1
|
Wu Q, Li Y, Chen M, Kong X. Companion cell mediates wound-stimulated leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400639121. [PMID: 38838018 PMCID: PMC11181143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400639121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf wounding triggers rapid long-range electrical signaling that initiates systemic defense responses to protect the plants from further attack. In Arabidopsis, this process largely depends on clade three GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes GLR3.3 and GLR3.6. In the cellular context, phloem sieve elements and xylem contact cells where GLRs were mostly present are implicated in the signaling events. In spite of that, the spatial requirements of different leaf cell types for leaf-to-leaf signaling remain poorly investigated. In this study, we dissected cell-type-specific long-distance wound signaling mediated by GLR3s and showed that phloem companion cells are critical in shaping the functions of GLR3.3 and GLR3.6 in the signaling pathway. GLR3.3-mediated response is phloem-specific, during which, GLR3.3 has to be renewed from companion cells to allow its function in sieve elements. GLR3.6 functions dually in ectopic phloem companion cells, in addition to xylem contact cells. Furthermore, the action of GLR3.6 in phloem is independent of its paralog GLR3.3 and probably requires synthesis of GLR3.6 from xylem contact cells. Overall, our work highlights that the phloem companion cell is crucial for both GLRs in controlling leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohang Kong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518120, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murphy EA, Kleiner FH, Helliwell KE, Wheeler GL. Channels of Evolution: Unveiling Evolutionary Patterns in Diatom Ca 2+ Signalling. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1207. [PMID: 38732422 PMCID: PMC11085791 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms are important primary producers in marine and freshwater environments, but little is known about the signalling mechanisms they use to detect changes in their environment. All eukaryotic organisms use Ca2+ signalling to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, employing a range of Ca2+-permeable ion channels to facilitate the movement of Ca2+ across cellular membranes. We investigated the distribution of different families of Ca2+ channels in diatom genomes, with comparison to other members of the stramenopile lineage. The four-domain voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Cav) are present in some centric diatoms but almost completely absent in pennate diatoms, whereas single-domain voltage-gated EukCatA channels were found in all diatoms. Glutamate receptors (GLRs) and pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) also appear to have been lost in several pennate species. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are present in all diatoms, but have not undergone the significant expansion seen in brown algae. All diatom species analysed lacked the mitochondrial uniporter (MCU), a highly conserved channel type found in many eukaryotes, including several stramenopile lineages. These results highlight the unique Ca2+-signalling toolkit of diatoms and indicate that evolutionary gains or losses of different Ca2+ channels may contribute to differences in cellular-signalling mechanisms between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A. Murphy
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK (K.E.H.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Katherine E. Helliwell
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK (K.E.H.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Glen L. Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK (K.E.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grosjean N, Blaudez D, Chalot M, Flayac J, Gross EM, Le Jean M. Rare earth elements perturb root architecture and ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133701. [PMID: 38364576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial elements for current high-technology and renewable energy advances. In addition to their increasing usage and their low recyclability leading to their release into the environment, REEs are also used as crop fertilizers. However, little is known regarding the cellular and molecular effects of REEs in plants, which is crucial for better risk assessment, crop safety and phytoremediation. Here, we analysed the ionome and transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to a light (lanthanum, La) and a heavy (ytterbium, Yb) REE. At the transcriptome level, we observed the contribution of ROS and auxin redistribution to the modified root architecture following REE exposure. We found indications for the perturbation of Fe homeostasis by REEs in both roots and leaves of Arabidopsis suggesting competition between REEs and Fe. Furthermore, we propose putative ways of entry of REEs inside cells through transporters of microelements. Finally, similar to REE accumulating species, organic acid homeostasis (e.g. malate and citrate) appears critical as a tolerance mechanism in response to REEs. By combining ionomics and transcriptomics, we elucidated essential patterns of REE uptake and toxicity response of Arabidopsis and provide new hypotheses for a better evaluation of the impact of REEs on plant homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, Chrono-Environnement, F-25000 Montbéliard, France; Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Justine Flayac
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | - Marie Le Jean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
León-García F, García-Laynes F, Estrada-Tapia G, Monforte-González M, Martínez-Estevez M, Echevarría-Machado I. In Silico Analysis of Glutamate Receptors in Capsicum chinense: Structure, Evolution, and Molecular Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:812. [PMID: 38592787 PMCID: PMC10975470 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptors (GLRs) are integral membrane proteins that function as non-selective cation channels, involved in the regulation of developmental events crucial in plants. Knowledge of these proteins is restricted to a few species and their true agonists are still unknown in plants. Using tomato SlGLRs, a search was performed in the pepper database to identify GLR sequences in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Structural, phylogenetic, and orthology analysis of the CcGLRs, as well as molecular docking and protein interaction networks, were conducted. Seventeen CcGLRs were identified, which contained the characteristic domains of GLR. The variation of conserved residues in the M2 transmembrane domain between members suggests a difference in ion selectivity and/or conduction. Also, new conserved motifs in the ligand-binding regions are reported. Duplication events seem to drive the expansion of the species, and these were located in the evolution by using orthologs. Molecular docking analysis allowed us to identify differences in the agonist binding pocket between CcGLRs, which suggest the existence of different affinities for amino acids. The possible interaction of some CcGLRs with proteins leads to suggesting specific functions for them within the plant. These results offer important functional clues for CcGLR, probably extrapolated to other Solanaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, #130, x 32 and 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (F.L.-G.); (M.M.-G.); (M.M.-E.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan C, Gao Q, Yang M, Shao Q, Xu X, Zhang Y, Luan S. Ca 2+/calmodulin-mediated desensitization of glutamate receptors shapes plant systemic wound signalling and anti-herbivore defence. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:145-160. [PMID: 38168609 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants rely on systemic signalling mechanisms to establish whole-body defence in response to insect and nematode attacks. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes have been implicated in long-distance transmission of wound signals to initiate the accumulation of the defence hormone jasmonate (JA) at undamaged distal sites. The systemic signalling entails the activation of Ca2+-permeable GLR channels by wound-released glutamate, triggering membrane depolarization and cytosolic Ca2+ influx throughout the whole plant. The systemic electrical and calcium signals rapidly dissipate to restore the resting state, partially due to desensitization of the GLR channels. Here we report the discovery of calmodulin-mediated, Ca2+-dependent desensitization of GLR channels, revealing a negative feedback loop in the orchestration of plant systemic wound responses. A CRISPR-engineered GLR3.3 allele with impaired desensitization showed prolonged systemic electrical signalling and Ca2+ waves, leading to enhanced plant defence against herbivores. Moreover, this Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated desensitization of GLR channels is a highly conserved mechanism in plants, providing a potential target for engineering anti-herbivore defence in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mai Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaolin Shao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbiao Zhang
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu Y, Dai Z, Huang J, Han M, Wang Z, Jiao W, Gao Z, Liu X, Liu L, Ma Z. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the glutamate receptor gene family in sweet potato and its two diploid relatives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255805. [PMID: 38179475 PMCID: PMC10764598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor (GLR) homologs are crucial calcium channels that play an important role in plant development, signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the GLR gene family has not yet been thoroughly and systematically studied in sweet potato. In this study, a total of 37 GLR genes were identified in the cultivated hexaploid sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and 32 GLR genes were discovered in each of the two diploid relatives (Ipomoea trifida and Ipomoea triloba) for the first time. Based on their evolutionary relationships to those of Arabidopsis, these GLRs were split into five subgroups. We then conducted comprehensive analysis to explore their physiological properties, protein interaction networks, promoter cis-elements, chromosomal placement, gene structure, and expression patterns. The results indicate that the homologous GLRs of the cultivated hexaploid sweet potato and its two relatives are different. These variations are reflected in their functions related to plant growth, hormonal crosstalk, development of tuberous roots, resistance to root rot, and responses to abiotic stress factors, all of which are governed by specific individual GLR genes. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of GLR genes in sweet potato and its two diploid relatives. It also provides a theoretical basis for future research into their regulatory mechanisms, significantly influencing the field of molecular breeding in sweet potatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhuoru Dai
