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Lampugnani ER, Ford K, Ho YY, van de Meene A, Lahnstein J, Tan HT, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Shafee T, Bacic A, Zimmer J, Xing X, Bulone V, Doblin MS, Roberts EM. Glycosyl transferase GT2 genes mediate the biosynthesis of an unusual (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan exopolysaccharide in the bacterium Sarcina ventriculi. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1245-1261. [PMID: 38750617 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Linear, unbranched (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans or MLGs) are commonly found in the cell walls of grasses, but have also been detected in basal land plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. Here we show that two family GT2 glycosyltransferases from the Gram-positive bacterium Sarcina ventriculi are capable of synthesizing MLGs. Immunotransmission electron microscopy demonstrates that MLG is secreted as an exopolysaccharide, where it may play a role in organizing individual cells into packets that are characteristic of Sarcina species. Heterologous expression of these two genes shows that they are capable of producing MLGs in planta, including an MLG that is chemically identical to the MLG secreted from S. ventriculi cells but which has regularly spaced (1,3)-β-linkages in a structure not reported previously for MLGs. The tandemly arranged, paralogous pair of genes are designated SvBmlgs1 and SvBmlgs2. The data indicate that MLG synthases have evolved different enzymic mechanisms for the incorporation of (1,3)-β- and (1,4)-β-glucosyl residues into a single polysaccharide chain. Amino acid variants associated with the evolutionary switch from (1,4)-β-glucan (cellulose) to MLG synthesis have been identified in the active site regions of the enzymes. The presence of MLG synthesis in bacteria could prove valuable for large-scale production of MLG for medical, food and beverage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kris Ford
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yin Ying Ho
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hwei-Ting Tan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Shafee
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika S Doblin
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric M Roberts
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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2
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Lathe RS, McFarlane HE, Kesten C, Wang L, Khan GA, Ebert B, Ramírez-Rodríguez EA, Zheng S, Noord N, Frandsen K, Bhalerao RP, Persson S. NKS1/ELMO4 is an integral protein of a pectin synthesis protein complex and maintains Golgi morphology and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321759121. [PMID: 38579009 PMCID: PMC11009649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321759121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjacent plant cells are connected by specialized cell wall regions, called middle lamellae, which influence critical agricultural characteristics, including fruit ripening and organ abscission. Middle lamellae are enriched in pectin polysaccharides, specifically homogalacturonan (HG). Here, we identify a plant-specific Arabidopsis DUF1068 protein, called NKS1/ELMO4, that is required for middle lamellae integrity and cell adhesion. NKS1 localizes to the Golgi apparatus and loss of NKS1 results in changes to Golgi structure and function. The nks1 mutants also display HG deficient phenotypes, including reduced seedling growth, changes to cell wall composition, and tissue integrity defects. These phenotypes are comparable to qua1 and qua2 mutants, which are defective in HG biosynthesis. Notably, genetic interactions indicate that NKS1 and the QUAs work in a common pathway. Protein interaction analyses and modeling corroborate that they work together in a stable protein complex with other pectin-related proteins. We propose that NKS1 is an integral part of a large pectin synthesis protein complex and that proper function of this complex is important to support Golgi structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Lathe
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam14476, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 3G5, Canada
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Kesten
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Liu Wang
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum44780, Germany
| | | | - Shuai Zheng
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Niels Noord
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Kristian Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE-90187, Sweden
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1871, Denmark
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam14476, Germany
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, University of AdelaideJoint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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5
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Dierschke T, Flores-Sandoval E, Rast-Somssich MI, Althoff F, Zachgo S, Bowman JL. Gamete expression of TALE class HD genes activates the diploid sporophyte program in Marchantia polymorpha. eLife 2021; 10:57088. [PMID: 34533136 PMCID: PMC8476127 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic life cycles alternate between haploid and diploid phases and in phylogenetically diverse unicellular eukaryotes, expression of paralogous homeodomain genes in gametes primes the haploid-to-diploid transition. In the unicellular chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas, KNOX and BELL TALE-homeodomain genes mediate this transition. We demonstrate that in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, paternal (sperm) expression of three of five phylogenetically diverse BELL genes, MpBELL234, and maternal (egg) expression of both MpKNOX1 and MpBELL34 mediate the haploid-to-diploid transition. Loss-of-function alleles of MpKNOX1 result in zygotic arrest, whereas a loss of either maternal or paternal MpBELL234 results in variable zygotic and early embryonic arrest. Expression of MpKNOX1 and MpBELL34 during diploid sporophyte development is consistent with a later role for these genes in patterning the sporophyte. These results indicate that the ancestral mechanism to activate diploid gene expression was retained in early diverging land plants and subsequently co-opted during evolution of the diploid sporophyte body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Botany Department, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | | | - Felix Althoff
