1
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Förster B, Rourke LM, Weerasooriya HN, Pabuayon ICM, Rolland V, Au EK, Bala S, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Kaines S, Kasili R, LaPlace L, Machingura MC, Massey B, Rosati VC, Stuart-Williams H, Badger MR, Price GD, Moroney JV. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast envelope protein LCIA transports bicarbonate in planta. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad116. [PMID: 36987927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
LCIA is a chloroplast envelope protein associated with the CO2 concentrating mechanism of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. LCIA is postulated to be a HCO3- channel, but previous studies were unable to show that LCIA was actively transporting bicarbonate in planta. Therefore, LCIA activity was investigated more directly in two heterologous systems: an E. coli mutant (DCAKO) lacking both native carbonic anhydrases and an Arabidopsis mutant (βca5) missing the plastid carbonic anhydrase βCA5. Both DCAKO and βca5 cannot grow in ambient CO2 conditions, as they lack carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed production of the necessary HCO3- concentration for lipid and nucleic acid biosynthesis. Expression of LCIA restored growth in both systems in ambient CO2 conditions, which strongly suggests that LCIA is facilitating HCO3- uptake in each system. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence that LCIA moves HCO3- across membranes in bacteria and plants. Furthermore, the βca5 plant bioassay used in this study is the first system for testing HCO3- transport activity in planta, an experimental breakthrough that will be valuable for future studies aimed at improving the photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants using components from algal CO2 concentrating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Förster
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Loraine M Rourke
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Hiruni N Weerasooriya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Isaiah C M Pabuayon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Vivien Rolland
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Eng Kee Au
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Soumi Bala
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sarah Kaines
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Remmy Kasili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lillian LaPlace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Baxter Massey
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Viviana C Rosati
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Murray R Badger
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - G Dean Price
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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2
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Chen YN, Cartwright HN, Ho CH. In vivo visualization of nitrate dynamics using a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4915. [PMID: 36260665 PMCID: PMC9581486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) uptake and distribution are critical to plant life. Although the upstream regulation of NO3- uptake and downstream responses to NO3- in a variety of cells have been well studied, it is still not possible to directly visualize the spatial and temporal distribution of NO3- with high resolution at the cellular level. Here, we report a nuclear-localized, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, which we named NitraMeter3.0, for the quantitative visualization of NO3- distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana. This biosensor tracked the spatiotemporal distribution of NO3- along the primary root axis and disruptions by genetic mutation of transport (low NO3- uptake) and assimilation (high NO3- accumulation). The developed biosensor effectively monitors NO3- concentrations at the cellular level in real time and spatiotemporal changes during the plant life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ning Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Heather N. Cartwright
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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3
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Long S, Yan F, Yang L, Sun Z, Wei S. Responses of Manila Grass (Zoysia matrella) to chilling stress: From transcriptomics to physiology. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235972. [PMID: 32687533 PMCID: PMC7371177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), a warm-season turfgrass, usually wilts and browns by late autumn because of low temperature. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms regarding Manila grass responses to cold stress, we performed transcriptome sequencing of leaves exposed to 4°C for 0 (CK), 2h (2h_CT) and 72h (72h_CT) by Illumina technology. Approximately 250 million paired-end reads were obtained and de novo assembled into 82,605 unigenes. A total of 34,879 unigenes were annotated by comparing their sequence to public protein databases. At the 2h- and 72h-cold time points, 324 and 5,851 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and metabolism pathway (KEGG) enrichment analyses of DEGs indicated that auxin, gibberellins, ethylene and calcium took part in the cold signal transduction in the early period. And in the late cold period, electron transport activities, photosynthetic machinery and activity, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, redox equilibrium and hormone metabolism were disturbed. Low temperature stress triggered high light, drought and oxidative stress. At the physiological level, cold stress induced a decrease in water content, an increase in levels of total soluble sugar, free proline and MDA, and changes in bioactive gibberellins levels, which supported the changes in gene expression. The results provided a large set of sequence data of Manila grass as well as molecular mechanisms of the grass in response to cold stress. This information will be helpful for future study of molecular breeding and turf management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Long
- College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengying Yan
- College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenyuan Sun
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZS); (SW)
| | - Shanjun Wei
- College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (ZS); (SW)
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4
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Gomez-Osuna A, Calatrava V, Galvan A, Fernandez E, Llamas A. Identification of the MAPK Cascade and its Relationship with Nitrogen Metabolism in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103417. [PMID: 32408549 PMCID: PMC7279229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) form part of a signaling cascade through phosphorylation reactions conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. The MAPK cascades are mainly composed by three proteins, MAPKKKs, MAPKKs and MAPKs. Some signals induce MAPKKK-mediated phosphorylation and activation of MAPKK that phosphorylate and activate MAPK. Afterward, MAPKs can act either in the cytoplasm or be imported into the nucleus to activate other proteins or transcription factors. In the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the pathway for nitrogen (N) assimilation is well characterized, yet its regulation still has many unknown features. Nitric oxide (NO) is a fundamental signal molecule for N regulation, where nitrate reductase (NR) plays a central role in its synthesis. The MAPK cascades could be regulating N assimilation, since it has been described that the phosphorylation of NR by MAPK6 promotes NO production in Arabidopsis thaliana. We have identified the proteins involved in the MAPK cascades in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, finding 17 MAPKs, 2 MAPKKs and 108 MAPKKKs (11 MEKK-, 94 RAF- and 3 ZIK-type) that have been structurally and phylogenetically characterized. The genetic expressions of MAPKs and the MAPKK were slightly regulated by N. However, the genetic expressions of MAPKKKs RAF14 and RAF79 showed a very strong repression by ammonium, which suggests that they may have a key role in the regulation of N assimilation, encouraging to further analyze in detail the role of MAPK cascades in the regulation of N metabolism.
