1
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Deng J, Ahmad B, Deng X, Fan Z, Liu L, Lu X, Pan Y, Zha X. Genome-wide analysis of the mulberry ( Morus abla L.) GH9 gene family and the functional characterization of MaGH9B6 during the development of the abscission zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352635. [PMID: 38633459 PMCID: PMC11021789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 genes (GH9s) are widely distributed in plants and involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes. In the current study, nine GH9 genes were identified in the mulberry and were divided into two subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. Conserved motifs and gene structure analysis suggested that the evolution of the two subfamilies is relatively conserved and the glycoside hydrolase domain almost occupy the entire coding region of the GH9s gene. Only segmental duplication has played a role in the expansion of gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that mulberry GH9s had the closest relationship with poplar GH9s. MaGH9B1, MaGH9B6, MaGH9B5, and MaGH9B3 were detected to have transcript accumulation in the stalk of easy-to drop mature fruit drop, suggesting that these could play a role in mulberry fruit drop. Multiple cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and abiotic stress responses were found in the mulberry GH9 promoter regions and showed different activities under exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stresses. We found that the lignin content in the fruit stalk decreased with the formation of the abscission zone (AZ), which could indirectly reflect the formation process of the AZ. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of GH9s in mulberry abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zelin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianlian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Pan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingfu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Elliott L, Kalde M, Schürholz AK, Zhang X, Wolf S, Moore I, Kirchhelle C. A self-regulatory cell-wall-sensing module at cell edges controls plant growth. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:483-493. [PMID: 38454063 PMCID: PMC10954545 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of multicellular organs requires coordination of cellular growth. In plants, cell growth is determined by turgor pressure and the mechanical properties of the cell wall, which also glues cells together. Because plants have to integrate tissue-scale mechanical stresses arising through growth in a fixed tissue topology, they need to monitor cell wall mechanical status and adapt growth accordingly. Molecular factors have been identified, but whether cell geometry contributes to wall sensing is unknown. Here we propose that plant cell edges act as cell-wall-sensing domains during growth. We describe two Receptor-Like Proteins, RLP4 and RLP4-L1, which occupy a unique polarity domain at cell edges established through a targeted secretory transport pathway. We show that RLP4s associate with the cell wall at edges via their extracellular domain, respond to changes in cell wall mechanics and contribute to directional growth control in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Elliott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
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3
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Mollier C, Skrzydeł J, Borowska-Wykręt D, Majda M, Bayle V, Battu V, Totozafy JC, Dulski M, Fruleux A, Wrzalik R, Mouille G, Smith RS, Monéger F, Kwiatkowska D, Boudaoud A. Spatial consistency of cell growth direction during organ morphogenesis requires CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112689. [PMID: 37352099 PMCID: PMC10391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices contain fibril-like polymers often organized in parallel arrays. Although their role in morphogenesis has been long recognized, it remains unclear how the subcellular control of fibril synthesis translates into organ shape. We address this question using the Arabidopsis sepal as a model organ. In plants, cell growth is restrained by the cell wall (extracellular matrix). Cellulose microfibrils are the main load-bearing wall component, thought to channel growth perpendicularly to their main orientation. Given the key function of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1) in guidance of cellulose synthesis, we investigate the role of CSI1 in sepal morphogenesis. We observe that sepals from csi1 mutants are shorter, although their newest cellulose microfibrils are more aligned compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, cell growth anisotropy is similar in csi1 and wild-type plants. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that CSI1 is required for spatial consistency of growth direction across the sepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Mollier
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Joanna Skrzydeł
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Majda
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Chrisologue Totozafy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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4
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Zhu Y, Guo J, Wu F, Yu H, Min J, Zhao Y, Xu C. Genome-Wide Characteristics of GH9B Family Members in Melon and Their Expression Profiles under Exogenous Hormone and Far-Red Light Treatment during the Grafting Healing Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098258. [PMID: 37175962 PMCID: PMC10179234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1,4-glucanase can not only promote the wound healing of grafted seedlings but can also have a positive effect on a plant's cell wall construction. As a critical gene of β-1,4-glucanase, GH9B is involved in cell wall remodeling and intercellular adhesion and plays a vital role in grafting healing. However, the GH9B family members have not yet been characterized for melons. In this study, 18 CmGH9Bs were identified from the melon genome, and these CmGH9Bs were located on 15 chromosomes. Our phylogenetic analysis of these CmGH9B genes and GH9B genes from other species divided them into three clusters. The gene structure and conserved functional domains of CmGH9Bs in different populations differed significantly. However, CmGH9Bs responded to cis elements such as low temperature, exogenous hormones, drought, and injury induction. The expression profiles of CmGH9Bs were different. During the graft healing process of the melon scion grafted onto the squash rootstock, both exogenous naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) and far-red light treatment significantly induced the upregulated expression of CmGH9B14 related to the graft healing process. The results provided a technical possibility for managing the graft healing of melon grafted onto squash by regulating CmGH9B14 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jieying Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hanqi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiahuan Min
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yingtong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chuanqiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang 110866, China
- Modern Protected Horticultural Engineering & Technology Center, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Shenyang 110866, China
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5
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Kwok ACM, Chan WS, Wong JTY. Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020070. [PMID: 36827111 PMCID: PMC9959387 DOI: 10.3390/md21020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a major aquatic protist group with amphiesma, multiple cortical membranous "cell wall" layers that contain large circum-cortical alveolar sacs (AVs). AVs undergo extensive remodeling during cell- and life-cycle transitions, including ecdysal cysts (ECs) and resting cysts that are important in some harmful algal bloom initiation-termination. AVs are large cortical vesicular compartments, within which are elaborate cellulosic thecal plates (CTPs), in thecate species, and the pellicular layer (PL). AV-CTPs provide cellular mechanical protection and are targets of vesicular transport that are replaced during EC-swarmer cell transition, or with increased deposition during the cellular growth cycle. AV-PL exhibits dynamical-replacement with vesicular trafficking that are orchestrated with amphiesmal chlortetracycline-labeled Ca2+ stores signaling, integrating cellular growth with different modes of cell division cycle/progression. We reviewed the dynamics of amphiesma during different cell division cycle modes and life cycle stages, and its multifaceted regulations, focusing on the regulatory and functional readouts, including the coral-zooxanthellae interactions.
