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Li T, Zhang S, Yao S, Li X, Jia Q, Yuan J, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang Q. Nonspecific phospholipases C3 and C4 interact with PIN-FORMED2 to regulate growth and tropic responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2310-2327. [PMID: 38442314 PMCID: PMC11132888 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic changes in membrane phospholipids affect membrane biophysical properties and cell signaling, thereby influencing numerous biological processes. Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPC) enzymes hydrolyze common phospholipids to release diacylglycerol (DAG), which is converted to phosphatidic acid (PA) and other lipids. In this study, 2 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tandemly arrayed genes, NPC3 and NPC4, were identified as critical factors modulating auxin-controlled plant growth and tropic responses. Moreover, NPC3 and NPC4 were shown to interact with the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2). The loss of NPC3 and NPC4 enhanced the endocytosis and vacuolar degradation of PIN2, which disrupted auxin gradients and slowed gravitropic and halotropic responses. Furthermore, auxin-triggered activation of NPC3 and NPC4 is required for the asymmetric PA distribution that controls PIN2 trafficking dynamics and auxin-dependent tropic responses. Collectively, our study reveals an NPC-derived PA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis auxin fluxes that is essential for fine-tuning the balance between root growth and environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shuaibing Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Xuebing Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qianru Jia
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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2
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Brunkard JO. Communicating Across Cell Walls: Structure, Evolution, and Regulation of Plasmodesmatal Transport in Plants. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:73-86. [PMID: 39242375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are conduits in plant cell walls that allow neighboring cells to communicate and exchange resources. Despite their central importance to plant development and physiology, our understanding of plasmodesmata is relatively limited compared to other subcellular structures. In recent years, technical advances in electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and phylogenomics have illuminated the structure, composition, and evolution of plasmodesmata in diverse plant lineages. In parallel, forward genetic screens have revealed key signaling pathways that converge to regulate plasmodesmatal transport, including chloroplast-derived retrograde signaling, phytohormone signaling, and metabolic regulation by the conserved eukaryotic Target of Rapamycin kinase. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, evolution, and regulation of plasmodesmatal transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob O Brunkard
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Sun J, Zheng H. In Vivo Analysis of ER-Associated Protein Degradation and Ubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:301-309. [PMID: 38411824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular site for the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids. The ER is highly dynamic, whose homeostasis is maintained by proper ER shaping, unfolded protein response (UPR), ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and selective autophagy of the ER (ER-phagy). In ERAD and ER-phagy, unfolded/misfolded proteins are degraded in the 26S proteasome and the vacuole, respectively. Both processes are vital for normal plant development and plant responses to environmental stresses. While it is known that ubiquitination of a protein initiates EARD, recent research indicated that ubiquitination of a protein also promotes the turnover of the protein through ER-phagy. In this chapter, we describe in detail two in vivo methods for investigating (1) the degradation efficiency and (2) ubiquitination level of an ER-associated protein in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hawes C, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. Make It Shine: Labelling the ER for Light and Fluorescence Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:1-14. [PMID: 38411802 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The ER is a highly dynamic network of tubules and membrane cisternae. Hence, imaging this organelle in its native and mobile state is of great importance. Here we describe methods of labelling the native plant ER using fluorescent proteins and lipid dyes as well as methods for immunolabelling on plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hawes
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Kriechbaumer V, Botchway SW. Immunoprecipitation and FRET-FLIM to Determine Metabolons on the Plant ER. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:169-177. [PMID: 38411813 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Metabolons are protein complexes that contain all the enzymes necessary for a metabolic pathway but also scaffolding proteins. Such a structure allows efficient channeling of intermediate metabolites form one active site to the next and is highly advantageous for labile or toxic intermediates. Here we describe two methods currently used to identify metabolons via protein-protein interaction methodology: immunoprecipitations using GFP-Trap®_A beads to find novel interaction partners and potential metabolon components and FRET-FLIM to test for and quantify protein-protein interactions in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
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6
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Spatola Rossi T, Tolmie AF, Nichol T, Pain C, Harrison P, Smith TJ, Fricker M, Kriechbaumer V. Recombinant expression and subcellular targeting of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) protein components in plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15337. [PMID: 37714899 PMCID: PMC10504283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, which has contributed to approximately a fifth of global warming since pre-industrial times. The agricultural sector produces significant methane emissions, especially from livestock, waste management and rice cultivation. Rice fields alone generate around 9% of total anthropogenic emissions. Methane is produced in waterlogged paddy fields by methanogenic archaea, and transported to the atmosphere through the aerenchyma tissue of rice plants. Thus, bioengineering rice with catalysts to detoxify methane en route could contribute to an efficient emission mitigation strategy. Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is the predominant methane catalyst found in nature, and is an enzyme complex expressed by methanotrophic bacteria. Recombinant expression of pMMO has been challenging, potentially due to its membrane localization, multimeric structure, and polycistronic operon. Here we show the first steps towards the engineering of plants for methane detoxification with the three pMMO subunits expressed in the model systems tobacco and Arabidopsis. Membrane topology and protein-protein interactions were consistent with correct folding and assembly of the pMMO subunits on the plant ER. Moreover, a synthetic self-cleaving polypeptide resulted in simultaneous expression of all three subunits, although low expression levels precluded more detailed structural investigation. The work presents plant cells as a novel heterologous system for pMMO allowing for protein expression and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Spatola Rossi
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - A Frances Tolmie
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Tim Nichol
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Charlotte Pain
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Patrick Harrison
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
- Centre for Bioimaging, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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7
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He J, Xu Z, Azhar MT, Zhang Z, Li P, Gong J, Jiang X, Fan S, Ge Q, Yuan Y, Shang H. Comparative transcriptional and co-expression network analysis of two upland cotton accessions with extreme phenotypic differences reveals molecular mechanisms of fiber development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1189490. [PMID: 37719229 PMCID: PMC10502173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1189490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the main source of natural fiber in the global textile industry, and thus its fiber quality and yield are important parameters. In this study, comparative transcriptomics was used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) due to its ability to effectively screen candidate genes during the developmental stages of cotton fiber. However, research using this method is limited, particularly on fiber development. The aim of this study was to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the whole period of fiber development and the differences in transcriptional levels. Methods Comparative transcriptomes are used to analyze transcriptome data and to screen for differentially expressed genes. STEM and WGCNA were used to screen for key genes involved in fiber development. qRT-PCR was performed to verify gene expression of selected DEGs and hub genes. Results Two accessions of upland cotton with extreme phenotypic differences, namely EZ60 and ZR014121, were used to carry out RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on fiber samples from different fiber development stages. The results identified 704, 376, 141, 269, 761, and 586 genes that were upregulated, and 1,052, 476, 355, 259, 702, and 847 genes that were downregulated at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days post anthesis, respectively. Similar expression patterns of DEGs were monitored using short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis, and associated pathways of DEGs within profiles were investigated. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified five key modules in fiber development and screened 20 hub genes involved in the development of fibers. Discussion Through the annotation of the genes, it was found that the excessive expression of resistance-related genes in the early fiber development stages affects the fiber yield, whereas the sustained expression of cell elongation-related genes is critical for long fibers. This study provides new information that can be used to improve fibers in newly developed upland cotton genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasen He
