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Kruse LH, Sunstrum FG, Garcia D, López Pérez G, Jancsik S, Bohlmann J, Irmisch S. Improved production of the antidiabetic metabolite montbretin A in Nicotiana benthamiana: discovery, characterization, and use of Crocosmia shikimate shunt genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:766-785. [PMID: 37960967 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specialized metabolite montbretin A (MbA) is being developed as a new treatment option for type-2 diabetes, which is among the ten leading causes of premature death and disability worldwide. MbA is a complex acylated flavonoid glycoside produced in small amounts in below-ground organs of the perennial plant Montbretia (Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora). The lack of a scalable production system limits the development and potential application of MbA as a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical. Previous efforts to reconstruct montbretin biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) resulted in low yields of MbA and higher levels of montbretin B (MbB) and montbretin C (MbC). MbA, MbB, and MbC are nearly identical metabolites differing only in their acyl moieties, derived from caffeoyl-CoA, coumaroyl-CoA, and feruloyl-CoA, respectively. In contrast to MbA, MbB and MbC are not pharmaceutically active. To utilize the montbretia caffeoyl-CoA biosynthesis for improved MbA engineering in Nb, we cloned and characterized enzymes of the shikimate shunt of the general phenylpropanoid pathway, specifically hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (CcHCT), p-coumaroylshikimate 3'-hydroxylase (CcC3'H), and caffeoylshikimate esterase (CcCSE). Gene expression patterns suggest that CcCSE enables the predominant formation of MbA, relative to MbB and MbC, in montbretia. This observation is supported by results from in vitro characterization of CcCSE and reconstruction of the shikimate shunt in yeast. Using CcHCT together with montbretin biosynthetic genes in multigene constructs resulted in a 30-fold increase of MbA in Nb. This work advances our understanding of the phenylpropanoid pathway and features a critical step towards improved MbA production in bioengineered Nb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Kruse
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Frederick G Sunstrum
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniela Garcia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Guillermo López Pérez
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 BE, Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Lu P, Jin H, Cui J, Miao C, He L, Yu J, Ding X, Zhang H. Integrated Secondary Metabolomic and Antioxidant Ability Analysis Reveals the Accumulation Patterns of Metabolites in Momordica charantia L. of Different Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14495. [PMID: 37833943 PMCID: PMC10572697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) contains rich bioactive ingredients and secondary metabolites; hence, it has been used as medicine and food product. This study systematically quantified the nutrient contents, the total content of phenolic acids (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and triterpenoids (TTC) in seven different cultivars of bitter gourd. This study also estimated the organic acid content and antioxidative capacity of different cultivars of bitter gourd. Although the TPC, TFC, TTC, organic acid content, and antioxidative activity differed significantly among different cultivars of bitter gourd, significant correlations were also observed in the obtained data. In the metabolomics analysis, 370 secondary metabolites were identified in seven cultivars of bitter gourd; flavonoids and phenolic acids were significantly more. Differentially accumulated metabolites identified in this study were mainly associated with secondary metabolic pathways, including pathways of flavonoid, flavonol, isoflavonoid, flavone, folate, and phenylpropanoid biosyntheses. A number of metabolites (n = 27) were significantly correlated (positive or negative) with antioxidative capacity (r ≥ 0.7 and p < 0.05). The outcomes suggest that bitter gourd contains a plethora of bioactive compounds; hence, bitter gourd may potentially be applied in developing novel molecules of medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaotao Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (H.J.); (J.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (H.J.); (J.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (J.Y.)
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Wu D, Zhuang F, Wang J, Gao R, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang G, Fang M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Guan L, Gao Y. Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Revealed a Comprehensive Understanding of the Biochemical and Genetic Mechanisms Underlying the Color Variations in Chrysanthemums. Metabolites 2023; 13:742. [PMID: 37367900 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flower color is an important characteristic of ornamental plants and is determined by various chemical components, including anthocyanin. In the present study, combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis was used to explore color variations in the chrysanthemums of three cultivars, of which the color of JIN is yellow, FEN is pink, and ZSH is red. A total of 29 different metabolites, including nine anthocyanins, were identified in common in the three cultivars. Compared with the light-colored cultivars, all of the nine anthocyanin contents were found to be up-regulated in the dark-colored ones. The different contents of pelargonidin, cyanidin, and their derivates were found to be the main reason for color variations. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the color difference was closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. The expression level of anthocyanin structural genes, including DFR, ANS, 3GT, 3MaT1, and 3MaT2, was in accordance with the flower color depth. This finding suggests that anthocyanins may be a key factor in color variations among the studied cultivars. On this basis, two special metabolites were selected as biomarkers to assist in chrysanthemum breeding for color selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fengchao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiunan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guochao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Minghui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Le Guan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanqiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Yang Z, Luo Y, Xia X, He J, Zhang J, Zeng Q, Li D, Ma B, Zhang S, Zhai C, Chen M, He N. Dehydrogenase MnGutB1 catalyzes 1-deoxynojirimycin biosynthesis in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1307-1320. [PMID: 36800200 PMCID: PMC10231399 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, the number of individuals living with diabetes complications will reach an unprecedented magnitude. Continuous use of some synthetic agents to reduce blood glucose levels causes severe side effects, and thus, the demand for nontoxic, affordable drugs persists. Naturally occurring compounds, such as iminosugars derived from the mulberry (Morus spp.), have been shown to reduce blood glucose levels. In mulberry, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the predominant iminosugar. However, the mechanism underlying DNJ biosynthesis is not completely understood. Here, we showed that DNJ in mulberry is derived