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinan Huang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meikun Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Agriculture Forestry and Biological Engineering, Baoding Vocational and Technical College, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Weijing Jiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanfu Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Zhu T, Wang X, Zhu M. Genome-wide identification of glutamate receptor-like gene family in soybean. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21655. [PMID: 38027661 PMCID: PMC10651524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like genes (GLRs) are essential in the growth and development of plants and many physiological and biochemical processes; however, related information in soybean is lacking. In this study, 105 GLRs, including 67 Glycine soja and 38 Glycine max GLRs, were identified and divided into two clades (Clades II and III) according to their phylogenetic relationships. GLR members in the same branch had a relatively conservative motif composition and genetic structure. Furthermore, the soybean GLR family mainly experienced purification selection during evolution. Cis-acting element analysis, gene ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomic annotations indicated the complexity of the gene regulation and functional diversity of the soybean GLR. Moreover, transcriptome data analysis showed that these GLRs had different expression profiles in different tissues, and Clade III members had higher and more common expression patterns. Additionally, the expression profiles under jasmonic acid treatment and salt stress indicate that the GLR participated in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway and plays a role in salt treatment. This study provides information for a comprehensive understanding of the soybean GLR family and a reference for further functional research and genetic improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
| | - Tianhao Zhu
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuying Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
| | - Miao Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tyagi A, Ali S, Park S, Bae H. Deciphering the role of mechanosensitive channels in plant root biology: perception, signaling, and adaptive responses. PLANTA 2023; 258:105. [PMID: 37878056 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that rapidly translate extrinsic or intrinsic mechanical tensions into biological responses. They can serve as potential candidates for developing smart-resilient crops with efficient root systems. Mechanosensitive (MS) calcium channels are molecular switches for mechanoperception and signal transduction in all living organisms. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding mechanoperception and signal transduction in bacteria and animals, this remains largely unknown in plants. However, identification and validation of MS channels such as Mid1-complementing activity channels (MCAs), mechanosensitive-like channels (MSLs), and Piezo channels (PIEZO) has been the most significant discovery in plant mechanobiology, providing novel insights into plant mechanoperception. This review summarizes recent advances in root mechanobiology, focusing on MS channels and their related signaling players, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and phytohormones. Despite significant advances in understanding the role of Ca2+ signaling in root biology, little is known about the involvement of MS channel-driven Ca2+ and ROS signaling. Additionally, the hotspots connecting the upstream and downstream signaling of MS channels remain unclear. In light of this, we discuss the present knowledge of MS channels in root biology and their role in root developmental and adaptive traits. We also provide a model highlighting upstream (cell wall sensors) and downstream signaling players, viz., Ca2+, ROS, and hormones, connected with MS channels. Furthermore, we highlighted the importance of emerging signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and neurotransmitters (NTs), and their association with root mechanoperception. Finally, we conclude with future directions and knowledge gaps that warrant further research to decipher the complexity of root mechanosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng W, Li H, Zhang F, Wang X, Rehman S, Huang S, Zhang C, Wu F, Li J, Lv Y, Zhang C, Li M, Li Z, Shi Y. Functional characterization and allelic mining of OsGLR genes for potential uses in rice improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1236251. [PMID: 37636110 PMCID: PMC10450912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1236251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-like receptor (GLR) genes are a group of regulatory genes involved in many physiological processes of plants. With 26 members in the rice genome, the functionalities of most rice GLR genes remain unknown. To facilitate their potential uses in rice improvement, an integrated strategy involving CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockouts, deep mining and analyses of transcriptomic responses to different abiotic stresses/hormone treatments and gene CDS haplotype (gcHap) diversity in 3,010 rice genomes was taken to understand the functionalities of the 26 rice GLR genes, which led us to two conclusions. First, the expansion of rice GLR genes into a large gene family during evolution had gone through repeated gene duplication events occurred primarily in two large GLR gene clusters on rice chromosomes 9 and 6, which was accompanied with considerable functional differentiation. Secondly, except for two extremely conserved ones (OsGLR6.2 and OsGLR6.3), rich gcHap diversity exists at the remaining GLR genes which played important roles in rice population differentiation and rice improvement, evidenced by their very strong sub-specific and population differentiation, by their differentiated responses to day-length and different abiotic stresses, by the large phenotypic effects of five GLR gene knockout mutants on rice yield traits, by the significant association of major gcHaps at most GLR loci with yield traits, and by the strong genetic bottleneck effects and artificial selection on the gcHap diversity in populations Xian (indica) and Geng (japonica) during modern breeding. Our results suggest the potential values of the natural variation at most rice GLR loci for improving the productivity and tolerances to abiotic stresses. Additional efforts are needed to determine the phenotypic effects of major gcHaps at these GLR loci in order to identify 'favorable' alleles at specific GLR loci specific target traits in specific environments to facilitate their application to rice improvement in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fanlin Zhang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shamsur Rehman
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Shiji Huang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengcai Wu
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yamei Lv
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaopu Zhang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyao Shi
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Krzeszowiec W, Lewandowska A, Lyczakowski JJ, Bebko K, Scholz SS, Gabryś H. Two types of GLR channels cooperate differently in light and dark growth of Arabidopsis seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:358. [PMID: 37442951 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLutamate Receptor-like (GLR) channels are multimeric, ionotropic, ligand-gated plant transmembrane receptors. They are homologous to mammalian glutamate receptors, iGLuRs, which are critical to neuronal function. GLRs have been reported several times to play a role in photomorphogenesis. However, to date, no study has looked at the mechanism of their involvement in this process. Here we focused on examining the impact of GLRs on the regulation of early seedling growth in blue light, red light, and in the dark. RESULTS Wild type and six photoreceptor mutant seedlings were grown on media supplemented with known iGLuR/GLR channel antagonists: MK-801, which non-competitively blocks NMDA channels in mammalian cells, and CNQX, known for competitive blocking of AMPA channels in mammalian cells. The lengths of hypocotyls and roots were measured in seedlings of phyA, phyB, phot1, phot2, cry1, and cry2 mutants after 7 days of in vitro culture. Changes in growth parameters, both in light and in darkness upon application of chemical antagonists, show that both types of GLR channels, NMDA-like and AMPA-like, are involved in the regulation of seedling growth irrespective of light conditions. Analysis of seedling growth of photoreceptor mutants indicates that the channels are influenced by signaling from phot1, phot2, and cry1. To extend our analysis, we also evaluated the elicitation of a calcium wave, which is likely to be partially driven by GLRs, in Arabidopsis seedlings. The changes in cellobiose-induced calcium waves observed after applying GLR inhibitors suggest that both types of channels likely cooperate in shaping Arabidopsis seedling growth and development. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides the first experimental evidence that two types of GLR channels function in plants: NMDA-like and AMPA-like. We also demonstrate that the channels are involved in seedling growth and development, at least partially through modulation of calcium signaling, but they are unlikely to play a major role in photomorphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Krzeszowiec
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Jan Jakub Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Kateryna Bebko
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paulmann MK, Wegner L, Gershenzon J, Furch ACU, Kunert G. Pea Aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum) Host Races Reduce Heat-Induced Forisome Dispersion in Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091888. [PMID: 37176952 PMCID: PMC10181200 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although phloem-feeding insects such as aphids can cause significant damage to plants, relatively little is known about early plant defenses against these insects. As a first line of defense, legumes can stop the phloem mass flow through a conformational change in phloem proteins known as forisomes in response to Ca2+ influx. However, specialized phloem-feeding insects might be able to suppress the conformational change of forisomes and thereby prevent sieve element occlusion. To investigate this possibility, we triggered forisome dispersion through application of a local heat stimulus to the leaf tips of pea (Pisum sativum), clover (Trifolium pratense) and broad bean (Vicia faba) plants infested with different pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) host races and monitored forisome responses. Pea aphids were able to suppress forisome dispersion, but this depended on the infesting aphid host race, the plant species, and the age of the plant. Differences in the ability of aphids to suppress forisome dispersion may be explained by differences in the composition and quantity of the aphid saliva injected into the plant. Various mechanisms of how pea aphids might suppress forisome dispersion are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Paulmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Linus Wegner
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35292 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmed I, Kumar A, Bheri M, Srivastava AK, Pandey GK. Glutamate receptor like channels: Emerging players in calcium mediated signaling in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123522. [PMID: 36758765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors like channels (GLRs) are ligand gated non-selective cation channels and are multigenic in nature. They are homologs of mammalian ionic glutamate receptors (iGLRs) that play an important role in neurotransmission. It has been more than 25 years of discovery of plant GLRs, since then, significant progress has been made to unravel their structure and function in plants. Recently, the first crystal structure of plant GLR has been resolved that suggests that, though, plant GLRs contain the conserved signature domains of iGLRs, their unique features enable agonist/antagonist-dependent change in their activity. GLRs exhibit diverse subcellular localization and undergo dynamic expression variation in response to developmental and environmental stress conditions in plants. The combined use of genetic, electrophysiology and calcium imaging using different genetically encoded calcium indicators has revealed that GLRs are involved in generating calcium (Ca2+) influx across the plasma membrane and are involved in shaping the Ca2+ signature in response to different developmental and environmental stimuli. These findings indicate that GLRs influence cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics, thus, highlighting "GLR-Ca2+-crosstalk (GCC)" in developmental and stress-responsive signaling pathways. With this background, the present review summarises the recent developments pertaining to GLR function, in the broader context of regulation of stress tolerance in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmed