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6
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Dünser K, Schöller M, Rößling AK, Löfke C, Xiao N, Pařízková B, Melnik S, Rodriguez-Franco M, Stöger E, Novák O, Kleine-Vehn J. Endocytic trafficking promotes vacuolar enlargements for fast cell expansion rates in plants. eLife 2022; 11:75945. [PMID: 35686734 PMCID: PMC9187339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuole has a space-filling function, allowing a particularly rapid plant cell expansion with very little increase in cytosolic content (Löfke et al., 2015; Scheuring et al., 2016; Dünser et al., 2019). Despite its importance for cell size determination in plants, very little is known about the mechanisms that define vacuolar size. Here, we show that the cellular and vacuolar size expansions are coordinated. By developing a pharmacological tool, we enabled the investigation of membrane delivery to the vacuole during cellular expansion. Our data reveal that endocytic membrane sorting from the plasma membrane to the vacuole is enhanced in the course of rapid root cell expansion. While this ‘compromise’ mechanism may theoretically at first decelerate cell surface enlargements, it fuels vacuolar expansion and, thereby, ensures the coordinated augmentation of vacuolar occupancy in dynamically expanding plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dünser
- Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Schöller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann-Kathrin Rößling
- Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Löfke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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8
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Kasirajan L, Maupin-Furlow JA. Halophilic archaea and their potential to generate renewable fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1066-1090. [PMID: 33241850 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biofuels and chemicals have great potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate air pollution by cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. Chemical, thermal, and enzymatic processes are used to release the sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass for conversion to biofuels. These processes often operate at extreme pH conditions, high salt concentrations, and/or high temperature. These harsh treatments add to the cost of the biofuels, as most known biocatalysts do not operate under these conditions. To increase the economic feasibility of biofuel production, microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions are considered as ideal resources to generate biofuels and value-added products. Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are isolated from hypersaline ecosystems with high salt concentrations approaching saturation (1.5-5 M salt concentration) including environments with extremes in pH and/or temperature. The unique traits of haloarchaea and their enzymes that enable them to sustain catalytic activity in these environments make them attractive resources for use in bioconversion processes that must occur across a wide range of industrial conditions. Biocatalysts (enzymes) derived from haloarchaea occupy a unique niche in organic solvent, salt-based, and detergent industries. This review focuses on the use of haloarchaea and their enzymes to develop and improve biofuel production. The review also highlights how haloarchaea produce value-added products, such as antibiotics, carotenoids, and bioplastic precursors, and can do so using feedstocks considered "too salty" for most microbial processes including wastes from the olive-mill, shell fish, and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kasirajan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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9
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Lack of endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) promotes tonoplast (TP) targeting of KORRIGAN 1 (KOR1). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1744348. [PMID: 32195619 PMCID: PMC7194375 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1744348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular dynamics of KORRIGAN 1 (KOR1) is closely linked with cellulose biosynthesis and plant osmotic stress tolerance. Cycling of KOR1 between the plasma membrane (PM) and trans-Golgi Network (TGN) is maintained by sequence motifs and protein structures that are recognized by cellular transport and quality control mechanisms. Several mutations in KOR1, as well as in the host genetic background, promote the mistargeting of KOR1 and induce KOR1 accumulation in the tonoplast (TP). Yet, little is known about how retention and sorting of KOR1 are regulated in the PM-TGN cycle. Forward genetic screening for GFP-KOR1 mislocalizing phenotype resulted in several mutant lines with different localization patterns or signal intensity of GFP-KOR1. One of the identified mutants were disrupted at UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) locus, which is essential for the protein quality control in the ER. Our finding suggests the mis/unfolded structure of KOR1 triggers the TP targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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11
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Liu X, Qian X, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple Quality Control Mechanisms in the ER and TGN Determine Subcellular Dynamics and Salt-Stress Tolerance Function of KORRIGAN1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:470-485. [PMID: 31852774 PMCID: PMC7008481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Among many glycoproteins within the plant secretory system, KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a membrane-anchored endo-β-1,4-glucanase involved in cellulose biosynthesis, provides a link between N-glycosylation, cell wall biosynthesis, and abiotic stress tolerance. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, KOR1 cycles between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane (PM). From the TGN, the protein is targeted to growing cell plates during cell division. These processes are governed by multiple sequence motifs and also host genotypes. Here, we investigated the interaction and hierarchy of known and newly identified sorting signals in KOR1 and how they affect KOR1 transport at various stages in the secretory pathway. Conventional steady-state localization showed that structurally compromised KOR1 variants were directed to tonoplasts. In addition, a tandem fluorescent timer technology allowed for differential visualization of young versus aged KOR1 proteins, enabling the analysis of single-pass transport through the secretory pathway. Observations suggest the presence of multiple checkpoints/branches during KOR1 trafficking, where the destination is determined based on KOR1's sequence motifs and folding status. Moreover, growth analyses of dominant PM-confined KOR1-L48L49→A48A49 variants revealed the importance of active removal of KOR1 from the PM during salt stress, which otherwise interfered with stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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12
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Huang J, Xia T, Li G, Li X, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xie G, Bai FW, Peng L, Wang L. Overproduction of native endo-β-1,4-glucanases leads to largely enhanced biomass saccharification and bioethanol production by specific modification of cellulose features in transgenic rice. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:11. [PMID: 30636971 PMCID: PMC6325865 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic modification of plant cell walls has been implemented to reduce lignocellulosic recalcitrance for biofuel production. Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) comprises endo-β-1,4-glucanase in plants. Few studies have examined the roles of GH9 in cell wall modification. In this study, we independently overexpressed two genes from GH9B subclasses (OsGH9B1 and OsGH9B3) and examined cell wall features and biomass saccharification in transgenic rice plants. RESULTS Compared with the wild type (WT, Nipponbare), the OsGH9B1 and OsGH9B3 transgenic rice plants, respectively, contained much higher OsGH9B1 and OsGH9B3 protein levels and both proteins were observed in situ with nonspecific distribution in the plant cells. The transgenic lines exhibited significantly increased cellulase activity in vitro than the WT. The OsGH9B1 and OsGH9B3 transgenic plants showed a slight alteration in three wall polymer compositions (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin), in their stem mechanical strength and biomass yield, but were significantly decreased in the cellulose degree of polymerization (DP) and lignocellulose crystalline index (CrI) by 21-22%. Notably, the crude cellulose substrates of the transgenic lines were more efficiently digested by cellobiohydrolase (CBHI) than those of the WT, indicating the significantly increased amounts of reducing ends of β-1,4-glucans in cellulose microfibrils. Finally, the engineered lines generated high sugar yields after mild alkali pretreatments and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the high bioethanol yields obtained at 22.5% of dry matter. CONCLUSIONS Overproduction of OsGH9B1/B3 enzymes should have specific activity in the postmodification of cellulose microfibrils. The increased reducing ends of β-1,4-glucan chains for reduced cellulose DP and CrI positively affected biomass enzymatic saccharification. Our results demonstrate a potential strategy for genetic modification of cellulose microfibrils in bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Huang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Guanhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China
| | - Xianliang Li
- College of Bioengineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, 448000 China
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Guosheng Xie
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Feng-Wu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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13
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Nagashima Y, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Function of N-glycosylation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:70-79. [PMID: 30080642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is one of the major post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells. In lower unicellular eukaryotes, the known functions of N-glycans are predominantly in protein folding and quality control within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In multicellular organisms, complex N-glycans are important for developmental programs and immune responses. However, little is known about the functions of complex N-glycans in plants. Formed in the Golgi apparatus, plant complex N-glycans have structures distinct from their animal counterparts due to a set of glycosyltransferases unique to plants. Severe basal underglycosylation in the ER lumen induces misfolding of newly synthesized proteins, which elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER protein quality control (ERQC) pathways. The former promotes higher capacity of proper protein folding and the latter degradation of misfolded proteins to clear the ER. Although our knowledge on plant complex N-glycan functions is limited, genetic studies revealed the importance of complex N-glycans in cellulose biosynthesis and growth under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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14
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Wang L, Xue Y, Xing J, Song K, Lin J. Exploring the Spatiotemporal Organization of Membrane Proteins in Living Plant Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:525-551. [PMID: 29489393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins have important roles in transport and signal transduction. Deciphering the spatiotemporal organization of these proteins provides crucial information for elucidating the links between the behaviors of different molecules. However, monitoring membrane proteins without disrupting their membrane environment remains difficult. Over the past decade, many studies have developed single-molecule techniques, opening avenues for probing the stoichiometry and interactions of membrane proteins in their native environment by providing nanometer-scale spatial information and nanosecond-scale temporal information. In this review, we assess recent progress in the development of labeling and imaging technology for membrane protein analysis. We focus in particular on several single-molecule techniques for quantifying the dynamics and assembly of membrane proteins. Finally, we provide examples of how these new techniques are advancing our understanding of the complex biological functions of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kai Song
