1
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A phosphoinositide hub connects CLE peptide signaling and polar auxin efflux regulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:423. [PMID: 36702874 PMCID: PMC9879999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin efflux through plasma-membrane-integral PIN-FORMED (PIN) carriers is essential for plant tissue organization and tightly regulated. For instance, a molecular rheostat critically controls PIN-mediated auxin transport in developing protophloem sieve elements of Arabidopsis roots. Plasma-membrane-association of the rheostat proteins, BREVIS RADIX (BRX) and PROTEIN KINASE ASSOCIATED WITH BRX (PAX), is reinforced by interaction with PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-4-PHOSPHATE-5-KINASE (PIP5K). Genetic evidence suggests that BRX dampens autocrine signaling of CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 45 (CLE45) peptide via its receptor BARELY ANY MERISTEM 3 (BAM3). How excess CLE45-BAM3 signaling interferes with protophloem development and whether it does so directly or indirectly remains unclear. Here we show that rheostat polarity is independent of PIN polarity, but interdependent with PIP5K. Catalytically inactive PIP5K confers rheostat polarity without reinforcing its localization, revealing a possible PIP5K scaffolding function. Moreover, PIP5K and PAX cooperatively control local PIN abundance. We further find that CLE45-BAM3 signaling branches via RLCK-VII/PBS1-LIKE (PBL) cytoplasmic kinases to destabilize rheostat localization. Our data thus reveal antagonism between CLE45-BAM3-PBL signaling and PIP5K that converges on auxin efflux regulation through dynamic control of PAX polarity. Because second-site bam3 mutation suppresses root as well as shoot phenotypes of pip5k mutants, CLE peptide signaling likely modulates phosphoinositide-dependent processes in various developmental contexts.
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2
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Lin Q, Gong J, Zhang Z, Meng Z, Wang J, Wang S, Sun J, Gu X, Jin Y, Wu T, yan N, Wang Y, Kai L, Jiang J, Qi S. The Arabidopsis thaliana trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene AtTPPI regulates primary root growth and lateral root elongation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1088278. [PMID: 36714693 PMCID: PMC9880472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1088278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Roots are the main organs through which plants absorb water and nutrients. As the key phytohormone involved in root growth, auxin functions in plant environmental responses by modulating auxin synthesis, distribution and polar transport. The Arabidopsis thaliana trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene AtTPPI can improve root architecture, and tppi1 mutants have significantly shortened primary roots. However, the mechanism underlying the short roots of the tppi1 mutant and the upstream signaling pathway and downstream genes regulated by AtTPPI are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the AtTPPI gene could promote auxin accumulation in AtTPPI-overexpressing plants. By comparing the transcriptomic data of tppi1 and wild-type roots, we found several upregulations of auxin-related genes, including GH3.3, GH3.9 and GH3.12, may play an important role in the AtTPPI gene-mediated auxin transport signaling pathway, ultimately leading to changes in auxin content and primary root length. Moreover, increased AtTPPI expression can regulate primary root growth and lateral root elongation under different concentration of nitrate conditions. Overall, constitutive expression of AtTPPI increased auxin contents and improved lateral root elongation, constituting a new method for improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxin Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zizi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianyong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Wang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Gu
- Technical Services and Sales Department, Zhengzhou Xuanyuan Biotechnology Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuting Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nuo yan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Kai
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shilian Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Conde D, Triozzi PM, Pereira WJ, Schmidt HW, Balmant KM, Knaack SA, Redondo-López A, Roy S, Dervinis C, Kirst M. Single-nuclei transcriptome analysis of the shoot apex vascular system differentiation in Populus. Development 2022; 149:dev200632. [PMID: 36178121 PMCID: PMC9720752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells in the plant apex gives rise to aerial tissues and organs. Presently, we lack a lineage map of the shoot apex cells in woody perennials - a crucial gap considering their role in determining primary and secondary growth. Here, we used single-nuclei RNA-sequencing to determine cell type-specific transcriptomes of the Populus vegetative shoot apex. We identified highly heterogeneous cell populations clustered into seven broad groups represented by 18 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters. Next, we established the developmental trajectories of the epidermis, leaf mesophyll and vascular tissue. Motivated by the high similarities between Populus and Arabidopsis cell population in the vegetative apex, we applied a pipeline for interspecific single-cell gene expression data integration. We contrasted the developmental trajectories of primary phloem and xylem formation in both species, establishing the first comparison of vascular development between a model annual herbaceous and a woody perennial plant species. Our results offer a valuable resource for investigating the principles underlying cell division and differentiation conserved between herbaceous and perennial species while also allowing us to examine species-specific differences at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conde
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Paolo M. Triozzi
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wendell J. Pereira
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Henry W. Schmidt
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kelly M. Balmant
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sara A. Knaack
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Arturo Redondo-López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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4
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Lebecq A, Doumane M, Fangain A, Bayle V, Leong JX, Rozier F, Marques-Bueno MD, Armengot L, Boisseau R, Simon ML, Franz-Wachtel M, Macek B, Üstün S, Jaillais Y, Caillaud MC. The Arabidopsis SAC9 enzyme is enriched in a cortical population of early endosomes and restricts PI(4,5)P 2 at the plasma membrane. eLife 2022; 11:73837. [PMID: 36044021 PMCID: PMC9436410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipids, and especially phosphoinositides, are differentially enriched within the eukaryotic endomembrane system. This generates a landmark code by modulating the properties of each membrane. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] specifically accumulates at the plasma membrane in yeast, animal, and plant cells, where it regulates a wide range of cellular processes including endocytic trafficking. However, the functional consequences of mispatterning PI(4,5)P2 in plants are unknown. Here, we functionally characterized the putative phosphoinositide phosphatase SUPPRESSOR OF ACTIN9 (SAC9) in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). We found that SAC9 depletion led to the ectopic localization of PI(4,5)P2 on cortical intracellular compartments, which depends on PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 production at the plasma membrane. SAC9 localizes to a subpopulation of trans-Golgi Network/early endosomes that are enriched in a region close to the cell cortex and that are coated with clathrin. Furthermore, it interacts and colocalizes with Src Homology 3 Domain Protein 2 (SH3P2), a protein involved in endocytic trafficking. In the absence of SAC9, SH3P2 localization is altered and the clathrin-mediated endocytosis rate is reduced. Together, our results highlight the importance of restricting PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane and illustrate that one of the consequences of PI(4,5)P2 misspatterning in plants is to impact the endocytic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lebecq
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mehdi Doumane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurelie Fangain
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jia Xuan Leong
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Boisseau
- Division of Biological Science, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | | | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suayib Üstün
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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5
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Kastanaki E, Blanco-Touriñán N, Sarazin A, Sturchler A, Gujas B, Vera-Sirera F, Agustí J, Rodriguez-Villalon A. A genetic framework for proximal secondary vein branching in the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2022; 149:275816. [PMID: 35723181 PMCID: PMC9270971 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over time, plants have evolved flexible self-organizing patterning mechanisms to adapt tissue functionality for continuous organ growth. An example of this process is the multicellular organization of cells into a vascular network in foliar organs. An important, yet poorly understood component of this process is secondary vein branching, a mechanism employed to extend vascular tissues throughout the cotyledon surface. Here, we uncover two distinct branching mechanisms during embryogenesis by analyzing the discontinuous vein network of the double mutant cotyledon vascular pattern 2 (cvp2) cvp2-like 1 (cvl1). Similar to wild-type embryos, distal veins in cvp2 cvl1 embryos arise from the bifurcation of cell files contained in the midvein, whereas proximal branching is absent in this mutant. Restoration of this process can be achieved by increasing OCTOPUS dosage as well as by silencing RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2 (RPK2) expression. Although RPK2-dependent rescue of cvp2 cvl1 is auxin- and CLE peptide-independent, distal branching involves polar auxin transport and follows a distinct regulatory mechanism. Our work defines a genetic network that confers plasticity to Arabidopsis embryos to spatially adapt vascular tissues to organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Alexis Sarazin
- Group of RNA Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Sturchler
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Vera-Sirera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Agustí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Authors for correspondence (; )
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6