from sugar and catalyzed through 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM) dehydrogenase MnGutB1. Combining both targeted and nontargeted metabolite profiling methods, DNJ and its precursors ADM and nojirimycin (NJ) were quantified in mulberry samples from different tissues. Purified His-tagged MnGutB1 oxidized the hexose derivative ADM to form the 6-oxo compound DNJ. The mutant MnGutB1 D283N lost this remarkable capability. Furthermore, in contrast to virus-induced gene silencing of MnGutB1 in mulberry leaves that disrupted the biosynthesis of DNJ, overexpression of MnGutB1 in hairy roots and light-induced upregulation of MnGutB1 enhanced DNJ accumulation. Our results demonstrated that hexose derivative ADM, rather than lysine derivatives, is the precursor in DNJ biosynthesis, and it is catalyzed by MnGutB1 to form the 6-oxo compound. These results represent a breakthrough in producing DNJ and its analogs for medical use by metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Mahmud AR, Ema TI, Siddiquee MFR, Shahriar A, Ahmed H, Mosfeq-Ul-Hasan M, Rahman N, Islam R, Uddin MR, Mizan MFR. Natural flavonols: actions, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic utility for various diseases. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 12:47. [PMID: 37216013 PMCID: PMC10183303 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-023-00387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonols are phytoconstituents of biological and medicinal importance. In addition to functioning as antioxidants, flavonols may play a role in antagonizing diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and viral and bacterial diseases. Quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and fisetin are the major dietary flavonols. Quercetin is a potent scavenger of free radicals, providing protection from free radical damage and oxidation-associated diseases. Main body of the abstract An extensive literature review of specific databases (e.g., Pubmed, google scholar, science direct) were conducted using the keywords "flavonol," "quercetin," "antidiabetic," "antiviral," "anticancer," and "myricetin." Some studies concluded that quercetin is a promising antioxidant agent while kaempferol could be effective against human gastric cancer. In addition, kaempferol prevents apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells via boosting the function and survival rate of the beta-cells, leading to increased insulin secretion. Flavonols also show potential as alternatives to conventional antibiotics, restricting viral infection by antagonizing the envelope proteins to block viral entry. Short conclusion There is substantial scientific evidence that high consumption of flavonols is associated with reduced risk of cancer and coronary diseases, free radical damage alleviation, tumor growth prevention, and insulin secretion improvement, among other diverse health benefits. Nevertheless, more studies are required to determine the appropriate dietary concentration, dose, and type of flavonol for a particular condition to prevent any adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902 Bangladesh
| | - Tanzila Ismail Ema
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
| | | | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka, 1217 Bangladesh
| | - Hossain Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mosfeq-Ul-Hasan
- Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200 Bangladesh
| | - Nova Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Rahatul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Ren C, Cao Y, Xing M, Guo Y, Li J, Xue L, Sun C, Xu C, Chen K, Li X. Genome-wide analysis of UDP-glycosyltransferase gene family and identification of members involved in flavonoid glucosylation in Chinese bayberry ( Morella rubra). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998985. [PMID: 36226286 PMCID: PMC9549340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation was catalyzed by UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) and was important for enriching diversity of flavonoids. Chinese bayberry (Morella rubra) has significant nutritional and medical values because of diverse natural flavonoid glycosides. However, information of UGT gene family was quite limited in M. rubra. In the present study, a total of 152 MrUGT genes clustered into 13 groups were identified in M. rubra genome. Among them, 139 MrUGT genes were marked on eight chromosomes and 13 members located on unmapped scaffolds. Gene duplication analysis indicated that expansion of MrUGT gene family was mainly forced by tandem and proximal duplication events. Gene expression patterns in different tissues and under UV-B treatment were analyzed by transcriptome. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3Glc) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q3Glc) were two main flavonoid glucosides accumulated in M. rubra. UV-B treatment significantly induced C3Glc and Q3Glc accumulation in fruit. Based on comprehensively analysis of transcriptomic data and phylogenetic homology together with flavonoid accumulation patterns, MrUFGT (MrUGT78A26) and MrUGT72B67 were identified as UDP-glucosyltransferases. MrUFGT was mainly involved in C3Glc and Q3Glc accumulation in fruit, while MrUGT72B67 was mainly involved in Q3Glc accumulation in leaves and flowers. Gln375 and Gln391 were identified as important amino acids for glucosyl transfer activity of MrUFGT and MrUGT72B67 by site-directed mutagenesis, respectively. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana tested the function of MrUFGT and MrUGT72B67 as glucosyltransferases. The present study provided valuable source for identification of functional UGTs involved in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in M. rubra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunlin Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Using synthetic biology to improve photosynthesis for sustainable food production. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:1-14. [PMID: 36126804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is responsible for the primary productivity and maintenance of life on Earth, boosting biological activity and contributing to the maintenance of the environment. In the past, traditional crop improvement was considered sufficient to meet food demands, but the growing demand for food coupled with climate change has modified this scenario over the past decades. However, advances in this area have not focused on photosynthesis per se but rather on fixed carbon partitioning. In short, other approaches must be used to meet an increasing agricultural demand. Thus, several paths may be followed, from modifications in leaf shape and canopy architecture, improving metabolic pathways related to CO2 fixation, the inclusion of metabolic mechanisms from other species, and improvements in energy uptake by plants. Given the recognized importance of photosynthesis, as the basis of the primary productivity on Earth, we here present an overview of the latest advances in attempts to improve plant photosynthetic performance. We focused on points considered key to the enhancement of photosynthesis, including leaf shape development, RuBisCO reengineering, Calvin-Benson cycle optimization, light use efficiency, the introduction of the C4 cycle in C3 plants and the inclusion of other CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). We further provide compelling evidence that there is still room for further improvements. Finally, we conclude this review by presenting future perspectives and possible new directions on this subject.
