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Berardi N, Amirsadeghi S, Swanton CJ. Plant competition cues activate a singlet oxygen signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:964476. [PMID: 39228834 PMCID: PMC11368760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.964476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress responses of Arabidopsis to reflected low red to far-red signals (R:FR ≈ 0.3) generated by neighboring weeds or an artificial source of FR light were compared with a weed-free control (R:FR ≈1.6). In the low R:FR treatments, induction of the shade avoidance responses (SAR) coincided with increased leaf production of singlet oxygen (1O2). This 1O2 increase was not due to protochlorophyllide accumulation and did not cause cell death. Chemical treatments, however, with 5-aminolevulinic acid (the precursor of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis) and glutathione (a quinone A reductant) enhanced cell death and growth inhibition. RNA sequencing revealed that transcriptome responses to the reflected low R:FR light treatments minimally resembled previously known Arabidopsis 1O2 generating systems that rapidly generate 1O2 following a dark to light transfer. The upregulation of only a few early 1O2 responsive genes (6 out of 1931) in the reflected low R:FR treatments suggested specificity of the 1O2 signaling. Moreover, increased expression of two enzyme genes, the SULFOTRANSFERASE ST2A (ST2a) and the early 1O2-responsive IAA-LEUCINE RESISTANCE (ILR)-LIKE6 (ILL6), which negatively regulate jasmonate level, suggested that repression of bioactive JAs may promote the shade avoidance (versus defense) and 1O2 acclimation (versus cell death) responses to neighboring weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berardi
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sasan Amirsadeghi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Narsimulu B, Jakkula P, Qureshi R, Nasim F, Qureshi IA. Inhibition and structural insights of leishmanial glutamyl-tRNA synthetase for designing potent therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127756. [PMID: 37907177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), essential components of the protein synthesizing machinery, have been often chosen for devising therapeutics against parasitic diseases. Due to their relevance in drug development, the current study was designed to explore functional and structural aspects of Leishmania donovani glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (LdGluRS). Hence, LdGluRS was cloned into an expression vector and purified to homogeneity using chromatographic techniques. Purified protein showed maximum enzymatic activity at physiological pH, with more binding capacity towards its cofactor (Adenosine triphosphate, 0.06 ± 0.01 mM) than the cognate substrate (L-glutamate, 9.5 ± 0.5 mM). Remarkably, salicylate inhibited LdGluRS competitively with respect to L-glutamate and exhibited druglikeness with negligible effect on human macrophages. The protein possessed more α-helices (43 %) than β-sheets (12 %), whereas reductions in thermal stability and cofactor-binding affinity, along with variation in mode of inhibition after mutation signified the role of histidine (H60) as a catalytic residue. LdGluRS could also generate a pro-inflammatory milieu in human macrophages by upregulating cytokines. The docking study demonstrated the placement of salicylate into LdGluRS substrate-binding site, and the complex was found to be stable during molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Altogether, our study highlights the understanding of molecular inhibition and structural features of glutamyl-tRNA synthetase from kinetoplastid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandigi Narsimulu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Pranay Jakkula
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rahila Qureshi
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Fouzia Nasim
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Insaf Ahmed Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Yang W, Yuan Y, Yang P, Li S, Ma S, Liu X, Zhou X, Chen R. ZmGluTR1 is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and is essential for maize development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 290:154115. [PMID: 37864879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is the most important carrier of photosynthesis in plants and is therefore vital for plant growth and development. Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is initiated and catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and is the rate-limiting step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. GluTR is controlled by several regulating factors. Although many studies have investigated the structure and function of GluTR in plants, the maize (Zea mays L.) GluTR has not yet been reported. Here, we isolated and identified the first loss-of-function mutant of GluTR in plants from a maize mutagenic population. The stop-gain mutation in ZmGluTR1 resulted in leaf etiolation throughout the growing season. The level of intermediates of chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments decreased markedly and abnormal chloroplast structure was also observed in the mutants. Further analysis revealed that the deletion of carboxyl terminal (C-terminal) led to premature transcription termination and this hindered the interaction with FLUORESCENT (FLU), thereby influencing the stability of mutated ZmGluTR1 and leading to abolish interaction with GluTR-binding protein (GluBP). Moreover, mutations in the catalytic domain or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) binding domain were lethal under normal growth conditions. These results indicate that ZmGluTR1 plays a fundamental role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and maize development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Yang
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, China
| | - Pengjuan Yang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Suzhen Li
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rumei Chen
- Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Yang Y, Xia J, Fang X, Jia H, Wang X, Lin Y, Liu S, Ge M, Pu Y, Fang J, Shangguan L. Drought stress in 'Shine Muscat' grapevine: Consequences and a novel mitigation strategy-5-aminolevulinic acid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1129114. [PMID: 37008472 PMCID: PMC10061586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1129114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a common and serious abiotic stress in viticulture, and it is urgent to select effective measures to alleviate it. The new plant growth regulator 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been utilized to alleviate abiotic stresses in agriculture in recent years, which provided a novel idea to mitigate drought stress in viticulture. The leaves of 'Shine Muscat' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) seedlings were treated with drought (Dro), drought plus 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 50 mg/L) (Dro_ALA) and normal watering (Control) to clarify the regulatory network used by ALA to alleviate drought stress in grapevine. Physiological indicators showed that ALA could effectively reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in grapevine leaves under drought stress. At the end of treatment (day 16), the MDA content in Dro_ALA was reduced by 27.63% compared with that in Dro, while the activities of POD and SOD reached 2.97- and 5.09-fold of those in Dro, respectively. Furthermore, ALA reduces abscisic acid by upregulating CYP707A1, thus, relieving the closure of stomata under drought. The chlorophyll metabolic pathway and photosynthetic system are the major pathways affected by ALA to alleviate drought. Changes in the genes of chlorophyll synthesis, including CHLH, CHLD, POR, and DVR; genes related to degradation, such as CLH, SGR, PPH and PAO; the RCA gene that is related to Rubisco; and the genes AGT1 and GDCSP related to photorespiration form the basis of these pathways. In addition, the antioxidant system and osmotic regulation play important roles that enable ALA to maintain cell homeostasis under drought. The reduction of glutathione, ascorbic acid and betaine after the application of ALA confirmed the alleviation of drought. In summary, this study revealed the mechanism of effects of drought stress on grapevine, and the alleviating effect of ALA, which provides a new concept to alleviate drought stress in grapevine and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxin Xia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqing Ge
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfeng Pu
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Fruit Crop Variety Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Kaya C, Ugurlar F, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Moustakas M, Ahmad P. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Induces Chromium [Cr(VI)] Tolerance in Tomatoes by Alleviating Oxidative Damage and Protecting Photosystem II: A Mechanistic Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:502. [PMID: 36771587 PMCID: PMC9920640 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromium [Cr(VI)] pollution is a major environmental risk, reducing crop yields. 5-Aminolevunic acid (5-ALA) considerably improves plant abiotic stress tolerance by inducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) signalling. Our investigation aimed to uncover the mechanism of tomato tolerance to Cr(VI) toxicity through the foliar application of 5-ALA for three days, fifteen days before Cr treatment. Chromium alone decreased plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments, but increased oxidative stress markers, i.e., H2O2 and lipid peroxidation (as MDA equivalent). Electrolyte leakage (EL), NO, nitrate reductase (NR), phytochelatins (PCs), glutathione (GSH), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were also increased. Foliar application of 5-ALA before Cr treatment improved plant growth and photosynthetic pigments, diminished H2O2, MDA content, and EL, and resulted in additional enhancements of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, NR activity, and NO synthesis. In Cr-treated tomato seedlings, 5-ALA enhanced GSH and PCs, which modulated Cr sequestration to make it nontoxic. 5-ALA-induced Cr tolerance was further enhanced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor. When sodium tungstate (ST), a NR inhibitor, was supplied together with 5-ALA to Cr-treated plants, it eliminated the beneficial effects of 5-ALA by decreasing NR activity and NO synthesis, while the addition of SNP inverted the adverse effects of ST. We conclude that the mechanism by which 5-ALA induced Cr tolerance in tomato seedlings is mediated by NR-generated NO. Thus, NR and NO are twin players, reducing Cr toxicity in tomato plants via antioxidant signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, 63200 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Ugurlar