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Liu Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Wu R, Guo C, Bawa G, Rochaix J, Sun X. Identification of novel regulators required for early development of vein pattern in the cotyledons by single-cell RNA-sequencing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:7-22. [PMID: 35218590 PMCID: PMC9310732 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The leaf veins of higher plants contain a highly specialized vascular system comprised of xylem and phloem cells that transport water, organic compounds and mineral nutrients. The development of the vascular system is controlled by phytohormones that interact with complex transcriptional regulatory networks. Before the emergence of true leaves, the cotyledons of young seedlings perform photosynthesis that provides energy for the sustainable growth and survival of seedlings. However, the mechanisms underlying the early development of leaf veins in cotyledons are still not fully understood, in part due to the complex cellular composition of this tissue. To better understand the development of leaf veins, we analyzed 14 117 single cells from 3-day-old cotyledons using single-cell RNA sequencing. Based on gene expression patterns, we identified 10 clusters of cells and traced their developmental trajectories. We discovered multiple new marker genes and developmental features of leaf veins. The transcription factor networks of some cell types indicated potential roles of CYCLING DOF FACTOR 5 (CDF5) and REPRESSOR OF GA (RGA) in the early development and function of the leaf veins in cotyledons. These new findings lay a foundation for understanding the early developmental dynamics of cotyledon veins. The mechanisms underlying the early development of leaf veins in cotyledons are still not fully understood. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the early differentiation and development of leaf veins in 3-day-old cotyledons based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. We identified the cell types and novel marker genes of leaf veins and characterized the novel regulators of leaf vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Xiaole Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - George Bawa
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Jean‐David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
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7
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Lavania D, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Of Cells, Strands, and Networks: Auxin and the Patterned Formation of the Vascular System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039958. [PMID: 33431582 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Throughout plant development, vascular cells continually form from within a population of seemingly equivalent cells. Vascular cells connect end to end to form continuous strands, and vascular strands connect at both or either end to form networks of exquisite complexity and mesmerizing beauty. Here we argue that experimental evidence gained over the past few decades implicates the plant hormone auxin-its production, transport, perception, and response-in all the steps that lead to the patterned formation of the plant vascular system, from the formation of vascular cells to their connection into vascular networks. We emphasize the organizing principles of the cell- and tissue-patterning process, rather than its molecular subtleties. In the picture that emerges, cells compete for an auxin-dependent, cell-polarizing signal; positive feedback between cell polarization and cell-to-cell movement of the polarizing signal leads to gradual selection of cell files; and selected cell files differentiate into vascular strands that drain the polarizing signal from the neighboring cells. Although the logic of the patterning process has become increasingly clear, the molecular details remain blurry; the future challenge will be to bring them into razor-sharp focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Lavania
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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8
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Xiong T, Tan Q, Li S, Mazars C, Galaud JP, Zhu X. Interactions between calcium and ABA signaling pathways in the regulation of fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153309. [PMID: 33197829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening and senescence are finely controlled by plant hormones such as ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) but also by calcium ions and by calcium-dependent signaling pathways. Although there are extensive data supporting an interaction between ethylene and calcium in fruit ripening, the regulatory mechanisms resulting from the interaction between ABA and calcium have not yet been fully clarified. In this article, we have reviewed the full roles of calcium and its sensors (CaM, CMLs, CDPKs, CBLs) as well as ABA and the interactions between the two signaling pathways in the regulation of stress responses and in fruit ripening. To illustrate the possible interaction between calcium sensors and ABA signaling components in the control of fruit ripening, we propose an interaction model between the calcium and ABA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qinqin Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chiristian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Galaud
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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9
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Zarza X, Van Wijk R, Shabala L, Hunkeler A, Lefebvre M, Rodriguez‐Villalón A, Shabala S, Tiburcio AF, Heilmann I, Munnik T. Lipid kinases PIP5K7 and PIP5K9 are required for polyamine-triggered K + efflux in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:416-432. [PMID: 32666545 PMCID: PMC7693229 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines, such as putrescine, spermidine and spermine (Spm), are low-molecular-weight polycationic molecules present in all living organisms. Despite their implication in plant cellular processes, little is known about their molecular mode of action. Here, we demonstrate that polyamines trigger a rapid increase in the regulatory membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ), and that this increase is required for polyamine effects on K+ efflux in Arabidopsis roots. Using in vivo 32 Pi -labelling of Arabidopsis seedlings, low physiological (μm) concentrations of Spm were found to promote a rapid PIP2 increase in roots that was time- and dose-dependent. Confocal imaging of a genetically encoded PIP2 biosensor revealed that this increase was triggered at the plasma membrane. Differential 32 Pi -labelling suggested that the increase in PIP2 was generated through activation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) activity rather than inhibition of a phospholipase C or PIP2 5-phosphatase activity. Systematic analysis of transfer DNA insertion mutants identified PIP5K7 and PIP5K9 as the main candidates involved in the Spm-induced PIP2 response. Using non-invasive microelectrode ion flux estimation, we discovered that the Spm-triggered K+ efflux response was strongly reduced in pip5k7 pip5k9 seedlings. Together, our results provide biochemical and genetic evidence for a physiological role of PIP2 in polyamine-mediated signalling controlling K+ flux in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Zarza
- Research Cluster Green Life SciencesSection Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94215Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
| | - Ringo Van Wijk
- Research Cluster Green Life SciencesSection Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94215Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of AgricultureUniversity of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
| | - Anna Hunkeler
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Agricultural ScienceSwiss Federal Institute of Technology in ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matthew Lefebvre
- Research Cluster Green Life SciencesSection Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94215Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
| | - Antia Rodriguez‐Villalón
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Agricultural ScienceSwiss Federal Institute of Technology in ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of AgricultureUniversity of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane BiologyFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Antonio F. Tiburcio
- Dept. of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Dept of Cellular BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Research Cluster Green Life SciencesSection Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94215Amsterdam1090 GEThe Netherlands
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10
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Fukuda H, Hardtke CS. Peptide Signaling Pathways in Vascular Differentiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1636-1644. [PMID: 31796560 PMCID: PMC7140915 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CLE peptide and related signaling pathways take up prominent roles in the development of both vascular tissues, xylem and phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Local and Systemic Effects of Brassinosteroid Perception in Developing Phloem. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1626-1638.e3. [PMID: 32220322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The plant vasculature is an essential adaptation to terrestrial growth. Its phloem component permits efficient transfer of photosynthates between source and sink organs but also transports signals that systemically coordinate physiology and development. Here, we provide evidence that developing phloem orchestrates cellular behavior of adjacent tissues in the growth apices of plants, the meristems. Arabidopsis thaliana plants that lack the three receptor kinases BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), BRI1-LIKE 1 (BRL1), and BRL3 ("bri3" mutants) can no longer sense brassinosteroid phytohormones and display severe dwarfism as well as patterning and differentiation defects, including disturbed phloem development. We found that, despite the ubiquitous expression of brassinosteroid receptors in growing plant tissues, exclusive expression of the BRI1 receptor in developing phloem is sufficient to systemically correct cellular growth and patterning defects that underlie the bri3 phenotype. Although this effect is brassinosteroid-dependent, it cannot be reproduced with dominant versions of known downstream effectors of BRI1 signaling and therefore possibly involves a non-canonical signaling output. Interestingly, the rescue of bri3 by phloem-specific BRI1 expression is associated with antagonism toward phloem-specific CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 45 (CLE45) peptide signaling in roots. Hyperactive CLE45 signaling causes phloem sieve element differentiation defects, and consistently, knockout of CLE45 perception in bri3 background restores proper phloem development. However, bri3 dwarfism is retained in such lines. Our results thus reveal local and systemic effects of brassinosteroid perception in the phloem: whereas it locally antagonizes CLE45 signaling to permit phloem differentiation, it systemically instructs plant organ formation via a phloem-derived, non-cell-autonomous signal.