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Ashish K Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Silamparasan D, Chang IF, Jinn TL. Calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK16 phosphorylates serine-856 of glutamate receptor-like GLR3.6 protein leading to salt-responsive root growth in Arabidopsis . FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1093472. [PMID: 36818849 PMCID: PMC9935832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1093472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-permeable channels in the plasma membrane play vital roles in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Arabidopsis possesses 20 glutamate receptor-like proteins that share similarities with animal ionotropic glutamate receptors and mediate Ca2+ influx in plants. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) phosphorylate serine (Ser)-860 of glutamate receptor-like (GLR)3.7 protein, which interacts with 14-3-3ω and plays an essential role in salt and abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis by modulating Ca2+ signaling. However, the significance of CDPK- mediated phosphorylation status of Ser residues of GLR3.6 with regard to the functioning of GLR3.6 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we performed an in vitro kinase assay using CDPK16 and peptides containing the 14-3-3ω interacting domain of GLR3.6. We showed that Ser861/862 of GLR3.6 are required for the interaction with 14-3-3ω and that Ser856 of GLR3.6 is specifically phosphorylated by CDPK16 but not by CDPK3 and CDPK34. In addition, the expression of GLR3.6 was quickly downregulated by salt stress, and plants of glr3.6 mutants and GLR3.6-overexpression lines presented shorter and longer root lengths, respectively, under normal growth conditions than Col. Overexpression of the GLR3.6-Ser856 to Ala mutation resulted in a less sensitive phenotype in response to salt stress similar to glr3.6. Our results indicated that the Ser861/862 residues of GLR3.6 are required for interaction with 14-3-3ω. Additionally, the phosphorylation status of Ser856 residue of GLR3.6, which is mediated specifically by CDPK16, regulates root growth in normal and salt stress and conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Luo Jinn
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun X, Zheng HX, Li S, Gao Y, Dang Y, Chen Z, Wu F, Wang X, Xie Q, Sui N. MicroRNAs balance growth and salt stress responses in sweet sorghum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:677-697. [PMID: 36534087 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major causes of reduced crop production, limiting agricultural development globally. Plants have evolved with complex systems to maintain the balance between growth and stress responses, where signaling pathways such as hormone signaling play key roles. Recent studies revealed that hormones are modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Previously, two sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) inbred lines with different salt tolerance were identified: the salt-tolerant M-81E and the salt-sensitive Roma. The levels of endogenous hormones in M-81E and Roma varied differently under salt stress, showing a different balance between growth and stress responses. miRNA and degradome sequencing showed that the expression of many upstream transcription factors regulating signal transduction and hormone-responsive genes was directly induced by differentially expressed miRNAs, whose levels were very different between the two sweet sorghum lines. Furthermore, the effects of representative miRNAs on salt tolerance in sorghum were verified through a transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Also, miR-6225-5p reduced the level of Ca2+ in the miR-6225-5p-overexpressing line by inhibiting the expression of the Ca2+ uptake gene SbGLR3.1 in the root epidermis and affected salt tolerance in sorghum. This study provides evidence for miRNA-mediated growth and stress responses in sweet sorghum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Simin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yinping Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yingying Dang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Zengting Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Fenghui Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsuruda T, Yoshida R. l-Glutamate activates salicylic acid signaling to promote stomatal closure and PR1 expression in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13858. [PMID: 36658465 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (l-Glu), an animal neurotransmitter, plays an essential role in plant signaling and regulates various plant physiological responses. We previously showed that l-Glu regulates stomatal closure in Arabidopsis via the glutamate receptor-like 3.5 gene (GLR3.5). Here, we showed that l-Glu activates salicylic acid (SA) signaling in Arabidopsis. l-Glu not only promoted stomatal closure but also triggered the expression of the PR1 gene via GLR3.5. These l-Glu-dependent actions were strongly suppressed in SA-insensitive npr1-1 and SA-deficient sid2-2 mutants, indicating that SA is involved in l-Glu signaling. A loss-of-function mutant of the gene encoding the SRK2E/OST1 kinase, which plays a pivotal role in abscisic acid signaling, was insensitive to both l-Glu-induced stomatal closure and PR1 expression. The glr3.5 mutants did not alleviate SA-induced stomatal closure, indicating that SA may function downstream of GLR3.5. These results indicate that l-Glu activates SA signaling, and that SRK2E/OST1 may play pivotal roles in such signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tsuruda
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Riichiro Yoshida
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Yu D, Zhao H, Jiang L, Gao L, Song Y, Liu Z, bao F, Hou C, He Y, Ju C, Li L, Kong D. A glutamate receptor-like gene is involved in ABA-mediated growth control in Physcomitrium ( Physcomitrella) patens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2145057. [PMID: 36403161 PMCID: PMC9677993 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2145057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor homologs (GLRs), which function as key calcium channels, play pivotal roles in various developmental processes as well as stress responses. The moss Physcomitrium patens, a representative of the earliest land plant lineage, possess multiple pathways of hormone signaling for coordinating growth and adaptation responses. However, it is not clear whether GLRs are connected to hormone-mediated growth control in the moss. In this study, we report that one of the two GLRs in P. patens, PpGLR1, involves in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated growth regulation. ABA represses the growth of wild-type moss, and intriguingly, the PpGLR1 transcript levels are significantly increased in response to ABA treatment, based on both gene expression and the PpGLR1pro::GUS reporter results. Furthermore, the growth of Ppglr1 knockout moss mutants is hypersensitive to ABA treatment. These results suggest that PpGLR1 plays a critical role in ABA-mediated growth regulation, which provide useful information for our further investigation of the regulatory mechanism between Ca2+ signal and ABA in moss growth control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zebin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang bao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yikun He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanli Ju
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Legong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government, and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Comprehensive Analysis of Glutamate Receptor-like Genes in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.): Genome-Wide Identification, Characteristics, Evolution, Chromatin Accessibility, gcHap Diversity, Population Variation and Expression Analysis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6404-6427. [PMID: 36547098 PMCID: PMC9777005 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors (GLR) are widely present in animals and plants, playing essential roles in regulating plant growth, development and stress response. At present, most studies of GLRs in plants are focused on Arabidopsis thaliana, while there have been few studies on rice. In this study, we identified 26 OsGLR genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Then, we analyzed the chromosomal location, physical and chemical properties, subcellular location, transmembrane (TM) helices, signal peptides, three-dimensional (3D) structure, cis-acting elements, evolution, chromatin accessibility, population variation, gene-coding sequence haplotype (gcHap) and gene expression under multiple abiotic stress and hormone treatments. The results showed that out of the 26 OsGLR genes, ten genes had the TM domain, signal peptides and similar 3D structures. Most OsGLRs exhibited high tissue specificity in expression under drought stress. In addition, several OsGLR genes were specifically responsive to certain hormones. The favorable gcHap of many OsGLR genes in modern varieties showed obvious differentiation between Xian/indica and Geng/japonica subspecies. This study, for the first time, comprehensively analyzes the OsGLR genes in rice, and provides an important reference for further research on their molecular function.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu B, Liu N, Tang S, Qin T, Huang J. Roles of Glutamate Receptor-Like Channels (GLRs) in Plant Growth and Response to Environmental Stimuli. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3450. [PMID: 36559561 PMCID: PMC9782139 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) are the homologues of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate neurotransmission in mammals, and they play important roles in various plant-specific physiological processes, such as pollen tube growth, sexual reproduction, root meristem proliferation, internode cell elongation, stomata aperture regulation, and innate immune and wound responses. Notably, these biological functions of GLRs have been mostly linked to the Ca2+-permeable channel activity as GLRs can directly channel the transmembrane flux of Ca2+, which acts as a key second messenger in plant cell responses to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Thus, it was hypothesized that GLRs are mainly involved in Ca2+ signaling processes in plant cells. Recently, great progress has been made in GLRs for their roles in long-distance signal transduction pathways mediated by electrical activity and Ca2+ signaling. Here, we review the recent progress on plant GLRs, and special attention is paid to recent insights into the roles of GLRs in response to environmental stimuli via Ca2+ signaling, electrical activity, ROS, as well as hormone signaling networks. Understanding the roles of GLRs in integrating internal and external signaling for plant developmental adaptations to a changing environment will definitely help to enhance abiotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu Q, Stolz S, Kumari A, Farmer EE. The carboxy-terminal tail of GLR3.3 is essential for wound-response electrical signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2189-2201. [PMID: 36089902 PMCID: PMC9828246 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis Clade 3 GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKEs (GLRs) are primary players in wound-induced systemic signaling. Previous studies focused on dissecting their ligand-activated channel properties involving extracellular and membrane-related domains. Here, we report that the carboxy-terminal tails (C-tails) of GLRs contain key elements controlling their function in wound signaling. GLR3.3 without its C-tail failed to rescue the glr3.3a mutant. We carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify the C-tail interactors. We performed functional studies of the interactor by measuring electrical signals and defense responses. Then we mapped their binding sites and evaluated the impact of the sites on GLR functions. IMPAIRED SUCROSE INDUCTION 1 (ISI1) interacted with GLR3.3. Enhanced electrical activity was detected in reduced function isi1 mutants in a GLR3.3-dependent manner. isi1 mutants were slightly more resistant to insect feeding than the wild-type. Furthermore, a triresidue motif RFL in the GLR3.3 C-tail binds to ISI1 in yeast. Finally, we demonstrated that FL residues were conserved across GLRs and functionally required. Our study provides new insights into the functions of GLR C-tails, reveals parallels with the ionotropic glutamate receptor regulation in animal cells, and may enable rational design of strategies to engineer GLRs for future practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518120China