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, 63200 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | | | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC, Jammu and Kashmir, Pulwama 192301, India
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Yang Y, Fang X, Chen M, Wang L, Xia J, Wang Z, Fang J, Tran LSP, Shangguan L. Copper stress in grapevine: Consequences, responses, and a novel mitigation strategy using 5-aminolevulinic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119561. [PMID: 35659552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improper application of copper-based fungicides has made copper stress critical in viticulture, necessitating the need to identify substances that can mitigate it. In this study, leaves of 'Shine Muscat' ('SM') grapevine seedlings were treated with CuSO4 solution (10 mM/L), CuSO4 + 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (50 mg/L), and distilled water to explore the mitigation effect of ALA. Physiological assays demonstrated that ALA effectively reduced malondialdehyde accumulation and increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in grapevine leaves under copper stress. Copper ion absorption, transport pathways, chlorophyll metabolism pathways, photosynthetic system, and antioxidant pathways play key roles in ALA alleviated-copper stress. Moreover, expression changes in genes, such as CHLH, ALAD, RCA, and DHAR, play vital roles in these processes. Furthermore, abscisic acid reduction caused by NCED down-regulation and decreased naringenin, leucopelargonidin, and betaine contents confirmed the alleviating effect of ALA. Taken together, these results reveal how grapevine responds to copper stress and the alleviating effects of ALA, thus providing a novel means of alleviating copper stress in viticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiaxin Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA; Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Rhaman MS, Imran S, Karim MM, Chakrobortty J, Mahamud MA, Sarker P, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Robin AHK, Ye W, Murata Y, Hasanuzzaman M. 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated plant adaptive responses to abiotic stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1451-1469. [PMID: 33839877 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) modulates various defense systems in plants and confers abiotic stress tolerance. Enhancement of crop production is a challenge due to numerous abiotic stresses such as, salinity, drought, temperature, heavy metals, and UV. Plants often face one or more abiotic stresses in their life cycle because of the challenging growing environment which results in reduction of growth and yield. Diverse studies have been conducted to discern suitable mitigation strategies to enhance crop production by minimizing abiotic stress. Exogenous application of different plant growth regulators is a well-renowned approach to ameliorate adverse effects of abiotic stresses on crop plants. Among the numerous plant growth regulators, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a novel plant growth regulator, also well-known to alleviate the injurious effects of abiotic stresses in plants. ALA enhances abiotic stress tolerance as well as growth and yield by regulating photosynthetic and antioxidant machineries and nutrient uptake in plants. However, the regulatory roles of ALA in plants under different stresses have not been studied and assembled systematically. Also, ALA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. Therefore, this review discusses the role of ALA in crop growth enhancement as well as its ameliorative role in abiotic stress mitigation and also discusses the ALA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and its limitation and future promises for sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saidur Rhaman
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shahin Imran
- Department of Agronomy, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Masudul Karim
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jotirmoy Chakrobortty
- Department of Soil Science, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asif Mahamud
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Prosenjit Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Bio-Functional Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Department of Plant Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Department of Bio-Functional Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
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Sakarika M, Spanoghe J, Sui Y, Wambacq E, Grunert O, Haesaert G, Spiller M, Vlaeminck SE. Purple non-sulphur bacteria and plant production: benefits for fertilization, stress resistance and the environment. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1336-1365. [PMID: 31432629 PMCID: PMC7415370 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple non-sulphur bacteria (PNSB) are phototrophic microorganisms, which increasingly gain attention in plant production due to their ability to produce and accumulate high-value compounds that are beneficial for plant growth. Remarkable features of PNSB include the accumulation of polyphosphate, the production of pigments and vitamins and the production of plant growth-promoting substances (PGPSs). Scattered case studies on the application of PNSB for plant cultivation have been reported for decades, yet a comprehensive overview is lacking. This review highlights the potential of using PNSB in plant production, with emphasis on three key performance indicators (KPIs): fertilization, resistance to stress (biotic and abiotic) and environmental benefits. PNSB have the potential to enhance plant growth performance, increase the yield and quality of edible plant biomass, boost the resistance to environmental stresses, bioremediate heavy metals and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Here, the mechanisms responsible for these attributes are discussed. A distinction is made between the use of living and dead PNSB cells, where critical interpretation of existing literature revealed the better performance of living cells. Finally, this review presents research gaps that remain yet to be elucidated and proposes a roadmap for future research and implementation paving the way for a more sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrsini Sakarika
- Research Group of Sustainable Air, Energy and Water TechnologyDepartment of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
| | - Janne Spanoghe
- Research Group of Sustainable Air, Energy and Water TechnologyDepartment of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
| | - Yixing Sui
- Research Group of Sustainable Air, Energy and Water TechnologyDepartment of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
| | - Eva Wambacq
- Department of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityV. Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
| | - Oliver Grunert
- Greenyard Horticulture Belgium NVSkaldenstraat 7a9042GentBelgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityV. Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
| | - Marc Spiller
- Research Group of Sustainable Air, Energy and Water TechnologyDepartment of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
| | - Siegfried E. Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Air, Energy and Water TechnologyDepartment of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
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Dey S, Kundu R, Gopal G, Mukherjee A, Nag A, Paul S. Enhancement of nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic efficiency by novel iron pulsing technique in Oryza sativa L. var Pankaj. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:207-221. [PMID: 31586721 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a major food crop. Due to urbanization and climate change, rice production is declining, posing a threat to the increasing food demand. For this, a modified technique of priming is used to enhance plant vigor. In the present study an endogenous rice cultivar was treated with two different iron salts for 72 h and grown for 14 days in nutrient solution. This increased the iron content of the samples which further escalated the photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation in the treated plants. Photosynthesis being correlated to nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen assimilation intermediates and protein content were also elevated in treated plants. Plants showed no symptoms of stress as evident from low malondialdehyde content and increased antioxidant enzymes' activity. From this study it can be inferred that, treatment with iron during germination, helps to trigger growth by facilitating photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnali Dey
- Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Geetha Gopal
- Centre for NanoBiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for NanoBiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Subhabrata Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India.