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Zhongyang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Tehseen Azhar
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Pengtao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Juwu Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Qun Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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8
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Zhang T, Li Y, Li C, Zang J, Gao E, Kroon JT, Qu X, Hussey PJ, Wang P. Exo84c interacts with VAP27 to regulate exocytotic compartment degradation and stigma senescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4888. [PMID: 37580356 PMCID: PMC10425460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, exocyst subunit isoforms exhibit significant functional diversity in that they are involved in either protein secretion or autophagy, both of which are essential for plant development and survival. Although the molecular basis of autophagy is widely reported, its contribution to plant reproduction is not very clear. Here, we have identified Exo84c, a higher plant-specific Exo84 isoform, as having a unique function in modulating exocytotic compartment degradation during stigmatic tissue senescence. This process is achieved through its interaction with the ER localised VAP27 proteins, which regulate the turnover of Exo84c through the autophagy pathway. VAP27 recruits Exo84c onto the ER membrane as well as numerous ER-derived autophagosomes that are labelled with ATG8. These Exo84c/exocyst and VAP27 positive structures are accumulated in the vacuole for degradation, and this process is partially perturbed in the exo84c knock-out mutants. Interestingly, the exo84c mutant showed a prolonged effective pollination period with higher seed sets, possibly because of the delayed stigmatic senescence when Exo84c regulated autophagy is blocked. In conclusion, our studies reveal a link between the exocyst complex and the ER network in regulating the degradation of exocytosis vesicles, a process that is essential for normal papilla cell senescence and flower receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yifan Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengyang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingze Zang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Erlin Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Johan T Kroon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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9
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Tilsner J, Kriechbaumer V. Reticulons 3 and 6 interact with viral movement proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1807-1814. [PMID: 35987858 PMCID: PMC9644274 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant reticulon (RTN) proteins are capable of constricting membranes and are vital for creating and maintaining tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), making them prime candidates for the formation of the desmotubule in plasmodesmata (PD). RTN3 and RTN6 have previously been detected in an Arabidopsis PD proteome and have been shown to be present in primary PD at cytokinesis. It has been suggested that RTN proteins form protein complexes with proteins in the PD plasma membrane and desmotubule to stabilize the desmotubule constriction and regulate PD aperture. Viral movement proteins (vMPs) enable the transport of viruses through PD and can be ER-integral membrane proteins or interact with the ER. Some vMPs can themselves constrict ER membranes or localize to RTN-containing tubules; RTN proteins and vMPs could be functionally linked or potentially interact. Here we show that different vMPs are capable of interacting with RTN3 and RTN6 in a membrane yeast two-hybrid assay, coimmunoprecipitation, and Förster resonance energy transfer measured by donor excited-state fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Furthermore, coexpression of the vMP CMV-3a and RTN3 results in either the vMP or the RTN changing subcellular localization and reduces the ability of CMV-3a to open PD, further indicating interactions between the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexSchool of Biology, Willie Russell LaboratoriesFifeUK
- Cell & Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
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10
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Spatola Rossi T, Pain C, Botchway SW, Kriechbaumer V. FRET-FLIM to Determine Protein Interactions and Membrane Topology of Enzyme Complexes. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e598. [PMID: 36300920 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Determining protein-protein interactions is vital for gaining knowledge on cellular and metabolic processes including enzyme complexes and metabolons. Förster resonance energy transfer with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM) is an advanced imaging methodology that allows for the quantitative detection of protein-protein interactions. In this method, proteins of interest for interaction studies are fused to different fluorophores such as enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP; donor molecule) and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP; acceptor molecule). Energy transfer between the two fluorophore groups can only occur efficiently when the proteins of interest are in close physical proximity, around ≤10 nm, and therefore are most likely interacting. FRET-FLIM measures the decrease in excited-state lifetime of the donor fluorophore (eGFP) with and without the presence of the acceptor (mRFP) and can therefore give information on protein-protein interactions and the membrane topology of the tested protein. Here we describe the production of fluorescent protein fusions for FRET-FLIM analysis in tobacco leaf epidermal cells using Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and a FRET-FLIM data acquisition and analysis protocol in plant cells. These protocols are applicable and can be adapted for both membrane and soluble proteins in different cellular localizations. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Protein expression in tobacco leaf cells via transient Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation Basic Protocol 2: FRET-FLIM data acquisition and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Spatola Rossi
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Pain
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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11
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Solovyev AG, Atabekova AK, Lezzhov AA, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Morozov SY. Distinct Mechanisms of Endomembrane Reorganization Determine Dissimilar Transport Pathways in Plant RNA Viruses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2403. [PMID: 36145804 PMCID: PMC9504206 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and cell-to-cell transport. The replication of viral RNA genomes occurs in the cytoplasm in association with reorganized endomembrane compartments induced by virus-encoded proteins and is coupled with the virus intercellular transport via plasmodesmata that connect neighboring cells in plant tissues. The transport of virus genomes to and through plasmodesmata requires virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs). Distantly related plant viruses encode different MP sets, or virus transport systems, which vary in the number of MPs and their properties, suggesting their functional differences. Here, we discuss two distinct virus transport pathways based on either the modification of the endoplasmic reticulum tubules or the formation of motile vesicles detached from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to endosomes. The viruses with the movement proteins encoded by the triple gene block exemplify the first, and the potyviral system is the example of the second type. These transport systems use unrelated mechanisms of endomembrane reorganization. We emphasize that the mode of virus interaction with cell endomembranes determines the mechanism of plant virus cell-to-cell transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia K. Atabekova
