of different light signals on regulating formation of shikonin and its derivatives, indicating that LeERF-1 might be a crucial positive regulator, like other B3 subfamily proteins (such as ORCA3 and ORA59), in regulating biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- NJU-NFU Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Physico-chemical factors influencing the shikonin derivatives production in cell suspension cultures ofArnebia euchroma(Royle) Johnston, a medicinally important plant species. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:153-8. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Panichayupakaranant P, Meerungrueang W. Effect of medium composition and light on root and rhinacanthin formation inRhinacanthus nasutuscultures. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:1192-7. [PMID: 20843160 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903578747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Pal M, Chaudhury A. High frequency direct plant regeneration, micropropagation and Shikonin induction in Arnebia hispidissima. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-009-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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López SN, Lopes AA, Batista JM, Flausino O, Bolzani VDS, Kato MJ, Furlan M. Geranylation of benzoic acid derivatives by enzymatic extracts from Piper crassinervium (Piperaceae). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:4251-4260. [PMID: 20185304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to carry out geranylations on aromatic substrates using enzymatic extracts from the leaves of Piper crassinervium (Piperaceae) was evaluated. A literature analysis pointed out its importance as a source of prenylated bioactive molecules. The screening performed on aromatic acceptors (benzoic acids, phenols and phenylpropanoids) including geranyl diphosphate as prenyl donor, showed the biotransformation of the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid by the crude extract, and the p-hydroxybenzoic acid by both the microsomal fraction and the crude extract, after treating leaves with glucose. The analysis of the products allowed the identification of C- and O-geranylated derivatives, and the protease (subtilisin and pepsin) inhibition performed on the O-geranylated compounds showed weak inhibition. Electrophoretic profiles indicated the presence of bands/spots among 56-58 kDa and pI 6-7, which are compatible with prenyltransferases. These findings show that P. crassinervium could be considered as a source of extracts with geranyltransferase activity to perform biotransformations on aromatic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Noelí López
- NuBBE - Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, C.P. 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Root-secreted chemicals mediate multi-partite interactions in the rhizosphere, where plant roots continually respond to and alter their immediate environment. Increasing evidence suggests that root exudates initiate and modulate dialogue between roots and soil microbes. For example, root exudates serve as signals that initiate symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, root exudates maintain and support a highly specific diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere of a given particular plant species, thus suggesting a close evolutionary link. In this review, we focus mainly on compiling the information available on the regulation and mechanisms of root exudation processes, and provide some ideas related to the evolutionary role of root exudates in shaping soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayakar V Badri
- Centre for Rhizosphere Biology and Department of Horticulture and LA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Qi JL, Zhang WJ, Liu SH, Wang H, Sun DY, Xu GH, Shi MW, Liu Z, Zhang MS, Zhang HM, Yang YH. Expression analysis of light-regulated genes isolated from a full-length-enriched cDNA library of Onosma paniculatum cell cultures. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1474-82. [PMID: 18242776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives are formed in large amounts in dark-cultured Onosma paniculatum cells. In order to isolate and identify the genes regulating shikonin biosynthesis, we constructed and characterized a full-length-enriched cDNA library of dark-cultured cells by using the SMART (Switching Mechanism At 5'-end of RNA Transcript) cDNA synthesis and LD-PCR (long-distance PCR) strategies. The titer of the primary cDNA library was 1.04 x 10(6)pfu/mL with a recombination rate of 99.60%. Most of the cDNA inserts ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 kb, and 78.33% of the 76 randomly selected clones contained full-length coding regions. Expression analysis of randomly selected genes by small scale microarray revealed that 23 genes were down-regulated, including 17 genes with known functions, 2 genes with putative functions, and 4 novel genes, and that 3 genes were up-regulated (two-fold) in cells cultured under white light as compared with those cultured in the dark. Interestingly, two of the down-regulated genes, encoding aci-reductone dioxygenase (ARD)-like protein and ethylene responsive factor (ERF), are involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction, implying that ethylene might play an important role as a signal molecule in light-regulated shikonin formation. These data contribute to a better understanding of light-involvement in regulating the formation of plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liang Qi
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Abstract
Flavonoids are synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As is the case for several other phytochemicals, anthocyanins and other products of the pathway often accumulate in the large central vacuole. This review summarizes recent findings on the possible mechanisms by which flavonoids traffic between the ER and the vacuole, and discusses the frequent localization of anthocyanins in sub-vacuolar structures with variable characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Grotewold
- Department of Plant Cellular & Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Center, The Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus OH 43220, USA
| | - Kevin Davies
- Crop & Food Research, Private Bag 11- 600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Yazaki K, Yamanaka N, Masuno T, Konagai S, Shitan N, Kaneko S, Ueda K, Sato F. Heterologous expression of a mammalian ABC transporter in plant and its application to phytoremediation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 61:491-503. [PMID: 16830181 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in the multidrug-resistance of cancer cells can efflux cytotoxic compounds that show a wide variety of chemical structures and biological activities. Human multidrug resistance-associated protein (hMRP1) is one of the most intensively studied ABC transporters and many substrates have been identified, including both organic and inorganic compounds. In an attempt at novel 'transport engineering' using hMRP1 as a molecular pump, we established transgenic tobacco plants that showed clear resistance to cadmium and daunorubicin, although they were not resistant to etoposide, another known substrate of hMRP1. When expressed in tobacco cells, hMRP1 protein was localized at vacuolar membrane, while members of the MRP family are localized at plasma membrane in mammalian cells to reduce the cellular accumulation of various drugs. Thus, the hMRP1-expressing tobacco cells were able to take up these substrates across the tonoplast and sequestrate them in the vacuolar matrix. These results suggest that it may be possible to use the transgenic tobacco in phytoremediation, where a single transformation with an ABC transporter with broad substrate specificity should be effective for extracting various environmental pollutants including both organic and inorganic compounds, and accumulate them in the plant body. This should be advantageous for the remediation of a complex polluted environment, which is commonly found in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Molecular & Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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32