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Zou H, Zhang NN, Pan Q, Zhang JH, Chen J, Wei GH. Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean-Rhizobia Symbiotic System. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:972-985. [PMID: 31204904 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0003-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rhizobium-legume symbiotic system is crucial for nitrogen cycle balance in agriculture. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signaling molecule, may regulate various physiological processes in plants. However, whether H2S has regulatory effect in this symbiotic system remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the possible role of H2S in the symbiosis between soybean (Glycine max) and rhizobium (Sinorhizobium fredii). Our results demonstrated that an exogenous H2S donor (sodium hydrosulfide [NaHS]) treatment promoted soybean growth, nodulation, and nitrogenase (Nase) activity. Western blotting analysis revealed that the abundance of Nase component nifH was increased by NaHS treatment in nodules. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data showed that NaHS treatment upregulated the expressions of symbiosis-related genes nodA, nodC, and nodD of S. fredii. In addition, expression of soybean nodulation marker genes, including early nodulin 40 (GmENOD40), ERF required for nodulation (GmERN), nodulation signaling pathway 2b (GmNSP2b), and nodulation inception genes (GmNIN1a, GmNIN2a, and GmNIN2b), were upregulated. Moreover, the expressions of glutamate synthase (GmGOGAT), asparagine synthase (GmAS), nitrite reductase (GmNiR), ammonia transporter (GmSAT1), leghemoglobin (GmLb), and nifH involved in nitrogen metabolism were upregulated in NaHS-treated soybean roots and nodules. Together, our results suggested that H2S may act as a positive signaling molecule in the soybean-rhizobia symbiotic system and enhance the system's nitrogen fixation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
- 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ni-Na Zhang
- 3State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qing Pan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
- 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- 4School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- 5Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
- 3State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
- 4School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ge-Hong Wei
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
- 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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11
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Sineshchekov VA, Belyaeva OB. Regulation of Chlorophyll Biogenesis by Phytochrome A. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:491-508. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Ambrosini V, Issawi M, Leroy-Lhez S, Riou C. How protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors and transgenesis contribute to elucidate plant tetrapyrrole pathway. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several families of herbicides, especially diphenyl ether (DPE) and pyrimidinedione, target the plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathways and in particular one key enzyme, protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO). When plants are treated with DPE or pyrimidinedione, an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, the first photosensitizer of this pathway, is observed in cytosol where it becomes very deleterious under light. Indeed these herbicides trigger plant death in two distinct ways: (i) inhibition of chlorophylls and heme syntheses and (ii) a huge accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in cytosol. Recently, a strategy based on plant transgenesis that induces deregulation of the tetrapyrrole pathway by up- or down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes, such as glutamyl-[Formula: see text]RNA reductase, porphobilinogen deaminase and PPO, has been developed. Against all expectations, only transgenic crops overexpressing PPO showed resistance to DPE and pyrimidinedione. This herbicide resistance of transgenic crops leads to the hypothesis that the overall consumption of herbicides will be reduced as previously reported for glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops. In this review, after a rapid presentation of plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, we show how only PPO enzyme can be the target of DPE and how transgenic crops can be further resistant not only to herbicide but also to abiotic stress such as drought or chilling. Keeping in mind that this approach is mostly prohibited in Europe, we attempt to discuss it to interest the scientific community, from plant physiologists to chemists, who work on the interface of photosensitizer optimization and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ambrosini
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Mohammad Issawi
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Leroy-Lhez
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Riou
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
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13
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Sineshchekov VA, Belyaeva OB. Regulation of Chlorophyll Biogenesis by Phytochrome A. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:491-508. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1134/s0006297919050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
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14
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Pagels F, Guedes AC, Amaro HM, Kijjoa A, Vasconcelos V. Phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria: Chemistry and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:422-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Hou Z, Yang Y, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Fluorescence in blue light (FLU) is involved in inactivation and localization of glutamyl-tRNA reductase during light exposure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:517-529. [PMID: 30362619 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent in blue light (FLU) is a negative regulator involved in dark repression of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesis and interacts with glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), the rate-limiting enzyme of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated FLU's regulatory function in light-exposed FLU-overexpressing (FLUOE) Arabidopsis lines and under fluctuating light intensities in wild-type (WT) and flu seedlings. FLUOE lines suppress ALA synthesis in the light, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content, but more strongly in low and high light than in medium growth light. This situation indicates that FLU's impact on chlorophyll biosynthesis depends on light intensity. FLU overexpressors contain strongly increased amounts of mainly membrane-associated GluTR. These findings correlate with FLU-dependent localization of GluTR to plastidic membranes and concomitant inhibition, such that only the soluble GluTR fraction is active. The overaccumulation of membrane-associated GluTR indicates that FLU binding enhances GluTR stability. Interestingly, under fluctuating light, the leaves of flu mutants contain less chlorophyll compared with WT and become necrotic. We propose that FLU is basically required for fine-tuned ALA synthesis. FLU not only mediates dark repression of ALA synthesis, but functions also to control balanced ALA synthesis under variable light intensities to ensure the adequate supply of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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Aquino RK, Perez M, Sil P, Shintani T, Harrigan R, Rodriguez B. The Relationship of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Mood and Coping Ability in Prediabetic Middle Aged and Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel) 2018; 3. [PMID: 29862247 PMCID: PMC5976501 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, approximately 79 million Americans had prediabetes and about 50 percent of those individuals were 65 years and older. The most effective diabetes prevention method in prediabetic adults is lifestyle modification. However, despite the benefits of lifestyle change, diabetes prevalence continues to increase. Maintaining a regular exercise routine and a healthy eating plan may be difficult because of the negative emotional barriers (i.e., stress, mood) that a prediabetic individual faces. This is particularly evident in older individuals when you combine that with decreases in mobility and geriatric syndromes. A potential treatment for these emotional barriers is a natural supplement called 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). In the current study, the group included 154 participants, both men and women, ranging between the ages of 41 to 71 years old. The study design was a double-blind, randomized parallel-group study. The Psychosocial Depressive Symptoms Questionnaire (PDS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to examine the effect of two doses of 5-ALA (15 mg and 50 mg) on various components of mood (i.e., hopefulness, loneliness, and motivation) and coping ability. Using SAS software, an ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between the dose groups (control, 15 mg, and 50 mg) and the responses to the two questionnaires, the PDS and PSS, used in this study. An integrative literature review, using the PubMed database, searched for studies on the relationship between 5-ALA administration and mood and coping ability. Our literature review resulted in zero published articles. Next, we found that the intake of 5-ALA was significantly associated with improved coping ability (p = 0.004) and improved self-perception of effort spent (p = 0.002). Finally, we found a significant dose-dependent relationship for the association of 5-ALA intake on measures of effort (p = 0.003), loneliness (p = 0.006), and coping ability (p = 0.003). The 50 mg dose was more effective than the 15 mg dose in improving these measures. In conclusion, after 12 weeks of taking 5-ALA, we found significant improvements in self-perception of effort spent, loneliness, and coping ability in prediabetic middle age and older adults. Improved mood and coping ability may allow prediabetic individuals to overcome the emotional obstacles preventing them from maintaining a healthy lifestyle and ultimately, help them to avoid the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael K. Aquino
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (M.P.); (T.S.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.A.); (B.R.); Tel.: +1-808-692-1468 (B.R.)
| | - Michael Perez
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (M.P.); (T.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Payel Sil
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Terry Shintani
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (M.P.); (T.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Rosanne Harrigan
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (M.P.); (T.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Beatriz Rodriguez
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (M.P.); (T.S.); (R.H.)
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64710, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.K.A.); (B.R.); Tel.: +1-808-692-1468 (B.R.)