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Archana Kumari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang J, Cui T, Su Y, Zang S, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zou W, Chen Y, Cao Y, Chen Y, Que Y, Chen N, Luo J. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Glutamate Receptor-like Gene (GLR) Family in Sugarcane. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182440. [PMID: 36145840 PMCID: PMC9506223 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plant glutamate receptor-like gene (GLR) plays a vital role in development, signaling pathways, and in its response to environmental stress. However, the GLR gene family has not been comprehensively and systematically studied in sugarcane. In this work, 43 GLR genes, including 34 in Saccharum spontaneum and 9 in the Saccharum hybrid cultivar R570, were identified and characterized, which could be divided into three clades (clade I, II, and III). They had different evolutionary mechanisms, the former was mainly on the WGD/segmental duplication, while the latter mainly on the proximal duplication. Those sugarcane GLR proteins in the same clade had a similar gene structure and motif distribution. For example, 79% of the sugarcane GLR proteins contained all the motifs, which proved the evolutionary stability of the sugarcane GLR gene family. The diverse cis-acting regulatory elements indicated that the sugarcane GLRs may play a role in the growth and development, or under the phytohormonal, biotic, and abiotic stresses. In addition, GO and KEGG analyses predicted their transmembrane transport function. Based on the transcriptome data, the expression of the clade III genes was significantly higher than that of the clade I and clade II. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of the SsGLRs was induced by salicylic acid (SA) treatment, methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, suggesting their involvement in the hormone synthesis and signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study should provide useful information on comparative genomics to improve our understanding of the GLR genes and facilitate further research on their functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shoujian Zang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhennan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Niandong Chen
- New Huadu Business School, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8385-2547 (N.C. & J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8385-2547 (N.C. & J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen X, Xu X, Zhang S, Munir N, Zhu C, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Xuhan X, Lin Y, Lai Z. Genome-wide circular RNA profiling and competing endogenous RNA regulatory network analysis provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying early somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1876-1898. [PMID: 35313353 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely involved in plant growth and development. However, the function of circRNAs in plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) remains elusive. Here, by using high-throughput sequencing, a total of 5029 circRNAs were identified in the three stages of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) early SE. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that differentially expressed (DE) circRNA host genes were enriched in the 'non-homologous end-joining' (NHEJ) and 'butanoate metabolism' pathways. In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content during longan early SE was determined. The results indicated that ROS-induced DNA double-strand breaks may not depend on the NHEJ repair pathway. Correlation analyses of the levels of related metabolites (glutamate, γ-aminobutyrate and pyruvate) and the expression levels of circRNAs and their host genes involved in butanoate metabolism were performed. The results suggested that circRNAs may act as regulators of the expression of cognate mRNAs, thereby affecting the accumulation of related compounds. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of DE circRNAs, DE mRNAs, DE long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and DE microRNAs (miRNAs) was constructed. The results showed that the putative targets of the noncoding RNA (ncRNAs) were significantly enriched in the KEGG pathways 'mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling' and 'nitrogen metabolism'. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the candidate circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs confirmed the negative correlation between miRNAs and ceRNAs. In addition, two circRNA overexpression vectors were constructed to further verify the ceRNA network correlations in longan early SE. Our study revealed the potential role of circRNAs in longan early SE, providing new insights into the intricate regulatory mechanism underlying plant SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Nigarish Munir
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xu Xuhan
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
- Institut de la Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Toulouse, IRIT-ARI, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City, Fujian 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grenzi M, Bonza MC, Costa A. Signaling by plant glutamate receptor-like channels: What else! CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102253. [PMID: 35780692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) are transmembrane proteins that allow the movement of several ions across membranes. In the model plant Arabidopsis, there are 20 GLR isoforms grouped in three clades and, since their discovery, it was hypothesized that GLRs were mainly involved in signaling processes. Indeed, in the last years, several pieces of evidence demonstrate different signaling roles played by GLRs, related to pollen development, sexual reproduction, chemotaxis, root development, regulation of stomatal aperture, and response to pathogens. Recently, GLRs have gained attention for their role in long-distance electric and calcium signaling. In this review, we resume the evidence about the role of GLRs in signaling processes. This role is mostly linked to the GLRs involvement in the regulation of ion fluxes across membranes and, in particular, of calcium, which represents a key second messenger in plant cell responses to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Łangowski Ł, Goñi O, Ikuyinminu E, Feeney E, O'Connell S. Investigation of the direct effect of a precision Ascophyllum nodosum biostimulant on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:44-57. [PMID: 35306329 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nitrogen (N) pollution of ground water by improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops has become an intensively investigated research topic in pursuit of a more sustainable future. Although, distinct solutions have been proposed there are only a few reports documenting the detailed interplay between observed plant growth dynamics and changes in plant N related transcriptional and biochemical changes. It was previously demonstrated that the application of a formulated biostimulant (PSI-362) derived from Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) improves N uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana and in barley. In this study, the effect of PSI-362 on the growth dynamics of wheat seedlings was evaluated at different biostimulant and N supplementation rates. Wheat grown on N deficient MS medium was also analysed from the first hour of the treatment until the depletion of the nutrients in the medium 9 days later. During this time the biomass increase measured for PSI-362 treated plants versus untreated controls was associated with increased nitrate uptake, with surplus N assimilated by the biomass in the form of glutamate, glutamine, free amino acids, soluble proteins, and chlorophyll. Phenotypical and biochemical analysis were supported by evaluation of differential expression of genetic markers involved in nitrate perception and transport (TaNRT1.1/NPF6.3), nitrate and nitrite reduction (TaNR1 and TaNiR1) and assimilation (TaGDH2, TaGoGAT, TaGS1). Finally, a comparative analysis of the precision biostimulant PSI-362 and two generic ANEs demonstrated that the NUE effect greatly differs depending on the ANE formulation used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Goñi
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University-Kerry (South Campus), Clash, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland; Brandon Bioscience, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Elomofe Ikuyinminu
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University-Kerry (South Campus), Clash, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland; Brandon Bioscience, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Ewan Feeney
- Brandon Bioscience, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Shane O'Connell
- Plant Biostimulant Group, Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University-Kerry (South Campus), Clash, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland; Brandon Bioscience, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liao HS, Chung YH, Hsieh MH. Glutamate: A multifunctional amino acid in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111238. [PMID: 35351313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is a versatile metabolite and a signaling molecule in plants. Glu biosynthesis is associated with the primary nitrogen assimilation pathway. The conversion between Glu and 2-oxoglutarate connects Glu metabolism to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon metabolism, and energy production. Glu is the predominant amino donor for transamination reactions in the cell. In addition to protein synthesis, Glu is a building block for tetrapyrroles, glutathione, and folate. Glu is the precursor of γ-aminobutyric acid that plays an important role in balancing carbon/nitrogen metabolism and various cellular processes. Glu can conjugate to the major auxin indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), and IAA-Glu is destined for oxidative degradation. Glu also conjugates with isochorismate for the production of salicylic acid. Accumulating evidence indicates that Glu functions as a signaling molecule to regulate plant growth, development, and defense responses. The ligand-gated Glu receptor-like proteins (GLRs) mediate some of these responses. However, many of the Glu signaling events are GLR-independent. The receptor perceiving extracellular Glu as a danger signal is still unknown. In addition to GLRs, Glu may act on receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins to trigger immune responses. Glu metabolism and Glu signaling may entwine to regulate growth, development, and defense responses in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Zeng R, Min Q, Huang J. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-like gene OsGLR3.4 is required for plant growth and systemic wound signaling in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1238-1256. [PMID: 34767648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the physiological roles of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of GLRs in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we show that knockout of OsGLR3.4 in rice leads to brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth defects and reduced BR sensitivity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transactivation assays indicated that OsGLR3.4 is the downstream target of OsBZR1. Further, agonist profile assays showed that multiple amino acids can trigger transient Ca2+ influx in an OsGLR3.4-dependent manner, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is a Ca2+ -permeable channel. Meanwhile, the study of internode cells demonstrated that OsGLR3.4-mediated Ca2+ flux is required for actin filament organization and vesicle trafficking. Following root injury, the triggering of both slow wave potentials (SWPs) in leaves and the jasmonic acid (JA) response are impaired in osglr3.4 mutants, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is required for root-to-shoot systemic wound signaling in rice. Brassinosteroid treatment enhanced SWPs and OsJAZ8 expression in root-wounded plants, suggesting that BR signaling synergistically regulates the OsGLR3.4-mediated systemic wound response. In summary, this article describes a mechanism of OsGLR3.4-mediated cell elongation and long-distance systemic wound signaling in plants and provides new insights into the contribution of GLRs to plant growth and responses to mechanical wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Min