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Lezzhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D. Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A. Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Kurotani KI, Kawakatsu Y, Kikkawa M, Tabata R, Kurihara D, Honda H, Shimizu K, Notaguchi M. Analysis of plasmodesmata permeability using cultured tobacco BY-2 cells entrapped in microfluidic chips. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:693-701. [PMID: 35834070 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are unique channel structures in plants that link the fluid cytoplasm between adjacent cells. Plants have evolved these microchannels to allow trafficking of nutritious substances as well as regulatory factors for intercellular communication. However, tracking the behavior of plasmodesmata in real time is difficult because they are located inside tissues. Hence, a system was constructed to monitor the movement of substances by plasmodesmata using tobacco BY-2 cells, which are linearly organized cells, and a microfluidic device that traps them in place and facilitates observation. After targeting one cell for photobleaching, recovery of the lost H2B-GFP protein was detected within 200 min. No recovery was detected in that time frame by photobleaching the entire cell filaments. This suggested that the recovery of H2B-GFP protein was not due to de novo protein synthesis, but rather to translocation from neighboring cells. The transport of H2B-GFP protein was not observed when sodium chloride, a compound known to cause plasmodesmata closure, was present in the microfluid channel. Thus, using the microfluidic device and BY-2 cells, it was confirmed that the behavior of plasmodesmata could be observed in real time under controllable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kikkawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- JST PRESTO, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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13
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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14
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Kriechbaumer V, Botchway SW. Methods for Detection of Protein Interactions with Plasmodesmata-Localized Reticulons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:209-218. [PMID: 35349142 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant reticulon family proteins (RTN) tubulate the ER by dimerization and oligomerization, creating localized ER membrane tensions that result in membrane curvature. Two RTN ER-shaping proteins have been found in the plasmodesmata (PD) proteome which could potentially contribute to the formation of the desmotubule, an ER-derived structure that crosses primary PD and physically connects the ER of two cells. Here we describe two methods used to identify partners of two PD-resident reticulon proteins, RTN3 and RTN6 that are located in primary PD at cytokinesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): immunoprecipitations using GFP-Trap®_A beads to find novel interaction partners and FRET-FLIM to test for and quantify direct protein-protein interactions in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
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15
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Huang C, Heinlein M. Function of Plasmodesmata in the Interaction of Plants with Microbes and Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:23-54. [PMID: 35349131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment. To allow gating, PD are equipped with signaling platforms and enzymes that regulate the size exclusion limit (SEL) of the pore. Plant-interacting microbes and viruses target PD with specific effectors to enhance their virulence and are useful probes to study PD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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16
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Tahmasebi A, Niazi A. Comparison of Transcriptional Response of C 3 and C 4 Plants to Drought Stress Using Meta-Analysis and Systems Biology Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668736. [PMID: 34276729 PMCID: PMC8280774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress affects a range of plant processes. It is still not well-known how C3 and C4 plants respond to drought. Here, we used a combination of meta-analysis and network analysis to compare the transcriptional responses of Oryza sativa (rice), a C3 plant, and Zea mays (maize), a C4 plant, to drought stress. The findings showed that drought stress changes the expression of genes and affects different mechanisms in the C3 and C4 plants. We identified several genes that were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under stress conditions in both species, most of which are associated with photosynthesis, molecule metabolic process, and response to stress. Additionally, we observed that many DEGs physically located within the quantitative trait locus regions are associated with C isotope signature (d13C), photosynthetic gas exchange, and root characteristics traits. Through the gene co-expression and differential co-expression network methods, we identified sets of genes with similar and different behaviors among C3 and C4 plants during drought stress. This result indicates that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important part in the differences between the C3 and C4 species. The present study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response of C3 and C4 plants to drought stress, which may useful for engineering drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Kumar K, Gibbs HC, Yeh AT, Griffing LR. The Sterol Trafficking Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:616631. [PMID: 34122463 PMCID: PMC8187924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.616631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the trafficking mechanisms by which sterols move through the plant and into target cells are unknown. Earlier studies identified endosomes as primary candidates for internalization of sterols in plants, but these results have come into question. Here, we show that in elongating root cells, the internalization of sterol occurs primarily by a non-endocytic mechanism. Added fluorescent sterols [dehydroergosterol (DHE) and BODIPY-cholesterol (BCh)] do not initially label endosomes identified by fluorescent protein markers or by internalized FM4-64. Instead, the nuclear envelope, an organelle not associated with the endocytic pathway but part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), becomes labeled. This result is supported by experiments with the inducible overexpression of auxilin-2-like protein (AUX2 line), which blocks most endocytosis upon induction. Internalization and nuclear envelope labeling still occur in induced AUX2 cells. Longer-term incubation labels the oil body, a site involved in sterol storage. Although the first site of localization, the nuclear envelope, is part of the ER, other domains of the ER do not accumulate the label. The trafficking pathway differs from vesicular endocytosis and points toward a different pathway of sterol transport possibly involving other mechanisms, such as ER-plasma membrane contact sites and cytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Holly C. Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alvin T. Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Griffing
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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18
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Combined Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Ovule Abortion Regulatory Mechanisms in the Female Sterile Line of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063138. [PMID: 33808669 PMCID: PMC8003466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovule abortion is a common phenomenon in plants that has an impact on seed production. Previous studies of ovule and female gametophyte (FG) development have mainly focused on angiosperms, especially in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, because it is difficult to acquire information about ovule development in gymnosperms, this remains unclear. Here, we investigated the transcriptomic data of natural ovule abortion mutants (female sterile line, STE) and the wild type (female fertile line, FER) of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. to evaluate the mechanism of ovule abortion during the process of free nuclear mitosis (FNM). Using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS), 18 cDNA libraries via Illumina and two normalized libraries via PacBio, with a total of almost 400,000 reads, were obtained. Our analysis showed that the numbers of isoforms and alternative splicing (AS) patterns were significantly variable between FER and STE. The functional annotation results demonstrate that genes involved in the auxin response, energy metabolism, signal transduction, cell division, and stress response were differentially expressed in different lines. In particular, AUX/IAA, ARF2, SUS, and CYCB had significantly lower expression in STE, showing that auxin might be insufficient in STE, thus hindering nuclear division and influencing metabolism. Apoptosis in STE might also have affected the expression levels of these genes. To confirm the transcriptomic analysis results, nine pairs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Taken together, these results provide new insights into ovule abortion in gymnosperms and further reveal the regulatory mechanisms of ovule development.