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5
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Marchand J, Heydarizadeh P, Schoefs B, Spetea C. Ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast of algae: lessons from land plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2153-2176. [PMID: 29541792 PMCID: PMC5948301 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are endosymbiotic organelles and play crucial roles in energy supply and metabolism of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms (algae and land plants). They harbor channels and transporters in the envelope and thylakoid membranes, mediating the exchange of ions and metabolites with the cytosol and the chloroplast stroma and between the different chloroplast subcompartments. In secondarily evolved algae, three or four envelope membranes surround the chloroplast, making more complex the exchange of ions and metabolites. Despite the importance of transport proteins for the optimal functioning of the chloroplast in algae, and that many land plant homologues have been predicted, experimental evidence and molecular characterization are missing in most cases. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast from algae. The main aspects reviewed are localization and activity of the transport proteins from algae and/or of homologues from other organisms including land plants. Most chloroplast transporters were identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, reside in the envelope and participate in carbon acquisition and metabolism. Only a few identified algal transporters are located in the thylakoid membrane and play role in ion transport. The presence of genes for putative transporters in green algae, red algae, diatoms, glaucophytes and cryptophytes is discussed, and roles in the chloroplast are suggested. A deep knowledge in this field is required because algae represent a potential source of biomass and valuable metabolites for industry, medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Parisa Heydarizadeh
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France.
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
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6
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Berger A, Brouquisse R, Pathak PK, Hichri I, Singh I, Bhatia S, Boscari A, Igamberdiev AU, Gupta KJ. Pathways of nitric oxide metabolism and operation of phytoglobins in legume nodules: missing links and future directions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018. [PMID: 29351361 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to the establishment of a beneficial symbiotic relationship. Recent advances in legume - rhizobium symbiosis revealed that various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including nitric oxide (NO) play important roles during this process. Nodule development occurs with a transition from a normoxic environment during the establishment of symbiosis to a microoxic environment in functional nodules. Such oxygen dynamics are required for activation and repression of various NO production and scavenging pathways. Both the plant and bacterial partners participate in the synthesis and degradation of NO. However, the pathways of NO production and degradation as well as their cross-talk and involvement in the metabolism are still a matter of debate. The plant-originated reductive pathways are known to contribute to the NO production in nodules under hypoxic conditions. Non-symbiotic hemoglobin (phytoglobin) (Pgb) possesses high NO oxygenation capacity, buffers and scavenges NO. Its operation, through a respiratory cycle called Pgb-NO cycle, leads to the maintenance of redox and energy balance in nodules. The role of Pgb/NO cycle under fluctuating NO production from soil needs further investigation for complete understanding of NO regulatory mechanism governing nodule development to attain optimal food security under changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Imène Hichri
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sabhyata Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B3X9, Canada
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7
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Atkovska K, Hub JS. Energetics and mechanism of anion permeation across formate-nitrite transporters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12027. [PMID: 28931899 PMCID: PMC5607303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Formate-nitrite transporters (FNTs) facilitate the translocation of monovalent polyatomic anions, such as formate and nitrite, across biological membranes. FNTs are widely distributed among pathogenic bacteria and eukaryotic parasites, but they lack human homologues, making them attractive drug targets. The mechanisms and energetics involved in anion permeation across the FNTs have remained largely unclear. Both, channel and transporter mode of function have been proposed, with strong indication of proton coupling to the permeation process. We combine molecular dynamics simulations, quantum mechanical calculations, and pK a calculations, to compute the energetics of the complete permeation cycle of an FNT. We find that anions as such, are not able to traverse the FNT pore. Instead, anion binding into the pore is energetically coupled to protonation of a centrally located histidine. In turn, the histidine can protonate the permeating anion, thereby enabling its release. Such mechanism can accommodate the functional diversity among the FNTs, as it may facilitate both, export and import of substrates, with or without proton co-transport. The mechanism excludes proton leakage via the Grotthuss mechanism, and it rationalises the selectivity for weak acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Atkovska
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,University of Goettingen, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jochen S Hub
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, 37077, Germany. .,University of Goettingen, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.
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8
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Calatrava V, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Sanz-Luque E, Ocaña-Calahorro F, Llamas A, Fernandez E, Galvan A. How Chlamydomonas handles nitrate and the nitric oxide cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2593-2602. [PMID: 28201747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas is a valuable model system capable of assimilating different forms of nitrogen (N). Nitrate (NO3-) has a relevant role in plant-like organisms, first as a nitrogen source for growth and second as a signalling molecule. Several modules are necessary for Chlamydomonas to handle nitrate, including transporters, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), GS/GOGAT enzymes for ammonium assimilation, and regulatory protein(s). Transporters provide a first step for influx/efflux, homeostasis, and sensing of nitrate; and NIT2 is the key transcription factor (RWP-RK) for mediating the nitrate-dependent activation of a number of genes. Here, we review how NR participates in the cycle NO3- →NO2- →NO →NO3-. NR uses the partner protein amidoxime-reducing component/nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductase (ARC/NOFNiR) for the conversion of nitrite (NO2-) into nitric oxide (NO). It also uses the truncated haemoglobin THB1 in the conversion of nitric oxide to nitrate. Nitric oxide is a negative signal for nitrate assimilation; it inhibits the activity and expression of high-affinity nitrate/nitrite transporters and NR. During this cycle, the positive signal of nitrate is transformed into the negative signal of nitric oxide, which can then be converted back into nitrate. Thus, NR is back in the spotlight as a strategic regulator of the nitric oxide cycle and the nitrate assimilation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Calatrava
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Chamizo-Ampudia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Ocaña-Calahorro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angel Llamas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Galvan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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9
