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Kern Z, Kimak A, Hatvani IG, Llanos Campana DM, Leuenberger M. Cellulose in Foliage and Changes during Seasonal Leaf Development of Broadleaf and Conifer Species. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182412. [PMID: 36145813 PMCID: PMC9505942 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope approaches are widely applied in plant science and many improvements made in the field focus on the analysis of specific components of plant tissues. Although technical developments have been very beneficial, sample collection and preparation are still very time and labor-consuming. The main objective of this study was to create a qualitative dataset of alpha-cellulose content of leaf tissues of arboreal species. We extracted alpha-cellulose from twelve species: Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Quercus cerris L., Quercus petrea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus pubescens Wild., Quercus robur L., Tilia platyphyllos Scop. and Ulmus glabra Huds. While these species show an increase in cellulose yield from bud break to full leaf development, the rates of increase in cellulose content and the duration of the juvenile phase vary greatly. Moreover, the veins display significantly higher alpha-cellulose content (4 to 11%) compared to blade tissues, which reflects their different structural and biochemical functions. A guide for the mass of sample material required to yield sufficient alpha-cellulose for a standard stable isotope analysis is presented. The additional benefits of the assessment of the mass of required sample material are reduced sample preparation time and its usefulness in preparing samples of limited availability (e.g., herbarium material, fossil samples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kern
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, ELKH, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
- CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +361-309-2600 (ext. 1106)
| | - Adam Kimak
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - István Gábor Hatvani
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, ELKH, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
- CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniela Maria Llanos Campana
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Markus Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Vogado NO, Winter K, Ubierna N, Farquhar GD, Cernusak LA. Directional change in leaf dry matter δ 13C during leaf development is widespread in C3 plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:981-990. [PMID: 32577724 PMCID: PMC7596372 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stable carbon isotope ratio of leaf dry matter (δ 13Cp) is generally a reliable recorder of intrinsic water-use efficiency in C3 plants. Here, we investigated a previously reported pattern of developmental change in leaf δ 13Cp during leaf expansion, whereby emerging leaves are initially 13C-enriched compared to mature leaves on the same plant, with their δ 13Cp decreasing during leaf expansion until they eventually take on the δ 13Cp of other mature leaves. METHODS We compiled data to test whether the difference between mature and young leaf δ 13Cp differs between temperate and tropical species, or between deciduous and evergreen species. We also tested whether the developmental change in δ 13Cp is indicative of a concomitant change in intrinsic water-use efficiency. To gain further insight, we made online measurements of 13C discrimination (∆ 13C) in young and mature leaves. KEY RESULTS We found that the δ 13Cp difference between mature and young leaves was significantly larger for deciduous than for evergreen species (-2.1 ‰ vs. -1.4 ‰, respectively). Counter to expectation based on the change in δ 13Cp, intrinsic water-use efficiency did not decrease between young and mature leaves; rather, it did the opposite. The ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations (ci/ca) was significantly higher in young than in mature leaves (0.86 vs. 0.72, respectively), corresponding to lower intrinsic water-use efficiency. Accordingly, instantaneous ∆ 13C was also higher in young than in mature leaves. Elevated ci/ca and ∆ 13C in young leaves resulted from a combination of low photosynthetic capacity and high day respiration rates. CONCLUSION The decline in leaf δ 13Cp during leaf expansion appears to reflect the addition of the expanding leaf's own 13C-depleted photosynthetic carbon to that imported from outside the leaf as the leaf develops. This mixing of carbon sources results in an unusual case of isotopic deception: less negative δ 13Cp in young leaves belies their low intrinsic water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara O Vogado
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Nerea Ubierna