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12
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Abstract
The phloem tissue is the main conduit for sugars in plants, and its anatomy has to be tightly controled to ensure its functionality. A new study indicates the involvement of receptor-based intercellular signaling in the coordination of cell fate determination within the phloem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greb
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Jia Q, Sun S, Kong D, Song J, Wu L, Yan Z, Zuo L, Yang Y, Liang K, Lin W, Huang J. Ectopic Expression of Gs5PTase8, a Soybean Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1023. [PMID: 32033113 PMCID: PMC7037738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) function in inositol signaling by regulating the catabolism of phosphoinositol derivatives. Previous reports showed that 5PTases play a critical role in plant development and stress responses. In this study, we identified a novel 5PTase gene, Gs5PTase8, from the salt-tolerance locus of chromosome 3 in wild soybean (Glycine soja). Gs5PTase8 is highly up-regulated under salt treatment. It is localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane with a strong signal in the apoplast. Ectopic expression of Gs5PTase8 significantly increased salt tolerance in transgenic BY-2 cells, soybean hairy roots and Arabidopsis, suggesting Gs5PTase8 could increase salt tolerance in plants. The overexpression of Gs5PTase8 significantly enhanced the activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under salt stress. The seeds of Gs5PTase8-transgenic Arabidopsis germinated earlier than the wild type under abscisic acid treatment, indicating Gs5PTase8 would alter ABA sensitivity. Besides, transcriptional analyses showed that the stress-responsive genes, AtRD22, AtRD29A and AtRD29B, were induced with a higher level in the Gs5PTase8-transgenic Arabidopsis plants than in the wild type under salt stress. These results reveal that Gs5PTase8 play a positive role in salt tolerance and might be a candidate gene for improving soybean adaptation to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Song Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Defeng Kong
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Junliang Song
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Lumei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhen Yan
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Lin Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Kangjing Liang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.S.); (D.K.); (J.S.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Y.); (K.L.); (W.L.)
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Colin LA, Jaillais Y. Phospholipids across scales: lipid patterns and plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:1-9. [PMID: 31580918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are major building blocks of cell membranes and as such they have a key structural role in maintaining their integrity as a hydrophobic barrier. However, phospholipids not only have structural but also regulatory functions that are involved in a myriad of signaling pathways. Integrative approaches in plants recently revealed that certain phospholipids have distinct patterns of accumulation at the tissue or organ scales, which turned out to be important cues in a developmental context. Using examples on different phospholipid classes, including phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidic acid, we review how spatio-temporal lipid patterns arise at the organismal level and what are their downstream consequences on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Axelle Colin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France.
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15
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Na JK, Metzger JD. A putative tomato inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, Le5PT1, is involved in plant growth and abiotic stress responses. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 31950007 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on sequence similarity to Arabidopsis inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) involved in abiotic stress responses and development, four tomato cDNAs (Le5PT1-4) encoding putative 5PTase proteins were identified. The predicted protein sequences of the Le5PTs include conserved catalytic domains required for 5PTase enzyme activity. Le5PT1, 2, and 3 showed high amino acid sequence identity with At5PTase2, At5PTase1 and At5PTase3, and At5PTase5 and At5PTase6, respectively. The expression of Le5PT1 was downregulated soon after initiation of dehydration and salt stress as well as exposure to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and NaCl, but not by exogenous ABA treatment. On the other hand, the expression of Le5PT2 gradually increased with time in all treatments. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Le5PT1 exhibited reduced growth in height, leaf area, and dry weight compared to wild type plants. Transgenic plants also had lower water use efficiency (WUE) than wild type and the downregulation of the drought-responsive gene, NtERD10B. Together these results suggest that Le5PT1 may have a negative role in response to water deficit through the repression of drought-inducible genes that in turn affects plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kuk Na
- 1Depeatment of Controlled Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - James D Metzger
- 2Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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16
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Marhava P, Aliaga Fandino AC, Koh SW, Jelínková A, Kolb M, Janacek DP, Breda AS, Cattaneo P, Hammes UZ, Petrášek J, Hardtke CS. Plasma Membrane Domain Patterning and Self-Reinforcing Polarity in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2020; 52:223-235.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Shen X, Zhao R, Liu L, Zhu C, Li M, Du H, Zhang Z. Identification of a candidate gene underlying qKRN5b for kernel row number in Zea mays L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:3439-3448. [PMID: 31612262 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative trait locus for kernel row number, qKRN5, was dissected into two tightly linked loci, qKRN5a and qKRN5b. Fine mapping, comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences and gene expression established the endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family protein-encoding gene Zm00001d013603 as a causal gene of qKRN5b. Maize grain yield is determined by agronomically important traits that are controlled by interactions among and between genes and environmental factors. Considerable efforts have been made to identify major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield-related traits; however, few were previously isolated and characterized in maize. In this study, we divided a QTL for kernel row number (KRN), qKRN5, into two tightly linked loci, qKRN5a and qKRN5b, using advanced backcross populations derived from near-isogenic lines. KRN was greater in individuals that were homozygous for the NX531 allele, which showed coupling-phase linkage. The major QTL qKRN5b had an additive effect of approximately one kernel row. Furthermore, fine mapping narrowed qKRN5b within a 147.2-kb region. The upstream sequence Zm00001d013603 and its expression in the ear inflorescence showed obvious differences between qKRN5b near-isogenic lines. In situ hybridization located Zm00001d013603 on the primordia of the spikelet pair meristems and spikelet meristems, but not in the inflorescence meristem, which indicates a role in regulating the initiation of reproductive axillary meristems of ear inflorescences. Expression analysis and nucleotide sequence alignment revealed that Zm00001d013603, which encodes an endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family protein that hydrolyzes phosphatidyl inositol diphosphates, is the causal gene of qKRN5b. These results provide insight into the genetic basis of KRN and have potential value for enhancing maize grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Can Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Manfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hewei Du
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Crops, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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18
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Jia Q, Kong D, Li Q, Sun S, Song J, Zhu Y, Liang K, Ke Q, Lin W, Huang J. The Function of Inositol Phosphatases in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163999. [PMID: 31426386 PMCID: PMC6719168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol signaling is believed to play a crucial role in various aspects of plant growth and adaptation. As an important component in biosynthesis and degradation of myo-inositol and its derivatives, inositol phosphatases could hydrolyze the phosphate of the inositol ring, thus affecting inositol signaling. Until now, more than 30 members of inositol phosphatases have been identified in plants, which are classified intofive families, including inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases), suppressor of actin (SAC) phosphatases, SAL1 phosphatases, inositol monophosphatase (IMP), and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-related phosphatases. The current knowledge was revised here in relation to their substrates and function in response to abiotic stress. The potential mechanisms were also concluded with the focus on their activities of inositol phosphatases. The general working model might be that inositol phosphatases would degrade the Ins(1,4,5)P3 or phosphoinositides, subsequently resulting in altering Ca2+ release, abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, vesicle trafficking or other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Defeng Kong
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Putian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Putian 351144, China
| | - Song Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junliang Song
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yebao Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Kangjing Liang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qingming Ke
- Putian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Putian 351144, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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19
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Luo Z, Kong S, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Zhang W, Yuan H, Cheng L. Expansion and Functional Divergence of Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases in Angiosperms. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050393. [PMID: 31121965 PMCID: PMC6562803 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (5PTase), a key enzyme that hydrolyzes the 5` position of the inositol ring, has essential functions in growth, development, and stress responses in plants, yeasts, and animals. However, the evolutionary history and patterns of 5PTases have not been examined systematically. Here, we report a comprehensive molecular evolutionary analysis of the 5PTase gene family and define four groups. These four groups are different from former classifications, which were based on in vitro substrate specificity. Most orthologous groups appear to be conserved as single or low-copy genes in all lineages in Groups II-IV, whereas 5PTase genes in Group I underwent several duplication events in angiosperm, resulting in multiple gene copies. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) was the main mechanism for 5PTase duplications in angiosperm. Plant 5PTases have more members than that of animals, and most plant 5PTase genes appear to have evolved under strong purifying selection. The paralogs have diverged in substrate specificity and expression pattern, showing evidence of selection pressure. Meanwhile, the increase in 5PTases and divergences in sequence, expression, and substrate might have contributed to the divergent functions of 5PTase genes, allowing the angiosperms to successfully adapt to a great number of ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Zhaoyi Luo
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Shuwei Kong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Yilin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China.