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NRT2.4 and NRT2.5 Are Two Half-Size Transporters from the Chlamydomonas NRT2 Family. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy6010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Sanz-Luque E, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Llamas A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Understanding nitrate assimilation and its regulation in microalgae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:899. [PMID: 26579149 PMCID: PMC4620153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation is a key process for nitrogen (N) acquisition in green microalgae. Among Chlorophyte algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has resulted to be a good model system to unravel important facts of this process, and has provided important insights for agriculturally relevant plants. In this work, the recent findings on nitrate transport, nitrate reduction and the regulation of nitrate assimilation are presented in this and several other algae. Latest data have shown nitric oxide (NO) as an important signal molecule in the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of nitrate reductase and inorganic N transport. Participation of regulatory genes and proteins in positive and negative signaling of the pathway and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of nitrate assimilation, as well as those involved in Molybdenum cofactor synthesis required to nitrate assimilation, are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of CordobaCordoba, Spain
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11
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Patel AK, Huang EL, Low-Décarie E, Lefsrud MG. Comparative Shotgun Proteomic Analysis of Wastewater-Cultured Microalgae: Nitrogen Sensing and Carbon Fixation for Growth and Nutrient Removal in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3051-67. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501316h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Patel
- Department
of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Eric L. Huang
- Department
of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Etienne Low-Décarie
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G. Lefsrud
- Department
of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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12
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Maeda SI, Murakami A, Ito H, Tanaka A, Omata T. Functional Characterization of the FNT Family Nitrite Transporter of Marine Picocyanobacteria. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:432-46. [PMID: 25809962 PMCID: PMC4390861 DOI: 10.3390/life5010432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the cyanobacterial species found in marine and saline environments have a gene encoding a putative nitrite transporter of the formate/nitrite transporter (FNT) family. The presumed function of the gene (designated nitM) was confirmed by functional expression of the gene from the coastal marine species Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7002 in the nitrite-transport-less mutant (NA4) of the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC7942. The NitM-mediated nitrite uptake showed an apparent Km (NO2-) of about 8 μM and was not inhibited by nitrate, cyanate or formate. Of the nitM orthologs from the three oceanic cyanobacterial species, which are classified as α-cyanobacteria on the basis of the occurrence of Type 1a RuBisCO, the one from Synechococcus sp. strain CC9605 conferred nitrite uptake activity on NA4, but those from Synechococcus sp. strain CC9311 and Prochlorococcus marinus strain MIT9313 did not. A strongly conserved hydrophilic amino acid sequence was found at the C-termini of the deduced NitM sequences from α-cyanobacteria, with a notable exception of the Synechococcus sp. strain CC9605 NitM protein, which entirely lacked the C-terminal amino acids. The C-terminal sequence was not conserved in the NitM proteins from β-cyanobacteria carrying the Type 1b RuBisCO, including the one from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7002. Expression of the truncated nitM genes from Synechococcus sp. strain CC9311 and Prochlorococcus marinus strain MIT9313, encoding the proteins lacking the conserved C-terminal region, conferred nitrite uptake activity on the NA4 mutant, indicating that the C-terminal region of α-cyanobacterial NitM proteins inhibits the activity of the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 Japan.
| | - Akio Murakami
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 Japan.
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Awaji, Hyogo 656-2401, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Ito
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 Japan.
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 Japan.
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Omata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 Japan.
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13
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Dong HP, Huang KX, Wang HL, Lu SH, Cen JY, Dong YL. Understanding strategy of nitrate and urea assimilation in a Chinese strain of Aureococcus anophagefferens through RNA-seq analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111069. [PMID: 25338000 PMCID: PMC4206512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aureococcus anophagefferens is a harmful alga that dominates plankton communities during brown tides in North America, Africa, and Asia. Here, RNA-seq technology was used to profile the transcriptome of a Chinese strain of A. anophagefferens that was grown on urea, nitrate, and a mixture of urea and nitrate, and that was under N-replete, limited and recovery conditions to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie nitrate and urea utilization. The number of differentially expressed genes between urea-grown and mixture N-grown cells were much less than those between urea-grown and nitrate-grown cells. Compared with nitrate-grown cells, mixture N-grown cells contained much lower levels of transcripts encoding proteins that are involved in nitrate transport and assimilation. Together with profiles of nutrient changes in media, these results suggest that A. anophagefferens primarily feeds on urea instead of nitrate when urea and nitrate co-exist. Furthermore, we noted that transcripts upregulated by nitrate and N-limitation included those encoding proteins involved in amino acid and nucleotide transport, degradation of amides and cyanates, and nitrate assimilation pathway. The data suggest that A. anophagefferens possesses an ability to utilize a variety of dissolved organic nitrogen. Moreover, transcripts for synthesis of proteins, glutamate-derived amino acids, spermines and sterols were upregulated by urea. Transcripts encoding key enzymes that are involved in the ornithine-urea and TCA cycles were differentially regulated by urea and nitrogen concentration, which suggests that the OUC may be linked to the TCA cycle and involved in reallocation of intracellular carbon and nitrogen. These genes regulated by urea may be crucial for the rapid proliferation of A. anophagefferens when urea is provided as the N source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Po Dong
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Huang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Long Wang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Hui Lu
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing-Yi Cen
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Lei Dong
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Ions channels/transporters and chloroplast regulation. Cell Calcium 2014; 58:86-97. [PMID: 25454594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ions play fundamental roles in all living cells and their gradients are often essential to fuel transports, to regulate enzyme activities and to transduce energy within and between cells. Their homeostasis is therefore an essential component of the cell metabolism. Ions must be imported from the extracellular matrix to their final subcellular compartments. Among them, the chloroplast is a particularly interesting example because there, ions not only modulate enzyme activities, but also mediate ATP synthesis and actively participate in the building of the photosynthetic structures by promoting membrane-membrane interaction. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive view of the different machineries involved in ion trafficking and homeostasis in the chloroplast, and then discuss peculiar functions exerted by ions in the frame of photochemical conversion of absorbed light energy.