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17
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Quasem I, Achille AN, Caddick BA, Carter TA, Daniels C, Delaney JA, Delic V, Denton KA, Duran MC, Fatica MK, Ference CM, Galkiewicz JP, Garcia AM, Hendrick JD, Horton SA, Kun MS, Koch PW, Lee TM, McCabe CR, McHale S, McDaniel LD, Menning DM, Menning KJ, Mirzaei-Souderjani H, Mostajabian S, Nicholson DA, Nugent CK, Osman NP, Pappas DI, Rocha AM, Rosario K, Rubelmann H, Schwartz JA, Seeley KW, Staley CM, Wallace EM, Wong TM, Zielinski BL, Hanson TE, Scott KM. Peculiar citric acid cycle of hydrothermal vent chemolithoautotroph Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus, and insights into carbon metabolism by obligate autotrophs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3958794. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Quasem
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Achille
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brittany A. Caddick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Travis A. Carter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Camille Daniels
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Delaney
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Vedad Delic
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Denton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Martina C. Duran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Marianne K. Fatica
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Julie P. Galkiewicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ana M. Garcia
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Steven A. Horton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mey S. Kun
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Phoebe W. Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Tien Min Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christie R. McCabe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sean McHale
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lauren D. McDaniel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Damian M. Menning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kristy J. Menning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Salina Mostajabian
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David A. Nicholson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Courtney K. Nugent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Osman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Desiree I. Pappas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Andrea M. Rocha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Karyna Rosario
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Haydn Rubelmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Julie A. Schwartz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kent W. Seeley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christopher M. Staley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Wallace
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Terianne M. Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brian L. Zielinski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Thomas E. Hanson
- School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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18
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Using Tn-seq To Identify Pigmentation-Related Genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Characterization of the Role of a Putative Glycosyltransferase. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00832-16. [PMID: 28484050 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00832-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular pigmentation is an important virulence factor of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Pigmentation has been associated with many bacterial functions, including but not limited to colonization, maintaining a local anaerobic environment by binding oxygen molecules, and defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by immune cells. Pigmentation-associated loci identified to date have involved lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, and heme acquisition and processing. We utilized a transposon mutant library of P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and screened for pigmentation-defective colonies using massively parallel sequencing of the transposon junctions (Tn-seq) to identify genes involved in pigmentation. Transposon insertions at 235 separate sites, located in 67 genes and 15 intergenic regions, resulted in altered pigmentation: 7 of the genes had previously been shown to be involved in pigmentation, while 75 genes and intergenic regions had not. To further confirm identification, we generated a smaller transposon mutant library in P. gingivalis strain W83 and identified pigment mutations in several of the same loci as those identified in the screen in ATCC 33277 but also eight that were not identified in the ATCC 33277 screen. PGN_0361/PG_0264, a putative glycosyltransferase gene located between two tRNA synthetase genes and adjacent to a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element, was identified in the Tn-seq screen and then verified through targeted deletion and complementation. Deletion mutations in PGN_0361/PG_0264 glycosyltransferase abolish pigmentation, modulate gingipain protease activity, and alter lipopolysaccharide. The mechanisms of involvement in pigmentation for other loci identified in this study remain to be determined, but our screen provides the most complete survey of genes involved in pigmentation to date.IMPORTANCEP. gingivalis has been implicated in the onset and progression of periodontal disease. One important virulence factor is the bacterium's ability to produce pigment. Using a transposon library, we were able to identify both known and novel genes involved in pigmentation of P. gingivalis We identified a glycosyltransferase, previously not associated with pigmentation, that is required for pigmentation and determined its mechanism of involvement. A better understanding of the genes involved in pigmentation may lead to new insights into the complex mechanisms involved in this important virulence characteristic and could facilitate development of novel therapeutics.
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Zhang J, Weng H, Ding W, Kang Z. N-terminal engineering of glutamyl-tRNA reductase with positive charge arginine to increase 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis. Bioengineered 2016; 8:424-427. [PMID: 27754792 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1230572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the universal precursor of all tetrapyrroles, has various applications in medicine and agriculture industries. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) as the first key enzyme of C5 pathway is feedback regulated by heme, and its N-terminus plays a critical role on its stability control. Here, the GluTR N-terminus was engineered by inserting different numbers of positively charged lysine and arginine residues. The results confirmed that insertion of lysine or arginine residues (especially one arginine residue) behind Thr2 significantly increased the stability of GluTR. By co-expression of the GluTR variant R1 and the glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, ALA production was improved 1.76-fold to 1220 mg/L. The GluTR variant R1 constructed here could be used for engineering the C5 pathway to enhance ALA and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhang
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,c School of Life Sciences , Taishan Medical University , Taian , Shandong , China
| | - Huanjiao Weng
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zhen Kang
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
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20
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The Arabidopsis glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) forms a ternary complex with FLU and GluTR-binding protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19756. [PMID: 26794057 PMCID: PMC4726326 DOI: 10.1038/srep19756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is an essential and tightly regulated process, and glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) is a key target for multiple regulatory factors at the post-translational level. By binding to the thylakoid membrane protein FLUORESCENT (FLU) or the soluble stromal GluTR-binding protein (GBP), the activity of GluTR is down- or up-regulated. Here, we reconstructed a ternary complex composed of the C-terminal tetratricopepetide-repeat domain of FLU, GBP, and GluTR, crystallized and solved the structure of the complex at 3.2 Å. The overall structure resembles the shape of merged two binary complexes as previously reported, and shows a large conformational change within GluTR. We also demonstrated that GluTR binds tightly with GBP but does not bind to GSAM under the same condition. These findings allow us to suggest a biological role of the ternary complex for the regulation of plant GluTR.
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Integrated Optimization of the In Vivo Heme Biosynthesis Pathway and the In Vitro Iron Concentration for 5-Aminolevulinate Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:1252-62. [PMID: 26637361 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a nonprotein amino acid that has been widely used in many fields. In this study, we developed a new process for ALA production by optimizing the in vivo heme biosynthesis pathway and the iron concentration during cultivation. With the addition of iron, co-overexpression of the heme synthesis pathway genes hemA, hemL, hemF, and hemD significantly increased the accumulation of ALA and cell biomass. Further experiments demonstrated that the increased ALA accumulation resulted from moderate repression of ALA dehydratase (encoded by hemB), which was caused by hemF overexpression. After the addition of an optimized concentration (7.5 mg/L) of iron, ALA production by the recombinant Escherichia coli LADF-6 strain that overexpressed hemA, hemL, hemD, and hemF increased to 2840 mg/L in flask cultures. After applying a batch fermentation strategy, the ALA concentration increased to 4.05 g/L, with a productivity of 0.127 g/L·h. The results showed that the moderate repression of the in vivo heme pathway enzyme ALA dehydratase and the simultaneous optimization of the in vitro iron ion concentration served to increase the production of ALA and cell biomass.