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Reconstitution of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in genome engineered Nicotiana benthamiana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:949. [PMID: 36088516 PMCID: PMC9464250 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a diverse class of plant natural products that include a number of medicinally important compounds. We set out to reconstitute the pathway for strictosidine, a key intermediate of all MIAs, from central metabolism in Nicotiana benthamiana. A disadvantage of this host is that its rich background metabolism results in the derivatization of some heterologously produced molecules. Here we use transcriptomic analysis to identify glycosyltransferases that are upregulated in response to biosynthetic intermediates and produce plant lines with targeted mutations in the genes encoding them. Expression of the early MIA pathway in these lines produces a more favorable product profile. Strictosidine biosynthesis was successfully reconstituted, with the best yields obtained by the co-expression of 14 enzymes, of which a major latex protein-like enzyme (MLPL) from Nepeta (catmint) is critical for improving flux through the iridoid pathway. The removal of endogenous glycosyltransferases does not impact the yields of strictosidine, highlighting that the metabolic flux of the pathway enzymes to a stable biosynthetic intermediate minimizes the need to engineer the endogenous metabolism of the host. The production of strictosidine in planta expands the range of MIA products amenable to biological synthesis. The biosynthesis of strictosidine, a key intermediate of monoterpene indole alkaloids, was successfully reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana, demonstrating the potential of Nicotiana benthamiana as a bioproduction chassis for small molecules.
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Hong S, Wang J, Wang Q, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Wu Z, Ma J, Gu C. Decoding the formation of diverse petal colors of Lagerstroemia indica by integrating the data from transcriptome and metabolome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:970023. [PMID: 36161015 PMCID: PMC9490092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.970023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lagerstroemia indica has great economic value due to its ecological, medicinal, and ornamental properties. Because its bloom color is one of the most essential characteristics, research into its color development is a hot topic. In this study, five representative colored cultivars were chosen, each representing a different color, such as white, red, pink, violet, and purple. Fully bloomed flowers were used to detect flavonoids in the petals. Anthocyanin is the main factor for the color formation of L. indica. 14 anthocyanins were discovered among the 299 flavonoids. Among 14 anthocyanins, malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside varied greatly among four colored samples and is the main contributor to color diversity. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that compared to white flowers, Anthocyanin pathway genes appear to be more active in colored samples. Analyzing the correlation network between metabolites and differential expressed genes, 53 key structural genes, and 24 TFs were detected that may play an essential role in the formation of color in L. indica flowers. Among these, the differential expression of F3'5'H and F3'H between all samples are contributors to color diversity. These findings lay the foundation for discovering the molecular mechanism of L. indica flower color diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidan Hong
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guozhe Zhang
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture, Foshan, China
| | - Jin Ma
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuihua Gu
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Current advances and future prospects in production of recombinant insulin and other proteins to treat diabetes mellitus. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:643-669. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Qian J, Li J, Xing M, Grierson D, Sun C, Xu C, Li X, Chen K. Hydroxylation decoration patterns of flavonoids in horticultural crops: chemistry, bioactivity and biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab068. [PMID: 35048127 PMCID: PMC8945325 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most widespread polyphenolic compounds and are important dietary constituents present in horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, and tea. Natural flavonoids are responsible for important quality traits, such as food colors and beneficial dietary antioxidants and numerous investigations have shown that intake of flavonoids can reduce the incidence of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Analysis of the thousands of flavonoids reported so far has shown that different hydroxylation modifications affect their chemical properties and nutritional values. These diverse flavonoids can be classified based on different hydroxylation patterns in the B, C, A rings and multiple structure-activity analyses have shown that hydroxylation decoration at specific positions markedly enhances their bioactivities. This review focuses on current knowledge concerning hydroxylation of flavonoids catalyzed by several different types of hydroxylase enzymes. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) are important enzymes for the hydroxylation of the B ring of flavonoids. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is key for the hydroxylation of the C ring, while flavone 6-hydroxylase (F6H) and flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) are key enzymes for hydroxylation of the A ring. These key hydroxylases in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway are promising targets for the future bioengineering of plants and mass production of flavonoids with designated hydroxylation patterns of high nutritional importance. In addition, hydroxylation in key places on the ring may help render flavonoids ready for degradation, the catabolic turnover of which may open the door for new lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jiafei Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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12