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15
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Maeda SI, Konishi M, Yanagisawa S, Omata T. Nitrite transport activity of a novel HPP family protein conserved in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1311-24. [PMID: 24904028 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Some cyanobacterial genomes encode an integral membrane protein of the HPP family, which exhibited nitrite transport activity when expressed in the nitrite transport-less NA4 mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC 7942. AT5G62720 and AT3G47980 were found to encode Arabidopsis homologs of the cyanobacterial protein. The product of AT5G62720 was localized to the chloroplast envelope membrane and was shown to confer nitrite uptake activity on the NA4 mutant when expressed with an N-terminally truncated transit peptide or as a fusion with the N-terminal region of the cyanobacterial HPP family protein. Kinetic analyses showed that the Arabidopsis protein has much higher affinity for nitrite (K(m) = 13 µM) than the cyanobacterial protein (K(m) = 150 µM). Illuminated chloroplasts isolated from the mutant lines of AT5G62720 showed much lower activity of nitrite uptake than the chloroplasts isolated from the wild-type Col-0 plants, while the chloroplasts of the mutants of AT1G68570 (AtNPF3.1), the gene previously reported to encode a plastid nitrite transporter AtNitr1, showed wild-type levels of nitrite uptake activity. AT3G47980 was expressed in roots but not in shoots. It has a putative transit peptide similar to that of AT5G62720 and its fusion with the N-terminal region of the cyanobacterial HPP protein showed low but significant activity of nitrite transport in the cyanobacterial cell. Transcription of AT5G62720 (AtNITR2;1) and AT3G47980 (AtNITR2;2) was stimulated by nitrate under the control of the NIN-like proteins, suggesting that the HPP proteins represent nitrate-inducible components of the nitrite transport system of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanJapan Science and Technology, Agency, CREST
| | - Mineko Konishi
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanJapan Science and Technology, Agency, CREST
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16
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Remacle C, Eppe G, Coosemans N, Fernandez E, Vigeolas H. Combined intracellular nitrate and NIT2 effects on storage carbohydrate metabolism in Chlamydomonas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:23-33. [PMID: 24187418 PMCID: PMC3883280 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are receiving increasing attention as alternative production systems for renewable energy such as biofuel. The photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is widely recognized as the model system to study all aspects of algal physiology, including the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of starch and triacylglycerol (TAG), which are the precursors of biofuel. All of these pathways not only require a carbon (C) supply but also are strongly dependent on a source of nitrogen (N) to sustain optimal growth rate and biomass production. In order to gain a better understanding of the regulation of C and N metabolisms and the accumulation of storage carbohydrates, the effect of different N sources (NH4NO3 and ) on primary metabolism using various mutants impaired in either NIA1, NIT2 or both loci was performed by metabolic analyses. The data demonstrated that, using NH4NO3, nia1 strain displayed the most striking phenotype, including an inhibition of growth, accumulation of intracellular nitrate, and strong starch and TAG accumulation. The measurements of the different C and N intermediate levels (amino, organic, and fatty acids), together with the determination of acetate and remaining in the medium, clearly excluded the hypothesis of a slower and acetate assimilation in this mutant in the presence of NH4NO3. The results provide evidence of the implication of intracellular nitrate and NIT2 in the control of C partitioning into different storage carbohydrates under mixotrophic conditions in Chlamydomonas. The underlying mechanisms and implications for strategies to increase biomass yield and storage product composition in oleaginous algae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Remacle
- University of Liege, Institute of Botany, B22, Genetics of Microorganisms, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - G. Eppe
- University of Liege, Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, LSM-CART, Allée de la Chimie B6c, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - N. Coosemans
- University of Liege, Institute of Botany, B22, Genetics of Microorganisms, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - E. Fernandez
- Departamento de Bioquımica y Biologıa Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - H. Vigeolas
- University of Liege, Institute of Botany, B22, Genetics of Microorganisms, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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17
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Abstract
Some eukaryotes, such as plant and fungi, are capable of utilizing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Once transported into the cell, nitrate is reduced to ammonium by the consecutive action of nitrate and nitrite reductase. How nitrate assimilation is balanced with nitrate and nitrite efflux is unknown, as are the proteins involved. The nitrate assimilatory yeast Hansenula polymorpha was used as a model to dissect these efflux systems. We identified the sulfite transporters Ssu1 and Ssu2 as effective nitrate exporters, Ssu2 being quantitatively more important, and we characterize the Nar1 protein as a nitrate/nitrite exporter. The use of strains lacking either SSU2 or NAR1 along with the nitrate reductase gene YNR1 showed that nitrate reductase activity is not required for net nitrate uptake. Growth test experiments indicated that Ssu2 and Nar1 exporters allow yeast to cope with nitrite toxicity. We also have shown that the well-known Saccharomyces cerevisiae sulfite efflux permease Ssu1 is also able to excrete nitrite and nitrate. These results characterize for the first time essential components of the nitrate/nitrite efflux system and their impact on net nitrate uptake and its regulation.