- Botany Department, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Botany Department, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Li Z, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Cesarino I. Coffee cell walls—composition, influence on cup quality and opportunities for coffee improvements. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The coffee beverage is the second most consumed drink worldwide after water. In coffee beans, cell wall storage polysaccharides (CWSPs) represent around 50 per cent of the seed dry mass, mainly consisting of galactomannans and arabinogalactans. These highly abundant structural components largely influence the organoleptic properties of the coffee beverage, mainly due to the complex changes they undergo during the roasting process. From a nutritional point of view, coffee CWSPs are soluble dietary fibers shown to provide numerous health benefits in reducing the risk of human diseases. Due to their influence on coffee quality and their health-promoting benefits, CWSPs have been attracting significant research attention. The importance of cell walls to the coffee industry is not restricted to beans used for beverage production, as several coffee by-products also present high concentrations of cell wall components. These by-products include cherry husks, cherry pulps, parchment skin, silver skin, and spent coffee grounds, which are currently used or have the potential to be utilized either as food ingredients or additives, or for the generation of downstream products such as enzymes, pharmaceuticals, and bioethanol. In addition to their functions during plant development, cell walls also play a role in the plant’s resistance to stresses. Here, we review several aspects of coffee cell walls, including chemical composition, biosynthesis, their function in coffee’s responses to stresses, and their influence on coffee quality. We also propose some potential cell wall–related biotechnological strategies envisaged for coffee improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Narciso JO, Zeng W, Ford K, Lampugnani ER, Humphries J, Austarheim I, van de Meene A, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of GALT8, an Arabidopsis GT31 β-(1,3)-Galactosyltransferase That Influences Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678564. [PMID: 34113372 PMCID: PMC8186459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily, a group of highly diverse proteoglycans that are present in the cell wall, plasma membrane as well as secretions of almost all plants, with important roles in many developmental processes. The role of GALT8 (At1g22015), a Glycosyltransferase-31 (GT31) family member of the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database (CAZy), was examined by biochemical characterization and phenotypic analysis of a galt8 mutant line. To characterize its catalytic function, GALT8 was heterologously expressed in tobacco leaves and its enzymatic activity tested. GALT8 was shown to be a β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) that catalyzes the synthesis of a β-(1,3)-galactan, similar to the in vitro activity of KNS4/UPEX1 (At1g33430), a homologous GT31 member previously shown to have this activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the products were of 2-6 degree of polymerisation (DP). Previous reporter studies showed that GALT8 is expressed in the central and synergid cells, from whence the micropylar endosperm originates after the fertilization of the central cell of the ovule. Homozygous mutants have multiple seedling phenotypes including significantly shorter hypocotyls and smaller leaf area compared to wild type (WT) that are attributable to defects in female gametophyte and/or endosperm development. KNS4/UPEX1 was shown to partially complement the galt8 mutant phenotypes in genetic complementation assays suggesting a similar but not identical role compared to GALT8 in β-(1,3)-galactan biosynthesis. Taken together, these data add further evidence of the important roles GT31 β-(1,3)-GalTs play in elaborating type II AGs that decorate AGPs and pectins, thereby imparting functional consequences on plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oñate Narciso
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin R. Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingvild Austarheim
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Wang L, Lampugnani ER, Persson S. Salt with a sweet tooth: galactan synthesis impacts salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:361-363. [PMID: 33476834 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Collins PP, O'donoghue EM, Rebstock R, Tiffin HR, Sutherland PW, Schröder R, McAtee PA, Prakash R, Ireland HS, Johnston JW, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Brummell DA. Cell type-specific gene expression underpins remodelling of cell wall pectin in exocarp and cortex during apple fruit development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6085-6099. [PMID: 31408160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In apple (Malus×domestica) fruit, the different layers of the exocarp (cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis) protect and maintain fruit integrity, and resist the turgor-driven expansion of the underlying thin-walled cortical cells during growth. Using in situ immunolocalization and size exclusion epitope detection chromatography, distinct cell type differences in cell wall composition in the exocarp were revealed during apple fruit development. Epidermal cell walls lacked pectic (1→4)-β-d-galactan (associated with rigidity), whereas linear (1→5)-α-l-arabinan (associated with flexibility) was exclusively present in the epidermal cell walls in expanding fruit and then appeared in all cell types during ripening. Branched (1→5)-α-l-arabinan was uniformly distributed between cell types. Laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to explore transcriptomic differences controlling cell type-specific wall modification. The RNA-seq data indicate that the control of cell wall composition is achieved through cell-specific gene expression of hydrolases. In epidermal cells, this results in the degradation of galactan side chains by possibly five β-galactosidases (BGAL2, BGAL7, BGAL10, BGAL11, and BGAL103) and debranching of arabinans by α-arabinofuranosidases AF1 and AF2. Together, these results demonstrate that flexibility and rigidity of the different cell layers in apple fruit during development and ripening are determined, at least in part, by the control of cell wall pectin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Collins
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather R Tiffin
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter A McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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11
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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Schneider R, Tang L, Lampugnani ER, Barkwill S, Lathe R, Zhang Y, McFarlane HE, Pesquet E, Niittyla T, Mansfield SD, Zhou Y, Persson S. Two Complementary Mechanisms Underpin Cell Wall Patterning during Xylem Vessel Development. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2433-2449. [PMID: 28947492 PMCID: PMC5774576 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the plant vasculature was essential for the emergence of terrestrial life. Xylem vessels are solute-transporting elements in the vasculature that possess secondary wall thickenings deposited in intricate patterns. Evenly dispersed microtubule (MT) bands support the formation of these wall thickenings, but how the MTs direct cell wall synthesis during this process remains largely unknown. Cellulose is the major secondary wall constituent and is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthases (CesAs) whose catalytic activity propels them through the membrane. We show that the protein CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1 (CSI1)/POM2 is necessary to align the secondary wall CesAs and MTs during the initial phase of xylem vessel development in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). Surprisingly, these MT-driven patterns successively become imprinted and sufficient to sustain the continued progression of wall thickening in the absence of MTs and CSI1/POM2 function. Hence, two complementary principles underpin wall patterning during xylem vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Barkwill
