1
|
Bhatia N, Wilson-Sánchez D, Strauss S, Vuolo F, Pieper B, Hu Z, Rambaud-Lavigne L, Tsiantis M. Interspersed expression of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 and REDUCED COMPLEXITY shapes Cardamine hirsuta complex leaf form. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00822-9. [PMID: 37453425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
How genetically regulated growth shapes organ form is a key problem in developmental biology. Here, we investigate this problem using the leaflet-bearing complex leaves of Cardamine hirsuta as a model. Leaflet development requires the action of two growth-repressing transcription factors: REDUCED COMPLEXITY (RCO), a homeodomain protein, and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 (CUC2), a NAC-domain protein. However, how their respective growth-repressive actions are integrated in space and time to generate complex leaf forms remains unknown. By using live imaging, we show that CUC2 and RCO are expressed in an interspersed fashion along the leaf margin, creating a distinctive striped pattern. We find that this pattern is functionally important because forcing RCO expression in the CUC2 domain disrupts auxin-based marginal patterning and can abolish leaflet formation. By combining genetic perturbations with time-lapse imaging and cellular growth quantifications, we provide evidence that RCO-mediated growth repression occurs after auxin-based leaflet patterning and in association with the repression of cell proliferation. Additionally, through the use of genetic mosaics, we show that RCO is sufficient to repress both cellular growth and proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner. This mechanism of growth repression is different to that of CUC2, which occurs in proliferating cells. Our findings clarify how the two growth repressors RCO and CUC2 coordinate to subdivide developing leaf primordia into distinct leaflets and generate the complex leaf form. They also indicate different relationships between growth repression and cell proliferation in the patterning and post-patterning stages of organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - David Wilson-Sánchez
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesco Vuolo
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bjorn Pieper
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ziliang Hu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Léa Rambaud-Lavigne
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Strauss S, Liu S, Pieper B, Lymbouridou R, Runions A, Tsiantis M. The cellular basis for synergy between RCO and KNOX1 homeobox genes in leaf shape diversity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3773-3784.e5. [PMID: 36029772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of seed plants provide an attractive system to study the development and evolution of form. Leaves show varying degrees of margin complexity ranging from simple, as in Arabidopsis thaliana, to fully dissected into leaflets in the closely related species Cardamine hirsuta. Leaflet formation requires actions of Class I KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX1) and REDUCED COMPLEXITY (RCO) homeobox genes, which are expressed in the leaves of C. hirsuta but not A. thaliana. Evolutionary studies indicate that diversification of KNOX1 and RCO genes was repeatedly associated with increased leaf complexity. However, whether this gene combination represents a developmentally favored avenue for leaflet formation remains unknown, and the cell-level events through which the combined action of these genes drives leaflet formation are also poorly understood. Here we show, through a genetic screen, that when a C. hirsuta RCO transgene is expressed in A. thaliana, then ectopic KNOX1 expression in leaves represents a preferred developmental path for leaflet formation. Using time-lapse growth analysis, we demonstrate that KNOX1 expression in the basal domain of leaves leads to prolonged and anisotropic cell growth. This KNOX1 action, in synergy with local growth repression by RCO, is instrumental in generating rachises and petiolules, the linear geometrical elements, that bear leaflets in complex leaves. Our results show how the combination of cell-level growth analyses and genetics can help us understand how evolutionary modifications in expression of developmentally important genes are translated into diverse leaf shapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shanda Liu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bjorn Pieper
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rena Lymbouridou
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Strauss S, Runions A, Lane B, Eschweiler D, Bajpai N, Trozzi N, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Yoshida S, Rodrigues da Silveira S, Vijayan A, Tofanelli R, Majda M, Echevin E, Le Gloanec C, Bertrand-Rakusova H, Adibi M, Schneitz K, Bassel G, Kierzkowski D, Stegmaier J, Tsiantis M, Smith RS. Using positional information to provide context for biological image analysis with MorphoGraphX 2.0. eLife 2022; 11:72601. [PMID: 35510843 PMCID: PMC9159754 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positional information is a central concept in developmental biology. In developing organs, positional information can be idealized as a local coordinate system that arises from morphogen gradients controlled by organizers at key locations. This offers a plausible mechanism for the integration of the molecular networks operating in individual cells into the spatially coordinated multicellular responses necessary for the organization of emergent forms. Understanding how positional cues guide morphogenesis requires the quantification of gene expression and growth dynamics in the context of their underlying coordinate systems. Here, we present recent advances in the MorphoGraphX software (Barbier de Reuille et al., 2015) that implement a generalized framework to annotate developing organs with local coordinate systems. These coordinate systems introduce an organ-centric spatial context to microscopy data, allowing gene expression and growth to be quantified and compared in the context of the positional information thought to control them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Strauss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Eschweiler