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19
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Brooks RL, Mistry CS, Dixon AM. Curvature sensing amphipathic helix in the C-terminus of RTNLB13 is conserved in all endoplasmic reticulum shaping reticulons in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6326. [PMID: 33737685 PMCID: PMC7973432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reticulon family of integral membrane proteins are conserved across all eukaryotes and typically localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are involved in generating highly-curved tubules. We recently demonstrated that Reticulon-like protein B13 (RTNLB13) from Arabidopsis thaliana contains a curvature-responsive amphipathic helix (APH) important for the proteins' ability to induce curvature in the ER membrane, but incapable of generating curvature by itself. We suggested it acts as a feedback element, only folding/binding once a sufficient degree of curvature has been achieved, and stabilizes curvature without disrupting the bilayer. However, it remains unclear whether this is unique to RTNLB13 or is conserved across all reticulons-to date, experimental evidence has only been reported for two reticulons. Here we used biophysical methods to characterize a minimal library of putative APH peptides from across the 21 A. thaliana isoforms. We found that reticulons with the closest evolutionary relationship to RTNLB13 contain curvature-sensing APHs in the same location with sequence conservation. Our data reveal that a more distantly-related branch of reticulons developed a ~ 20-residue linker between the transmembrane domain and APH. This may facilitate functional flexibility as previous studies have linked these isoforms not only to ER remodeling but other cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L Brooks
- MAS Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Chandni S Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ann M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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20
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Veerabagu M, Rinne PLH, Skaugen M, Paul LK, van der Schoot C. Lipid Body Dynamics in Shoot Meristems: Production, Enlargement, and Putative Organellar Interactions and Plasmodesmal Targeting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674031. [PMID: 34367200 PMCID: PMC8335594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-embryonic cells contain minute lipid bodies (LBs) that are transient, mobile, engage in organellar interactions, and target plasmodesmata (PD). While LBs can deliver γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases to PD, the nature of other cargo is elusive. To gain insight into the poorly understood role of LBs in meristems, we investigated their dynamics by microscopy, gene expression analyzes, and proteomics. In developing buds, meristems accumulated LBs, upregulated several LB-specific OLEOSIN genes and produced OLEOSINs. During bud maturation, the major gene OLE6 was strongly downregulated, OLEOSINs disappeared from bud extracts, whereas lipid biosynthesis genes were upregulated, and LBs were enlarged. Proteomic analyses of the LB fraction of dormant buds confirmed that OLEOSINs were no longer present. Instead, we identified the LB-associated proteins CALEOSIN (CLO1), Oil Body Lipase 1 (OBL1), Lipid Droplet Interacting Protein (LDIP), Lipid Droplet Associated Protein1a/b (LDAP1a/b) and LDAP3a/b, and crucial components of the OLEOSIN-deubiquitinating and degradation machinery, such as PUX10 and CDC48A. All mRFP-tagged LDAPs localized to LBs when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together with gene expression analyzes, this suggests that during bud maturation, OLEOSINs were replaced by LDIP/LDAPs at enlarging LBs. The LB fraction contained the meristem-related actin7 (ACT7), "myosin XI tail-binding" RAB GTPase C2A, an LB/PD-associated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanase, and various organelle- and/or PD-localized proteins. The results are congruent with a model in which LBs, motorized by myosin XI-k/1/2, traffic on F-actin, transiently interact with other organelles, and deliver a diverse cargo to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Veerabagu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Skaugen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K. Paul
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Christiaan van der Schoot
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21
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Lee E, Santana BVN, Samuels E, Benitez-Fuente F, Corsi E, Botella MA, Perez-Sancho J, Vanneste S, Friml J, Macho A, Azevedo AA, Rosado A. Rare earth elements induce cytoskeleton-dependent and PI4P-associated rearrangement of SYT1/SYT5 endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site complexes in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3986-3998. [PMID: 32179893 PMCID: PMC7337092 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, environmental stressors promote changes in connectivity between the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM). Although this process is tightly regulated in space and time, the molecular signals and structural components mediating these changes in interorganelle communication are only starting to be characterized. In this report, we confirm the presence of a putative tethering complex containing the synaptotagmins 1 and 5 (SYT1 and SYT5) and the Ca2+- and lipid-binding protein 1 (CLB1/SYT7). This complex is enriched at ER-PM contact sites (EPCSs), has slow responses to changes in extracellular Ca2+, and displays severe cytoskeleton-dependent rearrangements in response to the trivalent lanthanum (La3+) and gadolinium (Gd3+) rare earth elements (REEs). Although REEs are generally used as non-selective cation channel blockers at the PM, here we show that the slow internalization of REEs into the cytosol underlies the activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin intracellular signaling, the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) at the PM, and the cytoskeleton-dependent rearrangement of the SYT1/SYT5 EPCS complexes. We propose that the observed EPCS rearrangements act as a slow adaptive response to sustained stress conditions, and that this process involves the accumulation of stress-specific phosphoinositide species at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunKyoung Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brenda Vila Nova Santana
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Erica Corsi
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jessica Perez-Sancho
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alberto Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Aristea Alves Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Correspondence:
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22
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Pankratenko AV, Atabekova AK, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Membrane Contacts in Plasmodesmata: Structural Components and Their Functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:531-544. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Baillie AL, Falz AL, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Sparkes I. It Started With a Kiss: Monitoring Organelle Interactions and Identifying Membrane Contact Site Components in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32435254 PMCID: PMC7218140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organelle movement and interaction are dynamic processes. Interpreting the functional role and mechanistic detail of interactions at membrane contact sites requires careful quantification of parameters such as duration, frequency, proximity, and surface area of contact, and identification of molecular components. We provide an overview of current methods used to quantify organelle interactions in plants and other organisms and propose novel applications of existing technologies to tackle this emerging topic in plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Baillie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lena Falz
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie J. Müller-Schüssele
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhang X, Ding X, Marshall RS, Paez-Valencia J, Lacey P, Vierstra RD, Otegui MS. Reticulon proteins modulate autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum in maize endosperm. eLife 2020; 9:51918. [PMID: 32011236 PMCID: PMC7046470 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulon (Rtn) proteins shape tubular domains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in some cases are autophagy receptors for selective ER turnover. We have found that maize Rtn1 and Rtn2 control ER homeostasis and autophagic flux in endosperm aleurone cells, where the ER accumulates lipid droplets and synthesizes storage protein accretions metabolized during germination. Maize Rtn1 and Rtn2 are expressed in the endosperm, localize to the ER, and re-model ER architecture in a dose-dependent manner. Rtn1 and Rtn2 interact with Atg8a using four Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) located at the C-terminus, cytoplasmic loop, and within the transmembrane segments. Binding between Rtn2 and Atg8 is elevated upon ER stress. Maize rtn2 mutants display increased autophagy and up-regulation of an ER stress-responsive chaperone. We propose that maize Rtn1 and Rtn2 act as receptors for autophagy-mediated ER turnover, and thus are critical for ER homeostasis and suppression of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | | | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Patrick Lacey
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | | | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
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25