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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15
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Majda M, Robert S. The Role of Auxin in Cell Wall Expansion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040951. [PMID: 29565829 PMCID: PMC5979272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, which are dynamic structures displaying a strictly regulated balance between rigidity and flexibility. Walls are fairly rigid to provide support and protection, but also extensible, to allow cell growth, which is triggered by a high intracellular turgor pressure. Wall properties regulate the differential growth of the cell, resulting in a diversity of cell sizes and shapes. The plant hormone auxin is well known to stimulate cell elongation via increasing wall extensibility. Auxin participates in the regulation of cell wall properties by inducing wall loosening. Here, we review what is known on cell wall property regulation by auxin. We focus particularly on the auxin role during cell expansion linked directly to cell wall modifications. We also analyze downstream targets of transcriptional auxin signaling, which are related to the cell wall and could be linked to acid growth and the action of wall-loosening proteins. All together, this update elucidates the connection between hormonal signaling and cell wall synthesis and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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16
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Xu Z, Li S, Zhang C, Zhang B, Zhu K, Zhou Y, Liu Q. Genetic connection between cell-wall composition and grain yield via parallel QTL analysis in indica and japonica subspecies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12561. [PMID: 28970550 PMCID: PMC5624937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain yield is a complicated trait, which is highly associated with biomass productivity. The cell wall is a central element of biomass, and its biogenesis contributes to plant architecture and development. However, the genetic link between cell-wall property and grain yield is largely unclear. Here, we report on identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain yield-related traits and cell-wall composition with a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines (CSSLs) that were generated by using 9311, an indica cultivar as donor, and Nipponbare, a japonica cultivar as recipient. Nipponbare and 9311 showed significant differences in grain yield-related traits and cell-wall composition. Genotyping with molecular markers, 125 lines covering 95.6% of the whole genome of 9311 were employed for phenotypic and chemical examinations. Thirty-seven QTLs for grain yield-related traits and nineteen QTLs for cell-wall composition have been identified. In addition to correlation analysis, we found overlapped and closely linked QTLs for two sets of traits. Fine-mapping further narrowed a QTL for cellulose content together with HD17, a known QTL for heading date and grain yield, suggesting that plants may regulate cell wall biogenesis and grain yield via related means. Our study provided genetic clues for cloning QTLs for both complicated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shance Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kongzhi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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17
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Roy R, Bassham DC. TNO1, a TGN-localized SNARE-interacting protein, modulates root skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 28399805 PMCID: PMC5387210 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement of plant roots within the soil is key to their ability to interact with the environment and maximize anchorage and nutrient acquisition. Directional growth of roots occurs by a combination of sensing external cues, hormonal signaling and cytoskeletal changes in the root cells. Roots growing on slanted, impenetrable growth medium display a characteristic waving and skewing, and mutants with deviations in these phenotypes assist in identifying genes required for root movement. Our study identifies a role for a trans-Golgi network-localized protein in root skewing. RESULTS We found that Arabidopsis thaliana TNO1 (TGN-localized SYP41-interacting protein), a putative tethering factor localized at the trans-Golgi network, affects root skewing. tno1 knockout mutants display enhanced root skewing and epidermal cell file rotation. Skewing of tno1 roots increases upon microtubule stabilization, but is insensitive to microtubule destabilization. Microtubule destabilization leads to severe defects in cell morphology in tno1 seedlings. Microtubule array orientation is unaffected in the mutant roots, suggesting that the increase in cell file rotation is independent of the orientation of microtubule arrays. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TNO1 modulates root skewing in a mechanism that is dependent on microtubules but is not linked to disruption of the orientation of microtubule arrays. In addition, TNO1 is required for maintenance of cell morphology in mature regions of roots and the base of hypocotyls. The TGN-localized SNARE machinery might therefore be important for appropriate epidermal cell file rotation and cell expansion during root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 1035B Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Current Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108 USA
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 1035B Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
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18
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Bonneau J, Baumann U, Beasley J, Li Y, Johnson AAT. Identification and molecular characterization of the nicotianamine synthase gene family in bread wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2228-2239. [PMID: 27155533 PMCID: PMC5103229 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotianamine (NA) is a non-protein amino acid involved in fundamental aspects of metal uptake, transport and homeostasis in all plants and constitutes the biosynthetic precursor of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) in graminaceous plant species. Nicotianamine synthase (NAS) genes, which encode enzymes that synthesize NA from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), are differentially regulated by iron (Fe) status in most plant species and plant genomes have been found to contain anywhere from 1 to 9 NAS genes. This study describes the identification of 21 NAS genes in the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome and their phylogenetic classification into two distinct clades. The TaNAS genes are highly expressed during germination, seedling growth and reproductive development. Fourteen of the clade I NAS genes were up-regulated in root tissues under conditions of Fe deficiency. Protein sequence analyses revealed the presence of endocytosis motifs in all of the wheat NAS proteins as well as chloroplast, mitochondrial and secretory transit peptide signals in four proteins. These results greatly expand our knowledge of NAS gene families in graminaceous plant species as well as the genetics underlying Fe nutrition in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonneau
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Jesse Beasley
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Yuan Li
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
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19
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Biot E, Crowell E, Burguet J, Höfte H, Vernhettes S, Andrey P. Strategy and software for the statistical spatial analysis of 3D intracellular distributions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:230-242. [PMID: 27121260 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The localization of proteins in specific domains or compartments in the 3D cellular space is essential for many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. Deciphering spatial organization principles within cells is a challenging task, in particular because of the large morphological variations between individual cells. We present here an approach for normalizing variations in cell morphology and for statistically analyzing spatial distributions of intracellular compartments from collections of 3D images. The method relies on the processing and analysis of 3D geometrical models that are generated from image stacks and that are used to build representations at progressively increasing levels of integration, ultimately revealing statistical significant traits of spatial distributions. To make this methodology widely available to end-users, we implemented our algorithmic pipeline into a user-friendly, multi-platform, and freely available software. To validate our approach, we generated 3D statistical maps of endomembrane compartments at subcellular resolution within an average epidermal root cell from collections of image stacks. This revealed unsuspected polar distribution patterns of organelles that were not detectable in individual images. By reversing the classical 'measure-then-average' paradigm, one major benefit of the proposed strategy is the production and display of statistical 3D representations of spatial organizations, thus fully preserving the spatial dimension of image data and at the same time allowing their integration over individual observations. The approach and software are generic and should be of general interest for experimental and modeling studies of spatial organizations at multiple scales (subcellular, cellular, tissular) in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Elizabeth Crowell
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Jasmine Burguet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
- INRA, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, UR1197, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Andrey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78000, Versailles, France
- INRA, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, UR1197, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UFR927, F-75005, Paris, France
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20
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Gillmor CS, Roeder AHK, Sieber P, Somerville C, Lukowitz W. A Genetic Screen for Mutations Affecting Cell Division in the Arabidopsis thaliana Embryo Identifies Seven Loci Required for Cytokinesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146492. [PMID: 26745275 PMCID: PMC4712874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in plants involves the formation of unique cellular structures such as the phragmoplast and the cell plate, both of which are required to divide the cell after nuclear division. In order to isolate genes that are involved in de novo cell wall formation, we performed a large-scale, microscope-based screen for Arabidopsis mutants that severely impair cytokinesis in the embryo. We recovered 35 mutations that form abnormally enlarged cells with multiple, often polyploid nuclei and incomplete cell walls. These mutants represent seven genes, four of which have previously been implicated in phragmoplast or cell plate function. Mutations in two loci show strongly reduced transmission through the haploid gametophytic generation. Molecular cloning of both corresponding genes reveals that one is represented by hypomorphic alleles of the kinesin-5 gene RADIALLY SWOLLEN 7 (homologous to tobacco kinesin-related protein TKRP125), and that the other gene corresponds to the Arabidopsis FUSED ortholog TWO-IN-ONE (originally identified based on its function in pollen development). No mutations that completely abolish the formation of cross walls in diploid cells were found. Our results support the idea that cytokinesis in the diploid and haploid generations involve similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stewart Gillmor
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Patrick Sieber
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Chris Somerville