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Castro-Rodríguez V, Kleist TJ, Gappel NM, Atanjaoui F, Okumoto S, Machado M, Denyer T, Timmermans MCP, Frommer WB, Wudick MM. Sponging of glutamate at the outer plasma membrane surface reveals roles for glutamate in development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:664-674. [PMID: 34783104 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants use electrical and chemical signals for systemic communication. Herbivory, for instance, appears to trigger local apoplasmic glutamate accumulation, systemic electrical signals, and calcium waves that travel to report insect damage to neighboring leaves and initiate defense. To monitor extra- and intracellular glutamate concentrations in plants, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing genetically encoded fluorescent glutamate sensors. In contrast to cytosolically localized sensors, extracellularly displayed variants inhibited plant growth and proper development. Phenotypic analyses of high-affinity display sensor lines revealed that root meristem development, particularly the quiescent center, number of lateral roots, vegetative growth, and floral architecture were impacted. Notably, the severity of the phenotypes was positively correlated with the affinity of the display sensors, intimating that their ability to sequester glutamate at the surface of the plasma membrane was responsible for the defects. Root growth defects were suppressed by supplementing culture media with low levels of glutamate. Together, the data indicate that sequestration of glutamate at the cell surface either disrupts the supply of glutamate to meristematic cells and/or impairs localized glutamatergic signaling important for developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Kleist
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicoline M Gappel
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fatiha Atanjaoui
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mackenzie Machado
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tom Denyer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deslauriers SD, Spalding EP. Electrophysiological study of Arabidopsis ABCB4 and PIN2 auxin transporters: Evidence of auxin activation and interaction enhancing auxin selectivity. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e361. [PMID: 34816076 PMCID: PMC8595762 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport through plant tissue strictly requires polarly localized PIN proteins and uniformly distributed ABCB proteins. A functional synergy between the two types of membrane protein where their localizations overlap may create the degree of asymmetric auxin efflux required to produce polar auxin transport. We investigated this possibility by expressing ABCB4 and PIN2 in human embryonic kidney cells and measuring whole-cell ionic currents with the patch-clamp technique and CsCl-based electrolytes. ABCB4 activity was 1.81-fold more selective for Cl- over Cs+ and for PIN2 the value was 2.95. We imposed auxin gradients and determined that ABCB4 and PIN2 were 12-fold more permeable to the auxin anion (IAA-) than Cl-. This measure of the intrinsic selectivity of the transport pathway was 21-fold when ABCB4 and PIN2 were co-expressed. If this increase occurs in plants, it could explain why asymmetric PIN localization is not sufficient to create polar auxin flow. Some form of co-action or synergy between ABCB4 and PIN2 that increases IAA- selectivity at the cell face where both occur may be important. We also found that auxin stimulated ABCB4 activity, which may contribute to a self-reinforcement of auxin transport known as canalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Deslauriers
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Division of Science and MathUniversity of MinnesotaMorrisMNUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Macias-González M, Truco MJ, Han R, Jenni S, Michelmore RW. High-resolution genetic dissection of the major QTL for tipburn resistance in lettuce, Lactuca sativa. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab097. [PMID: 33772545 PMCID: PMC8495944 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tipburn is an important physiological disorder of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., related to calcium deficiency that can result in leaf necrosis and unmarketable crops. The major quantitative trait locus (QTL), qTPB5.2, can account for up to 70% of the phenotypic variance for tipburn incidence in the field. This QTL was genetically dissected to identify candidate genes for tipburn by creating lines with recombination events within the QTL and assessing their resistance to tipburn. By comparing lines with contrasting haplotypes, the genetic region was narrowed down to ∼877 Kb that was associated with a reduction of tipburn by ∼60%. Analysis of the lettuce reference genome sequence revealed 12 genes in this region, one of which is a calcium transporter with a single nucleotide polymorphism in an exon between haplotypes with contrasting phenotypes. RNA-seq analysis of recombinants revealed two genes that were differentially expressed between contrasting haplotypes consistent with the tipburn phenotype. One encodes a Teosinte branched1/Cycloidea/Proliferating Cell factor transcription factor; however, differential expression of the calcium transporter was detected. The phenotypic data indicated that there is a second region outside of the ∼877 Kb region but within the QTL, at which a haplotype from the susceptible parent decreased tipburn by 10-20%. A recombinant line was identified with beneficial haplotypes in each region from both parents that showed greater tipburn resistance than the resistant parent; this line could be used as the foundation for breeding cultivars with more resistance than is currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Macias-González
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria Jose Truco
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rongkui Han
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sylvie Jenni
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Richard W Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Green MN, Gangwar SP, Michard E, Simon AA, Portes MT, Barbosa-Caro J, Wudick MM, Lizzio MA, Klykov O, Yelshanskaya MV, Feijó JA, Sobolevsky AI. Structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana glutamate receptor-like channel GLR3.4. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3216-3226.e8. [PMID: 34161757 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) play vital roles in various physiological processes in plants, such as wound response, stomatal aperture control, seed germination, root development, innate immune response, pollen tube growth, and morphogenesis. Despite the importance of GLRs, knowledge about their molecular organization is limited. Here we use X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-EM to solve structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.4. Our structures reveal the tetrameric assembly of GLR3.4 subunits into a three-layer domain architecture, reminiscent of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). However, the non-swapped arrangement between layers of GLR3.4 domains, binding of glutathione through S-glutathionylation of cysteine C205 inside the amino-terminal domain clamshell, unique symmetry, inter-domain interfaces, and ligand specificity distinguish GLR3.4 from representatives of the iGluR family and suggest distinct features of the GLR gating mechanism. Our work elaborates on the principles of GLR architecture and symmetry and provides a molecular template for deciphering GLR-dependent signaling mechanisms in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marriah N Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Training Program in Nutritional and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shanti Pal Gangwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA; Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, 2 Norte 685, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Alexander A Simon
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Portes
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Juan Barbosa-Caro
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA; Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael A Lizzio
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Oleg Klykov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Our knowledge of plant ion channels was significantly enhanced by the first application of the patch-clamp technique to isolated guard cell protoplasts over 35 years ago. Since then, research has demonstrated the importance of ion channels in the control of gas exchange in guard cells, their role in nutrient uptake in roots, and the participation of calcium-permeable cation channels in the regulation of cell signaling affected by the intracellular concentrations of this second messenger. In recent years, through the employment of reverse genetics, mutant proteins, and heterologous expression systems, research on ion channels has identified mechanisms that modify their activity through protein-protein interactions or that result in activation and/or deactivation of ion channels through posttranslational modifications. Additional and confirmatory information on ion channel functioning has been derived from the crystallization and molecular modeling of plant proteins that, together with functional analyses, have helped to increase our knowledge of the functioning of these important membrane proteins that may eventually help to improve crop yield. Here, an update on the advances obtained in plant ion channel function during the last few years is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Pantoja
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu S, Zhang X, Xiao S, Ma J, Shi W, Qin T, Xi H, Nie X, You C, Xu Z, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Kong J, Aierxi A, Yu Y, Lindsey K, Klosterman SJ, Zhang X, Zhu L. A Single-Nucleotide Mutation in a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE Gene Confers Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Gossypium hirsutum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002723. [PMID: 33854882 PMCID: PMC8025038 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) disease of cotton, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), causes severe losses in cotton production worldwide. Though significant advancements have been made in development of FW-resistant Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in resistance screening programs, the precise resistance genes and the corresponding molecular mechanisms for resistance to Fov remain unclear. Herein it is reported that Fov7, a gene unlike canonical plant disease-resistance (R) genes, putatively encoding a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) protein, confers resistance to Fov race 7 in Upland cotton. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (C/A) in GhGLR4.8, resulting in an amino acid change (L/I), is associated with Fov resistance. A PCR-based DNA marker (GhGLR4.8SNP(A/C) ) is developed and shown to cosegregate with the Fov resistance. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Fov7 results in cotton lines extremely susceptible to Fov race 7 with a loss of the ability to induce calcium influx in response to total secreted proteins (SEPs) of Fov. Furthermore, coinfiltration of SEPs with GhGLR4.8A results in a hypersensitive response. This first report of a GLR-encoding gene that functions as an R gene provides a new insight into plant-pathogen interactions and a new handle to develop cotton cultivars with resistance to Fov race 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Shenghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jun Ma