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20
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Walerowski P, Gündel A, Yahaya N, Truman W, Sobczak M, Olszak M, Rolfe S, Borisjuk L, Malinowski R. Clubroot Disease Stimulates Early Steps of Phloem Differentiation and Recruits SWEET Sucrose Transporters within Developing Galls. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:3058-3073. [PMID: 30413655 PMCID: PMC6354258 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Successful biotrophic plant pathogens can divert host nutrition toward infection sites. Here we describe how the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae establishes a long-term feeding relationship with its host by stimulating phloem differentiation and phloem-specific expression of sugar transporters within developing galls. Development of galls in infected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants is accompanied by stimulation of host BREVIS RADIX, COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN, and OCTOPUS gene expression leading to an increase in phloem complexity. We characterized how the arrest of this developmental reprogramming influences both the host and the invading pathogen. Furthermore, we found that infection leads to phloem-specific accumulation of SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTERS11 and 12 facilitating local distribution of sugars toward the pathogen. Utilizing Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy to monitor spatial distribution of carbohydrates, we found that infection leads to the formation of a strong physiological sink at the site of infection. High resolution metabolic and structural imaging of sucrose distributions revealed that sweet11 sweet12 double mutants are impaired in sugar transport toward the pathogen, delaying disease progression. This work highlights the importance of precise regulation of sugar partitioning for plant-pathogen interactions and the dependence of P brassicae's performance on its capacity to induce a phloem sink at the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Walerowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - André Gündel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Nazariyah Yahaya
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stephen Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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21
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Biedroń M, Banasiak A. Auxin-mediated regulation of vascular patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1215-1229. [PMID: 29992374 PMCID: PMC6096608 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system develops in response to auxin flow as continuous strands of conducting tissues arranged in regular spatial patterns. However, a mechanism governing their regular and repetitive formation remains to be fully elucidated. A model system for studying the vascular pattern formation is the process of leaf vascularization in Arabidopsis. In this paper, we present current knowledge of important factors and their interactions in this process. Additionally, we propose the sequence of events leading to the emergence of continuous vascular strands and point to significant problems that need to be resolved in the future to gain a better understanding of the regulation of the vascular pattern development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Biedroń
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
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22
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Naramoto S, Kyozuka J. ARF GTPase machinery at the plasma membrane regulates auxin transport-mediated plant growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:155-159. [PMID: 31819717 PMCID: PMC6879391 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
VAN3 is a plant ACAP-type ADP-ribosylation factor-GTPase activating protein (ARF-GAP) that regulates auxin transport-mediated plant morphogenesis such as continuous venation and lateral root development in Arabidopsis. Previous studies suggested that VAN3 localizes at the plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular structures. However, the role of PM localization in mediating the van3 mutant phenotype is not clear. Here we performed subcellular localization analysis of VAN3 and its regulators CVP2 and VAB to determine their endogenous functions. We found that GFP-tagged CVP2 and VAB preferentially localize at the PM in stably transformed plants. We determined that transgenic plants with lower expression levels of GFP- or mRFP-tagged VAN3 displayed PM localization, which was sufficient to rescue the van3 mutant. Functional VAN3-mRFP and VAB-GFP colocalized at PMs. The van3 mutant phenotype was suppressed by mutation of VAN7/GNOM, which encodes an ARF-GEF that localizes at the PM and Golgi apparatus. These combined results suggest that ARF-GTPase machinery at the PM regulates auxin transport-mediated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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Sivasakthi K, Thudi M, Tharanya M, Kale SM, Kholová J, Halime MH, Jaganathan D, Baddam R, Thirunalasundari T, Gaur PM, Varshney RK, Vadez V. Plant vigour QTLs co-map with an earlier reported QTL hotspot for drought tolerance while water saving QTLs map in other regions of the chickpea genome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:29. [PMID: 29409451 PMCID: PMC5801699 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminal drought stress leads to substantial annual yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Adaptation to water limitation is a matter of matching water supply to water demand by the crop. Therefore, harnessing the genetics of traits contributing to plant water use, i.e. transpiration rate and canopy development dynamics, is important to design crop ideotypes suited to a varying range of water limited environments. With an aim of identifying genomic regions for plant vigour (growth and canopy size) and canopy conductance traits, 232 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between ICC 4958 and ICC 1882, were phenotyped at vegetative stage under well-watered conditions using a high throughput phenotyping platform (LeasyScan). RESULTS Twenty one major quantitative trait loci (M-QTLs) were identified for plant vigour and canopy conductance traits using an ultra-high density bin map. Plant vigour traits had 13 M-QTLs on CaLG04, with favourable alleles from high vigour parent ICC 4958. Most of them co-mapped with a previously fine mapped major drought tolerance "QTL-hotspot" region on CaLG04. One M-QTL was found for canopy conductance on CaLG03 with the ultra-high density bin map. Comparative analysis of the QTLs found across different density genetic maps revealed that QTL size reduced considerably and % of phenotypic variation increased as marker density increased. CONCLUSION Earlier reported drought tolerance hotspot is a vigour locus. The fact that canopy conductance traits, i.e. the other important determinant of plant water use, mapped on CaLG03 provides an opportunity to manipulate these loci to tailor recombinants having low/high transpiration rate and plant vigour, fitted to specific drought stress scenarios in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliamoorthy Sivasakthi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Murugesan Tharanya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sandip M. Kale
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jana Kholová
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mahamat Hissene Halime
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepa Jaganathan
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rekha Baddam
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Pooran M. Gaur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Université de Montpellier – UMR DIADE, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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24
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Linh NM, Verna C, Scarpella E. Coordination of cell polarity and the patterning of leaf vein networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:116-124. [PMID: 29278780 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During development, the behavior of cells in tissues is coordinated along specific orientations or directions by coordinating the polar localization of components in those cells. The coordination of such cell polarity is perhaps nowhere more spectacular than in developing leaves, where the polarity of hundreds of cells is coordinated in the leaf epidermis and inner tissue to pattern vein networks. Available evidence suggests that the spectacular coordination of cell polarity that patterns vein networks is controlled by auxin transport and levels, and by genes that have been implicated in the polar localization of auxin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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25
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Janiak A, Kwasniewski M, Sowa M, Gajek K, Żmuda K, Kościelniak J, Szarejko I. No Time to Waste: Transcriptome Study Reveals that Drought Tolerance in Barley May Be Attributed to Stressed-Like Expression Patterns that Exist before the Occurrence of Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2212. [PMID: 29375595 PMCID: PMC5767312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant survival in adverse environmental conditions requires a substantial change in the metabolism, which is reflected by the extensive transcriptome rebuilding upon the occurrence of the stress. Therefore, transcriptomic studies offer an insight into the mechanisms of plant stress responses. Here, we present the results of global gene expression profiling of roots and leaves of two barley genotypes with contrasting ability to cope with drought stress. Our analysis suggests that drought tolerance results from a certain level of transcription of stress-influenced genes that is present even before the onset of drought. Genes that predispose the plant to better drought survival play a role in the regulatory network of gene expression, including several transcription factors, translation regulators and structural components of ribosomes. An important group of genes is involved in signaling mechanisms, with significant contribution of hormone signaling pathways and an interplay between ABA, auxin, ethylene and brassinosteroid homeostasis. Signal transduction in a drought tolerant genotype may be more efficient through the expression of genes required for environmental sensing that are active already during normal water availability and are related to actin filaments and LIM domain proteins, which may function as osmotic biosensors. Better survival of drought may also be attributed to more effective processes of energy generation and more efficient chloroplasts biogenesis. Interestingly, our data suggest that several genes involved in a photosynthesis process are required for the establishment of effective drought response not only in leaves, but also in roots of barley. Thus, we propose a hypothesis that root plastids may turn into the anti-oxidative centers protecting root macromolecules from oxidative damage during drought stress. Specific genes and their potential role in building up a drought-tolerant barley phenotype is extensively discussed with special emphasis on processes that take place in barley roots. When possible, the interconnections between particular factors are emphasized to draw a broader picture of the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Janiak