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Levy A, Tilsner J. Creating Contacts Between Replication and Movement at Plasmodesmata - A Role for Membrane Contact Sites in Plant Virus Infections? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:862. [PMID: 32719692 PMCID: PMC7350983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To infect their hosts and cause disease, plant viruses must replicate within cells and move throughout the plant both locally and systemically. RNA virus replication occurs on the surface of various cellular membranes, whose shape and composition become extensively modified in the process. Membrane contact sites (MCS) can mediate non-vesicular lipid-shuttling between different membranes and viruses co-opt components of these structures to make their membrane environment suitable for replication. Whereas animal viruses exit and enter cells when moving throughout their host, the rigid wall of plant cells obstructs this pathway and plant viruses therefore move between cells symplastically through plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels connecting nearly all plant cells and are now viewed to constitute a specialized type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) MCS themselves. Thus, both replication and movement of plant viruses rely on MCS. However, recent work also suggests that for some viruses, replication and movement are closely coupled at ER-PM MCS at the entrances of PD. Movement-coupled replication at PD may be distinct from the main bulk of replication and virus accumulation, which produces progeny virions for plant-to-plant transmission. Thus, MCS play a central role in plant virus infections, and may provide a link between two essential steps in the viral life cycle, replication and movement. Here, we provide an overview of plant virus-MCS interactions identified to date, and place these in the context of the connection between viral replication and cell-to-cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, The University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation: A Mechanistic Model. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120595. [PMID: 31842374 PMCID: PMC6963776 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
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Mucha S, Heinzlmeir S, Kriechbaumer V, Strickland B, Kirchhelle C, Choudhary M, Kowalski N, Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R, Grill E, Kuster B, Glawischnig E. The Formation of a Camalexin Biosynthetic Metabolon. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2697-2710. [PMID: 31511315 PMCID: PMC6881122 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) efficiently synthesizes the antifungal phytoalexin camalexin without the apparent release of bioactive intermediates, such as indole-3-acetaldoxime, suggesting that the biosynthetic pathway of this compound is channeled by the formation of an enzyme complex. To identify such protein interactions, we used two independent untargeted coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) approaches with the biosynthetic enzymes CYP71B15 and CYP71A13 as baits and determined that the camalexin biosynthetic P450 enzymes copurified with these enzymes. These interactions were confirmed by targeted co-IP and Förster resonance energy transfer measurements based on fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FRET-FLIM). Furthermore, the interaction of CYP71A13 and Arabidopsis P450 Reductase1 was observed. We detected increased substrate affinity of CYP79B2 in the presence of CYP71A13, indicating an allosteric interaction. Camalexin biosynthesis involves glutathionylation of the intermediary indole-3-cyanohydrin, which is synthesized by CYP71A12 and especially CYP71A13. FRET-FLIM and co-IP demonstrated that the glutathione transferase GSTU4, which is coexpressed with Trp- and camalexin-specific enzymes, is physically recruited to the complex. Surprisingly, camalexin concentrations were elevated in knockout and reduced in GSTU4-overexpressing plants. This shows that GSTU4 is not directly involved in camalexin biosynthesis but rather plays a role in a competing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mucha
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Strickland
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Manisha Choudhary
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Natalie Kowalski
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Chair of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany
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Pain C, Kriechbaumer V, Kittelmann M, Hawes C, Fricker M. Quantitative analysis of plant ER architecture and dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 30816109 PMCID: PMC6395764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a highly dynamic polygonal membrane network composed of interconnected tubules and sheets (cisternae) that forms the first compartment in the secretory pathway involved in protein translocation, folding, glycosylation, quality control, lipid synthesis, calcium signalling, and metabolon formation. Despite its central role in this plethora of biosynthetic, metabolic and physiological processes, there is little quantitative information on ER structure, morphology or dynamics. Here we describe a software package (AnalyzER) to automatically extract ER tubules and cisternae from multi-dimensional fluorescence images of plant ER. The structure, topology, protein-localisation patterns, and dynamics are automatically quantified using spatial, intensity and graph-theoretic metrics. We validate the method against manually-traced ground-truth networks, and calibrate the sub-resolution width estimates against ER profiles identified in serial block-face SEM images. We apply the approach to quantify the effects on ER morphology of drug treatments, abiotic stress and over-expression of ER tubule-shaping and cisternal-modifying proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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Wang P, Hussey PJ. Plant ER-PM Contact Sites in Endocytosis and Autophagy: Does the Local Composition of Membrane Phospholipid Play a Role? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:23. [PMID: 30740118 PMCID: PMC6355705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Patrick J. Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Ionic stress enhances ER-PM connectivity via phosphoinositide-associated SYT1 contact site expansion in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1420-1429. [PMID: 30610176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818099116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interorganelle communication mediated by membrane contact sites (MCSs) is an evolutionary hallmark of eukaryotic cells. MCS connections enable the nonvesicular exchange of information between organelles and allow them to coordinate responses to changing cellular environments. In plants, the importance of MCS components in the responses to environmental stress has been widely established, but the molecular mechanisms regulating interorganelle connectivity during stress still remain opaque. In this report, we use the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to show that ionic stress increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) connectivity by promoting the cortical expansion of synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1)-enriched ER-PM contact sites (S-EPCSs). We define differential roles for the cortical cytoskeleton in the regulation of S-EPCS dynamics and ER-PM connectivity, and we identify the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] at the PM as a molecular signal associated with the ER-PM connectivity changes. Our study highlights the functional conservation of EPCS components and PM phosphoinositides as modulators of ER-PM connectivity in eukaryotes, and uncovers unique aspects of the spatiotemporal regulation of ER-PM connectivity in plants.
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31
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Sun Y, Huang D, Chen X. Dynamic regulation of plasmodesmatal permeability and its application to horticultural research. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:47. [PMID: 30962940 PMCID: PMC6441653 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective cell-to-cell communication allows plants to fine-tune their developmental processes in accordance with the prevailing environmental stimuli. Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular channels that span the plant cell wall and serve as cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate efficient exchange of signaling molecules between neighboring cells. The identification of PD-associated proteins and the subsequent elucidation of the regulation of PD structure have provided vital insights into the role of PD architecture in enforcing crucial cellular processes, including callose deposition, ER-Golgi-based secretion, cytoskeleton dynamics, membrane lipid raft organization, chloroplast metabolism, and cell wall formation. In this review, we summarize the emerging discoveries from recent studies that elucidated the regulatory mechanisms involved in PD biogenesis and the dynamics of PD opening-closure. Retrospectively, PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication has been implicated in diverse cellular and physiological processes that are fundamental for the development of horticultural plants. The potential application of PD biotechnological engineering represents a powerful approach for improving agronomic traits in horticultural crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Sun
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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32