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18
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Kotur Z, Siddiqi YM, Glass ADM. Characterization of nitrite uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for a nitrite-specific transporter. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:201-210. [PMID: 23763619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite-specific plasma membrane transporters have been described in bacteria, algae and fungi, but there is no evidence of a nitrite-specific plasma membrane transporter in higher plants. We have used 13NO2(-) to characterize nitrite influx into roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hydroponically grown Arabidopsis mutants, defective in high-affinity nitrate transport, were used to distinguish between nitrate and nitrite uptake by means of the short-lived tracers 13NO2(-) and 13NO3(-). This approach allowed us to characterize a nitrite-specific transporter. The Atnar2.1-2 mutant, lacking a functional high-affinity nitrate transport system, is capable of nitrite influx that is constitutive and thermodynamically active. The corresponding fluxes conform to a rectangular hyperbola, exhibiting saturation at concentrations above 200 μM (Km = 185 μM and Vmax = 1.89 μmol g(-1) FW h(-1)). Nitrite influx via the putative nitrite transporter is not subject to competitive inhibition by nitrate but is downregulated after 6 h exposure to ammonium. These results signify the existence of a nitrite-specific transporter in Arabidopsis. This transporter enables Atnar2.1-2 mutants, which are incapable of sustained growth on low nitrate, to maintain significant growth on low nitrite. In wild-type plants, this nitrite flux may increase nitrogen acquisition and also participate in the induction of genes specifically induced by nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Kotur
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yaeesh M Siddiqi
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony D M Glass
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z4, Canada
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19
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Liseron-Monfils C, Bi YM, Downs GS, Wu W, Signorelli T, Lu G, Chen X, Bondo E, Zhu T, Lukens LN, Colasanti J, Rothstein SJ, Raizada MN. Nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes exhibit developmental stage-selective expression in maize (Zea mays L.) associated with distinct cis-acting promoter motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:26056. [PMID: 24270626 PMCID: PMC4091066 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is considered the most limiting nutrient for maize (Zea mays L.), but there is limited understanding of the regulation of nitrogen-related genes during maize development. An Affymetrix 82K maize array was used to analyze the expression of ≤ 46 unique nitrogen uptake and assimilation probes in 50 maize tissues from seedling emergence to 31 d after pollination. Four nitrogen-related expression clusters were identified in roots and shoots corresponding to, or overlapping, juvenile, adult, and reproductive phases of development. Quantitative real time PCR data was consistent with the existence of these distinct expression clusters. Promoters corresponding to each cluster were screened for over-represented cis-acting elements. The 8-bp distal motif of the Arabidopsis 43-bp nitrogen response element (NRE) was over-represented in nitrogen-related maize gene promoters. This conserved motif, referred to here as NRE43-d8, was previously shown to be critical for nitrate-activated transcription of nitrate reductase (NIA1) and nitrite reductase (NIR1) by the NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 6 (NLP6) in Arabidopsis. Here, NRE43-d8 was over-represented in the promoters of maize nitrate and ammonium transporter genes, specifically those that showed peak expression during early-stage vegetative development. This result predicts an expansion of the NRE-NLP6 regulon and suggests that it may have a developmental component in maize. We also report leaf expression of putative orthologs of nitrite transporters (NiTR1), a transporter not previously reported in maize. We conclude by discussing how each of the four transcriptional modules may be responsible for the different nitrogen uptake and assimilation requirements of leaves and roots at different stages of maize development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Gregory S Downs
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Tara Signorelli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc.; Research Triangle Park; Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Eddie Bondo
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc.; Research Triangle Park; Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc.; Research Triangle Park; Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Lewis N Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture; University of Guelph; Guelph, ON Canada
- Correspondence to: Manish N Raizada,
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20
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Scherholz ML, Curtis WR. Achieving pH control in microalgal cultures through fed-batch addition of stoichiometrically-balanced growth media. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:39. [PMID: 23651806 PMCID: PMC3751429 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lack of accounting for proton uptake and secretion has confounded interpretation of the stoichiometry of photosynthetic growth of algae. This is also problematic for achieving growth of microalgae to high cell concentrations which is necessary to improve productivity and the economic feasibility of commercial-scale chemical production systems. Since microalgae are capable of consuming both nitrate and ammonium, this represents an opportunity to balance culture pH based on a nitrogen feeding strategy that does not utilize gas-phase CO2 buffering. Stoichiometry suggests that approximately 36 weight%N-NH4+ (balance nitrogen as NO3-) would minimize the proton imbalance and permit high-density photoautotrophic growth as it does in higher plant tissue culture. However, algal media almost exclusively utilize nitrate, and ammonium is often viewed as ‘toxic’ to algae. Results The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exclusively utilize ammonium when both ammonium and nitrate are provided during growth on excess CO2. The resulting proton imbalance from preferential ammonium utilization causes the pH to drop too low to sustain further growth when ammonium was only 9% of the total nitrogen (0.027 gN-NH4+/L). However, providing smaller amounts of ammonium sequentially in the presence of nitrate maintained the pH of a Chlorella vulgaris culture for improved growth on 0.3 gN/L to 5 gDW/L under 5% CO2 gas-phase supplementation. Bioreactor pH dynamics are shown to be predictable based on simple nitrogen assimilation as long as there is sufficient CO2 availability. Conclusions This work provides both a media formulation and a feeding strategy with a focus on nitrogen metabolism and regulation to support high-density algal culture without buffering. The instability in culture pH that is observed in microalgal cultures in the absence of buffers can be overcome through alternating utilization of ammonium and nitrate. Despite the highly regulated array of nitrogen transporters, providing a nitrogen source with a balanced degree of reduction minimizes pH fluctuations. Understanding and accommodating the behavior of nitrogen utilization in microalgae is key to avoiding ‘culture crash’ and reliance on gas phase CO2 buffering, which becomes both ineffective and cost-prohibitive for commercial-scale algal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megerle L Scherholz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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21
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Rycovska A, Hatahet L, Fendler K, Michel H. The nitrite transport protein NirC from Salmonella typhimurium is a nitrite/proton antiporter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Unkles SE, Symington VF, Kotur Z, Wang Y, Siddiqi MY, Kinghorn JR, Glass ADM. Physiological and biochemical characterization of AnNitA, the Aspergillus nidulans high-affinity nitrite transporter. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1724-32. [PMID: 22021238 PMCID: PMC3232726 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05199-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity nitrite influx into mycelia of Aspergillus nidulans has been characterized by use of (13)NO(2)(-), giving average K(m) and V(max) values of 48 ± 8 μM and 228 ± 49 nmol mg(-1) dry weight (DW) h(-1), respectively. Kinetic analysis of a plot that included an additional large number of low-concentration fluxes gave an excellent monophasic fit (r(2) = 0.96), with no indication of sigmoidal kinetics. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models of AnNitA are presented, and the possible roles of conserved asparagine residues N122 (transmembrane domain 3 ]Tm 3]), N173 (Tm 4), N214 (Tm 5), and N246 (Tm 6) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela E. Unkles
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki F. Symington
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Zorica Kotur
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M. Yaeesh Siddiqi
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James R. Kinghorn
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. M. Glass