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Ren C, Guo Y, Xie L, Zhao Z, Xing M, Cao Y, Liu Y, Lin J, Grierson D, Zhang B, Xu C, Chen K, Li X. Identification of UDP-rhamnosyltransferases and UDP-galactosyltransferase involved in flavonol glycosylation in Morella rubra. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac138. [PMID: 36072838 PMCID: PMC9437722 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol glycosides are health-promoting phytochemicals important for human nutrition and plant defense against environmental stresses. Glycosylation modification greatly enriches the diversity of flavonols. Morella rubra, a member of the Myricaceae, contains high amounts of myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (M3Rha), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (Q3Rha), and quercetin 3-O-galactoside (Q3Gal). In the present study, MrUGT78R1 and MrUGT78R2 were identified as two functional UDP-rhamnosyltransferases, while MrUGT78W1 was identified as a UDP-galactosyltransferase. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Pro143 and Asn386 as important residues for rhamnosyl transfer activity of MrUGT78R1, while the two corresponding positions in MrUGT78W1 (i.e. Ser147 and Asn370) also play important roles in galactosyl transfer activity. Transient expression data for these three MrUGTs in Nicotiana benthamiana tested the function of MrUGT78R1 and MrUGT78R2 as rhamnosyltransferases and MrUGT78W1 as a galactosyltransferase in glycosylation of flavonols. This work enriches knowledge of the diversity of UDP-rhamnosyltransferase in planta and identifies two amino acid positions important for both rhamnosyltransferase and galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linfeng Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhikang Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunlin Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Liu W, Feng Y, Yu S, Fan Z, Li X, Li J, Yin H. The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312824. [PMID: 34884627 PMCID: PMC8657439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development and having prominent applications in food and medicine. The biosynthesis of flavonoids has long been the focus of intense research in plant biology. Flavonoids are derived from the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, and have a basic structure that comprises a C15 benzene ring structure of C6-C3-C6. Over recent decades, a considerable number of studies have been directed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. In this review, we systematically summarize the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We further assemble an exhaustive map of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants comprising eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis) and four important intermediate metabolites (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin). This review affords a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding flavonoid biosynthesis, and provides the theoretical basis for further elucidating the pathways involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which will aid in better understanding their functions and potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Suhang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhengqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-571-6334-6372 (J.L.)
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (W.L.); (Y.F.); (S.Y.); (Z.F.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-571-6334-6372 (J.L.)
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14
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M V, Wang K. Dietary natural products as a potential inhibitor towards advanced glycation end products and hyperglycemic complications: A phytotherapy approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112336. [PMID: 34678719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products exist in various natural foods such as plants, herbs, fruits, and vegetables. Furthermore, marine life offers potential natural products with significant biological activity. The biochemical reaction is known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) occurs in the human body. On the other hand, foods are capable of a wide range of processing conditions resulting in the generation of exogenous AGEs adducts. Protein glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end products both contribute to the pathogenesis of hyperglycemic complications. AGEs also play a pivotal role in microvascular and macrovascular complications progression by receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). RAGE activate by AGEs leads to up-regulation of transcriptional factor NF-kB and inflammatory genes. Around the globe, researchers are working in various approaches for therapeutical implications on controlling AGEs mediated disease complications. In this regard, one of the potential promising agents observed with a wide range of AGEs inhibition by food-derived natural products. Current biotechnological tools have been turned to natural products or phytochemicals to manufacture the molecules without compromising their functionality. Metabolic engineering and bioinformatics perspectives have recently enabled the generation of a few potent metabolites with anti-diabetic activity. As the primary focus, this review article will also discuss multidisciplinary approaches that emphasize current advances in anti-diabetic therapeutic action and future perspectives of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykrishnaraj M
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Kuiwu Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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15
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Sunstrum FG, Liu HL, Jancsik S, Madilao LL, Bohlmann J, Irmisch S. 4-Coumaroyl-CoA ligases in the biosynthesis of the anti-diabetic metabolite montbretin A. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257478. [PMID: 34618820 PMCID: PMC8496819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Montbretins are rare specialized metabolites found in montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora) corms. Montbretin A (MbA) is of particular interest as a novel therapeutic for type-2 diabetes and obesity. There is no scalable production system for this complex acylated flavonol glycoside. MbA biosynthesis has been reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana using montbretia genes for the assembly of MbA from its various different building blocks. However, in addition to smaller amounts of MbA, the therapeutically inactive montbretin B (MbB) was the major product of this metabolic engineering effort. MbA and MbB differ in a single hydroxyl group of their acyl side chains, which are derived from caffeoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA, respectively. Biosynthesis of both MbA and MbB also require coumaroyl-CoA for the formation of the myricetin core. Caffeoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA are formed in the central phenylpropanoid pathway by acyl activating enzymes (AAEs) known as 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligases (4CLs). Here we investigated a small family of montbretia AAEs and 4CLs, and their possible contribution to montbretin biosynthesis. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis for gene expression patterns related to montbretin biosynthesis identified eight different montbretia AAEs belonging to four different clades. Enzyme characterization identified 4CL activity for two clade IV members, Cc4CL1 and Cc4CL2, converting different hydroxycinnamic acids into the corresponding CoA thioesters. Both enzymes preferred coumaric acid over caffeic acid as a substrate in vitro. While expression of montbretia AAEs did not enhance MbA biosynthesis in N. benthamiana, we demonstrated that both Cc4CLs can be used to activate coumaric and caffeic acid towards flavanone biosynthesis in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). CONCLUSIONS Montbretia expresses two functional 4CLs, but neither of them is specific for the formation of caffeoyl-CoA. Based on differential expression analysis and phylogeny Cc4CL1 is most likely involved in MbA biosynthesis, while Cc4CL2 may contribute to lignin biosynthesis. Both Cc4CLs can be used for flavanone production to support metabolic engineering of MbA in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G. Sunstrum