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Sowa
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gajek
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Żmuda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture of Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Kościelniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture of Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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26
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Abstract
The membranes of eukaryotic cells create hydrophobic barriers that control substance and information exchange between the inside and outside of cells and between cellular compartments. Besides their roles as membrane building blocks, some membrane lipids, such as phosphoinositides (PIs), also exert regulatory effects. Indeed, emerging evidence indicates that PIs play crucial roles in controlling polarity and growth in plants. Here, I highlight the key roles of PIs as important regulatory membrane lipids in plant development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale) 06114, Germany
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27
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Gujas B, Cruz TMD, Kastanaki E, Vermeer JEM, Munnik T, Rodriguez-Villalon A. Perturbing phosphoinositide homeostasis oppositely affects vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Development 2017; 144:3578-3589. [PMID: 28851711 PMCID: PMC5665488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular network consists of specialized phloem and xylem elements that undergo two distinct morphogenetic developmental programs to become transport-functional units. Whereas vacuolar rupture is a determinant step in protoxylem differentiation, protophloem elements never form a big central vacuole. Here, we show that a genetic disturbance of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] homeostasis rewires cell trafficking towards the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Consequently, an enhanced phosphoinositide-mediated vacuolar biogenesis correlates with premature programmed cell death (PCD) and secondary cell wall elaboration in xylem cells. By contrast, vacuolar fusion events in protophloem cells trigger the abnormal formation of big vacuoles, preventing cell clearance and tissue functionality. Removal of the inositol 5' phosphatase COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN 2 from the plasma membrane (PM) by brefeldin A (BFA) treatment increases PtdIns(4,5)P2 content at the PM and disrupts protophloem continuity. Conversely, BFA application abolishes vacuolar fusion events in xylem tissue without preventing PCD, suggesting the existence of additional PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent cell death mechanisms. Overall, our data indicate that tight PM phosphoinositide homeostasis is required to modulate intracellular trafficking contributing to oppositely regulate vascular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Gujas
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M D Cruz
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Prabhakaran Mariyamma N, Hou H, Carland FM, Nelson T, Schultz EA. Localization of Arabidopsis FORKED1 to a RABA-positive compartment suggests a role in secretion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3375-3390. [PMID: 28575401 PMCID: PMC5853234 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When FORKED1 (FKD1) is mutated, asymmetric localization of PINFORMED1 (PIN1), particularly to the apical side of cells, fails to occur properly in developing veins, resulting in an open vein pattern. FKD1 encodes a protein with a Pleckstrin homology-like (PL) domain, suggesting interaction with phosphoinositides. FKD1 has been previously found to interact with an ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein (ARF-GAP) important for vein patterning, SCARFACE/VAN3 (SFC). We find that FKD1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) localizes to the plasma membrane and to punctae labeled by SFC-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Supporting the idea that the FKD1 PL domain recognizes phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P], FKD1-GFP co-localizes with PtdIns(4)P markers, and is more cytosolic when in a background mutant for the PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolases CVP2 and CVL1. Both FKD1 and SFC partially co-localize with markers for the trans-Golgi network (TGN), at which endocytic and secretory pathways merge. FKD1-labeled punctae rarely co-localize with the endocytic marker FM4-64, suggesting that FKD1 is not involved primarily in the endocytic pathway. FKD1 and SFC co-localize with members of the RABA group of RAB-GTPases, which are proposed to act in the post-Golgi secretory pathway. The compartments labeled by FKD1 and SFC do not localize to membrane compartments induced by the fungal toxin brefeldin A (BFA). Collectively, our data suggest that FKD1 and SFC act in a BFA-insensitive secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, TIK, Canada
| | - Francine M Carland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timothy Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Schultz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, TIK, Canada
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29
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Yang SY, Huang TK, Kuo HF, Chiou TJ. Role of vacuoles in phosphorus storage and remobilization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3045-3055. [PMID: 28077447 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles play a fundamental role in storage and remobilization of various nutrients, including phosphorus (P), an essential element for cell growth and development. Cells acquire P primarily in the form of inorganic orthophosphate (Pi). However, the form of P stored in vacuoles varies by organism and tissue. Algae and yeast store polyphosphates (polyPs), whereas plants store Pi and inositol phosphates (InsPs) in vegetative tissues and seeds, respectively. In this review, we summarize how vacuolar P molecules are stored and reallocated and how these processes are regulated and co-ordinated. The roles of SYG1/PHO81/XPR1 (SPX)-domain-containing membrane proteins in allocating vacuolar P are outlined. We also highlight the importance of vacuolar P in buffering the cytoplasmic Pi concentration to maintain cellular homeostasis when the external P supply fluctuates, and present additional roles for vacuolar polyP and InsP besides being a P reserve. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of alternative pathways to recycle Pi from other P metabolites in vacuoles. Finally, future perspectives for researching this topic and its potential application in agriculture are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuei Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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30
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Gerth K, Lin F, Menzel W, Krishnamoorthy P, Stenzel I, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Guilt by Association: A Phenotype-Based View of the Plant Phosphoinositide Network. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:349-374. [PMID: 28125287 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic membranes contain small amounts of phospholipids that have regulatory effects on the physiological functions of cells, tissues, and organs. Phosphoinositides (PIs)-the phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol-are one example of such regulatory lipids. Although PIs were described in plants decades ago, their contribution to the regulation of physiological processes in plants is not well understood. In the past few years, evidence has emerged that PIs are essential for plant function and development. Recently reported phenotypes associated with the perturbation of different PIs suggest that some subgroups of PIs influence specific processes. Although the molecular targets of PI-dependent regulation in plants are largely unknown, the effects of perturbed PI metabolism can be used to propose regulatory modules that involve particular downstream targets of PI regulation. This review summarizes phenotypes associated with the perturbation of the plant PI network to categorize functions and suggest possible downstream targets of plant PI regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gerth
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Wilhelm Menzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
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31
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Di Fino LM, D'Ambrosio JM, Tejos R, van Wijk R, Lamattina L, Munnik T, Pagnussat GC, Laxalt AM. Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (PLC2) is required for female gametogenesis and embryo development. PLANTA 2017; 245:717-728. [PMID: 27999988 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AtPLC2 is an essential gene in Arabidopsis, since it is required for female gametogenesis and embryo development. AtPLC2 might play a role in cell division during embryo-sac development and early embryogenesis. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) plays an important role in signal transduction during plant development and in the response to various biotic- and abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis PI-PLC gene family is composed of nine members, named PLC1 to PLC9. Here, we report that PLC2 is involved in female gametophyte development and early embryogenesis. Using two Arabidopsis allelic T-DNA insertion lines with different phenotypic penetrations, we observed both female gametophytic defects and aberrant embryos. For the plc2-1 mutant (Ws background), no homozygous plants could be recovered in the offspring from self-pollinated plants. Nonetheless, plc2-1 hemizygous mutants are affected in female gametogenesis, showing embryo sacs arrested at early developmental stages. Allelic hemizygous plc2-2 mutant plants (Col-0 background) present reduced seed set and embryos arrested at the pre-globular stage with abnormal patterns of cell division. A low proportion (0.8%) of plc2-2 homozygous mutants was found to escape lethality and showed morphological defects and disrupted megagametogenesis. PLC2-promoter activity was observed during early megagametogenesis, and after fertilization in the embryo proper. Immunolocalization studies in early stage embryos revealed that PLC2 is restricted to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these results establish a role for PLC2 in both reproductive- and embryo development, presumably by controlling mitosis and/or the formation of cell-division planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano M Di Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín D'Ambrosio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, 111093, Iquique, Chile