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Baba M, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Proteomic Analysis of High-CO2-Inducible Extracellular Proteins in the Unicellular Green Alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 52:1302-14. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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McDonald SM, Plant JN, Worden AZ. The mixed lineage nature of nitrogen transport and assimilation in marine eukaryotic phytoplankton: a case study of micromonas. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:2268-83. [PMID: 20457585 PMCID: PMC2944026 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prasinophyte order Mamiellales contains several widespread marine picophytoplankton (≤ 2 μm diameter) taxa, including Micromonas and Ostreococcus. Complete genome sequences are available for two Micromonas isolates, CCMP1545 and RCC299. We performed in silico analyses of nitrogen transporters and related assimilation genes in CCMP1545 and RCC299 and compared these with other green lineage organisms as well as Chromalveolata, fungi, bacteria, and archaea. Phylogenetic reconstructions of ammonium transporter (AMT) genes revealed divergent types contained within each Mamiellales genome. Some were affiliated with plant and green algal AMT1 genes and others with bacterial AMT2 genes. Land plant AMT2 genes were phylogenetically closer to archaeal transporters than to Mamiellales AMT2 genes. The Mamiellales represent the first green algal genomes to harbor AMT2 genes, which are not found in Chlorella and Chlamydomonas or the chromalveolate algae analyzed but are present in oomycetes. Fewer nitrate transporter (NRT) than AMT genes were identified in the Mamiellales. NRT1 was found in all but CCMP1545 and showed highest similarity to Mamiellales and proteobacterial NRTs. NRT2 genes formed a bootstrap-supported clade basal to other green lineage organisms. Several nitrogen-related genes were colocated, forming a nitrogen gene cluster. Overall, RCC299 showed the most divergent suite of nitrogen transporters within the various Mamiellales genomes, and we developed TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction primer-probes targeting a subset of these, as well as housekeeping genes, in RCC299. All those investigated showed expression either under standard growth conditions or under nitrogen depletion. Like other recent publications, our findings show a higher degree of "mixed lineage gene affiliations" among eukaryotes than anticipated, and even the most phylogenetically anomalous versions appear to be functional. Nitrogen is often considered a regulating factor for phytoplankton populations. This study provides a springboard for exploring the use and functional diversification of inorganic nitrogen transporters and related genes in eukaryotic phytoplankton.
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25
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de Montaigu A, Sanz-Luque E, Galván A, Fernández E. A soluble guanylate cyclase mediates negative signaling by ammonium on expression of nitrate reductase in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1532-48. [PMID: 20442374 PMCID: PMC2899865 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.062380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation in plants and related organisms is a highly regulated and conserved pathway in which the enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) occupies a central position. Although some progress has been made in understanding the regulation of the protein, transcriptional regulation of the NR gene (NIA1) is poorly understood. This work describes a mechanism for the ammonium-mediated repression of NIA1. We report the characterization of a mutant defective in the repression of NIA1 and NR in response to ammonium and show that a gene (CYG56) coding for a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent guanylate cyclase (GC) was interrupted in this mutant. NO donors, cGMP analogs, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), and a calcium ionophore (A23187) repress the expression of NIA1 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild-type cells and also repress the expression of other ammonium-sensitive genes. In addition, the GC inhibitors LY83,583 (6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione) and ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one) release cells from ammonium repression. Intracellular NO and cGMP levels were increased in the presence of ammonium in wild-type cells. In the cyg56 mutant, NIA1 transcription was less sensitive to NO donors and A23187, but responded like the wild type to IBMX. Results presented here suggest that CYG56 participates in ammonium-mediated NIA1 repression through a pathway that involves NO, cGMP, and calcium and that similar mechanisms might be occurring in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
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Abstract
Due to the presence of plastids, eukaryotic photosynthetic cells represent the most highly compartmentalized eukaryotic cells. This high degree of compartmentation requires the transport of solutes across intracellular membrane systems by specific membrane transporters. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on functionally characterized intracellular plant membrane transporters and we link transporter functions to Arabidopsis gene identifiers and to the transporter classification system. In addition, we outline challenges in further elucidating the plant membrane permeome and we provide an outline of novel approaches for the functional characterization of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Geb. 26.03.01, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Separation of the up-regulated genes under nitrogen starvation from Phaeodactylum tricornutum by suppression subtractive hy-bridization technology. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:865-70. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Duanmu D, Miller AR, Horken KM, Weeks DP, Spalding MH. Knockdown of limiting-CO2-induced gene HLA3 decreases HCO3- transport and photosynthetic Ci affinity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5990-5. [PMID: 19321421 PMCID: PMC2667020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812885106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other microalgal species is essential for photosynthetic growth in most natural settings. A great deal has been learned regarding the CCM in cyanobacteria, including identification of inorganic carbon (Ci; CO(2) and HCO(3)(-)) transporters; however, specific knowledge of analogous transporters has remained elusive in eukaryotic microalgae such as C. reinhardtii. Here we investigated whether the limiting-CO(2)-inducible, putative ABC-type transporter HLA3 might function as a HCO(3)(-) transporter by evaluating the effect of pH on growth, photosynthetic Ci affinity, and [(14)C]-Ci uptake in very low CO(2) conditions following RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of HLA3 mRNA levels in wild-type and mutant cells. Although knockdown of HLA3 mRNA alone resulted in only modest but high-pH-dependent decreases in photosynthetic Ci affinity and Ci uptake, the combination of nearly complete knockdown of HLA3 mRNA with mutations in LCIB (which encodes limiting-Ci-inducible plastid-localized protein required for normal Ci uptake or accumulation in low-CO(2) conditions) and/or simultaneous, apparently off-target knockdown of LCIA mRNA (which encodes limiting-Ci-inducible plastid envelope protein reported to transport HCO(3)(-)) resulted in dramatic decreases in growth, Ci uptake, and photosynthetic Ci affinity, especially at pH 9, at which HCO(3)(-) is the predominant form of available Ci. Collectively, the data presented here provide compelling evidence that HLA3 is directly or indirectly involved in HCO(3)(-) transport, along with additional evidence supporting a role for LCIA in chloroplast envelope HCO(3)(-) transport and a role for LCIB in chloroplast Ci accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Duanmu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 and
| | - Amy R. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Kempton M. Horken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Donald P. Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 and
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Nitrite transport activity of the ABC-type cyanate transporter of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3265-72. [PMID: 19286804 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00013-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type nitrate/nitrite-bispecific transporter, which has a high affinity for both substrates (K(m), approximately 1 microM), Synechococcus elongatus has an active nitrite transport system with an apparent K(m) (NO(2)(-)) value of 20 microM. We found that this activity depends on the cynABD genes, which encode a putative cyanate (NCO(-)) ABC-type transporter. Accordingly, nitrite transport by CynABD was competitively inhibited by NCO(-) with a K(i) value of 0.025 microM. The transporter was induced under conditions of nitrogen deficiency, and the induced cells showed a V(max) value of 11 to 13 micromol/mg of chlorophyll per h for cyanate or nitrite, which could supply approximately 30% of the amount of nitrogen required for optimum growth. Its relative specificity for the substrates and regulation at transcriptional and posttranslational levels suggested that the physiological role of the bispecific cyanate/nitrite transporter in S. elongatus is to allow nitrogen-deficient cells to assimilate low concentrations of cyanate in the medium. Its contribution to nitrite assimilation was significant in a mutant lacking the ABC-type nitrate/nitrite transporter, suggesting a possible role for CynABD in nitrite assimilation by cyanobacterial species that lack another high-affinity mechanism(s) for nitrite transport.