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Kriechbaumer V, Breeze E, Pain C, Tolmie F, Frigerio L, Hawes C. Arabidopsis Lunapark proteins are involved in ER cisternae formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:990-1004. [PMID: 29797722 PMCID: PMC6055799 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The ER consists of a dynamic and continuously remodelling network of tubules and cisternae. Several conserved membrane proteins have been implicated in formation and maintenance of the ER network in plants, such as RHD3 and the reticulon proteins. Despite the recent work in mammalian and yeast cells, the detailed molecular mechanisms of ER network organization in plants remain largely unknown. Recently, novel ER network-shaping proteins called Lunapark (LNP) have been identified in yeast and mammalian cells. Here we identify two Arabidopsis LNP homologues and investigate their subcellular localization via confocal microscopy and potential function in shaping the ER network using protein-protein interaction assays and mutant analysis. We show that AtLNP1 overexpression in tobacco leaf epidermal cells mainly labels cisternae in the ER network, whereas AtLNP2 labels the whole ER. Overexpression of LNP proteins results in an increased abundance of ER cisternae and lnp1 and lnp1lnp2 amiRNA lines display a reduction in cisternae and larger polygonal areas. Thus, we hypothesize that AtLNP1 and AtLNP2 are involved in determining the network morphology of the plant ER, possibly by regulating the formation of ER cisternae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
| | - Emily Breeze
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickGibbet HillCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickGibbet HillCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
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Abstract
Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology and development of all plants. They facilitate the intercellular movement of various cargos - ranging from small molecules, such as sugars, ions and other essential nutrients and chemicals, to large complex molecules, such as proteins and different types of RNA species - by bridging neighboring cells across their cell walls. Structurally, an individual channel consists of the cytoplasmic sleeve that is formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane leaflets. Plasmodesmata are highly versatile channels; they vary in number and structure, and undergo constant adjustments to their permeability in response to many internal and external cues. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of plasmodesmata form and function, with highlights on their development and variation, associated components and mobile factors. In addition, we present methodologies that are currently used to study plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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34
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Komatsu S, Hashiguchi A. Subcellular Proteomics: Application to Elucidation of Flooding-Response Mechanisms in Soybean. Proteomes 2018; 6:E13. [PMID: 29495455 PMCID: PMC5874772 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean, which is rich in protein and oil, is cultivated in several climatic zones; however, its growth is markedly decreased by flooding. Proteomics is a useful tool for understanding the flooding-response mechanism in soybean. Subcellular proteomics has the potential to elucidate localized cellular responses and investigate communications among subcellular components during plant growth and during stress. Under flooding, proteins related to signaling, stress and the antioxidative system are increased in the plasma membrane; scavenging enzymes for reactive-oxygen species are suppressed in the cell wall; protein translation is suppressed through inhibition of proteins related to preribosome biogenesis and mRNA processing in the nucleus; levels of proteins involved in the electron transport chain are reduced in the mitochondrion; and levels of proteins related to protein folding are decreased in the endoplasmic reticulum. This review discusses the advantages of a gel-free/label-free proteomic technique and methods of plant subcellular purification. It also summarizes cellular events in soybean under flooding and discusses future prospects for generation of flooding-tolerant soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Akiko Hashiguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
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35
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Arabidopsis RETICULON-LIKE3 (RTNLB3) and RTNLB8 Participate in Agrobacterium-Mediated Plant Transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020638. [PMID: 29495267 PMCID: PMC5855860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens can genetically transform various eukaryotic cells because of the presence of a resident tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. During infection, a defined region of the Ti plasmid, transfer DNA (T-DNA), is transferred from bacteria into plant cells and causes plant cells to abnormally synthesize auxin and cytokinin, which results in crown gall disease. T-DNA and several virulence (Vir) proteins are secreted through a type IV secretion system (T4SS) composed of T-pilus and a transmembrane protein complex. Three members of Arabidopsis reticulon-like B (RTNLB) proteins, RTNLB1, 2, and 4, interact with VirB2, the major component of T-pilus. Here, we have identified that other RTNLB proteins, RTNLB3 and 8, interact with VirB2 in vitro. Root-based A. tumefaciens transformation assays with Arabidopsis rtnlb3, or rtnlb5-10 single mutants showed that the rtnlb8 mutant was resistant to A. tumefaciens infection. In addition, rtnlb3 and rtnlb8 mutants showed reduced transient transformation efficiency in seedlings. RTNLB3- or 8 overexpression transgenic plants showed increased susceptibility to A. tumefaciens and Pseudomonas syringae infection. RTNLB1-4 and 8 transcript levels differed in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, inflorescence, flowers, and siliques of wild-type plants. Taken together, RTNLB3 and 8 may participate in A. tumefaciens infection but may have different roles in plants.
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36
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Kriechbaumer V, Maneta-Peyret L, Fouillen L, Botchway SW, Upson J, Hughes L, Richardson J, Kittelmann M, Moreau P, Hawes C. The odd one out: Arabidopsis reticulon 20 does not bend ER membranes but has a role in lipid regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2310. [PMID: 29396477 PMCID: PMC5797236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulons are integral ER membrane proteins characterised by a reticulon homology domain comprising four transmembrane domains which results in the proteins sitting in the membrane in a W-topology. Here we report on a novel subgroup of reticulons with an extended N-terminal domain and in particular on arabidopsis reticulon 20. Using high resolution confocal microscopy we show that reticulon 20 is located in a unique punctate pattern on the ER membrane. Its closest homologue reticulon 19 labels the whole ER. Other than demonstrated for the other members of the reticulon protein family RTN20 and 19 do not display ER constriction phenotypes on over expression. We show that mutants in RTN20 or RTN19, respectively, display a significant change in sterol composition in roots indicating a role in lipid regulation. A third homologue in this family -3BETAHSD/D1- is unexpectedly localised to ER exit sites resulting in an intriguing location difference for the three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- Laboratoire Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,MetaboHub-Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux, Functional Genomics Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Upson
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.,J.U.: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Hughes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Richardson
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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Bassard JE, Halkier BA. How to prove the existence of metabolons? PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:211-227. [PMID: 29755303 PMCID: PMC5932110 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sequential enzymes in biosynthetic pathways are organized in metabolons. It is challenging to provide experimental evidence for the existence of metabolons as biosynthetic pathways are composed of highly dynamic protein-protein interactions. Many different methods are being applied, each with strengths and weaknesses. We will present and evaluate several techniques that have been applied in providing evidence for the orchestration of the biosynthetic pathways of cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates in metabolons. These evolutionarily related pathways have ER-localized cytochromes P450 that are proposed to function as anchoring site for assembly of the enzymes into metabolons. Additionally, we have included commonly used techniques, even though they have not been used (yet) on these two pathways. In the review, special attention will be given to less-exploited fluorescence-based methods such as FCS and FLIM. Ultimately, understanding the orchestration of biosynthetic pathways may contribute to successful engineering in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Molino D, Nascimbeni AC, Giordano F, Codogno P, Morel E. ER-driven membrane contact sites: Evolutionary conserved machineries for stress response and autophagy regulation? Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1401699. [PMID: 29259731 PMCID: PMC5731517 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1401699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), spreading in the whole cell cytoplasm, is a central player in eukaryotic cell homeostasis, from plants to mammals. Beside crucial functions, such as membrane lipids and proteins synthesis and outward transport, the ER is able to connect to virtually every endomembrane compartment by specific tethering molecular machineries, which enables the establishment of membrane-membrane contact sites. ER-mitochondria contact sites have been shown to be involved in autophagosome biogenesis, the main organelle of the autophagy degradation pathway. More recently we demonstrated that also ER-plasma membrane contact sites are sites for autophagosomes assembly, suggesting that more generally ER-organelles contacts are involved in autophagy and organelle biogenesis. Here we aim to discuss the functioning of ER-driven contact sites in mammals and plants and more in particular emphasize on their recently highlighted function in autophagy to finally conclude on some key questions that may be useful for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Molino