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Weijun Shi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Tao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Xinhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Chunyuan You
- Cotton Research InstituteShihezi Academy of Agriculture ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Zheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Yujing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jianying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jie Kong
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Alifu Aierxi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Yu Yu
- Cotton Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Grenzi M, Bonza MC, Alfieri A, Costa A. Structural insights into long-distance signal transduction pathways mediated by plant glutamate receptor-like channels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1261-1267. [PMID: 33107608 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have shed light on the physiological role of plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs). However, the mechanism by which these channels are activated, and in particular, what is the physiological role of their binding to amino acids, remains elusive. The first direct biochemical demonstration that the Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.3 isoform binds glutamate and other amino acids in a low micromolar range of concentrations was reported only recently. The first crystal structures of the ligand-binding domains of AtGLR3.3 and AtGLR3.2 isoforms also have been released. We foresee that these new experimental pieces of evidence provide the basis for a better understanding of how GLRs are activated and modulated in different physiological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Alfieri
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gangwar SP, Green MN, Michard E, Simon AA, Feijó JA, Sobolevsky AI. Structure of the Arabidopsis Glutamate Receptor-like Channel GLR3.2 Ligand-Binding Domain. Structure 2020; 29:161-169.e4. [PMID: 33027636 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) play important roles in numerous plant physiological processes. GLRs are homologous to ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate neurotransmission in vertebrates. Here we determine crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.2 ligand-binding domain (LBD) in complex with glycine and methionine to 1.58- and 1.75-Å resolution, respectively. Our structures show a fold similar to that of iGluRs, but with several secondary structure elements either missing or different. The closed clamshell conformation of GLR3.2 LBD suggests that both glycine and methionine act as agonists. The mutation R133A strongly increases the constitutive activity of the channel, suggesting that the LBD mutated at the residue critical for agonist binding produces a more stable closed clamshell conformation. Furthermore, our structures explain the promiscuity of GLR activation by different amino acids, confirm evolutionary conservation of structure between GLRs and iGluRs, and predict common molecular principles of their gating mechanisms driven by bilobed clamshell-like LBDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Pal Gangwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marriah N Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Training Program in Nutritional and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Erwan Michard
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 0118 BioScience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Alexander A Simon
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 0118 BioScience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - José A Feijó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 0118 BioScience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA.
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shao Q, Gao Q, Lhamo D, Zhang H, Luan S. Two glutamate- and pH-regulated Ca 2+ channels are required for systemic wound signaling in Arabidopsis. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/640/eaba1453. [PMID: 32665412 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plants defend against herbivores and nematodes by rapidly sending signals from the wounded sites to the whole plant. We investigated how plants generate and transduce these rapidly moving, long-distance signals referred to as systemic wound signals. We developed a system for measuring systemic responses to root wounding in Arabidopsis thaliana We found that root wounding or the application of glutamate to wounded roots was sufficient to trigger root-to-shoot Ca2+ waves and slow wave potentials (SWPs). Both of these systemic signals were inhibited by either disruption of both GLR3.3 and GLR3.6, which encode glutamate receptor-like proteins (GLRs), or constitutive activation of the P-type H+-ATPase AHA1. We further showed that GLR3.3 and GLR3.6 displayed Ca2+-permeable channel activities gated by both glutamate and extracellular pH. Together, these results support the hypothesis that wounding inhibits P-type H+-ATPase activity, leading to apoplastic alkalization. This, together with glutamate released from damaged phloem, activates GLRs, resulting in depolarization of membranes in the form of SWPs and the generation of cytosolic Ca2+ increases to propagate systemic wound signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Shao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Dhondup Lhamo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tian W, Wang C, Gao Q, Li L, Luan S. Calcium spikes, waves and oscillations in plant development and biotic interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:750-759. [PMID: 32601423 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity. Extensive research has established a two-step process (encoding and decoding) that governs the specificity of Ca2+ signals. While the encoding mechanism entails a complex array of channels and transporters, the decoding process features a number of Ca2+ sensors and effectors that convert Ca2+ signals into cellular effects. Along this general paradigm, some signalling components may be highly conserved, but others are divergent among different organisms. In plant cells, Ca2+ participates in numerous signalling processes, and here we focus on the latest discoveries on Ca2+-encoding mechanisms in development and biotic interactions. In particular, we use examples such as polarized cell growth of pollen tube and root hair in which tip-focused Ca2+ oscillations specify the signalling events for rapid cell elongation. In plant-microbe interactions, Ca2+ spiking and oscillations hold the key to signalling specificity: while pathogens elicit cytoplasmic spiking, symbiotic microorganisms trigger nuclear Ca2+ oscillations. Herbivore attacks or mechanical wounding can trigger Ca2+ waves traveling a long distance to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defence program in the whole plant. What channels and transporters work together to carve out the spatial and temporal patterns of the Ca2+ fluctuations? This question has remained enigmatic for decades until recent studies uncovered Ca2+ channels that orchestrate specific Ca2+ signatures in each of these processes. Future work will further expand the toolkit for Ca2+-encoding mechanisms and place Ca2+ signalling steps into larger signalling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Legong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jia Y, Liu H, Qu Z, Wang J, Wang X, Wang Z, Yang L, Zhang D, Zou D, Zhao H. Transcriptome Sequencing and iTRAQ of Different Rice Cultivars Provide Insight into Molecular Mechanisms of Cold-Tolerance Response in Japonica Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:43. [PMID: 32572635 PMCID: PMC7310054 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops cultivated in both tropical and temperate regions. However, it has a high sensitivity to cold stress and chilling stress limits its nitrogen uptake and metabolism. To identify the genes and pathways involved in cold tolerance, specifically within nitrogen metabolism pathways, we compared gene and protein expression differences between a cold-tolerant cultivar, Dongnong428 (DN), and a cold-sensitive cultivar, Songjing10 (SJ). RESULTS Using isobaric tags for relative or absolute quantification (iTRAQ) with high-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques, we identified 5549 genes and 450 proteins in DN and 6145 genes and 790 proteins in SJ, which were differentially expressed during low water temperature (Tw) treatments. There were 354 transcription factor (TF) genes (212 downregulated, 142 upregulated) and 366 TF genes (220 downregulated, 146 upregulated), including 47 gene families, differentially expressed in DN under control (CKDN) vs. DN under low-Tw (D15DN) and SJ under control (CKSJ) vs. SJ under low-Tw D15SJ, respectively. Genes associated with rice cold-related biosynthesis pathways, particularly the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, zeatin biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, were significantly differentially expressed in both rice cultivars. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with rice cold-related biosynthesis pathways, and particularly glutathione metabolism, were significantly differentially expressed in both rice cultivars. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of the nitrogen metabolism pathways showed that major genes and proteins that participated in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine synthesis were downregulated under cold stress. CONCLUSION Cold stress conditions during reproductive growth, resulted in genes and proteins related to cold stress biosynthesis pathways being significantly differentially expressed in DN and SJ. The present study confirmed the known cold stress-associated genes and identified new putative cold-responsive genes. We also found that translational regulation under cold stress plays an important role in cold-tolerant DN. Low-Tw treatments affected N uptake and N metabolism in rice, as well as promoted Glu metabolism and the synthesis of ornithine and proline in cold-sensitive SJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hualong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaojun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Bei Da Huang Kenfeng Seed Limited Company, Harbin, 150431, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhuoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- PlantTech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Detang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qiu XM, Sun YY, Ye XY, Li ZG. Signaling Role of Glutamate in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1743. [PMID: 32063909 PMCID: PMC6999156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is a protein amino acid. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. Nowadays, Glu has been found to emerge as signaling role. Under normal conditions, Glu takes part in seed germination, root architecture, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth. Under stress conditions, Glu participates in wound response, pathogen resistance, response and adaptation to abiotic stress (such as salt, cold, heat, and drought), and local stimulation (abiotic or biotic stress)-triggered long distance signaling transduction. In this review, in the light of the current opinion on Glu signaling in plants, the following knowledge was updated and discussed. 