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30
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Yamano T, Fukuzawa H. Carbon-concentrating mechanism in a green alga,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, revealed by transcriptome analyses. J Basic Microbiol 2009; 49:42-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200800352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Galván A, González-Ballester D, Fernández E. Insertional mutagenesis as a tool to study genes/functions in Chlamydomonas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 616:77-89. [PMID: 18161492 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75532-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has emerged during the last decades as a model system to understand gene functions, many of them shared by bacteria, fungi, plants, animals and humans. A powerful resource for the research community is the availability of complete collections of stable mutants for studying whole genome function. In the meantime other strategies might be developed; insertional mutagenesis has become currently the best strategy to disrupt and tag nuclear genes in Chlamydomonas allowing forward and reverse genetic approaches. Here, we outline the mutagenesis technique stressing the idea of generating databases for ordered mutant libraries, and also of improving efficient methods for reverse genetics to identify mutants defective in a particular gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba. Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071-Córdoba, Spain.
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33
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Ferrario-Méry S, Meyer C, Hodges M. Chloroplast nitrite uptake is enhanced in Arabidopsis PII mutants. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1061-6. [PMID: 18325336 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants, the PII protein is a nuclear-encoded plastid protein that regulates the activity of a key enzyme of arginine biosynthesis. We have previously observed that Arabidopsis PII mutants are more sensitive to nitrite toxicity. Using intact chloroplasts isolated from Arabidopsis leaves and (15)N-labelled nitrite we show that a light-dependent nitrite uptake into chloroplasts is increased in PII knock-out mutants when compared to the wild-type. This leads to a higher incorporation of (15)N into ammonium and amino acids in the mutant chloroplasts. However, the uptake differences do not depend on GS/GOGAT activities. Our observations suggest that PII is involved in the regulation of nitrite uptake into higher plant chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ferrario-Méry
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, INRA, Route de St. Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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34
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Burey SC, Poroyko V, Ergen ZN, Fathi-Nejad S, Schüller C, Ohnishi N, Fukuzawa H, Bohnert HJ, Löffelhardt W. Acclimation to low [CO(2)] by an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in Cyanophora paradoxa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:1422-35. [PMID: 17897412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The glaucocystophyte Cyanophora paradoxa contains cyanelles, plastids with prokaroytic features such as a peptidoglycan wall and a central proteinaceous inclusion body. While this central body includes the majority of the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxgenase Rubisco), the presence of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in C. paradoxa has only been hypothesized. Here, we present physiological data in support of a CCM: CO(2) exchange activity as well as apparent affinity against inorganic carbon were found to increase under CO(2)-limiting stress. Further, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of C. paradoxa were obtained from two cDNA libraries, one from cells grown in high [CO(2)] conditions and one from cells grown under low [CO(2)] conditions. A cDNA microarray platform assembled from 2378 cDNA sequences revealed that 142 genes significantly responded to a shift from high to low [CO(2)]. Trends in gene expression were comparable to those reported for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803, both possessing a CCM. Among genes regulated by [CO(2)], transcripts were identified encoding carbonic anhydrases (CAs), Rubisco activase and a putative bicarbonate transporter in C. paradoxa, likely functionally involved in the CCM. These results and the polyhedric appearance of the central body further support the hypothesis of a unique 'eukaryotic carboxysome' in Cyanophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Burey
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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35
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Mason CB, Bricker TM, Moroney JV. A rapid method for chloroplast isolation from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:2227-30. [PMID: 17406461 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This method has been developed to yield highly purified intact chloroplasts from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This procedure involves breaking cell-wall-deficient cells by passage through a narrow-bore syringe needle and purifying the intact chloroplasts by differential centrifugation and Percoll gradient centrifugation. This procedure can be completed in less than 3 h and is capable of generating relatively high yields of chloroplasts that should be useful for researchers studying the biochemistry and cell biology of C. reinhardtii chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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36
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Sugiura M, Georgescu MN, Takahashi M. A nitrite transporter associated with nitrite uptake by higher plant chloroplasts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1022-35. [PMID: 17566055 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts take up cytosolic nitrite during nitrate assimilation. In this study we identified a nitrite transporter located in the chloroplasts of higher plants. The transporter, CsNitr1-L, a member of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT) family, was detected during light-induced chloroplast development in de-etiolating cucumber seedlings. We detected a CsNitr1-L-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in the chloroplasts of leaf cells and found that an immunoreactive 51 kDa protein was present in the isolated inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts. CsNitr1-L has an isoform, CsNitr1-S, with an identical 484 amino acid core sequence; however, in CsNitr1-S the 120 amino acid N-terminal extension is missing. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing CsNitr1-S absorbed nitrite from an acidic medium at a slower rate than mock-transformed control cells, and accumulated nitrite to only one-sixth the concentration of the control cells, suggesting that CsNitr1-S enhances the efflux of nitrite from the cell. Insertion of T-DNA in a single CsNitr1-L homolog (At1g68570) in Arabidopsis resulted in nitrite accumulation in leaves to more than five times the concentration found in the wild type. These results show that it is possible that both CsNitr1-L and CsNitr1-S encode efflux-type nitrite transporters, but with different subcellular localizations. CsNitr1-L may possibly load cytosolic nitrite into chloroplast stroma in the chloroplast envelope during nitrate assimilation. The presence of genes homologous to CsNitr1-L in the genomes of Arabidopsis and rice indicates that facilitated nitrite transport is of general physiological importance in plant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sugiura