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Distinctions in heterotrophic and autotrophic-based metabolism as recorded in the hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of normal alkanes. Oecologia 2018; 187:1053-1075. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kimak A, Kern Z, Leuenberger M. Qualitative Distinction of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Processes at the Leaf Level by Means of Triple Stable Isotope (C-O-H) Patterns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1008. [PMID: 26635835 PMCID: PMC4656849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Foliar samples were harvested from two oaks, a beech, and a yew at the same site in order to trace the development of the leaves over an entire vegetation season. Cellulose yield and stable isotopic compositions (δ(13)C, δ(18)O, and δD) were analyzed on leaf cellulose. All parameters unequivocally define a juvenile and a mature period in the foliar expansion of each species. The accompanying shifts of the δ(13)C-values are in agreement with the transition from remobilized carbohydrates (juvenile period), to current photosynthates (mature phase). While the opponent seasonal trends of δ(18)O of blade and vein cellulose are in perfect agreement with the state-of-art mechanistic understanding, the lack of this discrepancy for δD, documented for the first time, is unexpected. For example, the offset range of 18 permil (oak veins) to 57 permil (oak blades) in δD may represent a process driven shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic processes. The shared pattern between blade and vein found for both oak and beech suggests an overwhelming metabolic isotope effect on δD that might be accompanied by proton transfer linked to the Calvin-cycle. These results provide strong evidence that hydrogen and oxygen are under different biochemical controls even at the leaf level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kimak
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Kern
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)Budapest, Hungary
| | - Markus Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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Elemental and stable isotopic study of sweeteners and edible oils: Constraints on food authentication. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Oikawa PY, Giebel BM, da Silveira Lobo O'Reilly Sternberg L, Li L, Timko MP, Swart PK, Riemer DD, Mak JE, Lerdau MT. Leaf and root pectin methylesterase activity and 13C/12C stable isotopic ratio measurements of methanol emissions give insight into methanol production in Lycopersicon esculentum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:1031-1040. [PMID: 21592134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant production of methanol (MeOH) is a poorly understood aspect of metabolism, and understanding MeOH production in plants is crucial for modeling MeOH emissions. Here, we have examined the source of MeOH emissions from mature and immature leaves and whether pectin methylesterase (PME) activity is a good predictor of MeOH emission. We also investigated the significance of below-ground MeOH production for mature leaf emissions. We present measurements of MeOH emission, PME activity, and MeOH concentration in mature and immature tissues of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). We also present stable carbon isotopic signatures of MeOH emission and the pectin methoxyl pool. Our results suggest that below-ground MeOH production was not the dominant contributor to daytime MeOH emissions from mature and immature leaves. Stable carbon isotopic signatures of mature and immature leaf MeOH were similar, suggesting that they were derived from the same pathway. Foliar PME activity was related to MeOH flux, but unexplained variance suggested PME activity could not predict emissions. The data show that MeOH production and emission are complex and cannot be predicted using PME activity alone. We hypothesize that substrate limitation of MeOH synthesis and MeOH catabolism may be important regulators of MeOH emission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Giebel
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA
| | | | - Lei Li
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Peter K Swart
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA
| | - Daniel D Riemer
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA
| | - John E Mak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Melung, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
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Peck WH, Tubman SC. Changing carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide: implications for food authentication. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2364-2367. [PMID: 20121108 DOI: 10.1021/jf100104s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotopes are often used to detect the addition of foreign sugars to foods. This technique takes advantage of the natural difference in carbon isotope ratio between C(3) and C(4) plants. Many foods are derived from C(3) plants, but the low-cost sweeteners corn and sugar cane are C(4) plants. Most adulteration studies do not take into account the secular shift of the carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by fossil fuel burning, a shift also seen in plant tissues. As a result statistical tests and threshold values that evaluate authenticity of foods based on carbon isotope ratios may need to be corrected for changing atmospheric isotope values. Literature and new data show that the atmospheric trend in carbon isotopes is seen in a 36-year data set of maple syrup analyses (n = 246), demonstrating that published thresholds for cane or corn sugar adulteration in maple syrup (and other foods) have become progressively more lenient over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Peck
- Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346, USA.