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela C Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Gujas B, Rodriguez-Villalon A. Plant Phosphoglycerolipids: The Gatekeepers of Vascular Cell Differentiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 26904069 PMCID: PMC4751917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the plant vascular system has evolved as an inter-organ communication network essential to deliver a wide range of signaling factors among distantly separated organs. To become conductive elements, phloem and xylem cells undergo a drastic differentiation program that involves the degradation of the majority of their organelles. While the molecular mechanisms regulating such complex process remain poorly understood, it is nowadays clear that phosphoglycerolipids display a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tissue formation. In animal cells, this class of lipids is known to mediate acute responses as signal transducers and also act as constitutive signals that help defining organelle identity. Their rapid turnover, asymmetrical distribution across subcellular compartments as well as their ability to rearrange cytoskeleton fibers make phosphoglycerolipids excellent candidates to regulate complex morphogenetic processes such as vascular differentiation. Therefore, in this review we aim to summarize, emphasize and connect our current understanding about the involvement of phosphoglycerolipids in phloem and xylem differentiation.
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33
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Carland F, Defries A, Cutler S, Nelson T. Novel Vein Patterns in Arabidopsis Induced by Small Molecules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:338-53. [PMID: 26574596 PMCID: PMC4704596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of veins in transporting water, nutrients, and signals suggests that some key regulators of vein formation may be genetically redundant and, thus, undetectable by forward genetic screens. To identify such regulators, we screened more than 5000 structurally diverse small molecules for compounds that alter Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf vein patterns. Many compound-induced phenotypes were observed, including vein networks with an open reticulum; decreased or increased vein number and thickness; and misaligned, misshapen, or nonpolar vascular cells. Further characterization of several individual active compounds suggests that their targets include hormone cross talk, hormone-dependent transcription, and PIN-FORMED trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Carland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (F.C., T.N.);Bloomfield Industries, Inc., Staten Island, New York 10314 (A.D.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507 (S.C.)
| | - Andrew Defries
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (F.C., T.N.);Bloomfield Industries, Inc., Staten Island, New York 10314 (A.D.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507 (S.C.)
| | - Sean Cutler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (F.C., T.N.);Bloomfield Industries, Inc., Staten Island, New York 10314 (A.D.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507 (S.C.)
| | - Timothy Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (F.C., T.N.);Bloomfield Industries, Inc., Staten Island, New York 10314 (A.D.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507 (S.C.)
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Caringella MA, Bongers FJ, Sack L. Leaf hydraulic conductance varies with vein anatomy across Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and leaf vein mutants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2735-46. [PMID: 26047314 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation is diverse across plant species and has practical applications from paleobotany to modern agriculture. However, the impact of vein traits on plant performance has not yet been tested in a model system such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies analysed cotyledons of A. thaliana vein mutants and identified visible differences in their vein systems from the wild type (WT). We measured leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), vein traits, and xylem and mesophyll anatomy for A. thaliana WT (Col-0) and four vein mutants (dot3-111 and dot3-134, and cvp1-3 and cvp2-1). Mutant true leaves did not possess the qualitative venation anomalies previously shown in the cotyledons, but varied quantitatively in vein traits and leaf anatomy across genotypes. The WT had significantly higher mean Kleaf . Across all genotypes, there was a strong correlation of Kleaf with traits related to hydraulic conductance across the bundle sheath, as influenced by the number and radial diameter of bundle sheath cells and vein length per area. These findings support the hypothesis that vein traits influence Kleaf , indicating the usefulness of this mutant system for testing theory that was primarily established comparatively across species, and supports a strong role for the bundle sheath in influencing Kleaf .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Caringella
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Franca J Bongers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute for Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Kanehara K, Yu CY, Cho Y, Cheong WF, Torta F, Shui G, Wenk MR, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis AtPLC2 Is a Primary Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C in Phosphoinositide Metabolism and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005511. [PMID: 26401841 PMCID: PMC4581737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides represent important lipid signals in the plant development and stress response. However, multiple isoforms of the phosphoinositide biosynthetic genes hamper our understanding of the pivotal enzymes in each step of the pathway as well as their roles in plant growth and development. Here, we report that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C2 (AtPLC2) is the primary phospholipase in phosphoinositide metabolism and is involved in seedling growth and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Lipidomic profiling of multiple plc mutants showed that the plc2-1 mutant increased levels of its substrates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, suggesting that the major phosphoinositide metabolic pathway is impaired. AtPLC2 displayed a distinct tissue expression pattern and localized at the plasma membrane in different cell types, where phosphoinositide signaling occurs. The seedlings of plc2-1 mutant showed growth defect that was complemented by heterologous expression of AtPLC2, suggesting that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity borne by AtPLC2 is required for seedling growth. Moreover, the plc2-1 mutant showed hypersensitive response to ER stress as evidenced by changes in relevant phenotypes and gene expression profiles. Our results revealed the primary enzyme in phosphoinositide metabolism, its involvement in seedling growth and an emerging link between phosphoinositide and the ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kanehara
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
| | - Chao-Yuan Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fun Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rodriguez-Villalon A, Gujas B, van Wijk R, Munnik T, Hardtke CS. Primary root protophloem differentiation requires balanced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels and systemically affects root branching. Development 2015; 142:1437-46. [PMID: 25813544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protophloem is a specialized vascular tissue in growing plant organs, such as root meristems. In Arabidopsis mutants with impaired primary root protophloem differentiation, brevis radix (brx) and octopus (ops), meristematic activity and consequently overall root growth are strongly reduced. Second site mutation in the protophloem-specific presumed phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase cotyledon vascular pattern 2 (CVP2), but not in its homolog CVP2-like 1 (CVL1), partially rescues brx defects. Consistent with this finding, CVP2 hyperactivity in a wild-type background recreates a brx phenotype. Paradoxically, however, while cvp2 or cvl1 single mutants display no apparent root defects, the root phenotype of cvp2 cvl1 double mutants is similar to brx or ops, although, as expected, cvp2 cvl1 seedlings contain more phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Thus, tightly balanced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels appear essential for proper protophloem differentiation. Genetically, OPS acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels, as cvp2 mutation cannot rescue ops defects, whereas increased OPS dose rescues cvp2 cvl1 defects. Finally, all three mutants display higher density and accelerated emergence of lateral roots, which correlates with increased auxin response in the root differentiation zone. This phenotype is also created by application of peptides that suppress protophloem differentiation, clavata3/embryo surrounding region 26 (CLE26) and CLE45. Thus, local changes in the primary root protophloem systemically shape overall root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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Abstract
The phloem performs essential systemic functions in tracheophytes, yet little is known about its molecular genetic specification. Here we show that application of the peptide ligand CLAVATA3/embryo surrounding region 45 (CLE45) specifically inhibits specification of protophloem in Arabidopsis roots by locking the sieve element precursor cell in its preceding developmental state. CLE45 treatment, as well as viable transgenic expression of a weak CLE45(G6T) variant, interferes not only with commitment to sieve element fate but also with the formative sieve element precursor cell division that creates protophloem and metaphloem cell files. However, the absence of this division appears to be a secondary effect of discontinuous sieve element files and subsequent systemically reduced auxin signaling in the root meristem. In the absence of the formative sieve element precursor cell division, metaphloem identity is seemingly adopted by the normally procambial cell file instead, pointing to possibly independent positional cues for metaphloem formation. The protophloem formation and differentiation defects in brevis radix (brx) and octopus (ops) mutants are similar to those observed in transgenic seedlings with increased CLE45 activity and can be rescued by loss of function of a putative CLE45 receptor, barely any meristem 3 (BAM3). Conversely, a dominant gain-of-function ops allele or mild OPS dosage increase suppresses brx defects and confers CLE45 resistance. Thus, our data suggest that delicate quantitative interplay between the opposing activities of BAM3-mediated CLE45 signals and OPS-dependent signals determines cellular commitment to protophloem sieve element fate, with OPS acting as a positive, quantitative master regulator of phloem fate.