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Namrata Bajpai
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Saiko Yoshida
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Athul Vijayan
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Rachele Tofanelli
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Emillie Echevin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Milad Adibi
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - George Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kümpers BMC, Han J, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Redman N, Ware A, Atkinson JA, Leftley N, Janes G, Castiglione G, Tarr PT, Pyke K, Voß U, Wells DM, Bishopp A. Dual expression and anatomy lines allow simultaneous visualization of gene expression and anatomy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:56-69. [PMID: 34718789 PMCID: PMC8774739 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots. This system can also be used in both embryos and whole seedlings. As proof of concept, we follow both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during lateral root organogenesis for a period of over 24 h. Coupled with the development of a flow cell and perfusion system, we follow changes in activity of the DII auxin sensor following application of auxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta M C Kümpers
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jingyi Han
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Redman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Alexander Ware
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Nicola Leftley
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Paul T Tarr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Kevin Pyke
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao F, Traas J. Stable establishment of organ polarity occurs several plastochrons before primordium outgrowth in Arabidopsis. Development 2021; 148:269138. [PMID: 34132346 PMCID: PMC8255034 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In many species, leaves are initiated at the flanks of shoot meristems. Subsequent growth usually occurs mainly in the plane of the leaf blade, which leads to the formation of a bifacial leaf with dorsoventral identities. In a classical set of surgical experiments in potato meristems, Sussex provided evidence that dorsoventrality depends on a signal emanating from the meristem center. Although these results could be reproduced in tomato, this concept has been debated. We revisited these experiments in Arabidopsis, in which a range of markers are available to target the precise site of ablation. Using specific markers for organ founder cells and dorsoventral identity, we were unable to perturb the polarity of leaves and sepals long before organ outgrowth. Although results in Solanaceae suggested that dorsoventral patterning was unstable during early development, we found that, in Arabidopsis, the local information contained within and around the primordium is able to withstand major invasive perturbations, long before polarity is fully established. Summary: We revisited classical surgical experiments in Solanaceae, using precise laser ablations to show that dorsoventral patterning in vegetative and floral meristems in Arabidopsis is robustly programmed in primordia some time before polarity is completely established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naseem M, Osmanoğlu Ö, Kaltdorf M, Alblooshi AAMA, Iqbal J, Howari FM, Srivastava M, Dandekar T. Integrated Framework of the Immune-Defense Transcriptional Signatures in the Arabidopsis Shoot Apical Meristem. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165745. [PMID: 32796535 PMCID: PMC7460820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing tips of plants grow sterile; therefore, disease-free plants can be generated from them. How plants safeguard growing apices from pathogen infection is still a mystery. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is one of the three stem cells niches that give rise to the above ground plant organs. This is very well explored; however, how signaling networks orchestrate immune responses against pathogen infections in the SAM remains unclear. To reconstruct a transcriptional framework of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) pertaining to various SAM cellular populations, we acquired large-scale transcriptome datasets from the public repository Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We identify here distinct sets of genes for various SAM cellular populations that are enriched in immune functions, such as immune defense, pathogen infection, biotic stress, and response to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid and their biosynthetic pathways in the SAM. We further linked those immune genes to their respective proteins and identify interactions among them by mapping a transcriptome-guided SAM-interactome. Furthermore, we compared stem-cells regulated transcriptome with innate immune responses in plants showing transcriptional separation among their DEGs in Arabidopsis. Besides unleashing a repertoire of immune-related genes in the SAM, our analysis provides a SAM-interactome that will help the community in designing functional experiments to study the specific defense dynamics of the SAM-cellular populations. Moreover, our study promotes the essence of large-scale omics data re-analysis, allowing a fresh look at the SAM-cellular transcriptome repurposing data-sets for new questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naseem
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, PO Box 144534-D, Abu Dhabi 4783, UAE; (A.A.M.A.A.); (J.I.); (F.M.H.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (Ö.O.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (T.D.)