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Pompa A, De Marchis F, Pallotta MT, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Jones A, Schipper K, Moreau K, Žárský V, Di Sansebastiano GP, Bellucci M. Unconventional Transport Routes of Soluble and Membrane Proteins and Their Role in Developmental Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040703. [PMID: 28346345 PMCID: PMC5412289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins and cargoes in eukaryotic cells are secreted through the conventional secretory pathway that brings proteins and membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, passing through various cell compartments, and then the extracellular space. The recent identification of an increasing number of leaderless secreted proteins bypassing the Golgi apparatus unveiled the existence of alternative protein secretion pathways. Moreover, other unconventional routes for secretion of soluble or transmembrane proteins with initial endoplasmic reticulum localization were identified. Furthermore, other proteins normally functioning in conventional membrane traffic or in the biogenesis of unique plant/fungi organelles or in plasmodesmata transport seem to be involved in unconventional secretory pathways. These alternative pathways are functionally related to biotic stress and development, and are becoming more and more important in cell biology studies in yeast, mammalian cells and in plants. The city of Lecce hosted specialists working on mammals, plants and microorganisms for the inaugural meeting on “Unconventional Protein and Membrane Traffic” (UPMT) during 4–7 October 2016. The main aim of the meeting was to include the highest number of topics, summarized in this report, related to the unconventional transport routes of protein and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pompa
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources-Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources-Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alexandra Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Kerstin Schipper
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Kevin Moreau
- Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, S.P. 6, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources-Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
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Wang P, Hussey PJ. NETWORKED 3B: a novel protein in the actin cytoskeleton-endoplasmic reticulum interaction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1441-1450. [PMID: 28369569 PMCID: PMC5441911 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants movement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. However little is known about proteins that link the ER membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Here we identified a novel protein, NETWORKED 3B (NET3B), which is associated with the ER and actin cytoskeleton in vivo. NET3B belongs to a superfamily of plant specific actin binding proteins, the NETWORKED family. NET3B associates with the actin cytoskeleton in vivo through an N-terminal NET actin binding (NAB) domain, which has been well-characterized in other members of the NET family. A three amino acid insertion, Val-Glu-Asp, in the NAB domain of NET3B appears to lower its ability to localize to the actin cytoskeleton compared with NET1A, the founding member of the NET family. The C-terminal domain of NET3B links the protein to the ER. Overexpression of NET3B enhanced the association between the ER and the actin cytoskeleton, and the extent of this association was dependent on the amount of NET3B available. Another effect of NET3B overexpression was a reduction in ER membrane diffusion. In conclusion, our results revealed that NET3B modulates ER and actin cytoskeleton interactions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE,UK
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Abstract
Purpose of Review We provide an overview of the current knowledge on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism organized as metabolons and factors that facilitate their stabilization. Essential parameters will be discussed including those that are commonly disregarded using the dhurrin metabolon from Sorghum bicolor as a case study. Recent Findings Sessile plants control their metabolism to prioritize their resources between growth and development, or defense. This requires fine-tuned complex dynamic regulation of the metabolic networks involved. Within the recent years, numerous studies point to the formation of dynamic metabolons playing a major role in controlling the metabolic fluxes within such networks. Summary We propose that P450s and their partners interact and associate dynamically with POR, which acts as a charging station possibly in concert with Cytb5. Solvent environment, lipid composition, and non-catalytic proteins guide metabolon formation and thereby activity, which have important implications for synthetic biology approaches aiming to produce high-value specialized metabolites in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
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42
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Griffing LR, Lin C, Perico C, White RR, Sparkes I. Plant ER geometry and dynamics: biophysical and cytoskeletal control during growth and biotic response. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:43-56. [PMID: 26862751 PMCID: PMC5216105 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intricate and dynamic network of membrane tubules and cisternae. In plant cells, the ER 'web' pervades the cortex and endoplasm and is continuous with adjacent cells as it passes through plasmodesmata. It is therefore the largest membranous organelle in plant cells. It performs essential functions including protein and lipid synthesis, and its morphology and movement are linked to cellular function. An emerging trend is that organelles can no longer be seen as discrete membrane-bound compartments, since they can physically interact and 'communicate' with one another. The ER may form a connecting central role in this process. This review tackles our current understanding and quantification of ER dynamics and how these change under a variety of biotic and developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Griffing
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Congping Lin
- Mathematics Research Institute, Harrison Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Chiara Perico
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rhiannon R White
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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43
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Siao W, Wang P, Voigt B, Hussey PJ, Baluska F. Arabidopsis SYT1 maintains stability of cortical endoplasmic reticulum networks and VAP27-1-enriched endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6161-6171. [PMID: 27811083 PMCID: PMC5100027 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) is localized on the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane (ER-PM) contact sites in leaf and root cells. The ER-PM localization of Arabidopsis SYT1 resembles that of the extended synaptotagmins (E-SYTs) in animal cells. In mammals, E-SYTs have been shown to regulate calcium signaling, lipid transfer, and endocytosis. Arabidopsis SYT1 was reported to be essential for maintaining cell integrity and virus movement. This study provides detailed insight into the subcellular localization of SYT1 and VAP27-1, another ER-PM-tethering protein. SYT1 and VAP27-1 were shown to be localized on distinct ER-PM contact sites. The VAP27-1-enriched ER-PM contact sites (V-EPCSs) were always in contact with the SYT1-enriched ER-PM contact sites (S-EPCSs). The V-EPCSs still existed in the leaf epidermal cells of the SYT1 null mutant; however, they were less stable than those in the wild type. The polygonal networks of cortical ER disassembled and the mobility of VAP27-1 protein on the ER-PM contact sites increased in leaf cells of the SYT1 null mutant. These results suggest that SYT1 is responsible for stabilizing the ER network and V-EPCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Siao
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Boris Voigt
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Frantisek Baluska
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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44
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Breeze E, Dzimitrowicz N, Kriechbaumer V, Brooks R, Botchway SW, Brady JP, Hawes C, Dixon AM, Schnell JR, Fricker MD, Frigerio L. A C-terminal amphipathic helix is necessary for the in vivo tubule-shaping function of a plant reticulon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10902-7. [PMID: 27621477 PMCID: PMC5047209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605434113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are a class of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proteins that are capable of maintaining high membrane curvature, thus helping shape the ER membrane into tubules. The mechanism of action of RTNs is hypothesized to be a combination of wedging, resulting from the transmembrane topology of their conserved reticulon homology domain, and scaffolding, arising from the ability of RTNs to form low-mobility homo-oligomers within the membrane. We studied the plant RTN isoform RTN13, which has previously been shown to locate to ER tubules and the edges of ER cisternae and to induce constrictions in ER tubules when overexpressed, and identified a region in the C terminus containing a putative amphipathic helix (APH). Here we show that deletion of this region or disruption of the hydrophobic face of the predicted helix abolishes the ability of RTN13 to induce constrictions of ER tubules in vivo. These mutants, however, still retain their ability to interact and form low-mobility oligomers in the ER membrane. Hence, our evidence indicates that the conserved APH is a key structural feature for RTN13 function in vivo, and we propose that RTN, like other membrane morphogens, rely on APHs for their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breeze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Dzimitrowicz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob P Brady