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Li S, Lei L, Yingling YG, Gu Y. Microtubules and cellulose biosynthesis: the emergence of new players. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:76-82. [PMID: 26476686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules determine the orientation of newly formed cellulose microfibrils in expanding cells. There are many hypotheses regarding how the information is transduced across the plasma membrane from microtubules to cellulose microfibrils. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the co-alignment between microtubules and cellulose microfibrils were not revealed until the recent discovery of cellulose synthase interacting (CSI) proteins. Characterization of CSIs and additional cellulose synthase-associated proteins will greatly advance the knowledge of how cellulose microfibrils are organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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22
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Worden N, Wilkop TE, Esteve VE, Jeannotte R, Lathe R, Vernhettes S, Weimer B, Hicks G, Alonso J, Labavitch J, Persson S, Ehrhardt D, Drakakaki G. CESA TRAFFICKING INHIBITOR inhibits cellulose deposition and interferes with the trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes and their associated proteins KORRIGAN1 and POM2/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE PROTEIN1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:381-93. [PMID: 25535279 PMCID: PMC4326758 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.249003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) at the plasma membrane (PM) are aligned with cortical microtubules (MTs) and direct the biosynthesis of cellulose. The mechanism of the interaction between CSCs and MTs, and the cellular determinants that control the delivery of CSCs at the PM, are not yet well understood. We identified a unique small molecule, CESA TRAFFICKING INHIBITOR (CESTRIN), which reduces cellulose content and alters the anisotropic growth of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyls. We monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled cellulose synthases (CESAs) in live Arabidopsis cells under chemical exposure to characterize their subcellular effects. CESTRIN reduces the velocity of PM CSCs and causes their accumulation in the cell cortex. The CSC-associated proteins KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) and POM2/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE PROTEIN1 (CSI1) were differentially affected by CESTRIN treatment, indicating different forms of association with the PM CSCs. KOR1 accumulated in bodies similar to CESA; however, POM2/CSI1 dissociated into the cytoplasm. In addition, MT stability was altered without direct inhibition of MT polymerization, suggesting a feedback mechanism caused by cellulose interference. The selectivity of CESTRIN was assessed using a variety of subcellular markers for which no morphological effect was observed. The association of CESAs with vesicles decorated by the trans-Golgi network-localized protein SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS61 (SYP61) was increased under CESTRIN treatment, implicating SYP61 compartments in CESA trafficking. The properties of CESTRIN compared with known CESA inhibitors afford unique avenues to study and understand the mechanism under which PM-associated CSCs are maintained and interact with MTs and to dissect their trafficking routes in etiolated hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Worden
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Thomas E Wilkop
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Victor Esteva Esteve
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Richard Jeannotte
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Bart Weimer
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Glenn Hicks
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Jose Alonso
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - John Labavitch
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Staffan Persson
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - David Ehrhardt
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Departments of Plant Sciences (N.W., T.E.W., V.E.E., J.L., G.D.) and Veterinary Medicine (R.J., B.W.), University of California, Davis, California 95616;Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Science Campus, 14476 Golm, Germany (R.L., S.P.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78026 Versailles, France (S.V.);Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (G.H.);Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 (J.A.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305 (D.E.)
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23
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von Schaewen A, Rips S, Jeong IS, Koiwa H. Arabidopsis thaliana KORRIGAN1 protein: N-glycan modification, localization, and function in cellulose biosynthesis and osmotic stress responses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1024397. [PMID: 26039485 PMCID: PMC4622505 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1024397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose biosynthesis is a complex process involving cellulose-synthase complexes (CSCs) and various auxiliary factors essential for proper orientation and crystallinity of cellulose microfibrils in the apoplast. Among them is KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a type-II membrane protein with multiple N-glycans within its C-terminal cellulase domain. N-glycosylation of the cellulase domain was important for KOR1 targeting to and retention within the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and prevented accumulation of KOR1 at tonoplasts. The degree of successful TGN localization of KOR1 agreed well with in vivo-complementation efficacy of the rsw2-1 mutant, suggesting non-catalytic functions in the TGN. A dynamic interaction network involving microtubules, CSCs, KOR1, and currently unidentified glycoprotein component(s) likely determines stress-triggered re-organization of cellulose biosynthesis and resumption of cell-wall growth under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje von Schaewen
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen; Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Rips
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen; Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster, Germany
| | - In Sil Jeong
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center; Department of Horticultural Sciences; and Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program; Texas A&M University; College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center; Department of Horticultural Sciences; and Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program; Texas A&M University; College Station, TX, USA
- Correspondence to: Hisashi Koiwa;
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24
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Cole RA, McInally SA, Fowler JE. Developmentally distinct activities of the exocyst enable rapid cell elongation and determine meristem size during primary root growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:386. [PMID: 25551204 PMCID: PMC4302519 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exocytosis is integral to root growth: trafficking components of systems that control growth (e.g., PIN auxin transport proteins) to the plasma membrane, and secreting materials that expand the cell wall to the apoplast. Spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis in eukaryotes often involves the exocyst, an octameric complex that tethers selected secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane and facilitates their exocytosis. We evaluated Arabidopsis lines with mutations in four exocyst components (SEC5, SEC8, EXO70A1 and EXO84B) to explore exocyst function in primary root growth. RESULTS The mutants have root growth rates that are 82% to 11% of wild-type. Even in lines with the most severe defects, the organization of the quiescent center and tissue layers at the root tips appears similar to wild-type, although meristematic, transition, and elongation zones are shorter. Reduced cell production rates in the mutants are due to the shorter meristems, but not to lengthened cell cycles. Additionally, mutants demonstrate reduced anisotropic cell expansion in the elongation zone, but not the meristematic zone, resulting in shorter mature cells that are similar in shape to wild-type. As expected, hypersensitivity to brefeldin A links the mutant root growth defect to altered vesicular trafficking. Several experimental approaches (e.g., dose-response measurements, localization of signaling components) failed to identify aberrant auxin or brassinosteroid signaling as a primary driver for reduced root growth in exocyst mutants. CONCLUSIONS The exocyst participates in two spatially distinct developmental processes, apparently by mechanisms not directly linked to auxin or brassinosteroid signaling pathways, to help establish root meristem size, and to facilitate rapid cell expansion in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - Samantha A McInally
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
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25
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Woo MO, Beard H, MacDonald MH, Brewer EP, Youssef RM, Kim H, Matthews BF. Manipulation of two α-endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes, AtCel6 and GmCel7, reduces susceptibility to Heterodera glycines in soybean roots. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:927-39. [PMID: 24844661 PMCID: PMC6638630 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant endo-β-1,4-glucanases (EGases) include cell wall-modifying enzymes that are involved in nematode-induced growth of syncytia (feeding structures) in nematode-infected roots. EGases in the α- and β-subfamilies contain signal peptides and are secreted, whereas those in the γ-subfamily have a membrane-anchoring domain and are not secreted. The Arabidopsis α-EGase At1g48930, designated as AtCel6, is known to be down-regulated by beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) in Arabidopsis roots, whereas another α-EGase, AtCel2, is up-regulated. Here, we report that the ectopic expression of AtCel6 in soybean roots reduces susceptibility to both soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Suppression of GmCel7, the soybean homologue of AtCel2, in soybean roots also reduces the susceptibility to SCN. In contrast, in studies on two γ-EGases, both ectopic expression of AtKOR2 in soybean roots and suppression of the soybean homologue of AtKOR3 had no significant effect on SCN parasitism. Our results suggest that secreted α-EGases are likely to be more useful than membrane-bound γ-EGases in the development of an SCN-resistant soybean through gene manipulation. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that Arabidopsis shares molecular events of cyst nematode parasitism with soybean, and confirms the suitability of the Arabidopsis-H. schachtii interaction as a model for the soybean-H. glycines pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ok Woo
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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26
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KORRIGAN1 interacts specifically with integral components of the cellulose synthase machinery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112387. [PMID: 25383767 PMCID: PMC4226561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by the so called rosette protein complex and the catalytic subunits of this complex are the cellulose synthases (CESAs). It is thought that the rosette complexes in the primary and secondary cell walls each contains at least three different non-redundant cellulose synthases. In addition to the CESA proteins, cellulose biosynthesis almost certainly requires the action of other proteins, although few have been identified and little is known about the biochemical role of those that have been identified. One of these proteins is KORRIGAN (KOR1). Mutant analysis of this protein in Arabidopsis thaliana showed altered cellulose content in both the primary and secondary cell wall. KOR1 is thought to be required for cellulose synthesis acting as a cellulase at the plasma membrane–cell wall interface. KOR1 has recently been shown to interact with the primary cellulose synthase rosette complex however direct interaction with that of the secondary cell wall has never been demonstrated. Using various methods, both in vitro and in planta, it was shown that KOR1 interacts specifically with only two of the secondary CESA proteins. The KOR1 protein domain(s) involved in the interaction with the CESA proteins were also identified by analyzing the interaction of truncated forms of KOR1 with CESA proteins. The KOR1 transmembrane domain has shown to be required for the interaction between KOR1 and the different CESAs, as well as for higher oligomer formation of KOR1.