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Cernusak LA, Tcherkez G, Keitel C, Cornwell WK, Santiago LS, Knohl A, Barbour MM, Williams DG, Reich PB, Ellsworth DS, Dawson TE, Griffiths HG, Farquhar GD, Wright IJ. Why are non-photosynthetic tissues generally 13C enriched compared with leaves in C 3 plants? Review and synthesis of current hypotheses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:199-213. [PMID: 32688639 DOI: 10.1071/fp08216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-photosynthetic, or heterotrophic, tissues in C3 plants tend to be enriched in 13C compared with the leaves that supply them with photosynthate. This isotopic pattern has been observed for woody stems, roots, seeds and fruits, emerging leaves, and parasitic plants incapable of net CO2 fixation. Unlike in C3 plants, roots of herbaceous C4 plants are generally not 13C-enriched compared with leaves. We review six hypotheses aimed at explaining this isotopic pattern in C3 plants: (1) variation in biochemical composition of heterotrophic tissues compared with leaves; (2) seasonal separation of growth of leaves and heterotrophic tissues, with corresponding variation in photosynthetic discrimination against 13C; (3) differential use of day v. night sucrose between leaves and sink tissues, with day sucrose being relatively 13C-depleted and night sucrose 13C-enriched; (4) isotopic fractionation during dark respiration; (5) carbon fixation by PEP carboxylase; and (6) developmental variation in photosynthetic discrimination against 13C during leaf expansion. Although hypotheses (1) and (2) may contribute to the general pattern, they cannot explain all observations. Some evidence exists in support of hypotheses (3) through to (6), although for hypothesis (6) it is largely circumstantial. Hypothesis (3) provides a promising avenue for future research. Direct tests of these hypotheses should be carried out to provide insight into the mechanisms causing within-plant variation in carbon isotope composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- Charles Darwin University, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Metabolome IFR87, Batiment 630, IBP CNRS UMR8618, Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Claudia Keitel
- Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - William K Cornwell
- Biodiversity Research Group, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - David G Williams
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Center for Plant and Food Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 1797, Australia
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Howard G Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Santrůcková H, Santrůcek J, Setlík J, Svoboda M, Kopácek J. Carbon isotopes in tree rings of Norway spruce exposed to atmospheric pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5778-82. [PMID: 17874786 DOI: 10.1021/es070011t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Bohemian Forest was exposed to high levels of sulfur and nitrogen deposition during the last century. The change in acid deposition caused a rapid decline in pH and increase in Al concentrations of soil solutions since the 1950s. A possible negative effect of soil chemistry on growth of Norway spruce tree has been studied using the 13C isotopic signal and chemistry of the tree rings. Tree rings were sectioned by decades, and whole wood was analyzed for isotopic composition (delta 13C) and content of Mg, Ca, and Al. Only those rings that formed after the juvenile effect in early rings were used and trends from the beginning of 20th century were evaluated. The mean delta 13C of the spruce tree rings was 17.6%. The delta 13C did not follow climate changes but had an opposite trend to that of acid depositions and Al concentrations in soil solution, but a similar trend as soil acidification (pH decrease), implying a negative effect of acid deposition and soil acidification on tree physiology. The molar ratio of base cations to Al decreased together with delta 13C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Santrůcková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovská 31, 37005 Ceské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic.
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Göttlicher S, Knohl A, Wanek W, Buchmann N, Richter A. Short-term changes in carbon isotope composition of soluble carbohydrates and starch: from canopy leaves to the root system. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:653-60. [PMID: 16444688 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the 13C discrimination of current leaf photosynthesis might have profound impacts on root respiratory substrates. Therefore, the aim of this study was (1) to refine a method for the isolation of root and leaf starch and soluble sugars (neutral fraction) for stable carbon isotope analysis and (2) to assess the short-term temporal variability of the C isotope composition (delta13C) of starch and of the neutral fraction of beech roots and leaves at different canopy heights. An existing method for isolating starch for stable C isotope analysis based on enzymatic hydrolysis was modified to account for the low starch content of the samples. This was achieved by removing the enzyme (alpha-amylase) by ultrafiltration after the hydrolysis, resulting in very low carbon blanks. The neutral fraction was separated from organic acids and cations by ion-exchange chromatography. An anion-exchange resin in the [HCO3]--form was chosen that ensured high precision of C blanks. Beech leaves at 5, 10 and 20 m above the forest floor as well as roots were sampled six times during a day/night cycle in July 2003. Delta13C values of bulk material, starch and the neutral fraction increased from the lower to the higher canopy with mean differences between 5 and 20 m of 3.8, 3.4 and 2.7 per thousand for the delta13C values of starch, neutral fraction and bulk foliage, respectively. The delta13C value of foliar starch increased from the morning to the afternoon and decreased during the night, but diurnal differences (up to 3.1 per thousand) were only statistically significant for leaves sampled at 5 and 10 m height. In roots, no diurnal variation in the delta13C of starch was observed during the short time frame of one day and the delta13C of the neutral fraction did not differ between samples taken at 16:30 and 22:00. Calculated delta13C values of starch, which was mobilised during the night, were more positive than the total starch (all sampling times pooled) in leaves. Furthermore, the delta13C values of mobilised starch were approximately 5 per thousand more positive than that of the mobilised neutral fraction. Hence, the delta13C of potential sources for export from canopy leaves to roots varied considerably in their C isotope composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Göttlicher