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hannah L. Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lufiani L. Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Xing M, Cao Y, Ren C, Liu Y, Li J, Grierson D, Martin C, Sun C, Chen K, Xu C, Li X. Elucidation of myricetin biosynthesis in Morella rubra of the Myricaceae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:411-425. [PMID: 34331782 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are health-promoting bioactive compounds important for plant defense and human nutrition. Quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) biosynthesis have been studied extensively while little is known about myricetin (M) biosynthesis. The roles of flavonol synthases (FLSs) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) in M biosynthesis in Morella rubra, a member of the Myricaceae rich in M-based flavonols, were investigated. The level of MrFLS transcripts alone did not correlate well with the accumulation of M-based flavonols. However, combined transcript data for MrFLS1 and MrF3'5'H showed a good correlation with the accumulation of M-based flavonols in different tissues of M. rubra. Recombinant MrFLS1 and MrFLS2 proteins showed strong activity with dihydroquercetin (DHQ), dihydrokaempferol (DHK), and dihydromyricetin (DHM) as substrates, while recombinant MrF3'5'H protein preferred converting K to M, amongst a range of substrates. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) overexpressing 35S::MrFLSs produced elevated levels of K-based and Q-based flavonols without affecting M-based flavonol levels, while tobacco overexpressing 35S::MrF3'5'H accumulated significantly higher levels of M-based flavonols. We conclude that M accumulation in M. rubra is affected by gene expression and enzyme specificity of FLS and F3'5'H as well as substrate availability. In the metabolic grid of flavonol biosynthesis, the strong activity of MrF3'5'H with K as substrate additionally promotes metabolic flux towards M in M. rubra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunlin Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanhong Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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17
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Yu Z, Dong W, Teixeira da Silva JA, He C, Si C, Duan J. Ectopic expression of DoFLS1 from Dendrobium officinale enhances flavonol accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:803-815. [PMID: 33404922 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are important active ingredients that are found in abundance in Dendrobium officinale. Research on flavonol biosynthesis currently focuses on the more ubiquitous kaempferol and quercetin, but little is known on the biosynthesis of myricetin. Notably, flavonol synthase (FLS), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonols, has not yet been identified. In this study, we isolated a flavonol synthase, DoFLS1, from Dendrobium officinale. DoFLS1 harbors conserved 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase-specific and FLS-specific motifs. DoFLS1 is a cytoplasmic protein. DoFLS1 was universally expressed in roots, stems, and leaves of juvenile and adult D. officinale plants. DoFLS1 expression was strongly correlated in juvenile and adult D. officinale plants (R2 = 0.86 and 0.98, respectively; p < 0.01) with the average of corresponding flavonol levels. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing DoFLS1 exhibited a 1.24-fold increase in flavonol content and a 25.78% decrease in anthocyanin content compare to wild-type plants, possibly resulting from a 78.61% increase in myricetin level. Moreover, the loss of anthocyanin was attributed to decreased expression of dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) genes in transgenic A. thaliana that expressed DoFLS1. DoFLS1 also complemented the deficiency in flavonol of the A. thaliana fls1-3 mutant, which had reduced anthocyanin but increased flavonol content relative to the fls1-3 mutant. In addition, DoFLS1 was significantly upregulated after treatment with cold, drought or salicylic acid. These findings provide genetic evidence for the involvement of DoFLS1 in the biosynthesis of flavonol and in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xi' An Jiao Tong University, Xi' An, 710049, China
| | | | - Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Can Si
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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18
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Zhao X, Zeng X, Lin N, Yu S, Fernie AR, Zhao J. CsbZIP1-CsMYB12 mediates the production of bitter-tasting flavonols in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) through a coordinated activator-repressor network. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:110. [PMID: 33931627 PMCID: PMC8087823 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Under high light conditions or UV radiation, tea plant leaves produce more flavonols, which contribute to the bitter taste of tea; however, neither the flavonol biosynthesis pathways nor the regulation of their production are well understood. Intriguingly, tea leaf flavonols are enhanced by UV-B but reduced by shading treatment. CsFLS, CsUGT78A14, CsMYB12, and CsbZIP1 were upregulated by UV-B radiation and downregulated by shading. CsMYB12 and CsbZIP1 bound to the promoters of CsFLS and CsUGT78A14, respectively, and activated their expression individually. CsbZIP1 positively regulated CsMYB12 and interacted with CsMYB12, which specifically activated flavonol biosynthesis. Meanwhile, CsPIF3 and two MYB repressor genes, CsMYB4 and CsMYB7, displayed expression patterns opposite to that of CsMYB12. CsMYB4 and CsMYB7 bound to CsFLS and CsUGT78A14 and repressed their CsMYB12-activated expression. While CsbZIP1 and CsMYB12 regulated neither CsMYB4 nor CsMYB7, CsMYB12 interacted with CsbZIP1, CsMYB4, and CsMYB7, but CsbZIP1 did not physically interact with CsMYB4 or CsMYB7. Finally, CsPIF3 bound to and activated CsMYB7 under shading to repress flavonol biosynthesis. These combined results suggest that UV activation and shading repression of flavonol biosynthesis in tea leaves are coordinated through a complex network involving CsbZIP1 and CsPIF3 as positive MYB activators and negative MYB repressors, respectively. The study thus provides insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying the production of bitter-tasting flavonols in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Shuwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China.