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27
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Brabham C, Lei L, Gu Y, Stork J, Barrett M, DeBolt S. Indaziflam herbicidal action: a potent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1177-85. [PMID: 25077797 PMCID: PMC4226351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. Therefore, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have a potentially broad-acting herbicidal mode of action and are also useful tools in decoding fundamental aspects of cellulose biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the herbicide indaziflam as a CBI and provide insight into its inhibitory mechanism. Indaziflam-treated seedlings exhibited the CBI-like symptomologies of radial swelling and ectopic lignification. Furthermore, indaziflam inhibited the production of cellulose within <1 h of treatment and in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike the CBI isoxaben, indaziflam had strong CBI activity in both a monocotylonous plant (Poa annua) and a dicotyledonous plant (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Arabidopsis mutants resistant to known CBIs isoxaben or quinoxyphen were not cross resistant to indaziflam, suggesting a different molecular target for indaziflam. To explore this further, we monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins in living cells of Arabidopsis during indaziflam exposure. Indaziflam caused a reduction in the velocity of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN:CESA6 particles at the plasma membrane focal plane compared with controls. Microtubule morphology and motility were not altered after indaziflam treatment. In the hypocotyl expansion zone, indaziflam caused an atypical increase in the density of plasma membrane-localized CESA particles. Interestingly, this was accompanied by a cellulose synthase interacting1-independent reduction in the normal coincidence rate between microtubules and CESA particles. As a CBI, for which there is little evidence of evolved weed resistance, indaziflam represents an important addition to the action mechanisms available for weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Lei Lei
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Ying Gu
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Michael Barrett
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
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28
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Bashline L, Li S, Gu Y. The trafficking of the cellulose synthase complex in higher plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1059-67. [PMID: 24651373 PMCID: PMC4195546 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose is an important constituent of plant cell walls in a biological context, and is also a material commonly utilized by mankind in the pulp and paper, timber, textile and biofuel industries. The biosynthesis of cellulose in higher plants is a function of the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). The CSC, a large transmembrane complex containing multiple cellulose synthase proteins, is believed to be assembled in the Golgi apparatus, but is thought only to synthesize cellulose when it is localized at the plasma membrane, where CSCs synthesize and extrude cellulose directly into the plant cell wall. Therefore, the delivery and endocytosis of CSCs to and from the plasma membrane are important aspects for the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. SCOPE Recent progress in the visualization of CSC dynamics in living plant cells has begun to reveal some of the routes and factors involved in CSC trafficking. This review highlights the most recent major findings related to CSC trafficking, provides novel perspectives on how CSC trafficking can influence the cell wall, and proposes potential avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Rips S, Bentley N, Jeong IS, Welch JL, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple N-glycans cooperate in the subcellular targeting and functioning of Arabidopsis KORRIGAN1. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3792-808. [PMID: 25238750 PMCID: PMC4213159 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) is an integral membrane endo-β1,4-glucanase in the trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane that is essential for cellulose biosynthesis. The extracellular domain of KOR1 contains eight N-glycosylation sites, N1 to N8, of which only N3 to N7 are highly conserved. Genetic evidence indicated that cellular defects in attachment and maturation of these N-glycans affect KOR1 function in vivo, whereas the manner by which N-glycans modulate KOR1 function remained obscure. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-KOR1 expressed from its native regulatory sequences established that all eight N-glycosylation sites (N1 to N8) are used in the wild type, whereas stt3a-2 cells could only inefficiently add N-glycans to less conserved sites. GFP-KOR1 variants with a single N-glycan at nonconserved sites were less effective than those with one at a highly conserved site in rescuing the root growth phenotype of rsw2-1 (kor1 allele). When functionally compromised, GFP-KOR1 tended to accumulate at the tonoplast. GFP-KOR1Δall (without any N-glycan) exhibited partial complementation of rsw2-1; however, root growth of this line was still negatively affected by the absence of complex-type N-glycan modifications in the host plants. These results suggest that one or several additional factor(s) carrying complex N-glycans cooperate(s) with KOR1 in trans to grant proper targeting/functioning in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rips
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nolan Bentley
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
| | - In Sil Jeong
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
| | - Justin L Welch
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Molecular and Environmental Plant Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133
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30
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Ueda T. Cellulase in Cellulose Synthase: A Cat among the Pigeons? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1397-1398. [PMID: 25085884 PMCID: PMC4119025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Vain T, Crowell EF, Timpano H, Biot E, Desprez T, Mansoori N, Trindade LM, Pagant S, Robert S, Höfte H, Gonneau M, Vernhettes S. The Cellulase KORRIGAN Is Part of the Cellulose Synthase Complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1521-1532. [PMID: 24948829 PMCID: PMC4119035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and organ formation depend on the oriented deposition of load-bearing cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. Cellulose is synthesized by a large relative molecular weight cellulose synthase complex (CSC), which comprises at least three distinct cellulose synthases. Cellulose synthesis in plants or bacteria also requires the activity of an endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase, the exact function of which in the synthesis process is not known. Here, we show, to our knowledge for the first time, that a leaky mutation in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) membrane-bound endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) not only caused reduced CSC movement in the plasma membrane but also a reduced cellulose synthesis inhibitor-induced accumulation of CSCs in intracellular compartments. This suggests a role for KOR1 both in the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils and in the intracellular trafficking of CSCs. Next, we used a multidisciplinary approach, including live cell imaging, gel filtration chromatography analysis, split ubiquitin assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NMY51), and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, to show that, in contrast to previous observations, KOR1 is an integral part of the primary cell wall CSC in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vain
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Faris Crowell
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Hélène Timpano
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Eric Biot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Thierry Desprez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Silvère Pagant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., S.P., S.R., H.H., M.G., S.V.);AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, F-78000 Versailles, France (T.V., E.F.C., H.T., E.B., T.D., H.H., M.G., S.V.); andWageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.M., L.M.T.)