| | - Özge Osmanoğlu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (Ö.O.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Kaltdorf
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (Ö.O.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Afnan Ali M. A. Alblooshi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, PO Box 144534-D, Abu Dhabi 4783, UAE; (A.A.M.A.A.); (J.I.); (F.M.H.)
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, PO Box 144534-D, Abu Dhabi 4783, UAE; (A.A.M.A.A.); (J.I.); (F.M.H.)
| | - Fares M. Howari
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, PO Box 144534-D, Abu Dhabi 4783, UAE; (A.A.M.A.A.); (J.I.); (F.M.H.)
| | - Mugdha Srivastava
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (Ö.O.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (Ö.O.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (T.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Naseem M, Srivastava M, Osmanoglu O, Iqbal J, Howari FM, AlRemeithi FA, Dandekar T. Molecular Modeling of the Interaction Between Stem Cell Peptide and Immune Receptor in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2094:67-77. [PMID: 31797292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0183-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular docking enables comprehensive exploration of interactions between chemical moieties and proteins. Modeling and docking approaches are useful to determine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of experimentally uncrystallized proteins and subsequently their interactions with various inhibitors and activators or peptides. Here, we describe a protocol for carrying out molecular modeling and docking of stem cell peptide CLV3p on plant innate immune receptor FLS2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naseem
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mugdha Srivastava
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ozge Osmanoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Fares M Howari
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Fatima A AlRemeithi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gimenez-Ibanez S, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM, Solano R. An Evolutionarily Ancient Immune System Governs the Interactions between Pseudomonas syringae and an Early-Diverging Land Plant Lineage. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2270-2281.e4. [PMID: 31303486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) is an emerging field bridging the gap between molecular phytopathology and evolutionary studies. EvoMPMI research is currently challenging due to the scarcity of pathogenic model systems in early-diverging land plants. Liverworts are among the earliest diverging land-plant lineages, and Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a liverwort model for evolutionary studies. However, bacterial pathogens of Marchantia have not yet been discovered, and the molecular mechanisms controlling plant-pathogen interactions in this early-diverging land plant remain unknown. Here, we describe a robust experimental plant-bacterial pathosystem for EvoMPMI studies and discover that an ancient immune system governs plant-microbe interactions between M. polymorpha and the hemi-biotrophic pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. We show that P. syringae pv tomato (Pto) DC3000, causal agent of tomato bacterial speck disease, colonizes M. polymorpha and activates typical hallmarks of plant innate immunity. Virulence of Pto DC3000 on M. polymorpha relies on effector activities inside liverwort cells, including conserved AvrPto and AvrPtoB functions. Host specificity analyses uncovered pathogenic differences among P. syringae strains, suggesting that M. polymorpha-P. syringae interactions are controlled by the genetic backgrounds of both host and pathogen. Finally, we show that ancient phytohormone defensive networks govern M. polymorpha-P. syringae interactions. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the basic structure of the plant immune system of extant angiosperms is evolutionarily ancient and conserved in early-diverging land plants. This basic immune system may have been instrumental for land colonization by the common ancestor of land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Jose M García-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kierzkowski D, Runions A, Vuolo F, Strauss S, Lymbouridou R, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Wilson-Sánchez D, Jenke H, Galinha C, Mosca G, Zhang Z, Canales C, Dello Ioio R, Huijser P, Smith RS, Tsiantis M. A Growth-Based Framework for Leaf Shape Development and Diversity. Cell 2019; 177:1405-1418.e17. [PMID: 31130379 PMCID: PMC6548024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How do genes modify cellular growth to create morphological diversity? We study this problem in two related plants with differently shaped leaves: Arabidopsis thaliana (simple leaf shape) and Cardamine hirsuta (complex shape with leaflets). We use live imaging, modeling, and genetics to deconstruct these organ-level differences into their cell-level constituents: growth amount, direction, and differentiation. We show that leaf shape depends on the interplay of two growth modes: a conserved organ-wide growth mode that reflects differentiation; and a local, directional mode that involves the patterning of growth foci along the leaf edge. Shape diversity results from the distinct effects of two homeobox genes on these growth modes: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS broadens organ-wide growth relative to edge-patterning, enabling leaflet emergence, while REDUCED COMPLEXITY inhibits growth locally around emerging leaflets, accentuating shape differences created by patterning. We demonstrate the predictivity of our findings by reconstructing key features of C. hirsuta leaf morphology in A. thaliana. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesco Vuolo