1) Glu metabolism; 2) signaling role of Glu in plant growth, development, and response and adaptation to environmental stress; as well as 3) the underlying research directions in the future. The purpose of this review was to look forward to inspiring the rapid development of Glu signaling research in plant biology, particularly in the field of stress biology of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Ying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yu Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Guang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ju C, Kong D, Lee Y, Ge G, Song Y, Liu J, Kwak JM. Methionine synthase 1 provides methionine for activation of the GLR3.5 Ca2+ channel and regulation of germination in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:178-187. [PMID: 31563952 PMCID: PMC6913737 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a developmental process regulated by numerous internal and external cues. Our previous studies have shown that calcium influx mediated by the Arabidopsis glutamate receptor homolog 3.5 (AtGLR3.5) modulates the expression of the ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) transcription factor during germination and that L-methionine (L-Met) activates AtGLR3.1/3.5 Ca2+ channels in guard cells. However, it is not known whether L-Met participates in regulation of germination and what cellular mechanism is responsible for Met production during germination. Here, we describe Arabidopsis methionine synthase 1 (AtMS1), which acts in the final step of Met biosynthesis, synthesizes the Met required for the activation of AtGLR3.5 Ca2+ channels whose expression is up-regulated during germination, leading to the regulation of seed germination. We show that exogenous L-Met promotes germination in an AtGRL3.5-dependent manner. We also demonstrate that L-Met directly regulates the AtGLR3.5-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca2+ level in seedlings. We provide pharmacological and genetic evidence that Met synthesized via AtMS1 acts upstream of the AtGLR3.5-mediated Ca2+ signal and regulates the expression of ABI4, a major regulator in the abscisic acid response in seeds. Overall, our results link AtMS1, L-Met, the AtGLR3.5 Ca2+ channel, Ca2+ signals, and ABI4, and shed light on the physiological role and molecular mechanism of L-Met in germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ju
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Dongdong Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuree Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gege Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - June M Kwak
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Navazio L, Formentin E, Cendron L, Szabò I. Chloroplast Calcium Signaling in the Spotlight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:186. [PMID: 32226434 PMCID: PMC7081724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Calcium has long been known to regulate the metabolism of chloroplasts, concerning both light and carbon reactions of photosynthesis, as well as additional non photosynthesis-related processes. In addition to undergo Ca2+ regulation, chloroplasts can also influence the overall Ca2+ signaling pathways of the plant cell. Compelling evidence indicate that chloroplasts can generate specific stromal Ca2+ signals and contribute to the fine tuning of cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling in response to different environmental stimuli. The recent set up of a toolkit of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators, targeted to different chloroplast subcompartments (envelope, stroma, thylakoids) has helped to unravel the participation of chloroplasts in intracellular Ca2+ handling in resting conditions and during signal transduction. Intra-chloroplast Ca2+ signals have been demonstrated to occur in response to specific environmental stimuli, suggesting a role for these plant-unique organelles in transducing Ca2+-mediated stress signals. In this mini-review we present current knowledge of stimulus-specific intra-chloroplast Ca2+ transients, as well as recent advances in the identification and characterization of Ca2+-permeable channels/transporters localized at chloroplast membranes. In particular, the potential role played by cMCU, a chloroplast-localized member of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) family, as component of plant environmental sensing is discussed in detail, taking into account some specific structural features of cMCU. In summary, the recent molecular identification of some players of chloroplast Ca2+ signaling has opened new avenues in this rapidly developing field and will hopefully allow a deeper understanding of the role of chloroplasts in shaping physiological responses in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ildikò Szabò,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
The structural bases for agonist diversity in an Arabidopsis thaliana glutamate receptor-like channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:752-760. [PMID: 31871183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905142117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels are amino acid-gated ion channels involved in physiological processes including wound signaling, stomatal regulation, and pollen tube growth. Here, fluorescence microscopy and genetics were used to confirm the central role of GLR3.3 in the amino acid-elicited cytosolic Ca2+ increase in Arabidopsis seedling roots. To elucidate the binding properties of the receptor, we biochemically reconstituted the GLR3.3 ligand-binding domain (LBD) and analyzed its selectivity profile; our binding experiments revealed the LBD preference for l-Glu but also for sulfur-containing amino acids. Furthermore, we solved the crystal structures of the GLR3.3 LBD in complex with 4 different amino acid ligands, providing a rationale for how the LBD binding site evolved to accommodate diverse amino acids, thus laying the grounds for rational mutagenesis. Last, we inspected the structures of LBDs from nonplant species and generated homology models for other GLR isoforms. Our results establish that GLR3.3 is a receptor endowed with a unique amino acid ligand profile and provide a structural framework for engineering this and other GLR isoforms to investigate their physiology.
Collapse
|
41
|
Schulze A, Zimmer M, Mielke S, Stellmach H, Melnyk CW, Hause B, Gasperini D. Wound-Induced Shoot-to-Root Relocation of JA-Ile Precursors Coordinates Arabidopsis Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1383-1394. [PMID: 31181337 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on the movement of signaling molecules across cells, tissues, and organs to communicate among distal sites. In plants, localized leaf damage activates jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent transcriptional reprogramming in both harmed and unharmed tissues. Although it has been indicated that JA species can translocate from damaged into distal sites, the identity of the mobile compound(s), the tissues through which they translocate, and the effect of their relocation remain unknown. Here, we found that following shoot wounding, the relocation of endogenous jasmonates through the phloem is essential to initiate JA signaling and stunt growth in unharmed roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. By employing grafting experiments and hormone profiling, we uncovered that the hormone precursor cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its derivatives, but not the bioactive JA-Ile conjugate, translocate from wounded shoots into undamaged roots. Upon root relocation, the mobile precursors cooperatively regulated JA responses through their conversion into JA-Ile and JA signaling activation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the existence of long-distance translocation of endogenous OPDA and its derivatives, which serve as mobile molecules to coordinate shoot-to-root responses, and highlight the importance of a controlled redistribution of hormone precursors among organs during plant stress acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Schulze
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marlene Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Mielke
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang PH, Lee CE, Lin YS, Lee MH, Chen PY, Chang HC, Chang IF. The Glutamate Receptor-Like Protein GLR3.7 Interacts With 14-3-3ω and Participates in Salt Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1169. [PMID: 31632419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01169/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a family of 20 glutamate receptor-like proteins (GLRs) shares similarities to animal iGluRs in sequence and predicted secondary structure. However, the function of GLRs in plants is little known. In the present study, a serine site (Ser-860) of AtGLR3.7 phosphorylated by a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) was identified and confirmed by an in vitro kinase assay. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation and quartz crystal microbalance analyses, the physical interaction between AtGLR3.7 and the 14-3-3ω protein was confirmed. The mutation of Ser-860 to alanine abolished this interaction, indicating that Ser-860 is the 14-3-3ω binding site of AtGLR3.7. Compared with wild type, seed germination of the glr3.7-2 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress. However, the primary root growth of GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines was less sensitive to salt stress than that of the wild-type line. In addition, the increase of cytosolic calcium ion concentration by salt stress was significantly lower in the glr3.7-2 mutant line than in the wild-type line. Moreover, association of 14-3-3 proteins to microsomal fractions was less in GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines than in GLR3.7 overexpression line under 150 mM NaCl salt stress condition. Overall, our results indicated that GLR3.7 is involved in salt stress response in A. thaliana by affecting calcium signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sin Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Santos Teixeira JA, Ten Tusscher KH. The Systems Biology of Lateral Root Formation: Connecting the Dots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:784-803. [PMID: 30953788 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients. The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots. In this review, we discuss lateral root development from a systems biology perspective. We focus on studies combining experiments with computational modeling that have advanced our understanding of how the auxin-centered regulatory modules involved in different stages of lateral root development exert their specific functions. Moreover, we discuss how these regulatory networks may enable robust transitions from one developmental stage to the next, a subject that thus far has received limited attention. In addition, we analyze how environmental factors impinge on these modules, and the different manners in which these environmental signals are being integrated to enable coordinated developmental decision making. Finally, we provide some suggestions for extending current models of lateral root development to incorporate multiple processes and stages. Only through more comprehensive models we can fully elucidate the cooperative effects of multiple processes on later root formation, and how one stage drives the transition to the next.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Santos Teixeira