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Lei L, Zhang T, Strasser R, Lee CM, Gonneau M, Mach L, Vernhettes S, Kim SH, J Cosgrove D, Li S, Gu Y. The jiaoyao1 Mutant Is an Allele of korrigan1 That Abolishes Endoglucanase Activity and Affects the Organization of Both Cellulose Microfibrils and Microtubules in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2601-2616. [PMID: 24963054 PMCID: PMC4114954 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Arabidopsis thaliana GH9A1/KORRIGAN1 is a membrane-bound, family 9 glycosyl hydrolase that is important for cellulose synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls. Most previously identified korrigan1 mutants show severe phenotypes such as embryo lethality; therefore, the role of GH9A1 in cellulose synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report a novel A577V missense mutation, designated jiaoyao1 (jia1), in the second of the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 active site signature motifs in GH9A1. jia1 is defective in cell expansion in dark-grown hypocotyls, roots, and adult plants. Consistent with its defect in cell expansion, this mutation in GH9A1 resulted in reduced cellulose content and reduced CSC velocity at the plasma membrane. Green fluorescent protein-GH9A1 is associated with CSCs at multiple locations, including the plasma membrane, Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and small CESA-containing compartments or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments, indicating a tight association between GH9A1 and CSCs. GH9A1A577V abolishes the endoglucanase activity of GH9A1 in vitro but does not affect its interaction with CESAs in vitro, suggesting that endoglucanase activity is important for cellulose synthesis. Interestingly, jia1 results in both cellulose microfibril and microtubule disorganization. Our study establishes the important role of endoglucanase in cellulose synthesis and cellulose microfibril organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher M Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seong H Kim
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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33
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Nozoye T, Tsunoda K, Nagasaka S, Bashir K, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Rice nicotianamine synthase localizes to particular vesicles for proper function. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014. [PMID: 24704865 PMCID: PMC4091187 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Graminaceous plants release mugineic acid family phytosiderophores to acquire iron from the soil. Recently, we reported that particular vesicles are involved in deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and nicotianamine (NA) biosynthesis and in DMA secretion from rice roots. A fusion protein of rice NA synthase 2 (OsNAS2) and synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) was observed in a dot-like pattern, moving dynamically within the cell. OsNAS2 mutated in the tyrosine motif or di-leucine motif, which was reported to be involved in cellular transport, caused a disruption in vesicular movement and vesicular localization, respectively. Unlike OsNAS2, Arabidopsis NA synthases AtNAS1-4 were distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm with no localization in dot-like structures when transiently expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells. Interestingly, Fe deficiency-inducible genes were upregulated in the OsNAS2-sGFP plants, and the amounts of NA and DMA produced and DMA secreted by the OsNAS2-sGFP plants were significantly higher than in those by the non-transformants and domain-mutated lines. We propose a model for OsNAS2-localized vesicles in rice, and discuss why the introduction of OsNAS2-sGFP caused a disturbance in Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nozoye
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khurram Bashir
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence to: Naoko K Nishizawa,
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34
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Nozoye T, Tsunoda K, Nagasaka S, Bashir K, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Rice nicotianamine synthase localizes to particular vesicles for proper function. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28660. [PMID: 24704865 PMCID: PMC4091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Graminaceous plants release mugineic acid family phytosiderophores to acquire iron from the soil. Recently, we reported that particular vesicles are involved in deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and nicotianamine (NA) biosynthesis and in DMA secretion from rice roots. A fusion protein of rice NA synthase 2 (OsNAS2) and synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) was observed in a dot-like pattern, moving dynamically within the cell. OsNAS2 mutated in the tyrosine motif or di-leucine motif, which was reported to be involved in cellular transport, caused a disruption in vesicular movement and vesicular localization, respectively. Unlike OsNAS2, Arabidopsis NA synthases AtNAS1-4 were distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm with no localization in dot-like structures when transiently expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells. Interestingly, Fe deficiency-inducible genes were upregulated in the OsNAS2-sGFP plants, and the amounts of NA and DMA produced and DMA secreted by the OsNAS2-sGFP plants were significantly higher than in those by the non-transformants and domain-mutated lines. We propose a model for OsNAS2-localized vesicles in rice, and discuss why the introduction of OsNAS2-sGFP caused a disturbance in Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nozoye
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khurram Bashir
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology; Ishikawa Prefectural University; Ishikawa, Japan
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35
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Li S, Bashline L, Lei L, Gu Y. Cellulose synthesis and its regulation. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0169. [PMID: 24465174 PMCID: PMC3894906 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer synthesized on land, is made of linear chains of ß (1-4) linked D-glucose. As a major structural component of the cell wall, cellulose is important not only for industrial use but also for plant growth and development. Cellulose microfibrils are tethered by other cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized rosette cellulose synthase complexes. Despite the recent advances using a combination of molecular genetics, live cell imaging, and spectroscopic tools, many aspects of the cellulose synthesis remain a mystery. In this chapter, we highlight recent research progress towards understanding the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Address correspondence to
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Nozoye T, Nagasaka S, Bashir K, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Nicotianamine synthase 2 localizes to the vesicles of iron-deficient rice roots, and its mutation in the YXXφ or LL motif causes the disruption of vesicle formation or movement in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:246-60. [PMID: 24251791 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Graminaceous plants release mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) to acquire iron from the soil. Here, we show that deoxymugineic acid (DMA) secretion from rice roots fluctuates throughout the day, and that vesicles accumulate in roots before MAs secretion. We developed transgenic rice plants that express rice nicotianamine (NA) synthase (NAS) 2 (OsNAS2) fused to synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) under the control of its own promoter. In root cells, OsNAS2-sGFP fluorescence was observed in a dot-like pattern, moving dynamically within the cell. This suggests that these vesicles are involved in NA and DMA biosynthesis. A tyrosine motif and a di-leucine motif, which have been reported to be involved in cellular transport, are conserved in all identified NAS proteins in plants. OsNAS2 mutated in the tyrosine motif showed NAS activity and was localized to the vesicles; however, these vesicles stuck together and did not move. On the other hand, OsNAS2 mutated in the di-leucine motif lost NAS activity and did not localize to these vesicles. The amounts of NA and DMA produced and the amount of DMA secreted by OsNAS2-sGFP plants were significantly higher than in non-transformants and domain-mutated lines, suggesting that OsNAS2-sGFP, but not the mutated forms, was functional in vivo. Overall, the localization of NAS to vesicles and the transport of these vesicles are crucial steps in NA synthesis, leading to DMA synthesis and secretion in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nozoye
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Chemical genomics: characterizing target pathways for bioactive compounds using the endomembrane trafficking network. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1174:317-28. [PMID: 24947392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0944-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane trafficking system is a highly complex set of processes. This complexity presents a challenge for its study. Classical plant genetics often struggles with loss-of-function lethality and gene redundancy. Chemical genomics allows overcoming many of these issues by using small molecules of natural or synthetic origin to inhibit specific trafficking proteins thereby affecting the processes in a tunable and reversible manner. Bioactive chemicals identified by high-throughput phenotype screens must be characterized in detail starting with understanding of the specific trafficking pathways affected. Here, we describe approaches to characterize bioactive compounds that perturb vesicle trafficking. This should equip researchers with practical knowledge on how to identify endomembrane-specific trafficking pathways that may be perturbed by specific compounds and will help to eventually identify molecular targets for these small molecules.