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rena Lymbouridou
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Wilson-Sánchez
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jenke
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carla Galinha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhongjuan Zhang
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Canales
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu C, Cao H, Xu E, Zhang S, Hu Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Arabidopsis LBD29 Target Genes Reveals the Molecular Events behind Auxin-Induced Cell Reprogramming during Callus Formation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:744-755. [PMID: 29121271 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-induced callus formation represents an important cell reprogramming process during in vitro regeneration of plants, in which the pericycle or pericycle-like cells within plant organs are reprogrammed into the pluripotent cell mass termed callus that is generally required for subsequent regeneration of root or shoot. However, the molecular events behind cell reprogramming during auxin-induced callus formation are largely elusive. We previously identified that auxin-induced LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factors act as the master regulators to trigger auxin-induced callus formation. Here, by ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation-based sequencing) and RNA sequencing approaches, we identified the potential LBD29 target genes at the genome-wide level and outlined the molecular events of LBD-triggered cell reprogramming during callus formation. We showed that LBD29 preferentially bound to the G-box (CACGTG) and TGGGC[C/T] motifs and potentially targeted >350 genes, among which the genes related to methylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, cell wall hydrolysis and lipid metabolism were rapidly activated, while most of the light-responsive genes were suppressed by LBD29. Further examination of a few representative genes validated that they were targeted by LBD29 and participated in the regulation of cell reprogramming during callus formation. Our data not only outline a framework of the early molecular events behind auxin-induced cell reprogramming of callus formation, but also provide a valuable resource for identification of genes that regulate cell fate switch during in vitro regeneration of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huifen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Enjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Transcriptome dynamics at Arabidopsis graft junctions reveal an intertissue recognition mechanism that activates vascular regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2447-E2456. [PMID: 29440499 PMCID: PMC5878008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718263115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant grafting is an ancient and agriculturally important technique. Despite its widespread use, little is known about how plants graft. Here, we perform a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of tissues above and below graft junctions. We observed a sequential activation of genes important for vascular development including cambium-, phloem-, and xylem-related genes. Massive changes in gene expression that rapidly differentiate the top of the graft from the bottom occur. These changes disappear as the graft heals and the vasculature reconnects. Many genes below the junction rapidly respond to the presence of attached tissues including genes involved in vascular differentiation and cell division. This intertissue communication process occurs independently of functional vascular connections and acts as a signal to activate vascular regeneration. The ability for cut tissues to join and form a chimeric organism is a remarkable property of many plants; however, grafting is poorly characterized at the molecular level. To better understand this process, we monitored genome-wide gene expression changes in grafted Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. We observed a sequential activation of genes associated with cambium, phloem, and xylem formation. Tissues above and below the graft rapidly developed an asymmetry such that many genes were more highly expressed on one side than on the other. This asymmetry correlated with sugar-responsive genes, and we observed an accumulation of starch above the graft junction. This accumulation decreased along with asymmetry once the sugar-transporting vascular tissues reconnected. Despite the initial starvation response below the graft, many genes associated with vascular formation were rapidly activated in grafted tissues but not in cut and separated tissues, indicating that a recognition mechanism was activated independently of functional vascular connections. Auxin, which is transported cell to cell, had a rapidly elevated response that was symmetric, suggesting that auxin was perceived by the root within hours of tissue attachment to activate the vascular regeneration process. A subset of genes was expressed only in grafted tissues, indicating that wound healing proceeded via different mechanisms depending on the presence or absence of adjoining tissues. Such a recognition process could have broader relevance for tissue regeneration, intertissue communication, and tissue fusion events.