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19
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Naik J, Rajput R, Pucker B, Stracke R, Pandey A. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MtMYB134 orchestrates flavonol biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:157-172. [PMID: 33704646 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Our results provide insights into the flavonol biosynthesis regulation of M. truncatula. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MtMYB134 emerged as tool to improve the flavonol biosynthesis. Flavonols are plant specialized metabolites with vital roles in plant development and defense and are known as diet compound beneficial to human health. In leguminous plants, the regulatory proteins involved in flavonol biosynthesis are not well characterized. Using a homology-based approach, three R2R3-MYB transcription factor encoding genes have been identified in the Medicago truncatula reference genome sequence. The gene encoding a protein with highest similarity to known flavonol regulators, MtMYB134, was chosen for further experiments and was characterized as a functional flavonol regulator from M. truncatula. MtMYB134 expression levels are correlated with the expression of MtFLS2, encoding a key enzyme of flavonol biosynthesis, and with flavonol metabolite content. MtMYB134 was shown to activate the promoters of the A. thaliana flavonol biosynthesis genes AtCHS and AtFLS1 in Arabidopsis protoplasts in a transactivation assay and to interact with the Medicago promoters of MtCHS2 and MtFLS2 in yeast 1-hybrid assays. To ascertain the functional aspect of the identified transcription factor, we developed a sextuple mutant, which is defective in anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis. Ectopic expression of MtMYB134 in a multiple myb A. thaliana mutant restored flavonol biosynthesis. Furthermore, overexpression of MtMYB134 in hairy roots of M. truncatula enhanced the biosynthesis of various flavonol derivatives. Taken together, our results provide insight into the understanding of flavonol biosynthesis regulation in M. truncatula and provides MtMYB134 as tool for genetic manipulation to improve flavonol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogindra Naik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ruchika Rajput
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Boas Pucker
- Chair of Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Evolution and Diversity, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Stracke
- Chair of Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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20
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Li P, Lei K, Liu L, Zhang G, Ge H, Zheng C, Shu H, Zhang S, Ji L. Identification and functional characterization of a new flavonoid synthase gene MdFLS1 from apple. PLANTA 2021; 253:105. [PMID: 33860366 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid synthase gene MdFLS1 from apple, which possibly plays an important role in anthocyanin synthesis, accumulates in the purple-red branches of Malus 'Pink spire'. Flavonoid metabolism serves an important function in plant growth and development. In this study, we selected 20 varieties of apple lines, 10 green and ten red branches, from the plant nursery of Qingdao Agriculture Academy. Metabolite analysis revealed that large amounts of anthocyanins accumulated in the purple-red branches of M. 'Pink spire'. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of the flavonol synthase gene MdFLS1 was over 1500-fold higher in M. 'Pink spire' than in the other varieties. A single base A was inserted at the first three bases of the active binding site of MdFLS1 to prove that the purple-red colour of apple leaves and stems in M. 'Pink spire' may be caused by the inactivation of MdFLS1 protein. The results of in vitro enzymatic reaction revealed that the MdFLS1 protein lost its activity. MdFLS1 was expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to explore further its functions. High-expression wild-type strains (OE1 and OE2) and high-expression strains of A-base insertion (A-OE1 and A-OE2) were obtained. Compared with the wild-type strains, the overexpression lines showed lighter tissue colour and less accumulation of anthocyanins. However, A-OE1 and A-OE2 showed no difference in colouration. In conclusion, we speculated that the MdFLS1 gene in M. 'Pink spire' cannot bind flavonoids, triggering the synthesis of anthocyanins in another branch of the flavonoid metabolic pathway and resulting in the purple-red colouration of apple leaves and stems. These results suggest that MdLS1 is a potential genetic target for breeding high-flavonoid apples in future cultivar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 250000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 250000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjuan Ge
- Qingdao Agriculture Academy, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Huairui Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lusha Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 250000, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Ye J, Bao S, Zhao S, Zhu Y, Ren Q, Li R, Xu X, Zhang Q. Self-Assembled Micelles Improve the Oral Bioavailability of Dihydromyricetin and Anti-Acute Alcoholism Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:111. [PMID: 33748928 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is highly effective in counteracting acute alcohol intoxication. However, its poor aqueous solubility and permeability lead to the low oral bioavailability and limit its clinic application. The aim of this work is to use Solutol®HS15 (HS 15) as surfactant to develop novel micelle to enhance the oral bioavailability of DMY by improving its solubility and permeability. The DMY-loaded Solutol®HS15 micelles (DMY-Ms) were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. The particle size of DMY-Ms was 13.97 ± 0.82 nm with an acceptable polydispersity index of 0.197 ± 0.015. Upon entrapped in micelles, the solubility of DMY in water was increased more than 25-fold. The DMY-Ms had better sustained release property than that of pure DMY. In single-pass intestinal perfusion models, the absorption rate constant (Ka) and permeability coefficient (Papp) of DMY-Ms were 5.5-fold and 3.0-fold than that of pure DMY, respectively. The relative bioavailability of the DMY-Ms (AUC0-∞) was 205% compared with that of pure DMY (AUC0-∞), indicating potential for clinical application. After administering DMY-Ms, there was much lower blood alcohol level and shorter duration of the loss of righting relax (LORR) in drunk animals compared with that treated by pure DMY. In addition, the oral administration of DMY-Ms greatly reduced oxidative stress, and significantly defended liver and gastric mucosa from alcoholic damages in mice with alcohol-induced tissue injury. Taken together, HS 15-based micelle system greatly improves the bioavailability of DMY and represents a promising strategy for the management of acute alcoholism. Graphical abstract.