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22
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Koganei M, Saitou Y, Tsuchiya K, Abe F, Tanaka T, Horinouchi I, Izumi Y, Yamaji T, Takahashi T. Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on a murine model of diet-induced obesity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 57:145-50. [PMID: 26388673 PMCID: PMC4566019 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) on obesity were investigated using a murine model (diet-induced obese mice). Diet-induced obese mice were divided into 4 groups: a control group (C group), which was fed a high-fat diet; a low-5-ALA dose (10 mg/kg/day) group (10A group); a moderate-5-ALA dose (30 mg/kg/day) group (30A group); and a high-5-ALA dose (100 mg/kg/day) group (100A group). 5-ALA was administered by mixing the high fat diet for 8 weeks. Body weight increases in the 30A and 100A groups were significantly smaller compared with those of the C group. Body fat measurements by X-ray computed tomography indicated that the 100A group showed a tendency toward low visceral fat quantities during the final week of the study. Visceral fat weights in the 30A and 100A groups were slightly low. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total cholesterol (TC) in the 10A group was slightly low, whereas the 30A and 100A groups showed significantly lower ALT and TC values. Liver lipid concentration showed a dose-dependent decrease with ALA. Thus, in this diet-induced obese murine model, administration of 5-ALA had a significantly beneficial impact on the visceral fat, serum ALT and TC, and liver lipid concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Koganei
- Nutrition Research Department, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan
| | - Yuri Saitou
- Nutrition Research Department, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsuchiya
- SBI Pharma Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1 Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Fuminori Abe
- SBI Pharma Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1 Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- SBI Pharma Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1 Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Izumi Horinouchi
- Biomaterial in Tokyo Co., Ltd., 5-4-19-301B Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Izumi
- Biomaterial in Tokyo Co., Ltd., 5-4-19-301B Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Taketo Yamaji
- Nutrition Research Department, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Nutrition Research Department, Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan
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Ackerman SE, Wilson CM, Kahn SA, Kintzing JR, Jindal DA, Cheshier SH, Grant GA, Cochran JR. A Bioengineered Peptide that Localizes to and Illuminates Medulloblastoma: A New Tool with Potential for Fluorescence-Guided Surgical Resection. Cureus 2014; 6:e207. [PMID: 28729960 PMCID: PMC5515084 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the central nervous system are challenging to treat due to the limited effectiveness and associated toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For tumors that can be removed surgically, extent of malignant tissue resection has been shown to correlate with disease progression, recurrence, and survival. Thus, improved technologies for real-time brain tumor imaging are critically needed as tools for guided surgical resection. We previously engineered a novel peptide that binds with high affinity and unique specificity to αVβ3, αVβ5, and α5β1 integrins, which are present on tumor cells, and the vasculature of many cancers, including brain tumors. In the current study, we conjugated this engineered peptide to a near infrared fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor 680), and used the resulting molecular probe for non-invasive whole body imaging of patient-derived medulloblastoma xenograft tumors implanted in the cerebellum of mice. The engineered peptide exhibited robust targeting and illumination of intracranial medulloblastoma following both intravenous and intraperitoneal injection routes. In contrast, a variant of the engineered peptide containing a scrambled integrin-binding sequence did not localize to brain tumors, demonstrating that tumor-targeting is driven by specific integrin interactions. Ex vivo imaging was used to confirm the presence of tumor and molecular probe localization to the cerebellar region. These results warrant further clinical development of the engineered peptide as a tool for image-guided resection of central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suzana A. Kahn
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | - Samuel H. Cheshier
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine & Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine & Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering and (by courtesy) Chemical Engineering, Stanford University
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Ma Q, Wang J, Lu S, Lv Y, Yuan Y. Quantitative proteomic profiling reveals photosynthesis responsible for inoculum size dependent variation in Chlorella sorokiniana. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:773-84. [PMID: 23096779 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High density cultivation is essential to industrial production of biodiesel from microalgae, which involves in variations of micro-environment around individual cells, including light intensity, nutrition distribution, other abiotic stress and so on. To figure out the main limit factor in high inoculum cultivation, a quantitative proteomic analysis (iTRAQ-on-line 2-D nano-LC/MS) in a non-model green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, under different inoculum sizes was conducted. The resulting high-quality proteomic dataset consisted of 695 proteins. Using a cutoff of P < 0.05, 241 unique proteins with differential expression levels were identified between control and different inoculum sizes. Functional analysis showed that proteins participating in photosynthesis (light reaction) and Calvin cycle (carbon reaction pathway) had highest expression levels under inoculum size of 1 × 10(6) cells mL(-1), and lowest levels under 1 × 10(7) cells mL(-1). Canonical correlation analysis of the photosynthesis related proteins and metabolites biomarkers showed that a good correlation existed between them (canonical coefficient was 0.987), suggesting photosynthesis process greatly affected microalgae biodiesel productivity and quality. Proteomic study of C. sorokiniana under different illuminations was also conducted to confirm light intensity as a potential limit factor of high inoculum size. Nearly two thirds of proteins showed up-regulation under the illumination of 70-110 µmol m(-2) s(-1), compared to those of 40 µmol m(-2) s(-1). This result suggested that by elegantly adjusting light conditions, high cell density cultivation and high biodiesel production might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Rodriguez BL, Curb JD, Davis J, Shintani T, Perez MH, Apau-Ludlum N, Johnson C, Harrigan RC. Use of the dietary supplement 5-aminiolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and its relationship with glucose levels and hemoglobin A1C among individuals with prediabetes. Clin Transl Sci 2012; 5:314-20. [PMID: 22883608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2012.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and glucose tolerance. DESIGN A double blinded, randomized prospective parallel-group comparison study. SETTING Participants were recruited from the community in Honolulu, Hawaii, using radio and TV ads, and at community events. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-four males and females ages 40-70 years, with evidence of prediabetes: hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 5.8%-7.0% at the screening visit. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized equally to one of three study groups: (1) low dose 5-ALA supplement (15 mg capsule); (2) high dose 5-ALA (50 mg capsule); and (3) control (placebo capsule of identical size and color). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES HbA1c and 2 hours post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose levels. RESULTS Among individuals taking 5-ALA supplements for 12 weeks, 2 hours post-OGTT glucose levels declined significantly compared to those not taking the supplement (p= 0.02). The relationships were stronger among those with baseline glucose intolerance, or 2 hours post-OGTT glucose measurements greater than 140 mg/dL (p= 0.005 and p= 0.02 for the low and high dose group, respectively). Similar trends were observed for HbA1c but results were of borderline significance (p= 0.07). No untoward effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are indicated. The potential benefits of 5-ALA dietary supplementation are affirmed by this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz L Rodriguez
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Yan R, Zhang Z, Zeng Q, Zhu D, Chu J. Characterization of energy conversion of Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 under photoautotrophic conditions based on metabolic flux and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Integration of foreign DNA into eukaryotic genomes results frequently in a total or partial loss of gene function, caused by the interruption of indispensable structures of the gene itself. Using T-DNA insertions in Arabidopsis we screened for mutants with deregulated chlorophyll precursor accumulation in etiolated seedlings. A mutant designated rfd1 (red fluorescent in darkness) with increased protochlorophyllide accumulation showed a fluorescent phenotype that was associated with a lack of transcript initiation from the AtRibA1 promoter situated downstream of the integrated T-DNA. Complementation experiments confirmed rfd1 to be a knockout phenotype. Comparison with two SALK insertion lines bearing T-DNA integrations in the 5′UTR of AtRibA1 demonstrated that the insertion event in rfd1 itself does not explain the complete lack of transcript initiation. A 35S tetrameric enhancer sequence present on the rfd1 T-DNA causes the overaccumulation of a large polycistronic transcript originating inside the T-DNA. This 5.5-kb RNA runs over the downstream situated AtRibA1 promoter, which was shown by 5′RACE analyses to be consequently silenced. Hence, a transcription process that starts upstream and overlaps AtRibA1 blocks the initiation at the AtRibA1 promoter in rfd1. This regulatory mechanism has recently been introduced in yeast as transcriptional interference and is described here for the first time in a plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, Philippsstr.13 Building 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Morokuma Y, Yamazaki M, Maeda T, Yoshino I, Ishizuka M, Tanaka T, Ito Y, Tsuboi R. Hair growth stimulatory effect by a combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid and iron ion. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:1298-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chung YH, Masuda S, Bauer CE. Purification and reconstitution of PYP-phytochrome with biliverdin and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Methods Enzymol 2008; 422:184-9. [PMID: 17628140 PMCID: PMC2774280 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)22009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PYP-phytochrome (Ppr) is a unique photoreceptor that contains a blue light-absorbing photoactive yellow protein (PYP) domain, a red light-absorbing phytochrome domain, and a histidine kinase domain. This chapter describes overexpression of Ppr in a strain of Escherichia coli that allows covalent attachment of substoichiometric amounts of biliverdin in vivo. Ppr is then fully reconstituted with biliverdin, followed by attachment of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid), in vitro. Holo-Ppr with both chromophores is then isolated via an affinity tag and quantified for chromophore attachment by analysis of the absorption spectrum for biliverdin and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. We also provide conditions for measuring autophosphorylation of Ppr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Chung