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Arrhenius Laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 160 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittyla
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Suzuki T, Narciso JO, Zeng W, van de Meene A, Yasutomi M, Takemura S, Lampugnani ER, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Ishiguro S. KNS4/UPEX1: A Type II Arabinogalactan β-(1,3)-Galactosyltransferase Required for Pollen Exine Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:183-205. [PMID: 27837085 PMCID: PMC5210738 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pollen exine is essential for protection from the environment of the male gametes of seed-producing plants, but its assembly and composition remain poorly understood. We previously characterized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants with abnormal pollen exine structure and morphology that we named kaonashi (kns). Here we describe the identification of the causal gene of kns4 that was found to be a member of the CAZy glycosyltransferase 31 gene family, identical to UNEVEN PATTERN OF EXINE1, and the biochemical characterization of the encoded protein. The characteristic exine phenotype in the kns4 mutant is related to an abnormality of the primexine matrix laid on the surface of developing microspores. Using light microscopy with a combination of type II arabinogalactan (AG) antibodies and staining with the arabinogalactan-protein (AGP)-specific β-Glc Yariv reagent, we show that the levels of AGPs in the kns4 microspore primexine are considerably diminished, and their location differs from that of wild type, as does the distribution of pectin labeling. Furthermore, kns4 mutants exhibit reduced fertility as indicated by shorter fruit lengths and lower seed set compared to the wild type, confirming that KNS4 is critical for pollen viability and development. KNS4 was heterologously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and was shown to possess β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase activity responsible for the synthesis of AG glycans that are present on both AGPs and/or the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I. These data demonstrate that defects in AGP/pectic glycans, caused by disruption of KNS4 function, impact pollen development and viability in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Joan Oñate Narciso
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Wei Zeng
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Allison van de Meene
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Masayuki Yasutomi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Shunsuke Takemura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
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14
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Zhang Y, Nikolovski N, Sorieul M, Vellosillo T, McFarlane HE, Dupree R, Kesten C, Schneider R, Driemeier C, Lathe R, Lampugnani E, Yu X, Ivakov A, Doblin MS, Mortimer JC, Brown SP, Persson S, Dupree P. Golgi-localized STELLO proteins regulate the assembly and trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11656. [PMID: 27277162 PMCID: PMC4906169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, cellulose is a key structural component of the plant cell wall. Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the endomembrane system and trafficked to the plasma membrane. While several proteins that affect CesA activity have been identified, components that regulate CSC assembly and trafficking remain unknown. Here we show that STELLO1 and 2 are Golgi-localized proteins that can interact with CesAs and control cellulose quantity. In the absence of STELLO function, the spatial distribution within the Golgi, secretion and activity of the CSCs are impaired indicating a central role of the STELLO proteins in CSC assembly. Point mutations in the predicted catalytic domains of the STELLO proteins indicate that they are glycosyltransferases facing the Golgi lumen. Hence, we have uncovered proteins that regulate CSC assembly in the plant Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nino Nikolovski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Tamara Vellosillo
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Kesten
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - René Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Edwin Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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15
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Zeng W, Lampugnani ER, Picard KL, Song L, Wu AM, Farion IM, Zhao J, Ford K, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Asparagus IRX9, IRX10, and IRX14A Are Components of an Active Xylan Backbone Synthase Complex that Forms in the Golgi Apparatus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:93-109. [PMID: 26951434 PMCID: PMC4854693 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylans are abundant components of plant cell walls and provide important raw materials for the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. A number of studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have suggested that the IRREGULAR XYLEM9 (IRX9), IRX10, and IRX14 proteins, as well as their homologs, are involved in xylan synthesis via a Golgi-localized complex termed the xylan synthase complex (XSC). However, both the biochemical and cell biological research lags the genetic and molecular evidence. In this study, we characterized garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) stem xylan biosynthesis genes (AoIRX9, AoIRX9L, AoIRX10, AoIRX14A, and AoIRX14B) by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana We reconstituted and partially purified an active XSC and showed that three proteins, AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A, are necessary for xylan xylosyltranferase activity in planta. To better understand the XSC structure and its composition, we carried out coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to show the molecular interactions between these three IRX proteins. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we showed that the DxD motifs of AoIRX10 and AoIRX14A are crucial for the catalytic activity. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first lines of biochemical and cell biological evidence that AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A are core components of a Golgi-localized XSC, each with distinct roles for effective heteroxylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Lili Song
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Isabela M Farion
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Jia Zhao
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kris Ford
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
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