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K H Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Marchadier E, Hanemian M, Tisné S, Bach L, Bazakos C, Gilbault E, Haddadi P, Virlouvet L, Loudet O. The complex genetic architecture of shoot growth natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007954. [PMID: 31009456 PMCID: PMC6476473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main outcomes of quantitative genetics approaches to natural variation is to reveal the genetic architecture underlying the phenotypic space. Complex genetic architectures are described as including numerous loci (or alleles) with small-effect and/or low-frequency in the populations, interactions with the genetic background, environment or age. Linkage or association mapping strategies will be more or less sensitive to this complexity, so that we still have an unclear picture of its extent. By combining high-throughput phenotyping under two environmental conditions with classical QTL mapping approaches in multiple Arabidopsis thaliana segregating populations as well as advanced near isogenic lines construction and survey, we have attempted to improve our understanding of quantitative phenotypic variation. Integrative traits such as those related to vegetative growth used in this work (highlighting either cumulative growth, growth rate or morphology) all showed complex and dynamic genetic architecture with respect to the segregating population and condition. The more resolutive our mapping approach, the more complexity we uncover, with several instances of QTLs visible in near isogenic lines but not detected with the initial QTL mapping, indicating that our phenotyping accuracy was less limiting than the mapping resolution with respect to the underlying genetic architecture. In an ultimate approach to resolve this complexity, we intensified our phenotyping effort to target specifically a 3Mb-region known to segregate for a major quantitative trait gene, using a series of selected lines recombined every 100kb. We discovered that at least 3 other independent QTLs had remained hidden in this region, some with trait- or condition-specific effects, or opposite allelic effects. If we were to extrapolate the figures obtained on this specific region in this particular cross to the genome- and species-scale, we would predict hundreds of causative loci of detectable phenotypic effect controlling these growth-related phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Marchadier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Mathieu Hanemian
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Sébastien Tisné
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Liên Bach
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Elodie Gilbault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Parham Haddadi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Laetitia Virlouvet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Olivier Loudet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lapeikaite I, Dragunaite U, Pupkis V, Ruksenas O, Kisnieriene V. Asparagine alters action potential parameters in single plant cell. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:511-519. [PMID: 30291442 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effect of amino acid L-asparagine on electrical signalling of single Nitellopsis obtusa (Characeaen) cell was investigated using glass-microelectrode technique in current-clamp and voltage-clamp modes. Cell exposure for 30 min to 0.1 mM and 1 mM of asparagine resulted in changes of electrically stimulated action potential (AP) parameters in comparison to standard conditions. Results indicate that asparagine acts in dose-dependent manner: increases AP amplitude by hyperpolarizing AP threshold potential (Eth), prolongs action potential repolarization, increases maximum Cl- efflux amplitude along with the increase of activation and inactivation durations. Presented findings provide new aspects of exogenous amino acids' effect on plants' electrical signalling with emphasis on separate single plant cell excitability and AP characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indre Lapeikaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ugne Dragunaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kisnieriene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Moeder W, Phan V, Yoshioka K. Ca 2+ to the rescue - Ca 2+channels and signaling in plant immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:19-26. [PMID: 30709488 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal second messenger in many signaling pathways in all eukaryotes including plants. Transient changes in [Ca2+]cyt are rapidly generated upon a diverse range of stimuli such as drought, heat, wounding, and biotic stresses (infection by pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms), as well as developmental cues. It has been known for a while that [Ca2+]cyt transient signals play crucial roles to activate plant immunity and recently significant progresses have been made in this research field. However the identity and regulation of ion channels that are involved in defense related Ca2+ signals are still enigmatic. Members of two ligand gated ion channel families, glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) have been implicated in immune responses; nevertheless more precise data to understand their direct involvement in the creation of Ca2+ signals during immune responses is necessary. Furthermore, the study of other ion channel groups is also required to understand the whole picture of the intra- and inter-cellular Ca2+ signalling network. In this review we summarize Ca2+ signals in plant immunity from an ion channel point of view and discuss future challenges in this exciting research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Van Phan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada; Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Canarini A, Kaiser C, Merchant A, Richter A, Wanek W. Root Exudation of Primary Metabolites: Mechanisms and Their Roles in Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:157. [PMID: 30881364 PMCID: PMC6407669 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root exudation is an important process determining plant interactions with the soil environment. Many studies have linked this process to soil nutrient mobilization. Yet, it remains unresolved how exudation is controlled and how exactly and under what circumstances plants benefit from exudation. The majority of root exudates including primary metabolites (sugars, amino acids, and organic acids) are believed to be passively lost from the root and used by rhizosphere-dwelling microbes. In this review, we synthetize recent advances in ecology and plant biology to explain and propose mechanisms by which root exudation of primary metabolites is controlled, and what role their exudation plays in plant nutrient acquisition strategies. Specifically, we propose a novel conceptual framework for root exudates. This framework is built upon two main concepts: (1) root exudation of primary metabolites is driven by diffusion, with plants and microbes both modulating concentration gradients and therefore diffusion rates to soil depending on their nutritional status; (2) exuded metabolite concentrations can be sensed at the root tip and signals are translated to modify root architecture. The flux of primary metabolites through root exudation is mostly located at the root tip, where the lack of cell differentiation favors diffusion of metabolites to the soil. We show examples of how the root tip senses concentration changes of exuded metabolites and translates that into signals to modify root growth. Plants can modify the concentration of metabolites either by controlling source/sink processes or by expressing and regulating efflux carriers, therefore challenging the idea of root exudation as a purely unregulated passive process. Through root exudate flux, plants can locally enhance concentrations of many common metabolites, which can serve as sensors and integrators of the plant nutritional status and of the nutrient availability in the surrounding environment. Plant-associated micro-organisms also constitute a strong sink for plant carbon, thereby increasing concentration gradients of metabolites and affecting root exudation. Understanding the mechanisms of and the effects that environmental stimuli have on the magnitude and type of root exudation will ultimately improve our knowledge of processes determining soil CO2 emissions, ecosystem functioning, and how to improve the sustainability of agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Canarini
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network ‘Chemistry Meets Microbiology’, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Alberto Canarini,
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network ‘Chemistry Meets Microbiology’, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Merchant
- Faculty of Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Richter
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network ‘Chemistry Meets Microbiology’, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network ‘Chemistry Meets Microbiology’, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang PH, Lee CE, Lin YS, Lee MH, Chen PY, Chang HC, Chang IF. The Glutamate Receptor-Like Protein GLR3.7 Interacts With 14-3-3ω and Participates in Salt Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1169. [PMID: 31632419 PMCID: PMC6779109 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a family of 20 glutamate receptor-like proteins (GLRs) shares similarities to animal iGluRs in sequence and predicted secondary structure. However, the function of GLRs in plants is little known. In the present study, a serine site (Ser-860) of AtGLR3.7 phosphorylated by a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) was identified and confirmed by an in vitro kinase assay. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation and quartz crystal microbalance analyses, the physical interaction between AtGLR3.7 and the 14-3-3ω protein was confirmed. The mutation of Ser-860 to alanine abolished this interaction, indicating that Ser-860 is the 14-3-3ω binding site of AtGLR3.7. Compared with wild type, seed germination of the glr3.7-2 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress. However, the primary root growth of GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines was less sensitive to salt stress than that of the wild-type line. In addition, the increase of cytosolic calcium ion concentration by salt stress was significantly lower in the glr3.7-2 mutant line than in the wild-type line. Moreover, association of 14-3-3 proteins to microsomal fractions was less in GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines than in GLR3.7 overexpression line under 150 mM NaCl salt stress condition. Overall, our results indicated that GLR3.7 is involved in salt stress response in A. thaliana by affecting calcium signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sin Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ing-Feng Chang,
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zheng Y, Luo L, Wei J, Chen Q, Yang Y, Hu X, Kong X. The glutamate receptors AtGLR1.2 and AtGLR1.3 increase cold tolerance by regulating jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:895-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
50
|
Toyota M, Spencer D, Sawai-Toyota S, Jiaqi W, Zhang T, Koo AJ, Howe GA, Gilroy S. Glutamate triggers long-distance, calcium-based plant defense signaling. Science 2018; 361:1112-1115. [PMID: 30213912 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, facilitating long-range information exchange via activation of glutamate receptor channels. Similarly, plants sense local signals, such as herbivore attack, and transmit this information throughout the plant body to rapidly activate defense responses in undamaged parts. Here we show that glutamate is a wound signal in plants. Ion channels of the GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE family act as sensors that convert this signal into an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that propagates to distant organs, where defense responses are then induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan. .,Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53593, USA.,JST, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Dirk Spencer
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53593, USA
| | | | - Wang Jiaqi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-PRL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53593, USA.
| |
Collapse
|