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Cattolico RA, Jacobs MA, Zhou Y, Chang J, Duplessis M, Lybrand T, McKay J, Ong HC, Sims E, Rocap G. Chloroplast genome sequencing analysis of Heterosigma akashiwo CCMP452 (West Atlantic) and NIES293 (West Pacific) strains. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:211. [PMID: 18462506 PMCID: PMC2410131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterokont algae form a monophyletic group within the stramenopile branch of the tree of life. These organisms display wide morphological diversity, ranging from minute unicells to massive, bladed forms. Surprisingly, chloroplast genome sequences are available only for diatoms, representing two (Coscinodiscophyceae and Bacillariophyceae) of approximately 18 classes of algae that comprise this taxonomic cluster. A universal challenge to chloroplast genome sequencing studies is the retrieval of highly purified DNA in quantities sufficient for analytical processing. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a simplified method for sequencing chloroplast genomes, using fosmids selected from a total cellular DNA library. The technique has been used to sequence chloroplast DNA of two Heterosigma akashiwo strains. This raphidophyte has served as a model system for studies of stramenopile chloroplast biogenesis and evolution. RESULTS H. akashiwo strain CCMP452 (West Atlantic) chloroplast DNA is 160,149 bp in size with a 21,822-bp inverted repeat, whereas NIES293 (West Pacific) chloroplast DNA is 159,370 bp in size and has an inverted repeat of 21,665 bp. The fosmid cloning technique reveals that both strains contain an isomeric chloroplast DNA population resulting from an inversion of their single copy domains. Both strains contain multiple small inverted and tandem repeats, non-randomly distributed within the genomes. Although both CCMP452 and NIES293 chloroplast DNAs contains 197 genes, multiple nucleotide polymorphisms are present in both coding and intergenic regions. Several protein-coding genes contain large, in-frame inserts relative to orthologous genes in other plastids. These inserts are maintained in mRNA products. Two genes of interest in H. akashiwo, not previously reported in any chloroplast genome, include tyrC, a tyrosine recombinase, which we hypothesize may be a result of a lateral gene transfer event, and an unidentified 456 amino acid protein, which we hypothesize serves as a G-protein-coupled receptor. The H. akashiwo chloroplast genomes share little synteny with other algal chloroplast genomes sequenced to date. CONCLUSION The fosmid cloning technique eliminates chloroplast isolation, does not require chloroplast DNA purification, and reduces sequencing processing time. Application of this method has provided new insights into chloroplast genome architecture, gene content and evolution within the stramenopile cluster.
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MESH Headings
- Algal Proteins/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Atlantic Ocean
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Algal/genetics
- DNA, Algal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Chloroplast/genetics
- DNA, Chloroplast/isolation & purification
- Furans
- Genome, Chloroplast
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pacific Ocean
- Phaeophyceae/classification
- Phaeophyceae/genetics
- Phaeophyceae/isolation & purification
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Recombinases/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Thiophenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ann Cattolico
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, WA 98195-5325, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA
| | - Michael A Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 352145, Seattle WA 98195-2145, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 352145, Seattle WA 98195-2145, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 352145, Seattle WA 98195-2145, USA
| | - Melinda Duplessis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, WA 98195-5325, USA
| | - Terry Lybrand
- Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, 5142 Biosci/MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232-8725, USA
| | - John McKay
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA
| | - Han Chuan Ong
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, WA 98195-5325, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA
- Division of Science, Lyon College, 2300 Highland Rd, Batesville, AR 72501-3629, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 352145, Seattle WA 98195-2145, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rocap
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA
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Nogaj LA, Srivastava A, van Lis R, Beale SI. Cellular levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase do not control chlorophyll synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:389-96. [PMID: 16126849 PMCID: PMC1203387 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.067009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first committed universal precursor in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. In plants, algae, and most bacteria, ALA is generated from glutamate. First, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase activates glutamate by ligating it to tRNA(Glu). Activated glutamate is then converted to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) by glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GTR). Finally, GSA is rearranged to ALA by GSA aminotransferase (GSAT). In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, GTR and GSAT were found in the chloroplasts and were not detected in the mitochondria by immunoblotting. The levels of both proteins (assayed by immunoblotting) and their mRNAs (assayed by RNA blotting) were approximately equally abundant in cells growing in continuous dark or continuous light (fluorescent tubes, 80 micromol photons s(-1) m(-2)), consistent with the ability of the cells to form chlorophyll under both conditions. In cells synchronized to a 12-h-light/12-h-dark cycle, chlorophyll accumulated only during the light phase. However, GTR and GSAT were present at all phases of the cycle. The GTR mRNA level increased in the light and peaked about 2-fold at 2 h into the light phase, and GTR protein levels also increased and peaked 2-fold at 4 to 6 h into the light phase. In contrast, although the GSAT mRNA level increased severalfold at 2 h into the light phase, the level of GSAT protein remained approximately constant in the light and dark phases. Under all growth conditions, the cells contained significantly more GSAT than GTR on a molar basis. Our results indicate that the rate of chlorophyll synthesis in C. reinhardtii is not directly controlled by the expression levels of the mRNAs for GTR or GSAT, or by the cellular abundance of these enzyme proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza A Nogaj
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Nogaj LA, Beale SI. Physical and kinetic interactions between glutamyl-tRNA reductase and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24301-7. [PMID: 15890644 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502483200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, algae, and most bacteria, the heme and chlorophyll precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is formed from glutamate in a three-step process. First, glutamate is ligated to its cognate tRNA by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. Activated glutamate is then converted to a glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) by glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GTR) in an NADPH-dependent reaction. Subsequently, GSA is rearranged to ALA by glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSAT). The intermediate GSA is highly unstable under physiological conditions. We have used purified recombinant GTR and GSAT from the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to show that GTR and GSAT form a physical and functional complex that allows channeling of GSA between the enzymes. Co-immunoprecipitation and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation results indicate that recombinant GTR and GSAT enzymes specifically interact. In vivo cross-linking results support the in vitro results and demonstrate that GTR and GSAT are components of a high molecular mass complex in C. reinhardtii cells. In a coupled enzyme assay containing GTR and wild-type GSAT, addition of inactive mutant GSAT inhibited ALA formation from glutamyl-tRNA. Mutant GSAT did not inhibit ALA formation from GSA by wild-type GSAT. These results suggest that there is competition between wild-type and mutant GSAT for binding to GTR and channeling GSA from GTR to GSAT. Further evidence supporting kinetic interaction of GTR and GSAT is the observation that both wild-type and mutant GSAT stimulate glutamyl-tRNA-dependent NADPH oxidation by GTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza A Nogaj
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Cogne G, Gros JB, Dussap CG. Identification of a metabolic network structure representative of Arthrospira (spirulina) platensis metabolism. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 84:667-76. [PMID: 14595779 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive network structure for the autotrophic growth of Arthrospira platensis is proposed. The metabolic network was built up with 121 reactions and 134 metabolites including biomass synthesis, production of a growth-associated exopolysaccharide, and energy aspects. The model supports the existence of a metabolic shunt of PEP to pyruvate through PEP carboxylase, NAD(+)-dependent malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme to convert NADH,H(+) into NADPH,H(+). A limit in Arthrospira growth metabolism due to NADH,H(+) balancing is evidenced, explaining why the maximal light-dependent mass yield of the growth-associated exopolysaccharide was 0.51 kg EPS kg(-1) biomass, consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Cogne
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique et Biochimique, Université Blaise Pascal, CUST, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 206, 63174 Aubière-Cédex, France.