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38
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Yu L, Sun J, Li L. PtrCel9A6, an endo-1,4-β-glucanase, is required for cell wall formation during xylem differentiation in populus. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1904-17. [PMID: 23770836 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-glucanases (EGases) are involved in many aspects of plant growth. Our previous study found that an EGase, PtrCel9A6, is specifically expressed in differentiating xylem cells during Populus secondary growth. In this study, the xylem-specific PtrCel9A6 was characterized for its role in xylem differentiation. The EGase is localized on the plasma membrane with catalytic domain toward the outside cell wall, hydrolyzing amorphous cellulose. Suppression of PtrCel9A6 expression caused secondary cell wall defects in xylem cells and significant cellulose reduction in Populus. Heterologous expression of PtrCel9A6 in Arabidopsis enhanced plant growth as well as increased fiber cell length. In addition, introduction of PtrCel9A6 into Arabidopsis resulted in male sterility due to defects in anther dehiscence. Together, these results demonstrate that PtrCel9A6 plays a critical role in remodeling the 1,4-β-glucan chains in the wall matrix and is required for cell wall thickening during Populus xylem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Finiti I, Leyva MO, López-Cruz J, Calderan Rodrigues B, Vicedo B, Angulo C, Bennett AB, Grant M, García-Agustín P, González-Bosch C. Functional analysis of endo-1,4-β-glucanases in response to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae reveals their involvement in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:819-31. [PMID: 23528138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall modification is a critical component in stress responses. Endo-1,4-β-glucanases (EGs) take part in cell wall editing processes, e.g. elongation, ripening and abscission. Here we studied the infection response of Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis thaliana with impaired EGs. Transgenic TomCel1 and TomCel2 tomato antisense plants challenged with Pseudomonas syringae showed higher susceptibility, callose priming and increased jasmonic acid pathway marker gene expression. These two EGs could be resistance factors and may act as negative regulators of callose deposition, probably by interfering with the defence-signalling network. A study of a set of Arabidopsis EG T-DNA insertion mutants challenged with P. syringae and Botrytis cinerea revealed that the lack of other EGs interferes with infection phenotype, callose deposition, expression of signalling pathway marker genes and hormonal balance. We conclude that a lack of EGs could alter plant response to pathogens by modifying the properties of the cell wall and/or interfering with signalling pathways, contributing to generate the appropriate signalling outcomes. Analysis of microarray data demonstrates that EGs are differentially expressed upon many different plant-pathogen challenges, hormone treatments and many abiotic stresses. We found some Arabidopsis EG mutants with increased tolerance to osmotic and salt stress. Our results show that impairing EGs can alter plant-pathogen interactions and may contribute to appropriate signalling outcomes in many different biotic and abiotic plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Finiti
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, IATA (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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40
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Niu N, Cao Y, Duan W, Wu B, Li S. Proteomic analysis of grape berry skin responding to sunlight exclusion. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:748-57. [PMID: 23499453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The most obvious effect of sunlight exclusion from grape clusters is the inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the berry skin so that no color develops. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was used to characterize the proteins isolated from berry skins that developed under sunlight exclusion versus those from sunlight-exposed berries. Among more than 1500 spots resolved in stained gels, the accumulation patterns of 96 spots differed significantly between sunlight-excluded berry skin and that of sunlight-exposed control berries. Seventy-two proteins, including 35 down-regulated and 37 up-regulated proteins, were identified and categorized. Proteins involved in photosynthesis and secondary metabolism, especially UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT), the key step for anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry skin, were accumulated less in the absence of sunlight. Several isoforms of heat shock proteins were also down-regulated. The proteins that were over-accumulated in sunlight-excluded berry skin were more often related to energy production, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic-acid cycle, protein synthesis and biogenesis of cellular components. Their putative role is discussed in terms of their relevance to sunlight exclusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Xie G, Yang B, Xu Z, Li F, Guo K, Zhang M, Wang L, Zou W, Wang Y, Peng L. Global identification of multiple OsGH9 family members and their involvement in cellulose crystallinity modification in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e50171. [PMID: 23308094 PMCID: PMC3537678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) comprises typical endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EGases, EC3.2.1.4). Although GH9A (KORRIGAN) family genes have been reported to be involved in cellulose biosynthesis in plants, much remains unknown about other GH9 subclasses. In this study, we observed a global gene co-expression profiling and conducted a correlation analysis between OsGH9 and OsCESA among 66 tissues covering most periods of life cycles in 2 rice varieties. Our results showed that OsGH9A3 and B5 possessed an extremely high co-expression with OsCESA1, 3, and 8 typical for cellulose biosynthesis in rice. Using two distinct rice non-GH9 mutants and wild type, we performed integrative analysis of gene expression level by qRT-PCR, cellulase activities in situ and in vitro, and lignocellulose crystallinity index (CrI) in four internodes of stem tissues. For the first time, OsGH9B1, 3, and 16 were characterized with the potential role in lignocellulose crystallinity alteration in rice, whereas OsGH9A3 and B5 were suggested for cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and gene co-expression comparison revealed GH9 function similarity in Arabidopsis and rice. Hence, the data can provide insights into GH9 function in plants and offer the potential strategy for genetic manipulation of plant cell wall using the five aforementioned novel OsGH9 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengdan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Triplett JK, Wang Y, Zhong J, Kellogg EA. Five nuclear loci resolve the polyploid history of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and relatives. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38702. [PMID: 22719924 PMCID: PMC3377691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy poses challenges for phylogenetic reconstruction because of the need to identify and distinguish between homoeologous loci. This can be addressed by use of low copy nuclear markers. Panicum s.s. is a genus of about 100 species in the grass tribe Paniceae, subfamily Panicoideae, and is divided into five sections. Many of the species are known to be polyploids. The most well-known of the Panicum polyploids are switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and common or Proso millet (P. miliaceum). Switchgrass is in section Virgata, along with P. tricholaenoides, P. amarum, and P. amarulum, whereas P. miliaceum is in sect. Panicum. We have generated sequence data from five low copy nuclear loci and two chloroplast loci and have clarified the origin of P. virgatum. We find that all members of sects. Virgata and Urvilleana are the result of diversification after a single allopolyploidy event. The closest diploid relatives of switchgrass are in sect. Rudgeana, native to Central and South America. Within sections Virgata and Urvilleana, P. tricholaenoides is sister to the remaining species. Panicum racemosum and P. urvilleanum form a clade, which may be sister to P. chloroleucum. Panicum amarum, P. amarulum, and the lowland and upland ecotypes of P. virgatum together form a clade, within which relationships are complex. Hexaploid and octoploid plants are likely allopolyploids, with P. amarum and P. amarulum sharing genomes with P. virgatum. Octoploid P. virgatum plants are formed via hybridization between disparate tetraploids. We show that polyploidy precedes diversification in a complex set of polyploids; our data thus suggest that polyploidy could provide the raw material for diversification. In addition, we show two rounds of allopolyploidization in the ancestry of switchgrass, and identify additional species that may be part of its broader gene pool. This may be relevant for development of the crop for biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K. Triplett
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yunjing Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinshun Zhong
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Kellogg