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Plant peptides secreted as signal molecular to trigger cell-to-cell signaling are indispensable for plant growth and defense processes. Preciously, it is regraded some plant peptides function in plant growth and development, whereas others regulate defense response in plant-microbe interactions. However, this prejudice is got rid due to more and more evidence showed growth-related plant peptides also exhibit bifunctional roles in plant defense response against different microbial pathogens. Here we provide a mini-review of reported types of plant peptides, including their basic information, reported receptor ligands, and especially direct or indirect roles in plant immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - H. Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - K. Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- CONTACT Kai Shi Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koo JC, Lee IC, Dai C, Lee Y, Cho HK, Kim Y, Phee BK, Kim H, Lee IH, Choi SH, Park SJ, Jeon IS, Nam HG, Kwak JM. The Protein Trio RPK1–CaM4–RbohF Mediates Transient Superoxide Production to Trigger Age-Dependent Cell Death in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3373-3380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
14
|
Abstract
Shoot meristems are maintained by pluripotent stem cells that are controlled by CLAVATA-WUSCHEL feedback signaling. This pathway, which coordinates stem cell proliferation with differentiation, was first identified in Arabidopsis, but appears to be conserved in diverse higher plant species. In this Review, we highlight the commonalities and differences between CLAVATA-WUSCHEL pathways in different species, with an emphasis on Arabidopsis, maize, rice and tomato. We focus on stem cell control in shoot meristems, but also briefly discuss the role of these signaling components in root meristems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Byoung Il Je
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Underwood W, Ryan A, Somerville SC. An Arabidopsis Lipid Flippase Is Required for Timely Recruitment of Defenses to the Host-Pathogen Interface at the Plant Cell Surface. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:805-820. [PMID: 28434950 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of cell wall-reinforcing papillae is an integral component of the plant immune response. The Arabidopsis PENETRATION 3 (PEN3) ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter plays a role in defense against numerous pathogens and is recruited to sites of pathogen detection where it accumulates within papillae. However, the trafficking pathways and regulatory mechanisms contributing to recruitment of PEN3 and other defenses to the host-pathogen interface are poorly understood. Here, we report a confocal microscopy-based screen to identify mutants with altered localization of PEN3-GFP after inoculation with powdery mildew fungi. We identified a mutant, aberrant localization of PEN3 3 (alp3), displaying accumulation of the normally plasma membrane (PM)-localized PEN3-GFP in endomembrane compartments. The mutant was found to be disrupted in the P4-ATPase AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE 3 (ALA3), a lipid flippase that plays a critical role in vesicle formation. We provide evidence that PEN3 undergoes continuous endocytic cycling from the PM to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In alp3, PEN3 accumulates in the TGN, causing delays in recruitment to the host-pathogen interface. Our results indicate that PEN3 and other defense proteins continuously cycle through the TGN and that timely exit of these proteins from the TGN is critical for effective pre-invasive immune responses against powdery mildews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Underwood
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Andrew Ryan
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shauna C Somerville
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Characterizing the Immune-Eliciting Activity of Putative Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns in Tomato. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1578:249-261. [PMID: 28220431 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), such as bacterial flagellin, is the first line of active defense in plants against pathogenic invaders. Successful pathogens must subvert this immune response to grow to high population density and cause disease. Flagellin from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas was the first identified bacterial MAMP and many species across the plant kingdom have sensitive perception systems for detecting the 22-amino acid epitope known as flg22. Tomato and several other solanaceous plants are also able to independently detect a second epitope of flagellin known as flgII-28. This chapter details four experimental protocols to identify and confirm the immune response-eliciting activity of flagellin and putative MAMPs with focus on the Pseudomonas-tomato pathosystem.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ranf S, Scheel D, Lee J. Challenges in the identification of microbe-associated molecular patterns in plant and animal innate immunity: a case study with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1165-9. [PMID: 27604847 PMCID: PMC6638395 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, D-85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
- Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
A significant part of the communication between plant cells is mediated by signaling peptides and their corresponding plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases. This communication mechanism serves as a key regulatory unit for coordination of plant growth and development. In the past years more peptide–receptor signaling pathways have been shown to regulate developmental processes, such as shoot and root meristem maintenance, seed formation, and floral abscission. More detailed understanding of the processes behind this regulation might also be helpful to increase the yield of crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Breiden