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22
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Gülck T, Booth JK, Carvalho Â, Khakimov B, Crocoll C, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Bohlmann J, Gallage NJ. Synthetic Biology of Cannabinoids and Cannabinoid Glucosides in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2877-2893. [PMID: 33000946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are a group of plant-derived metabolites that display a wide range of psychoactive as well as health-promoting effects. The production of pharmaceutically relevant cannabinoids relies on extraction and purification from cannabis (Cannabis sativa) plants yielding the major constituents, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids in Nicotiana benthamiana or Saccharomyces cerevisiae may provide cost-efficient and rapid future production platforms to acquire pure and high quantities of both the major and the rare cannabinoids as well as novel derivatives. Here, we used a meta-transcriptomic analysis of cannabis to identify genes for aromatic prenyltransferases of the UbiA superfamily and chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins. Among the aromatic prenyltransferases, CsaPT4 showed CBGAS activity in both N. benthamiana and S. cerevisiae. Coexpression of selected CsaPT pairs and of CHIL proteins encoding genes with CsaPT4 did not affect CBGAS catalytic efficiency. In a screen of different plant UDP-glycosyltransferases, Stevia rebaudiana SrUGT71E1 and Oryza sativa OsUGT5 were found to glucosylate olivetolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. Metabolic engineering of N. benthamiana for production of cannabinoids revealed intrinsic glucosylation of olivetolic acid and cannabigerolic acid. S. cerevisiae was engineered to produce olivetolic acid glucoside and cannabigerolic acid glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Gülck
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Â Carvalho
- River Stone Biotech ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - B Khakimov
- Chemometrics & Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Crocoll
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M S Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - B L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - N J Gallage
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Octarine Bio, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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23
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Irmisch S, Jancsik S, Man Saint Yuen M, Madilao LL, Bohlmann J. Complete Biosynthesis of the Anti-Diabetic Plant Metabolite Montbretin A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:97-109. [PMID: 32647038 PMCID: PMC7479892 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are affecting human health worldwide. Their occurrence is increasing with lifestyle choices, globalization of food systems, and economic development. The specialized plant metabolite montbretin A (MbA) is being developed as an antidiabetes and antiobesity treatment due to its potent and specific inhibition of the human pancreatic α-amylase. MbA is a complex acylated flavonol glycoside formed in small amounts in montbretia (Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora) corms during the early summer. The spatial and temporal patterns of MbA accumulation limit its supply for drug development and application. We are exploring MbA biosynthesis to enable metabolic engineering of this rare and valuable compound. Genes and enzymes for the first four steps of MbA biosynthesis, starting from the flavonol precursor myricetin, have recently been identified. Here, we describe the gene discovery and functional characterization of the final two enzymes of MbA biosynthesis. The UDP-glycosyltransferases, CcUGT4 and CcUGT5, catalyze consecutive reactions in the formation of the disaccharide moiety at the 4'-hydroxy position of the MbA flavonol core. CcUGT4 is a flavonol glycoside 4'-O-xylosyltransferase that acts on the second to last intermediate (MbA-XR2) in the pathway. CcUGT5 is a flavonol glycoside 1,4-rhamnosyltransferase that converts the final intermediate (MbA-R2) to complete the MbA molecule. Both enzymes belong to the UGT family d-clade and are specific for flavonol glycosides and their respective sugar donors. This study concludes the discovery of the MbA biosynthetic pathway and provides the complete set of genes to engineer MbA biosynthesis. We demonstrate successful reconstruction of MbA biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Macaire Man Saint Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lufiani L Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Corso M, Perreau F, Mouille G, Lepiniec L. Specialized phenolic compounds in seeds: structures, functions, and regulations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110471. [PMID: 32540001 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a huge diversity of specialized metabolites (SM) throughout their life cycle that play important physiological and ecological functions. SM can protect plants and seeds against diseases, predators, and abiotic stresses, or support their interactions with beneficial or symbiotic organisms. They