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Progress in the biological synthesis of the plant cell wall: new ideas for improving biomass for bioenergy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Guo F, McCubbin AG. The pollen-specific R-SNARE/longin PiVAMP726 mediates fusion of endo- and exocytic compartments in pollen tube tip growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3083-95. [PMID: 22345643 PMCID: PMC3350921 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing pollen tube apex is dedicated to balancing exo- and endocytic processes to form a rapidly extending tube. As perturbation of either tends to cause a morphological phenotype, this system provides tractable model for studying these processes. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7s (VAMP7s) are members of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family that mediate cognate membrane fusion but their role in pollen tube growth has not been investigated. This manuscript identifies PiVAMP726 of Petunia inflata as a pollen-specific VAMP7 that localizes to the inverted cone of transport vesicles at the pollen tube tip. The endocytic marker FM4-64 was found to colocalize with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-PiVAMP726, which is consistent with PiVAMP726 containing an amino-acid motif implicated in endosomal localization, At high overexpression levels, YFP- PiVAMP726 inhibited growth and caused the formation of novel membrane compartments within the pollen tube tip. Functional dissection of PiVAMP726 implicated the N-terminal longin domain in negative regulation of the SNARE activity, but not localization of PiVAMP726. Expression of the constitutively active C-terminal SNARE domain alone, in pollen tubes, generated similar phenotypes to the full-length protein, but the truncated domain was more potent than the wild-type protein at both inhibiting growth and forming the novel membrane compartments. Both endo- and exocytic markers localized to these compartments in addition to YFP-PiVAMP726, leading to the speculation that PiVAMP726 might be involved in the recycling of endocytic vesicles in tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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Maloney VJ, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD. The endo-1,4-β-glucanase Korrigan exhibits functional conservation between gymnosperms and angiosperms and is required for proper cell wall formation in gymnosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:1076-1087. [PMID: 22150158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of compositional polymers and their complex arrangement and deposition in the cell walls of terrestrial plants included the acquisition of key protein functions. A membrane-bound endoglucanase, termed Korrigan (KOR), has been shown to be required for proper cellulose synthesis. To date, no extensive characterization of the gymnosperm KOR has been undertaken. Characterization of the white spruce (Picea glauca) gene encoding KOR (PgKOR) shows conserved protein features such as polarized targeting signals and residues predicted to be essential for catalytic activity. The rescue of the Arabidopsis thaliana kor1-1 mutant by the expression of PgKOR suggests gene conservation, providing evidence for functional equivalence. Analyses of endogenous KOR expression in white spruce revealed the highest expression in young developing tissues, which corresponds with primary cell wall development. Additionally, RNA interference of the endogenous gymnosperm gene substantially reduced growth and structural glucose content, but had no effect on cellulose ultrastructure. Partial functional conservation of KOR in gymnosperms suggests that its role in cell wall synthesis dates back to 300 million yr ago (Mya), predating angiosperms, which arose 130 Mya, and shows that proteins contributing to proper cellulose deposition are important conserved features of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Maloney
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Mei Y, Gao HB, Yuan M, Xue HW. The Arabidopsis ARCP protein, CSI1, which is required for microtubule stability, is necessary for root and anther development. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:1066-80. [PMID: 22427339 PMCID: PMC3336141 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.095059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Armadillo repeat-containing proteins (ARCPs) are conserved across eukaryotic kingdoms and function in various processes. Regulation of microtubule stability by ARCPs exists widely in mammals and algae, but little is known in plants. Here, we present the functional characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana ARCP, which was previously identified as Cellulose synthase-interactive protein1 (CSI1), and prove its crucial role in anther and root development. CSI1 is highly expressed in floral tissues, and knockout mutants of CSI1 (three allelic lines) accordingly exhibit defective anther dehiscence, which can be partially rescued by mammalian microtubule-stabilizer MAP4, suggesting that CSI1 functions by stabilizing the microtubular cytoskeleton. CSI1 binds microtubules in vitro, and immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation studies confirmed the physical interactions between CSI1 and microtubules in vivo. Analysis using oryzalin, a microtubule-disrupting drug, further revealed the destabilized microtubules under CSI1 deficiency and confirmed the crucial role of CSI1 in microtubule stability. The dynamic change of CSI1 in response to dehydration strongly suggests the important function of CSI1 in dehydration-induced microtubule depolymerization and reorganization, which is crucial for anther development. These results indicate the pivotal role of CSI1 in anther development by regulating microtubule stability and hence cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Bo Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Fujita M, Lechner B, Barton DA, Overall RL, Wasteneys GO. The missing link: do cortical microtubules define plasma membrane nanodomains that modulate cellulose biosynthesis? PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S59-67. [PMID: 22057629 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose production is a crucial aspect of plant growth and development. It is functionally linked to cortical microtubules, which self-organize into highly ordered arrays often situated in close proximity to plasma membrane-bound cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Although most models put forward to explain the microtubule-cellulose relationship have considered mechanisms by which cortical microtubule arrays influence the orientation of cellulose microfibrils, little attention has been paid to how microtubules affect the physicochemical properties of cellulose. A recent study using the model system Arabidopsis, however, indicates that microtubules can modulate the crystalline and amorphous content of cellulose microfibrils. Microtubules are required during rapid growth for reducing crystalline content, which is predicted to increase the degree to which cellulose is tethered by hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Such tethering is, in turn, critical for maintaining unidirectional cell expansion. In this article, we hypothesize that cortical microtubules influence the crystalline content of cellulose either by controlling plasma membrane fluidity or by modulating the deposition of noncellulosic wall components in the vicinity of the CSCs. We discuss the current limitations of imaging technology to address these hypotheses and identify the image acquisition and processing strategies that will integrate live imaging with super resolution three-dimensional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Abstract
Cellulolytic enzymes have been the subject of renewed interest owing to their potential role in the conversion of plant lignocellulose to sustainable biofuels. An analysis of ∼1,500 complete bacterial genomes, presented here, reveals that ∼40% of the genomes of sequenced bacteria encode at least one cellulase gene. Most of the bacteria that encode cellulases are soil and marine saprophytes, many of which encode a range of enzymes for cellulose hydrolysis and also for the breakdown of the other constituents of plant cell walls (hemicelluloses and pectins). Intriguingly, cellulases are present in organisms that are usually considered as non-saprophytic, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, Yersinia pestis and even Escherichia coli. We also discuss newly emerging roles of cellulases in such non-saprophytic organisms.
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Brabham C, DeBolt S. Chemical genetics to examine cellulose biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:309. [PMID: 23372572 PMCID: PMC3557698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Long-term efforts to decode plant cellulose biosynthesis via molecular genetics and biochemical strategies are being enhanced by the ever-expanding scale of omics technologies. An alternative approach to consider are the prospects for inducing change in plant metabolism using exogenously supplied chemical ligands. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have been identified among known herbicides, during diverse combinatorial chemical libraries screens, and natural chemical screens from microbial agents. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the inhibitory effects of CBIs and further group them by how they influence fluorescently tagged cellulose synthase A proteins. Additional attention is paid to the continuing development of the CBI toolbox to explore the cell biology and genetic mechanisms underpinning effector molecule activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth DeBolt
- *Correspondence: Seth DeBolt, Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. e-mail:
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Krebs M, Held K, Binder A, Hashimoto K, Den Herder G, Parniske M, Kudla J, Schumacher K. FRET-based genetically encoded sensors allow high-resolution live cell imaging of Ca²⁺ dynamics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:181-92. [PMID: 21910770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Temporally and spatially defined calcium signatures are integral parts of numerous signalling pathways. Monitoring calcium dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution is therefore critically important to understand how this ubiquitous second messenger can control diverse cellular responses. Yellow cameleons (YCs) are fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based genetically encoded Ca(2+) -sensors that provide a powerful tool to monitor the spatio-temporal dynamics of Ca(2+) fluxes. Here we present an advanced set of vectors and transgenic lines for live cell Ca(2+) imaging in plants. Transgene silencing mediated by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter has severely limited the application of nanosensors for ions and metabolites and we have thus used the UBQ10 promoter from Arabidopsis and show here that this results in constitutive and stable expression of YCs in transgenic plants. To improve the spatial resolution, our vector repertoire includes versions of YCs that can be targeted to defined locations. Using this toolkit, we identified temporally distinct responses to external ATP at the plasma membrane, in the cytosol and in the nucleus of neighbouring root cells. Moreover analysis of Ca(2+) dynamics in Lotus japonicus revealed distinct Nod factor induced Ca(2+) spiking patterns in the nucleus and the cytosol. Consequently, the constructs and transgenic lines introduced here enable a detailed analysis of Ca(2+) dynamics in different cellular compartments and in different plant species and will foster novel approaches to decipher the temporal and spatial characteristics of calcium signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Krebs
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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