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, University Street, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences and Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, University Street 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Melnyk CW, Schuster C, Leyser O, Meyerowitz EM. A Developmental Framework for Graft Formation and Vascular Reconnection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1306-18. [PMID: 25891401 PMCID: PMC4798781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant grafting is a biologically important phenomenon involving the physical joining of two plants to generate a chimeric organism. It is widely practiced in horticulture and used in science to study the long-distance movement of molecules. Despite its widespread use, the mechanism of graft formation and vascular reconnection is not well understood. Here, we study the dynamics and mechanisms of vascular regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana during graft formation when the vascular strands are severed and reconnected. We demonstrate a temporal separation between tissue attachment, phloem connection, root growth, and xylem connection. By analyzing cell division patterns and hormone responses at the graft junction, we found that tissues initially show an asymmetry in cell division, cell differentiation, and gene expression and, through contact with the opposing tissue, lose this asymmetry and reform the vascular connection. In addition, we identified genes involved in vascular reconnection at the graft junction and demonstrate that these auxin response genes are required below the graft junction. We propose an inter-tissue communication process that occurs at the graft junction and promotes vascular connection by tissue-specific auxin responses involving ABERRANT LATERAL ROOT FORMATION 4 (ALF4). Our study has implications for phenomena where forming vascular connections are important including graft formation, parasitic plant infection, and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Melnyk
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Christoph Schuster
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; California Institute of Technology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Naseem M, Srivastava M, Dandekar T. Stem-cell-triggered immunity safeguards cytokinin enriched plant shoot apexes from pathogen infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:588. [PMID: 25400652 PMCID: PMC4214217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intricate mechanisms discriminate between friends and foes in plants. Plant organs deploy overlapping and distinct protection strategies. Despite vulnerability to a plethora of pathogens, the growing tips of plants grow bacteria free. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is among three stem cells niches, a self-renewable reservoir for the future organogenesis of leaf, stem, and flowers. How plants safeguard this high value growth target from infections was not known until now. Recent reports find the stem cell secreted 12-amino acid peptide CLV3p (CLAVATA3 peptide) is perceived by FLS2 (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2) receptor and activates the transcription of immunity and defense marker genes. No infection in the SAM of wild type plants and bacterial infection in clv3 and fls2 mutants illustrate this natural protection against infections. Cytokinins (CKs) are enriched in the SAM and regulate meristem activities by their involvement in stem cell signaling networks. Auxin mediates plant susceptibility to pathogen infections while CKs boost plant immunity. Here, in addition to the stem-cell-triggered immunity we also highlight a potential link between CK signaling and CLV3p mediated immune response in the SAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Dandekar
- *Correspondence: Thomas Dandekar, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Endocytosis: At the Crossroads of Pattern Recognition Immune Receptors and Pathogen Effectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
22
|
Henry E, Yadeta KA, Coaker G. Recognition of bacterial plant pathogens: local, systemic and transgenerational immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:908-15. [PMID: 23909802 PMCID: PMC3740753 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can cause multiple plant diseases and plants rely on their innate immune system to recognize and actively respond to these microbes. The plant innate immune system comprises extracellular pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved microbial patterns and intracellular nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that recognize specific bacterial effectors delivered into host cells. Plants lack the adaptive immune branch present in animals, but still afford flexibility to pathogen attack through systemic and transgenerational resistance. Here, we focus on current research in plant immune responses against bacterial pathogens. Recent studies shed light onto the activation and inactivation of pattern recognition receptors and systemic acquired resistance. New research has also uncovered additional layers of complexity surrounding NLR immune receptor activation, cooperation and sub-cellular localizations. Taken together, these recent advances bring us closer to understanding the web of molecular interactions responsible for coordinating defense responses and ultimately resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Henry
