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Gupta K, Wani SH, Razzaq A, Skalicky M, Samantara K, Gupta S, Pandita D, Goel S, Grewal S, Hejnak V, Shiv A, El-Sabrout AM, Elansary HO, Alaklabi A, Brestic M. Abscisic Acid: Role in Fruit Development and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817500. [PMID: 35620694 PMCID: PMC9127668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant growth regulator known for its functions, especially in seed maturation, seed dormancy, adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and leaf and bud abscission. ABA activity is governed by multiple regulatory pathways that control ABA biosynthesis, signal transduction, and transport. The transport of the ABA signaling molecule occurs from the shoot (site of synthesis) to the fruit (site of action), where ABA receptors decode information as fruit maturation begins and is significantly promoted. The maximum amount of ABA is exported by the phloem from developing fruits during seed formation and initiation of fruit expansion. In the later stages of fruit ripening, ABA export from the phloem decreases significantly, leading to an accumulation of ABA in ripening fruit. Fruit growth, ripening, and senescence are under the control of ABA, and the mechanisms governing these processes are still unfolding. During the fruit ripening phase, interactions between ABA and ethylene are found in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. It is clear that ABA regulates ethylene biosynthesis and signaling during fruit ripening, but the molecular mechanism controlling the interaction between ABA and ethylene has not yet been discovered. The effects of ABA and ethylene on fruit ripening are synergistic, and the interaction of ABA with other plant hormones is an essential determinant of fruit growth and ripening. Reaction and biosynthetic mechanisms, signal transduction, and recognition of ABA receptors in fruits need to be elucidated by a more thorough study to understand the role of ABA in fruit ripening. Genetic modifications of ABA signaling can be used in commercial applications to increase fruit yield and quality. This review discusses the mechanism of ABA biosynthesis, its translocation, and signaling pathways, as well as the recent findings on ABA function in fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, India
| | - Shabir H. Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Khudwani, India
- *Correspondence: Shabir H. Wani,
| | - Ali Razzaq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Milan Skalicky,
| | - Kajal Samantara
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, India
| | - Shubhra Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Deepu Pandita
- Government Department of School Education, Jammu, India
| | - Sonia Goel
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Haryana, India
| | - Sapna Grewal
- Bio and Nanotechnology Department, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana
| | - Vaclav Hejnak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Aalok Shiv
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture, and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Institut of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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Sreenivasulu N, Harshavardhan VT, Govind G, Seiler C, Kohli A. Contrapuntal role of ABA: does it mediate stress tolerance or plant growth retardation under long-term drought stress? Gene 2012; 506:265-73. [PMID: 22771691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in defining the functional basis of abscisic acid in regulating growth, development and stress response have provided essential components for its actions. We are yet to envision the impact of how differential levels of ABA influence plant growth across life cycle. Here we reviewed the information arising from the recent unprecedented advancement made in the field of ABA signaling operative under calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways mediating the transcriptional reprogramming under short-term stress response. Advancement made in the field of ABA receptors and transporters has started to fill major gaps in our understanding of the ABA action. However, ABA just not only regulates guard cell movement but impacts other reproductive tissue development through massive transcriptional reprogramming events affecting various stages of the plant life cycle. Therefore many questions still remain unanswered. One such intriguing question is the contradictory role of ABA known to mediate two opposite faces of the coin: regulating abiotic stress tolerance and imparting growth retardation. In this review, we critically assessed the impact of substantial elevated levels of ABA on impairment of photosynthesis and growth alteration and its subsequent influence on seed yield formation. Excess biosynthesis of ABA under stress may deprive the same precursor pool necessary for chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, thereby triggering growth retardation. Further, we emphasized the importance of ABA homeostasis for integrating stress cues towards coordinating sustainable plant growth. Also we provided a pertinent background on ABA biosynthesis and degradation pathway manipulation to highlight the genes and processes used in genetic engineering of plants for changed ABA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Interdiciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research (IZN) Research Group Stress Genomics, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Seo M, Koshiba T. Transport of ABA from the site of biosynthesis to the site of action. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:501-7. [PMID: 21416315 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that abscisic acid (ABA) moves within plants. ABA has been considered as a root-derived signaling molecule that induces stomatal closure in response to dry soil conditions. It has been also reported that ABA synthesized in vegetative tissues is translocated to the seeds. The transport of ABA is an important factor in determining the endogenous concentrations of the hormone at the site of action, and hence, it is an important process in physiological responses. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate ABA transport are not fully understood. Recent studies using Arabidopsis indicate that ABA is actively synthesized in leaf vascular tissues in response to drought, and that ABA is subsequently transported to the guard cells to close stomata. Identification of the transporters that mediate ABA export from the inside to the outside of the cells at the site of ABA biosynthesis (vascular tissues) and ABA uptake into the cells at the site of action (guard cells), respectively, in this species indicates an active mechanism to regulate ABA transport. Although Arabidopsis represents only one model plant, these findings are useful to discuss common or different regulatory mechanisms among different species and to improve our total understanding of the regulation of ABA transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Seo
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Lin BL, Wang HJ, Wang JS, Zaharia LI, Abrams SR. Abscisic acid regulation of heterophylly in Marsilea quadrifolia L.: effects of R-(-) and S-(+) isomers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2935-48. [PMID: 16203756 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces a developmental switch in the aquatic fern Marsilea quadrifolia, causing the formation of aerial type characteristics, including the elongation of petioles and roots, a change in leaf morphology, the expansion of leaf surface area, and the shortening of the internodes. A number of ABA-responsive heterophylly (ABRH) genes are induced early during the transition. Using optically pure isomers of ABA, it was found that both the natural S-(+)-ABA and the unnatural R-(-)-ABA are capable of inducing a heterophyllous switch and regulating ABRH gene expression. When dose responses are compared, the unnatural ABA gives stronger morphogenic effects than the natural ABA at the same concentration, it is effective at lower concentrations, and its optimal concentration is also lower compared with the natural ABA. Deuterium-labelled ABA enantiomers were used to trace the fate of applied ABA and to distinguish the applied compound and its metabolites from the endogenous counterparts. In tissues, the supplied (+)-ABA was metabolized principally to dihydrophaseic acid, while the supplied (-)-ABA was converted at a slower rate to 7'-hydroxy abscisic acid. Treatment with either enantiomer resulted in increased biosynthesis of ABA, as reflected in the accumulation of endogenous dihydrophaseic acid. Taken together, these results suggest two distinct mechanisms of action for (-)-ABA: either (-)-ABA is intrinsically active, or its activity is due to the stimulation of ABA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Ling Lin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Division, Development Center for Biotechnology, 101 Lane 169 Konning Street, Hsichih 22143, Taiwan
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Desikan R, Hagenbeek D, Neill SJ, Rock CD. Flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance analyses demonstrate that the monoclonal antibody JIM19 interacts with a rice cell surface component involved in abscisic acid signalling in protoplasts. FEBS Lett 1999; 456:257-62. [PMID: 10456320 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone involved in many developmental and physiological processes, but as yet, no ABA receptor has been identified. Flow cytometry of rice protoplasts and immunoblotting of purified plasma membranes (PMs) have been used to demonstrate that the monoclonal antibody JIM19 recognizes carbohydrate epitopes of cell surface glycoproteins. Using surface plasmon resonance technology specific binding of PMs to JIM19 was observed. Such interaction was antagonized significantly by ABA, but not by the biologically inactive ABA catabolite phaseic acid. These in vitro interactions were correlated with the biological activities of JIM19, ABA and phaseic acid on activation of the ABA-inducible Em promoter using two different transient reporter gene assays, beta-glucuronidase/luciferase and quantitative flow cytometry of Aequoria green fluorescent protein. Pre-treatment with JIM19 resulted in significant inhibition of ABA-inducible gene expression. Taken together, these data suggest that JIM19 interacts with a functional PM complex involved in ABA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Desikan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Wilkinson S, Davies WJ. Xylem Sap pH Increase: A Drought Signal Received at the Apoplastic Face of the Guard Cell That Involves the Suppression of Saturable Abscisic Acid Uptake by the Epidermal Symplast. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 113:559-573. [PMID: 12223626 PMCID: PMC158172 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought increased the pH of Commelina communis xylem sap from 6.1 to 6.7. Conductances of transpiring leaves were 50% lower in pH 7.0 than in pH 6.0 buffers, but bulk leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and shoot water status were unaffected by pH. Stomatal apertures of isolated abaxial epidermis incubated on simple buffers increased with external pH, so in vivo this must be overridden by alternative pH effects. Reductions in leaf transpiration rate at pH 7.0 were dependent on the presence of 10-8 mol dm-3 ABA in the xylem stream. We inferred that at pH 7.0 leaf apoplastic ABA concentrations increased: pH did not affect distributions of ABA among leaf tissues, but isolated epidermis and mesophyll tissue took up more 3H-ABA from pH 6.0 than from pH 7.0 buffers. The apoplastic ABA increase at pH 7.0 may result from reduced symplastic sequestration. A portion of 3H-ABA uptake by the epidermis was saturable at pH 6.0 but not at pH 7.0. An ABA uptake carrier may contribute to ABA sequestration by the leaf symplast of well-watered plants, and its inactivity at pH 7.0 may favor apoplastic ABA accumulation in draughted plants. Effects of external pH on stomatal apertures in the isolated epidermis indicate that published data supporting a role for internal guard cell ABA receptors should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Wilkinson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Schwartz A, Wu WH, Tucker EB, Assmann SM. Inhibition of inward K+ channels and stomatal response by abscisic acid: an intracellular locus of phytohormone action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:4019-23. [PMID: 8171028 PMCID: PMC43714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.9.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone whose production is stimulated by water stress, reduces the apertures of stomatal pores in the leaf surface, thereby lessening transpirational water loss. It has been thought that inhibition of stomatal opening and promotion of stomatal closure by ABA are initiated by the binding of extracellular ABA to a receptor located in the guard-cell plasma membrane. However, in the present research, we employ three distinct experimental approaches to demonstrate that ABA can act from within guard cells to regulate stomatal apertures. (i) The extent to which ABA inhibits stomatal opening and promotes stomatal closure in Commelina communis L. is proportional to the extent of ABA uptake, as assayed with [3H]ABA. (ii) Direct microinjection of ABA into the cytoplasm of Commelina guard cells precipitates stomatal closure. (iii) Application of ABA to the cytosol of Vicia faba L. guard-cell protoplasts via patch-clamp techniques inhibits inward K+ currents, an effect sufficient to inhibit stomatal opening. These results demonstrate an intracellular locus of phytohormone action and imply that the search for hormone receptor proteins should be extended to include intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schwartz
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Windsor ML, Milborrow BV, McFarlane IJ. The Uptake of (+)-S- and (-)-R-Abscisic Acid by Suspension Culture Cells of Hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:54-62. [PMID: 16652999 PMCID: PMC1075516 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of (+)-S- and (-)-R-abscisic acid (ABA) by suspension culture cells of hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa L. Jacqu.) was followed over a range of temperatures, pH values, and time intervals. The natural (+)-S-ABA was taken up about five times faster than the unnatural (-)-R-ABA. Each 10 degrees C rise in temperature from 1 to 31 degrees C increased the rate of uptake (Q(10)) of (+)-S-ABA about 2.2-fold, whereas that of the (-)-R increased with a Q(10) of 1.4. (+)-ABA was taken into the cells by a saturable carrier, but (-)-ABA and both enantiomers of 2-trans-ABA were not; they appeared to enter by passive diffusion. The uptake of (+)-ABA was linear over the first 8 hours but concentrations within the cells decreased after 2 hours to remain constant after 4 hours as rapid metabolism was induced. Electron microscopy of thin sections of the cells, combined with a stereological analysis of their shape, showed that the vacuoles comprised 80% of the cell volume and the cytoplasm plus nucleus comprised 20%. There were no photosynthetically active plastids in the cells. Concentrations of the endogenous ABA in the cytoplasm (pH 7.32) and vacuoles (pH 5.88) were calculated by applying the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (ABA pK(a) 4.7) so that, provided no active metabolic redistribution occurred, the concentration in the cytoplasm was 7.9 micromolar and that in the vacuole was 0.3 micromolar. In vivo pH was measured by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Windsor
- School of Biochemistry, University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia
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