- Department of Chemical Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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de Souza CR, Maroco JP, dos Santos TP, Rodrigues ML, Lopes CM, Pereira JS, Chaves MM. Impact of deficit irrigation on water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition (delta13C) of field-grown grapevines under Mediterranean climate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2163-72. [PMID: 15983013 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation on intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g(s)) and carbon isotope composition (delta13C) of two grapevine cultivars (Moscatel and Castelão), growing in a commercial vineyard in SW Portugal. The study was done in two consecutive years (2001 and 2002). The treatments were full irrigation (FI), corresponding to 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), rain-fed (no irrigation, NI), and two types of deficit irrigation (50% ETc): (i) by supplying the water either to one side of the root system or to the other, which is partial rootzone drying (PRD), or (ii) dividing the same amount of water by the two sides of the root system, the normal deficit irrigation (DI). The water supplied to the PRD treatment alternated sides approximately every 15 d. The values of predawn leaf water potential (Psi(pd)) and the cumulative integral of Psi(pd) (S(Psi)) during the season were lower in 2001 than in the 2002 growing season. Whereas differences in Psi(pd) and S(Psi) between PRD and DI were not significantly different in 2001, in 2002 (a dryer year) both cultivars showed lower values of S(Psi) in the PRD treatment as compared with the DI treatment. This suggests that partial rootzone drying may have a positive effect on water use under dryer conditions, either as a result of better stomatal control and/or reduced vigour. The effects of the water treatments on delta13C were more pronounced in whole grape berries and pulp than in leaves. The delta13C of pulp showed the best correlation with intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g(s)) as well as with S(Psi). In spite of the better water status observed in PRD compared with DI in the two cultivars in 2002, no statistical differences between the two treatments were observed in A/g(s) and delta13C. On the other hand, they showed a higher delta13C compared with FI. In conclusion, it is apparent that the response to deficit irrigation varies with the environmental conditions of the particular year, the driest conditions exacerbating the differences among treatments. The highest values of delta13C found in the pulp of NI vines in Castelão compared with Moscatel suggest different sensitivities to water deficits in the two cultivars, as was empirically observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R de Souza
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Avenida da República, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Leavitt SW, Idso SB, Kimball BA, Burns JM, Sinha A, Stott L. The effect of long-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the intrinsic water-use efficiency of sour orange trees. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 50:217-222. [PMID: 12653293 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Every two months of 1992, as well as on three occasions in 1994-1995, we obtained leaf samples together with samples of surrounding air from eight well-watered and fertilized sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) trees that were growing out-of-doors at Phoenix, Arizona, USA. These trees had been planted in the ground as small seedlings in July of 1987 and enclosed in pairs by four clear-plastic-wall open-top chambers of which two have been continuously maintained since November of that year at a CO2 concentration of 400 micromol mol(-1) and two have been maintained at 700 micromol mol(-1). In September 2000, we also extracted north-south and east-west oriented wood cores that passed through the center of each tree's trunk at a height of 45 cm above the ground. Stable-carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) derived from these leaf, wood and air samples were used to evaluate each tree's intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). The grand-average result was an 80% increase in this important plant parameter in response to the 300 micromol mol(-1) increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration employed in the study. This increase in sour orange tree iWUE is identical to the long-term CO2-induced increase in the trees' production of wood and fruit biomass, which suggests there could be little to no change in total water-use per unit land area for this species as the air's CO2 content continues to rise. It is also identical to the increase in the mean iWUE reported for 23 groups of naturally occurring trees scattered across western North America that was caused by the historical rise in the air's CO2 content that occurred between 1800 and 1985.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Leavitt
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, 105 W. Stadium, Bldg. #58, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Damesin C, Rambal S, Joffre R. Seasonal and annual changes in leaf δ13
C in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks: relations to leaf growth and drought progression. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Leavitt SW. Spatial expression of ENSO, drought, and summer monsoon in seasonal δ13C of ponderosa pine tree rings in southern Arizona and New Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Le Roux-Swarthout D, Terwilliger V, Christianson M, Martin C, Madhavan S. Carbon isotopic ratios of atmospheric CO(2) affect the delta(13)C values of heterotrophic growth in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:563-570. [PMID: 11166444 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic Nicotiana tabacum (L. CV. Wisconsin 38) plants are enriched in 13C relative to the carbon sources in their growth medium. We examined whether carboxylation via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase contributes to the enrichment. Achlorophyllous plants were produced using an inhibitor of carotenoid synthesis and were grown on sucrose with known delta(13)C values. Groups of plants were exposed to air with different delta(13)C values as well as to CO(2)-free air. The delta(13)C