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Robatzek S, Wirthmueller L. Mapping FLS2 function to structure: LRRs, kinase and its working bits. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:671-81. [PMID: 23053766 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane-localised FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor is an important component of plant immunity against potentially pathogenic bacteria, acting to recognise the conserved flg22 peptide of flagellin. FLS2 shares the common structure of transmembrane receptor kinases with a receptor-like ectodomain composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and an active intracellular kinase domain. Upon ligand binding, FLS2 dimerises with the regulatory LRR-receptor kinase BRI1-associated kinase 1, which in turn triggers downstream signalling cascades. Although lacking crystal structure data, recent advances have been made in our understanding of flg22 recognition based on structural and functional analyses of FLS2. These studies have revealed critical regions/residues of FLS2 and post-translational modifications that regulate the abundance and activity of this receptor. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the structural mechanism of the FLS2-flg22 interaction and subsequent receptor-mediated signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Murphy E, Smith S, De Smet I. Small signaling peptides in Arabidopsis development: how cells communicate over a short distance. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3198-217. [PMID: 22932676 PMCID: PMC3462626 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.099010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To sustain plants' postembryonic growth and development in a structure of cells fixed in cell walls, a tightly controlled short distance cell-cell communication is required. The focus on phytohormones, such as auxin, has historically overshadowed the importance of small peptide signals, but it is becoming clear that secreted peptide signals are important in cell-cell communication to coordinate and integrate cellular functions. However, of the more than 1000 potential secreted peptides, so far only very few have been functionally characterized or matched to a receptor. Here, we will describe our current knowledge on how small peptide signals can be identified, how they are modified and processed, which roles they play in Arabidopsis thaliana development, and through which receptors they act.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mueller K, Chinchilla D, Albert M, Jehle AK, Kalbacher H, Boller T, Felix G. Contamination risks in work with synthetic peptides: flg22 as an example of a pirate in commercial peptide preparations. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3193-7. [PMID: 22923674 PMCID: PMC3462625 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) renders plant cells responsive to subnanomolar concentrations of flg22, the active epitope of bacterial flagellin. We recently observed that a preparation of the peptide IDL1, a signal known to regulate abscission processes via the receptor kinases HAESA and HAESA-like2, apparently triggered Arabidopsis thaliana cells in an FLS2-dependent manner. However, closer investigation revealed that this activity was due to contamination by a flg22-type peptide, and newly synthesized IDL1 peptide was completely inactive in FLS2 signaling. This raised alert over contamination events occurring in the process of synthesis or handling of peptides. Two recent reports have suggested that FLS2 has further specificities for structurally unrelated peptides derived from CLV3 and from Ax21. We thus scrutinized these peptides for activity in Arabidopsis cells as well. While responding to <1 nM flg22, Arabidopsis cells proved blind even to 100 μM concentrations of CLV3p and axY(s)22. Our results confirm the exquisite sensitivity and selectivity of FLS2 for flg22. They also show that inadvertent contaminations with flg22-type peptides do occur and can be detected even in trace amounts by FLS2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mueller
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Monaghan J, Zipfel C. Plant pattern recognition receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:349-57. [PMID: 22705024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of innate immunity is the ability to recognize and respond to potential pathogens in a highly sensitive and specific manner. In plants, the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) elicits a defense programme known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Although only a handful of PAMP-PRR pairs have been defined, all known PRRs are modular transmembrane proteins containing ligand-binding ectodomains. It is becoming clear that PRRs do not act alone but rather function as part of multi-protein complexes at the plasma membrane. Recent studies describing the molecular interactions and protein modifications that occur between PRRs and their regulatory proteins have provided important mechanistic insight into how plants avoid infection and achieve immunity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee H, Khatri A, Plotnikov JM, Zhang XC, Sheen J. Complexity in differential peptide-receptor signaling: response to Segonzac et Al. and Mueller et Al. commentaries. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3177-85. [PMID: 22923676 PMCID: PMC3462623 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.099259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
|
28
|
Martin C. Commentaries and letters to the editor of the plant cell. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3172-3173. [PMID: 22923672 PMCID: PMC3462621 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.240880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|