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ann M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jason R Schnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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45
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Martínez-Ballesta MDC, Carvajal M. Mutual Interactions between Aquaporins and Membrane Components. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1322. [PMID: 27625676 PMCID: PMC5003842 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of studies have been focused on the structural evaluation of protein complexes in order to get mechanistic insights into how proteins communicate at the molecular level within the cell. Specific sites of protein-aquaporin interaction have been evaluated and new forms of regulation of aquaporins described, based on these associations. Heterotetramerizations of aquaporin isoforms are considered as novel regulatory mechanisms for plasma membrane (PIPs) and tonoplast (TIPs) proteins, influencing their intrinsic permeability and trafficking dynamics in the adaptive response to changing environmental conditions. However, protein-protein interaction is an extensive theme that is difficult to tackle and new methodologies are being used to study the physical interactions involved. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and the identification of cross-linked peptides based on tandem mass spectra, that are complementary to other methodologies such as heterologous expression, co-precipitation assays or confocal fluorescence microscopy, are discussed in this review. The chemical composition and the physical characteristics of the lipid bilayer also influence many aspects of membrane aquaporins, including their functionality. The molecular driving forces stabilizing the positions of the lipids around aquaporins could define their activity, thereby altering the conformational properties. Therefore, an integrative approach to the relevance of the membrane-aquaporin interaction to different processes related to plant cell physiology is provided. Finally, it is described how the interactions between aquaporins and copolymer matrixes or biological compounds offer an opportunity for the functional incorporation of aquaporins into new biotechnological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Plant Nutrition Department, Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC)Murcia, Spain
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46
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Jarsch IK, Daste F, Gallop JL. Membrane curvature in cell biology: An integration of molecular mechanisms. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:375-87. [PMID: 27528656 PMCID: PMC4987295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Curving biological membranes establishes the complex architecture of the cell and mediates membrane traffic to control flux through subcellular compartments. Common molecular mechanisms for bending membranes are evident in different cell biological contexts across eukaryotic phyla. These mechanisms can be intrinsic to the membrane bilayer (either the lipid or protein components) or can be brought about by extrinsic factors, including the cytoskeleton. Here, we review examples of membrane curvature generation in animals, fungi, and plants. We showcase the molecular mechanisms involved and how they collaborate and go on to highlight contexts of curvature that are exciting areas of future research. Lessons from how membranes are bent in yeast and mammals give hints as to the molecular mechanisms we expect to see used by plants and protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Jarsch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England, UK
| | - Frederic Daste
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England, UK
| | - Jennifer L Gallop
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England, UK
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47
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Kriechbaumer V, Botchway SW, Hawes C. Localization and interactions between Arabidopsis auxin biosynthetic enzymes in the TAA/YUC-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4195-207. [PMID: 27208541 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth regulator auxin is involved in all key developmental processes in plants. A complex network of a multiplicity of potential biosynthetic pathways as well as transport, signalling plus conjugation and deconjugation lead to a complex and multifaceted system system for auxin function. This raises the question how such a system can be effectively organized and controlled. Here we report that a subset of auxin biosynthetic enzymes in the TAA/YUC route of auxin biosynthesis is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER microsomal fractions also contain a significant percentage of auxin biosynthetic activity. This could point toward a model of auxin function using ER membrane location and subcellular compartmentation for supplementary layers of regulation. Additionally we show specific protein-protein interactions between some of the enzymes in the TAA/YUC route of auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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48
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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49
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Kim H, Kwon H, Kim S, Kim MK, Botella MA, Yun HS, Kwon C. Synaptotagmin 1 Negatively Controls the Two Distinct Immune Secretory Pathways to Powdery Mildew Fungi in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1133-41. [PMID: 27016097 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PEN1, one of the plasma membrane (PM) syntaxins, comprises an immune exocytic pathway by forming the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex with SNAP33 and VAMP721/722 in plants. Although this secretory pathway is also involved in plant growth and development, how plants control their exocytic activity is as yet poorly understood. Since constitutive PEN1 cycling between the PM and endocytosed vesicles is critical for its immune activity, we studied here the relationship of PEN1 to synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) that is known to regulate endocytosis at the PM. Interestingly, syt1 plants showed enhanced disease resistance to the Arabidopsis-adapted Golovinomyces orontii fungus, and elevated protein but not transcript levels of PEN1 Calcium-dependent promotion of PEN1-SYT1 interaction suggests that SYT1 controls defense activities of the PEN1-associated secretory pathway by post-translationally modulating PEN1. Increased PEN1-SYT1 interaction and inhibited PEN1 SNARE complex induction by G. orontii additionally suggest that the adaption of phytopathogens to host plants might partly result from effective suppression of the PEN1-related secretory pathway. Further genetic analyses revealed that SYT1 also regulates the atypical peroxisomal myrosinase PEN2-associated secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 305-811, Korea These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Hyeokjin Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Soohong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Korea
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50
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de Marcos Lousa C, Soubeyrand E, Bolognese P, Wattelet-Boyer V, Bouyssou G, Marais C, Boutté Y, Filippini F, Moreau P. Subcellular localization and trafficking of phytolongins (non-SNARE longins) in the plant secretory pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2627-2639. [PMID: 26962210 PMCID: PMC4861013 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SNARE proteins are central elements of the machinery involved in membrane fusion of eukaryotic cells. In animals and plants, SNAREs have diversified to sustain a variety of specific functions. In animals, R-SNARE proteins called brevins have diversified; in contrast, in plants, the R-SNARE proteins named longins have diversified. Recently, a new subfamily of four longins named 'phytolongins' (Phyl) was discovered. One intriguing aspect of Phyl proteins is the lack of the typical SNARE motif, which is replaced by another domain termed the 'Phyl domain'. Phytolongins have a rather ubiquitous tissue expression in Arabidopsis but still await intracellular characterization. In this study, we found that the four phytolongins are distributed along the secretory pathway. While Phyl2.1 and Phyl2.2 are strictly located at the endoplasmic reticulum network, Phyl1.2 associates with the Golgi bodies, and Phyl1.1 locates mainly at the plasma membrane and partially in the Golgi bodies and post-Golgi compartments. Our results show that export of Phyl1.1 from the endoplasmic reticulum depends on the GTPase Sar1, the Sar1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sec12, and the SNAREs Sec22 and Memb11. In addition, we have identified the Y48F49 motif as being critical for the exit of Phyl1.1 from the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results provide the first characterization of the subcellular localization of the phytolongins, and we discuss their potential role in regulating the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Faculty of Clinical and Applied Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Portland Building 611, Leeds Beckett University City Campus, LS1 3HE, Leeds, UK
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Paolo Bolognese
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerie Wattelet-Boyer
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Claireline Marais
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrick Moreau
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420 CNRS, US004 INSERM, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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