also have strong impacts on human nutrition and health. Despite this importance, the biosynthesis and biological functions of most of the SM remain elusive and their diversity and/or quantity have been reduced in most crops during domestication. Seeds present a large number of SM that are important for their physiological, agronomic, nutritional or industrial qualities and hence, provide interesting models for both studying biosynthesis and producing large amounts of specialized metabolites. For instance, phenolics are abundant and widely distributed in seeds. More specifically, flavonoid pathway has been instrumental for understanding environmental or developmental regulations of specialized metabolic pathways, at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, we summarize current knowledge on seed phenolics as model, and discuss how recent progresses in omics approaches could help to further characterize their diversity, regulations, and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
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25
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Tiedge K, Muchlinski A, Zerbe P. Genomics-enabled analysis of specialized metabolism in bioenergy crops: current progress and challenges. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 5:ysaa005. [PMID: 32995549 PMCID: PMC7445794 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a staggering diversity of specialized small molecule metabolites that play vital roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. This chemical diversity derives from dynamic biosynthetic pathway networks that are often species-specific and operate under tight spatiotemporal and environmental control. A growing divide between demand and environmental challenges in food and bioenergy crop production has intensified research on these complex metabolite networks and their contribution to crop fitness. High-throughput omics technologies provide access to ever-increasing data resources for investigating plant metabolism. However, the efficiency of using such system-wide data to decode the gene and enzyme functions controlling specialized metabolism has remained limited; due largely to the recalcitrance of many plants to genetic approaches and the lack of 'user-friendly' biochemical tools for studying the diverse enzyme classes involved in specialized metabolism. With emphasis on terpenoid metabolism in the bioenergy crop switchgrass as an example, this review aims to illustrate current advances and challenges in the application of DNA synthesis and synthetic biology tools for accelerating the functional discovery of genes, enzymes and pathways in plant specialized metabolism. These technologies have accelerated knowledge development on the biosynthesis and physiological roles of diverse metabolite networks across many ecologically and economically important plant species and can provide resources for application to precision breeding and natural product metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Irmisch S, Jancsik S, Yuen MMS, Madilao LL, Bohlmann J. Biosynthesis of the anti-diabetic metabolite montbretin A: glucosylation of the central intermediate mini-MbA. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:879-891. [PMID: 31400245 PMCID: PMC6899944 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects over 320 million people worldwide. Healthy lifestyles, improved drugs and effective nutraceuticals are different components of a response against the growing T2D epidemic. The specialized metabolite montbretin A (MbA) is being developed for treatment of T2D and obesity due to its unique pharmacological activity as a highly effective and selective inhibitor of the human pancreatic α-amylase. MbA is an acylated flavonol glycoside found in small amounts in montbretia (Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora) corms. MbA cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities for drug development from its natural source or by chemical synthesis. To overcome these limitations through metabolic engineering, we are investigating the genes and enzymes of MbA biosynthesis. We previously reported the first three steps of MbA biosynthesis from myricetin to myricetin 3-O-(6'-O-caffeoyl)-glucosyl rhamnoside (mini-MbA). Here, we describe the sequence of reactions from mini-MbA to MbA, and the discovery and characterization of the gene and enzyme responsible for the glucosylation of mini-MbA. The UDP-dependent glucosyltransferase CcUGT3 (UGT703E1) catalyzes the 1,2-glucosylation of mini-MbA to produce myricetin 3-O-(glucosyl-6'-O-caffeoyl)-glucosyl rhamnoside. Co-expression of CcUGT3 with genes for myricetin and mini-MbA biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana validated its biological function and expanded the set of genes available for metabolic engineering of MbA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia2185 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia2185 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Macaire M. S. Yuen
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia2185 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Lufiani L. Madilao
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia2185 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia2185 East MallVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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27
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Mhamdi A. Keep Sugar Away to Stay Active: Glycosylation of Methyl Salicylate Shuts Down Systemic Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1784-1785. [PMID: 31366701 PMCID: PMC6670091 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Mhamdi
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, and VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Nagel R. How Plants and Synthetic Biology Could Help Us Fight Diabetes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1259-1260. [PMID: 31253751 PMCID: PMC6752930 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Iowa State University, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Ames, Iowa 50011
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