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38
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Tejos R, Sauer M, Vanneste S, Palacios-Gomez M, Li H, Heilmann M, van Wijk R, Vermeer JEM, Heilmann I, Munnik T, Friml J. Bipolar Plasma Membrane Distribution of Phosphoinositides and Their Requirement for Auxin-Mediated Cell Polarity and Patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2114-2128. [PMID: 24876254 PMCID: PMC4079372 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity manifested by asymmetric distribution of cargoes, such as receptors and transporters, within the plasma membrane (PM) is crucial for essential functions in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell polarity (re)establishment is intimately linked to patterning processes. Despite the importance of cell polarity, its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown, including the definition and distinctiveness of the polar domains within the PM. Here, we show in Arabidopsis thaliana that the signaling membrane components, the phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] as well as PtdIns4P 5-kinases mediating their interconversion, are specifically enriched at apical and basal polar plasma membrane domains. The PtdIns4P 5-kinases PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 are redundantly required for polar localization of specifically apical and basal cargoes, such as PIN-FORMED transporters for the plant hormone auxin. As a consequence of the polarity defects, instructive auxin gradients as well as embryonic and postembryonic patterning are severely compromised. Furthermore, auxin itself regulates PIP5K transcription and PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels, in particular their association with polar PM domains. Our results provide insight into the polar domain-delineating mechanisms in plant cells that depend on apical and basal distribution of membrane lipids and are essential for embryonic and postembryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Im YJ, Smith CM, Phillippy BQ, Strand D, Kramer DM, Grunden AM, Boss WF. Increasing Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-Bisphosphate Biosynthesis Affects Basal Signaling and Chloroplast Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:27-57. [PMID: 27135490 PMCID: PMC4844314 DOI: 10.3390/plants3010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One challenge in studying the second messenger inositol(1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP₃) is that it is present in very low amounts and increases only transiently in response to stimuli. To identify events downstream of InsP₃, we generated transgenic plants constitutively expressing the high specific activity, human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Iα (HsPIPKIα). PIP5K is the enzyme that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P₂); this reaction is flux limiting in InsP₃ biosynthesis in plants. Plasma membranes from transgenic Arabidopsis expressing HsPIPKIα had 2-3 fold higher PIP5K specific activity, and basal InsP₃ levels in seedlings and leaves were >2-fold higher than wild type. Although there was no significant difference in photosynthetic electron transport, HsPIPKIα plants had significantly higher starch (2-4 fold) and 20% higher anthocyanin compared to controls. Starch content was higher both during the day and at the end of dark period. In addition, transcripts of genes involved in starch metabolism such as SEX1 (glucan water dikinase) and SEX4 (phosphoglucan phosphatase), DBE (debranching enzyme), MEX1 (maltose transporter), APL3 (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) and glucose-6-phosphate transporter (Glc6PT) were up-regulated in the HsPIPKIα plants. Our results reveal that increasing the phosphoinositide (PI) pathway affects chloroplast carbon metabolism and suggest that InsP₃ is one component of an inter-organelle signaling network regulating chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ju Im
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Caroline M Smith
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Brian Q Phillippy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Deserah Strand
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - David M Kramer
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Amy M Grunden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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40
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PI-PLC: Phosphoinositide-Phospholipase C in Plant Signaling. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Golani Y, Kaye Y, Gilhar O, Ercetin M, Gillaspy G, Levine A. Inositol polyphosphate phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphatase9 (At5ptase9) controls plant salt tolerance by regulating endocytosis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1781-1794. [PMID: 23658066 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphatases (5PTases) that hydrolyze the 5' position of the inositol ring are key components of membrane trafficking system. Recently, we reported that mutation in At5PTase7 gene reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased expression of stress-responsive genes, resulting in increased salt sensitivity. Here, we describe an even more salt-sensitive 5ptase mutant, At5ptase9, which also hydrolyzes the 5' phosphate groups specifically from membrane-bound phosphatidylinositides. Interestingly, the mutants were more tolerant to osmotic stress. We analyzed the main cellular processes that may be affected by the mutation, such as production of ROS, influx of calcium, and induction of salt-response genes. The At5ptase9 mutants showed reduced ROS production and Ca(2+) influx, as well as decreased fluid-phase endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis by phenylarsine oxide or Tyrphostin A23 in wild-type plants blocked these responses. Induction of salt-responsive genes in wild-type plants was also suppressed by the endocytosis inhibitors. Thus, inhibition of endocytosis in wild-type plants mimicked the salt stress responses, observed in the At5ptase9 mutants. In summary, our results show a key non-redundant role of At5PTase7 and 9 isozymes, and underscore the localization of membrane-bound PtdIns in regulating plant salt tolerance by coordinating the endocytosis, ROS production, Ca(2+) influx, and induction of stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Golani
- a Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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42
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Gandotra N, Coughlan SJ, Nelson T. The Arabidopsis leaf provascular cell transcriptome is enriched in genes with roles in vein patterning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:48-58. [PMID: 23437797 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of genes have been associated, by mutant phenotypes or cell biology, with the formation of vein patterns during early leaf development, including genes for certain transcription factors, auxin transport and response factors, endomembrane traffic components and other signaling pathway components. The majority of these are expressed with spatial and temporal specificity that includes expression in the precursors of vascular cells - provascular (PV) and procambial (PC) cells - suggesting that other PV/PC-specific genes might have roles in vein patterning. We inventoried the PV/PC transcriptome of Arabidopsis leaves using a combination of laser microdissection and microarray expression profiling, and determined the phenotypes of knock-outs of previously uncharacterized PV/PC-specific genes. As examples, we observed vein pattern defects in knock-out lines of KEG and a CCCH zinc finger protein. This strategy of gene discovery, based on the identification of a gene set co-expressed in the same cells during the targeted developmental event, appears to be an efficient means of identifying genes functionally relevant to the event. In the case of vein patterning, this strategy would have identified many or most of the genes previously obtained by labor-intensive screening for pattern-defective mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Gandotra
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208104, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA
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43
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Gillaspy GE. The Role of Phosphoinositides and Inositol Phosphates in Plant Cell Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 991:141-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6331-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Ursache R, Nieminen K, Helariutta Y. Genetic and hormonal regulation of cambial development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:36-45. [PMID: 22551327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The stems and roots of most dicot plants increase in diameter by radial growth, due to the activity of secondary meristems. Two types of meristems function in secondary plant body formation: the vascular cambium, which gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium, which produces a bark layer that replaces the epidermis and protects the plant stem from mechanical damage and pathogens. Cambial development, the initiation and activity of the vascular cambium, leads to an accumulation of wood, the secondary xylem tissue. The thick, cellulose-rich cell walls of wood provide a source of cellulose and have the potential to be used as a raw material for sustainable and renewable energy production. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the mechanisms regulating the cambium and secondary tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Ursache
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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45