values of heterotrophic plants were greater than the sucrose source in all treatments and this enrichment increased as 13CO(2)/12CO(2) ratios increased in the source air. Rubisco activity was ruled out as a cause for the enrichment observed as 13CO(2)/12CO(2) ratios increased because the delta(13)C values of heterotrophic plants were similar when exposed to high 13CO(2) while grown in the light or dark. Neither was enrichment due to the adsorption of 13CO(2) in the high 13CO(2) treatment because dead plants did not exhibit this effect when subjected to the same atmospheric treatments. Carboxylation by PEP carboxylase is a likely mechanism causing the 13C-enriched values of living white tissues relative to their organic carbon sources. These results experimentally support suggestions that the anaplerotic activity of PEP is responsible for the 13C-enrichment commonly observed where heterotrophic inputs to growth are large such as in very young leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Le Roux-Swarthout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 72701, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Yakir D, Osmond B, Giles L. Autotrophy in maize husk leaves : evaluation using natural abundance of stable isotopes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 97:1196-8. [PMID: 16668508 PMCID: PMC1081141 DOI: 10.1104/pp.97.3.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The natural abundance of carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition, expressed as a delta(13)C value of plant dry matter and cellulose in the hypsophylls (husk leaves) of maize (Zea mays L.) was measured and compared with that of leaves and cobs. The delta(13)C values of outer hypsophylls were usually 2 to 3% per thousand more negative than leaves or other tissues, and became more negative with increasing chlorophyll content, indicating significant local C(3) pathway fixation of CO(2) in the outer hypsophylls. The deltaD values indicated a significant part of hypsophyll cellulose was derived from heterotrophic sources (sucrose from C(4) photosynthesis in other tissues). Isotopic mass balance calculations allowed quantitative estimation of these carbon sources and, in the samples examined, about 16% of hypsophyll cellulose was derived from local C(3) photosynthesis, about 62% from local C(4) photosynthesis, and about 22% from sucrose imported from other leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yakir
- Botany Department and Phytotron, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706
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Körner C, Farquhar GD, Wong SC. Carbon isotope discrimination by plants follows latitudinal and altitudinal trends. Oecologia 1991; 88:30-40. [PMID: 28312728 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1990] [Accepted: 05/17/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier paper we provided evidence that carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis of terrestrial C3 plants decreases with altitude, and it was found that this was associated with greater carboxylation efficiency at high altitudes. Changing partial pressures of CO2 and O2 and changing temperature are possible explanations, since influences of moisture and light were reduced to a minimum by selective sampling. Here we analyse plants sampled using the same criteria, but from high and low altitudes along latitudinal gradients from the equator to the polar ends of plant distribution. These data should permit separation of the pressure and temperature components (Fig. 1). Only leaves of fully sunlit, non-water-stressed, herbaceous C3 plants are compared. The survey covers pressure differences of 400 mbar (ca. 5000 m) and 78 degrees of latitude (ca 25 K of mean temperature of growth period). When habitats of similar low temperature (i.e. high altitude at low latitude and low altitude at polar latitude) are compared, discrimination increases towards the pole (with decreasing altitude and thus increasing atmospheric pressure). Latitudinally decreasing temperature at almost constant atmospheric pressure (samples from low altitude) is associated with a decrease in discrimination. So, polar low-altitude plants have δ13C values half way between humid tropical lowland and tropical alpine plants. It is unlikely that latitudinal changes of the light regime had an effect, since low and high altitude plants show contrasting latitudinal trends in δ13C although local altitudinal differences in overall light consumption were small. These results suggest that both temperature and atmospheric pressure are responsible for the altitudinal trends in 13C discrimination. Temperature effects may partly be related to increased leaf thickness (within the same leaf type) in cold environments. Theoretical considerations and laboratory experiments suggest that it is the oxygen partial pressure that is responsible for the pressure related change in discrimination. The study also provided results of practical significance for the use of carbon isotope data. Within a community of C3 plants, discrimination in species of similar life form, exposed to similar light, water and ambient CO2 conditions ranges over 4‰, with standard deviations for 10-30 species of ±0.6 to 1.2‰. This natural variation has to be taken into account by using a sufficient sample size and standardization of sampling in any attempt at ecological site characterization using carbon isotope data. Evidence of a pronounced genotypic component of this variation in 13C discrimination in wild C3 plant species is provided. Correlations with dry matter partitioning, mesophyll thickness and nitrogen content are also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Körner
- Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G D Farquhar
- Plant Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - S C Wong
- Plant Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Seasonal stable-carbon isotope variability in tree rings: possible paleoenvironmental signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-9622(91)90033-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Deléens E, Schwebel-Dugué N, Caer V, Naulet N, Martin ML. Site-specific natural hydrogen isotope ratios in the characterization of plant cellulose. Carbohydr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmidt HL. Food quality control and studies on human nutrition by mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance isotope ratio determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00468387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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