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Lagarias DM, Crepeau MW, Maines MD, Lagarias JC. Regulation of photomorphogenesis by expression of mammalian biliverdin reductase in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. THE PLANT CELL 1997. [PMID: 9165746 DOI: 10.2307/3870424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The photoregulatory activity of the phytochrome photoreceptor requires the synthesis and covalent attachment of the linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic group phytochromobilin. Because the mammalian enzyme biliverdin IX alpha reductase (BVR) is able to functionally inactivate phytochromobilin in vitro, this investigation was undertaken to determine whether BVR expression in transgenic plants would prevent the synthesis of functionally active phytochrome in vivo. Here, we show that plastid-targeted, constitutive expression of BVR in Arabidopsis yields plants that display aberrant photomorphogenesis throughout their life cycle. Photobiological and biochemical analyses of three transgenic BVR lines exhibiting a 25-fold range of BVR expression established that the BVR-dependent phenotypes are light dependent, pleiotropic, and consonant with the loss of multiple phytochrome activities. Chlorophyll accumulation in BVR-expressing transgenic plants was particularly sensitive to increased light fluence rates, which is consistent with an important role for phytochrome in light tolerance. Under blue light, transgenic BVR plants displayed elongated hypocotyls but retained phototropic behavior and the ability to fully deetiolate. Directed BVR expression may prove to be useful for probing the cellular and developmental basis of phytochrome-mediated responses and for selective control of individual aspects of light-mediated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Lagarias
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis 95616, USA
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Lagarias DM, Crepeau MW, Maines MD, Lagarias JC. Regulation of photomorphogenesis by expression of mammalian biliverdin reductase in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. THE PLANT CELL 1997; 9:675-88. [PMID: 9165746 PMCID: PMC156948 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.9.5.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoregulatory activity of the phytochrome photoreceptor requires the synthesis and covalent attachment of the linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic group phytochromobilin. Because the mammalian enzyme biliverdin IX alpha reductase (BVR) is able to functionally inactivate phytochromobilin in vitro, this investigation was undertaken to determine whether BVR expression in transgenic plants would prevent the synthesis of functionally active phytochrome in vivo. Here, we show that plastid-targeted, constitutive expression of BVR in Arabidopsis yields plants that display aberrant photomorphogenesis throughout their life cycle. Photobiological and biochemical analyses of three transgenic BVR lines exhibiting a 25-fold range of BVR expression established that the BVR-dependent phenotypes are light dependent, pleiotropic, and consonant with the loss of multiple phytochrome activities. Chlorophyll accumulation in BVR-expressing transgenic plants was particularly sensitive to increased light fluence rates, which is consistent with an important role for phytochrome in light tolerance. Under blue light, transgenic BVR plants displayed elongated hypocotyls but retained phototropic behavior and the ability to fully deetiolate. Directed BVR expression may prove to be useful for probing the cellular and developmental basis of phytochrome-mediated responses and for selective control of individual aspects of light-mediated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Lagarias
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis 95616, USA
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Stange-Thomann N, Thomann HU, Lloyd AJ, Lyman H, Söll D. A point mutation in Euglena gracilis chloroplast tRNA(Glu) uncouples protein and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7947-51. [PMID: 8058739 PMCID: PMC44521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.17.7947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The universal precursor of tetrapyrrole pigments (e.g., chlorophylls and hemes) is 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which in Euglena gracilis chloroplasts is derived via the two-step C5 pathway from glutamate charged to tRNA(Glu). The first enzyme in this pathway, Glu-tRNA reductase (GluTR) catalyzes the reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) (Glu-tRNA) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) with the release of the uncharged tRNA(Glu). The second enzyme, GSA-2,1-aminomutase, converts GSA to ALA. tRNA(Glu) is a specific cofactor for the NADPH-dependent reduction by GluTR, an enzyme that recognizes the tRNA in a sequence-specific manner. This RNA is the normal tRNA(Glu), a dual-function molecule participating both in protein and in ALA and, hence, chlorophyll biosynthesis. A chlorophyll-deficient mutant of E. gracilis (Y9ZNalL) does not synthesize ALA from glutamate, although it contains GluTR and GSA-2,1-aminomutase activity. The tRNA(Glu) isolated from the mutant can still be acylated with glutamate in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it supports chloroplast protein synthesis; however, it is a poor substrate for GluTR. Sequence analysis of the tRNA and of its gene revealed a C56-->U mutation in the resulting gene product. C56 is therefore an important identity element for GluTR. Thus, a point mutation in the T loop of tRNA uncouples protein from chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stange-Thomann
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114
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Rhie G, Beale S. Regulation of heme oxygenase activity in Cyanidium caldarium by light, glucose, and phycobilin precursors. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Matters GL, Beale SI. Biosynthesis of ?-aminolevulinic acid from glutamate by Sulfolobus solfataricus. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Matters GL, Beale SI. Structure and light-regulated expression of the gsa gene encoding the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme, glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 24:617-629. [PMID: 8155881 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The gsa gene, which encodes glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) aminotransferase (GSAT), an enzyme in the chlorophyll and heme biosynthetic pathway, has been cloned from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by complementation of an Escherichia coli hemL mutant. The deduced C. reinhardtii GSAT amino acid sequence has a high degree of similarity to GSAT sequences from barley, tobacco, soybean and various prokaryotic sources. In vitro enzyme activity assays from E. coli transformed with the C. reinhardtii GSAT cDNA showed that higher levels of GSAT activity are associated with the expression of the cDNA insert. Analysis of changes in mRNA levels in light:dark synchronized C. reinhardtii cultures was done by northern blotting. The level of GSAT mRNA nearly doubled during the first 0.5 h in the light and increased over 26-fold after 2 h in the light. This increase is comparable to previously reported increases in GSAT activity in dark-grown cultures transferred to the light, and is the first report of induction by light of a gene encoding an ALA biosynthetic enzyme in plant or algal cells. The accumulation of GSAT mRNA follows the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation and the pattern of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (cabII-1) mRNA accumulation in these cells, suggesting that the two genes may be regulated by light through a common mechanism. Additional evidence that the GSAT mRNA may be transcriptionally regulated by light is found in the genomic sequence of the gsa gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Matters
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Thomsen B, Oelze-Karow H, Schuster C, Mohr H. STIMULATION OF APPEARANCE OF EXTRAPLASTIDIC TETRAPYRROLES BY A PHOTOOXIDATIVE TREATMENT OF THE PLASTIDS. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Witty M, Wallace-Cook AD, Albrecht H, Spano AJ, Michel H, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Timko MP, Smith AG. Structure and expression of chloroplast-localized porphobilinogen deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) isolated by redundant polymerase chain reaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 103:139-147. [PMID: 7516080 PMCID: PMC158956 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase catalyzes the polymerization of four PBG monopyrrole units into the linear tetrapyrrole hydroxymethylbilane necessary for the formation of chlorophyll and heme in plant cells. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed based on amino acid sequence data (generated by mass spectrometry) for purified PBG deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts. These primers were used in TaqI polymerase-catalyzed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to produce partial cDNA and nuclear genomic fragments encoding the enzyme. Subsequently, a 1.6-kb cDNA was isolated by screening a cDNA library constructed in lambda gt11 from leaf poly(A)+ RNA with the PCR products. The cDNA encodes an approximately 40-kD polypeptide containing a 46-amino acid NH2-terminal transit peptide and a mature protein of 323 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature pea enzyme is similar to PBG deaminases from other species and contains the conserved arginine and cysteine residues previously implicated in catalysis. Northern blot analysis indicates that the pea gene encoding PBG deaminase is expressed to varying levels in chlorophyll-containing tissues and is subject to light induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Berry-Lowe SL, Grimm B, Smith MA, Kannangara CG. Purification and Characterization of Glutamate 1-Semialdehyde Aminotransferase from Barley Expressed in Escherichia coli. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 99:1597-603. [PMID: 16669079 PMCID: PMC1080669 DOI: 10.1104/pp.99.4.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The immediate precursor in the synthesis of tetrapyrroles is Delta-aminolevulinate (ALA). ALA is synthesized from glutamate in higher plants, algae, and certain bacteria. Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (EC 5.4.3.8) (GSA-AT), the third enzyme involved in this metabolic pathway, catalyzes the transamination of GSA to form ALA. The gene encoding this aminotransferase has previously been isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and inserted into an Escherichia coli expression vector. We describe herein the purification of this recombinant barley GSA-AT expressed in Escherichia coli. Coexpression of GroEL and GroES is required for isolation of active aminotransferase from the soluble protein fraction of Escherichia coli. Purified GSA-AT exhibits absorption maxima characteristic of vitamin B(6)-containing enzymes. GSA-AT is primarily in the pyridoxamine form when isolated and can be interconverted between this and the pyridoxal form by addition of 4,5-dioxovalerate and 4,5-diaminovalerate. The conversion of GSA to ALA under steady-state conditions exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Values for K(m) (d,l-GSA) and k(cat) were determined to be 25 micromolar and 0.11 per second, respectively, by nonlinear regression analysis. Stimulation of ALA synthesis by increasing concentrations of d,l-GSA at various fixed concentrations of 4,5-diaminovalerate supports the hypothesis that 4,5-diaminovalerate is the intermediate in the synthesis of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Berry-Lowe
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80907
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Sangwan I, O'brian MR. Characterization of delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Formation in Soybean Root Nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 98:1074-9. [PMID: 16668729 PMCID: PMC1080310 DOI: 10.1104/pp.98.3.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Formation of the heme precursor delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was studied in soybean root nodules elicited by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Glutamate-dependent ALA formation activity by soybean (Glycine max) in nodules was maximal at pH 6.5 to 7.0 and at 55 to 60 degrees C. A low level of the plant activity was detected in uninfected roots and was 50-fold greater in nodules from 17-day-old plants; this apparent stimulation correlated with increases in both plant and bacterial hemes in nodules compared with the respective asymbiotic cells. The glutamate-dependent ALA formation activity was greatest in nodules from 17-day-old plants and decreased by about one-half in those from 38-day-old plants. Unlike the eukaryotic ALA formation activity, B. japonicum ALA synthase activity was not significantly different in nodules than in cultured cells, and the symbiotic activity was independent of nodule age. The lack of symbiotic induction of B. japonicum ALA synthase indicates either that ALA formation is not rate-limiting, or that ALA synthase is not the only source of ALA for bacterial heme synthesis in nodules. Plant cytosol from nodules catalyzed the formation of radiolabeled ALA from U-[(14)C]glutamate and 3,4-[(3)H]glutamate but not from 1-[(14)C]glutamate, and thus, operation of the C(5) pathway could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Molecular Biology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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Mayer SM, Beale SI. delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Biosynthesis from Glutamatein Euglena gracilis: Photocontrol of Enzyme Levels in a Chlorophyll-Free Mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 97:1094-102. [PMID: 16668494 PMCID: PMC1081127 DOI: 10.1104/pp.97.3.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wild-type Euglena gracillis cells synthesize the key chlorophyll precursor, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), from glutamate in their plastids. The synthesis requires transfer RNA(Glu) (tRNA(Glu)) and the three enzymes, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, glutamyl-tRNA reductase, and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Non-greening mutant Euglena strain W(14)ZNaIL does not synthesize ALA from glutamate and is devoid of the required tRNA(Glu). Other cellular tRNA(Glu)s present in the mutant cells were capable of being charged with glutamate, but the resulting glutamyl-tRNAs did not support ALA synthesis. Surprisingly, the mutant cells contain all three of the enzymes, and their cell extracts can convert glutamate to ALA when supplemented with tRNA(Glu) obtained from wild-type cells. Activity levels of the three enzymes were measured in extracts of cells grown under a number of light conditions. All three activities were diminished in extracts of cells grown in complete darkness, and full induction of activity required 72 hours of growth in the light. A light intensity of 4 microeinsteins per square meter per second was sufficient for full induction. Blue light was as effective as white light, but red light was ineffective, in inducing extractable enzyme activity above that of cells grown in complete darkness, indicating that the light control operates via the nonchloroplast blue light receptor in the mutant cells. Of the three enzyme activities, the one that is most acutely affected by light is glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, as has been previously shown for wild-type Euglena cells. These results indicate that the enzymes required for ALA synthesis from glutamate are present in an active form in the nongreening mutant cells, even though they cannot participate in ALA formation in these cells because of the absence of the required tRNA(Glu), and that the activity of all three enzymes is regulated by light. Because the absence of plastid tRNA(Glu) precludes the synthesis of proteins within the plastids, the three enzymes must be synthesized in the cytoplasm and their genes encoded in the nucleus in Euglena.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mayer
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Majumdar D, Avissar YJ, Wyche JH, Beale SI. Structure and expression of the Chlorobium vibrioforme hemA gene. Arch Microbiol 1991; 156:281-9. [PMID: 1793335 DOI: 10.1007/bf00262999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium vibrioforme, synthesizes the tetrapyrrole precursor, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), from glutamate via the RNA-dependent five-carbon pathway. A 1.9-kb clone of genomic DNA from C. vibrioforme that is capable of transforming a glutamyl-tRNA reductase-deficient, ALA-dependent, hemA mutant of Escherichia coli to prototrophy was sequenced. The transforming C. vibrioforme DNA has significant sequence similarity to the E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis hemA genes and contains a 1245 base open reading frame that encodes a 415 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 46174. This polypeptide has over 28% amino acid identity with the polypeptides deduced from the nucleic acid sequences of the E. coli, S. typhimurium, and B. subtilis hemA genes. No sequence similarity was detected, at either the nucleic acid or the peptide level, with the Rhodobacter capsulatus or Bradyrhizobium japonicum hemA genes, which encode ALA synthase, or with the S. typhimurium hemL gene, which encodes glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. These results establish that hemA encodes glutamyl-tRNA reductase in species that use the five-carbon ALA biosynthetic pathway. A second region of the cloned DNA, located downstream from the hemA gene, has significant sequence similarity to the E. coli and B. subtilis hemC genes. This region contains a potential open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide that has high sequence identity to the deduced E. coli and B. subtilis HemC peptides. hemC encodes the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, in these species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Majumdar
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Frustaci JM, Sangwan I, O'Brian MR. Aerobic growth and respiration of a delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (hemA) mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:1145-50. [PMID: 1846857 PMCID: PMC207235 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.3.1145-1150.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-dependent growth of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum hemA mutant MLG1 (M.L. Guerinot and B.K. Chelm, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1837-1841, 1986) was demonstrated in cultured cells in the absence of exogenous delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), but growth of analogous mutants of Rhizobium meliloti or of Escherichia coli was not observed unless ALA was added to the yeast extract-containing media. No heme could be detected in extracts of strain MLG1 cells as measured by the absorption or by the peroxidase activity of the heme moiety, but the rates of growth and endogenous respiration of the mutant were essentially identical to those found in the parent strain. A role for ALA in the viability of strain MLG1 could not be ruled out since the ALA analog levulinic acid inhibited growth, but neither ALA synthase nor glutamate-dependent ALA synthesis activity was found in the mutant. The data show that the cytochromes normally discerned in wild-type B. japonicum cultured cells by absorption spectroscopy are not essential for aerobic growth or respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Frustaci
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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Affiliation(s)
- G P O'Neill
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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