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Donner TJ, Scarpella E. Transcriptional control of early vein expression of CYCA2; 1 and CYCA2;4 in Arabidopsis leaves. Mech Dev 2012; 130:14-24. [PMID: 22842098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most animal tissue networks, the patterns of vein networks in plant leaves are variable and plastic, suggesting distinct control mechanisms. Thus, knowledge of the gene regulatory circuits that pattern leaf vein networks could suggest new control mechanisms of tissue network formation. However, the cis-regulatory elements required for expression at early stages of vein development are largely unknown. Here we show that the Arabidopsis genes CYCLIN A2;1 (CYCA2;1) and CYCLIN A2;4 (CYCA2;4), previously shown to act redundantly in vein cell proliferation, are expressed at early stages of vein development. We show that stage-specific expression of CYCA2;1 and CYCA2;4 in vein development depends on regulatory elements containing, respectively, one and three evolutionarily conserved transcription-factor binding sites. Our data suggest that early vein expression is encoded in regulatory elements of different structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Donner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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46
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Wang Y, Chu YJ, Xue HW. Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase-controlled Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca2+ is crucial for maintaining pollen dormancy and regulating early germination of pollen. Development 2012; 139:2221-33. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.081224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate pollen germination is crucial for plant reproduction. Previous studies have revealed the importance of dehydration in maintaining pollen dormancy; here, we show that phosphatidylinositol pathway-controlled Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca2+ levels are crucial for maintaining pollen dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. An interesting phenotype, precocious pollen germination within anthers, results from a disruption of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 12 (5PT12). The knockout mutant 5pt12 has normal early pollen development and pollen dehydration, and exhibits hypersensitive ABA responses, indicating that precocious pollen germination is not caused either by abnormal dehydration or by suppressed ABA signaling. Deficiency of 5PT13 (a close paralog of 5PT12) synergistically enhances precocious pollen germination. Both basal Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels and endogenous Ca2+ levels are elevated in pollen from 5pt12 mutants, and 5pt12 5pt13 double mutants show an even higher precocious germination rate along with much higher levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca2+. Strikingly, exogenous Ca2+ stimulates the germination of wild-type pollen at floral stage 12, even in very low humidity, both in vitro and in vivo, and treatment with BAPTA, a [Ca2+]cyt inhibitor, reduces the precocious pollen germination rates of 5pt12, 5pt13 and 5pt12 5pt13 mutants. These results indicate that the increase in the levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca2+ caused by deficiency of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases is sufficient to break pollen dormancy and to trigger early germination. The study reveals that independent of dehydration, the control of Ins(1,4,5)P3/Ca2+ levels by Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases is crucial for maintaining pollen dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Jia Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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47
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Dhondt S, Van Haerenborgh D, Van Cauwenbergh C, Merks RMH, Philips W, Beemster GTS, Inzé D. Quantitative analysis of venation patterns of Arabidopsis leaves by supervised image analysis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:553-63. [PMID: 21955023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of transgenic Arabidopsis lines with altered vascular patterns has revealed key players in the venation process, but details of the vascularization process are still unclear, partly because most lines have only been assessed qualitatively. Therefore, quantitative analyses are required to identify subtle perturbations in the pattern and to test dynamic modeling hypotheses using biological measurements. We developed an online framework, designated Leaf Image Analysis Interface (LIMANI), in which venation patterns are automatically segmented and measured on dark-field images. Image segmentation may be manually corrected through use of an interactive interface, allowing supervision and rectification steps in the automated image analysis pipeline and ensuring high-fidelity analysis. This online approach is advantageous for the user in terms of installation, software updates, computer load and data storage. The framework was used to study vascular differentiation during leaf development and to analyze the venation pattern in transgenic lines with contrasting cellular and leaf size traits. The results show the evolution of vascular traits during leaf development, suggest a self-organizing mechanism for leaf venation patterning, and reveal a tight balance between the number of end-points and branching points within the leaf vascular network that does not depend on the leaf developmental stage and cellular content, but on the leaf position on the rosette. These findings indicate that development of LIMANI improves understanding of the interaction between vascular patterning and leaf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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48
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Abstract
"All things flow and change…even in the stillest matter there is unseen flux and movement." Attributed to Heraclitus (530-470 BC), from The Story of Philosophy by Will Durant. Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher, was thinking on a much larger scale than molecular signaling; however, his visionary comments are an important reminder for those studying signaling today. Even in unstimulated cells, signaling pathways are in constant metabolic flux and provide basal signals that travel throughout the organism. In addition, negatively charged phospholipids, such as the polyphosphorylated inositol phospholipids, provide a circuit board of on/off switches for attracting or repelling proteins that define the membranes of the cell. This template of charged phospholipids is sensitive to discrete changes and metabolic fluxes-e.g., in pH and cations-which contribute to the oscillating signals in the cell. The inherent complexities of a constantly fluctuating system make understanding how plants integrate and process signals challenging. In this review we discuss one aspect of lipid signaling: the inositol family of negatively charged phospholipids and their functions as molecular sensors and regulators of metabolic flux in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7649, USA.
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49
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Abstract
The simple polyol, myo-inositol, is used as a building block of a cellular language that plays various roles in signal transduction. This review describes the terminology used to denote myo-inositol-containing molecules, with an emphasis on how phosphate and fatty acids are added to create second messengers used in signaling. Work in model systems has delineated the genes and enzymes required for synthesis and metabolism of many myo-inositol-containing molecules, with genetic mutants and measurement of second messengers playing key roles in developing our understanding. There is increasing evidence that molecules such as myo- inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate are synthesized in response to various signals plants encounter. In particular, the controversial role of myo-inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate is addressed, accompanied by a discussion of the multiple enzymes that act to regulate this molecule. We are also beginning to understand new connections of myo-inositol signaling in plants. These recent discoveries include the novel roles of inositol phosphates in binding to plant hormone receptors and that of phosphatidylinositol(3)phosphate binding to pathogen effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda E Gillaspy
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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50
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Zhou J, Sebastian J, Lee JY. Signaling and gene regulatory programs in plant vascular stem cells. Genesis 2011; 49:885-904. [PMID: 21898765 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key question about the development of multicellular organisms is how they precisely control the complex pattern formation during their growth. For plants to grow for many years, a tight balance between pluripotent dividing cells and cells undergoing differentiation should be maintained within stem cell populations. In this process, cell-cell communication plays a central role by creating positional information for proper cell type patterning. Cell-type specific gene regulatory networks govern differentiation of cells into particular cell types. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging key signaling and regulatory programs in the stem cell population that direct morphogenesis of plant vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
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