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Field B, Jordán F, Osbourn A. First encounters--deployment of defence-related natural products by plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:193-207. [PMID: 16995908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have important functions in ecological interactions. In some cases these compounds are deployed to sites of pathogen challenge by vesicle-mediated trafficking. Polar vesicle trafficking of natural products, proteins and other, as yet uncharacterized, cargo is emerging as a common theme in investigations of diverse disease resistance mechanisms in plants. Root-derived natural products can have marked effects on interactions between plants and soilborne organisms, for example by serving as signals for initiation of symbioses with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. They may also contribute to competitiveness of invasive plant species by inhibiting the growth of neighbouring plants (allelopathy). Very little is known about the mechanisms of release of natural products from aerial plant parts or from roots, although there are likely to be commonalities in these processes. There is increasing evidence to indicate that pathogens and symbionts can manipulate plant endomembrane systems to suppress host defence responses and facilitate accommodation within plant cells. The relationship between secretory processes and plant interactions forms the focus of this review, which brings together different aspects of the deployment of defence-related natural products by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Field
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Abstract
The membrane transport of plant secondary metabolites is a newly developing research area. Recent progress in genome and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases has revealed that many transporters and channels exist in plant genome. Studies of the genetic sequences that encode these proteins, and of phenotypes caused by the mutation of these sequences, have been used to characterize the membrane transport of plant secondary metabolites. Such studies have clarified that membrane transport is fairly specific and highly regulated for each secondary metabolite. Not only genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites but also genes that are involved in their transport will be important for systematic metabolic engineering aimed at increasing the productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
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Touno K, Tamaoka J, Ohashi Y, Shimomura K. Ethylene induced shikonin biosynthesis in shoot culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:101-5. [PMID: 15820656 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon shoots, cultured on phytohormone-free Murashige and Skoog solid medium, produced shikonin derivatives, whereas shoots cultured in well-ventilated petri dishes, produced small amount. Analysis by gas chromatography revealed the presence of ethylene in non-ventilated petri dishes where the shoots, producing shikonin derivatives, were cultured. Therefore, the possible involvement of ethylene in shikonin biosynthesis of shoot cultures was investigated. Treatment of ethylene or the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, resulted in increasing shikonin derivatives contents in cultured shoots. Silver ion, an ethylene-response inhibitor, or aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, decreased production of shikonin derivatives in cultured shoots. Our results indicate that ethylene is one of the regulatory elements of shikonin biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon shoot culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Touno
- Plant Regulation Research Center, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
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Ohara K, Kokado Y, Yamamoto H, Sato F, Yazaki K. Engineering of ubiquinone biosynthesis using the yeast coq2 gene confers oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 40:734-43. [PMID: 15546356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (UQ), an electron carrier in the respiratory chain ranging from bacteria to humans, shows antioxidative activity in vitro, but its physiological role in vivo is not yet clarified in plants. UQ biosynthesis was modified by overexpressing the yeast gene coq2, which encodes p-hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyltransferase, to increase the accumulation of UQ-6 in yeast and UQ-10 in tobacco. The yeast and tobacco transgenic lines showed about a three- and six-fold increase in UQ, respectively. COQ2 polypeptide, the localization of which was forcibly altered to the endoplasmic reticulum, had the same or a greater effect as mitochondria-localized COQ2 on the increase in UQ in both the yeast and tobacco transformants, indicating that the UQ intermediate is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria. Plants with a high UQ level are more resistant to oxidative stresses caused by methyl viologen or high salinity. This is attributable to the greater radical scavenging ability of the transgenic lines when compared with the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ohara
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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36
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Yamamura Y, Sahin FP, Nagatsu A, Mizukami H. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel apoplastic protein preferentially expressed in a shikonin-producing callus strain of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:437-446. [PMID: 12721385 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA (LEPS-2) encoding a novel cell wall protein was cloned from shikonin-producing callus tissues of Lithospermum erythrorhizon by differential display between a shikonin-producing culture strain and a non-producing strain. The LEPS-2 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 184 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited no significant homology with known proteins. Expression of LEPS-2 gene as well as accumulation of LEPS-2 protein was highly correlated with shikonin production in L. erythrorhizon cells in culture. In the intact plant, expression of LEPS-2 was detected only in the roots where shikonin pigments accumulated. Cell fractionation experiments and immunocytochemical analysis showed that the protein was localized in the apoplast fraction of the cell walls. The shikonin pigments were also stored on the cell walls as oil droplets. These results indicate that expression of the LEPS-2 is closely linked with shikonin biosynthesis and the LEPS-2 protein may be involved in the intra-cell wall trapping of shikonin pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yamamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603 Japan
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Yazaki K, Kunihisa M, Fujisaki T, Sato F. Geranyl diphosphate:4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase from Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Cloning and characterization of a ket enzyme in shikonin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6240-6. [PMID: 11744717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106387200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding geranyl diphosphate:4-hy- droxybenzoate 3-geranyltransferase were isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon by nested PCR using the conserved amino acid sequences among polyprenyl- transferases for ubiquinone biosynthesis. They were functionally expressed in yeast COQ2 disruptant and showed a strict substrate specificity for geranyl diphosphate as the prenyl donor, in contrast to ubiquinone biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that they are involved in the biosynthesis of shikonin, a naphthoquinone secondary metabolite. Regulation of their expression by various culture conditions coincided with that of geranyltransferase activity and the secondary metabolites biosynthesized via this enzyme. This is the first established plant prenyltransferase that transfers the prenyl chain to an aromatic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Molecular & Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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