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
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37
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Deloménie C, Foti E, Floch E, Diderot V, Porquet D, Dupuy C, Bonaly J. A new homolog of FocA transporters identified in cadmium-resistant Euglena gracilis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:455-61. [PMID: 17499216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the cellular mechanism of stress resistance to various pollutants (cadmium, pentachlorophenol), we undertook a survey of the Euglena gracilis transcriptome by mRNA differential display and cDNA cloning. We performed a real-time RT-PCR analysis upon four selected genes. One of them significantly changed its expression level in response to stress treatments: B25 gene was overexpressed in Cd-resistant cells whereas it was down-regulated in PCP-adapted cells. By Race assays we obtained for B25 a 1093bp cDNA. The deduced protein was identified as a bacterial formate/nitrite transporter (FocA) homolog and the gene was named EgFth. From all the data, we concluded that EgFth overexpression was related to chronic exposure to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Deloménie
- IFR 141, Plateforme Transcriptome, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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38
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Mariscal V, Moulin P, Orsel M, Miller AJ, Fernández E, Galván A. Differential regulation of the Chlamydomonas Nar1 gene family by carbon and nitrogen. Protist 2006; 157:421-33. [PMID: 16905358 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Six genes of the Nar1 multigene family from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were identified and are located on chromosomes I, VI, VII, IX, and XII/XIII. The first known member Nar1.1 encodes a chloroplast nitrite transporter that regulates nitrate assimilation according to carbon availability, and data supporting the idea that NAR1 proteins may participate in adjusting both nitrite and carbon utilization by Chlamydomonas cells are presented herein. The protein sequences deduced from their corresponding cDNAs show the typical signature of the FNT family, but also have particular differences: (1) NAR1.1, NAR1.2, and NAR1.5 contain putative chloroplast transit peptides; and (2) NAR1.3 and NAR1.6 have long C-termini. The expression patterns for Nar1 transcripts showed differential responses to changes in nitrogen or carbon status, as well as a particular regulation by the nitrate assimilation regulatory gene Nit2. One gene, Nar1.2, was strongly carbon-regulated independently of Nit2; two genes, Nar1.1 and Nar1.6, were regulated by nitrogen and Nit2; and the other genes, Nar1.3, Nar1.4, and Nar1.5 were independent of Nit2 and responded to nitrogen or carbon treatments in a transient and not easily understandable way. We have used Xenopus oocytes as a heterologous system for functional expression of NAR1.2. The electrophysiological response to HCO3- and NO2- provides evidence that NAR1.2 is involved in both HCO3- and NO2- transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mariscal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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39
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Pérez-Alegre M, Dubus A, Fernández E. REM1, a new type of long terminal repeat retrotransposon in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10628-38. [PMID: 16287873 PMCID: PMC1291216 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.23.10628-10638.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon, named REM1, has been identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It was found in low copy number, highly methylated, and with an inducible transpositional activity. This retrotransposon is phylogenetically related to Ty3-gypsy LTR retrotransposons and possesses new and unusual structural features. A regulatory module, ORF3p, is present in an inverse transcriptional orientation to that of the polyprotein and contains PHD-finger and chromodomains, which might confer specificity of the target site and are highly conserved in proteins involved in transcriptional regulation by chromatin remodeling. By using different wild-type and mutant strains, we show that CrREM1 was active with a strong transcriptional activity and amplified its copy number in strains that underwent foreign DNA integration and/or genetic crosses. However, integration of CrREM1 was restricted to these events even though the expression of its full-length transcripts remained highly activated. A regulatory mechanism of CrREM1 retrotransposition which would help to minimize its deleterious effects in the host genome is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pérez-Alegre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa Planta baja, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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40
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Ferrario-Méry S, Bouvet M, Leleu O, Savino G, Hodges M, Meyer C. Physiological characterisation of Arabidopsis mutants affected in the expression of the putative regulatory protein PII. PLANTA 2005; 223:28-39. [PMID: 16133214 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The PII signal transducing protein is involved in carbon/nitrogen (C/N) sensing in bacteria and cyanobacteria. In higher plants the function of the PII homolog GLB1 is not known. GLB1 transcripts were found in all plant organs tested, while in Arabidopsis leaves GLB1 expression and PII protein levels were not significantly affected by either the day/night cycle or N-nutrition. Its putative regulatory role in plants has been studied by analysing Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion lines in the GLB1 gene. These PII mutants showed an 80% (PIIV1 mutant) and 100% (PIIS2 mutant) reduced AtGLB1 transcript level and no detectable PII protein. They did not display an altered growth or developmental phenotype when grown under non-limiting conditions suggesting that the PII protein does not play a crucial role in plants. However, in vitro grown PII mutants did show a higher sensitivity to nitrite (NO (2) (-) ) compared to the wild-type plants. This observation is reminiscent of the role of PII in the regulation of NO (2) (-) metabolism in cyanobacteria. Furthermore, when grown hydroponically, the PII mutants displayed a slight increase in carbohydrate (starch and sugars) levels in response to N starvation and a slight decrease in the levels of ammonium (NH (4) (+) ) and amino acids (mainly Gln) in response to NH (4) (+) resupply. Although the phenotypic changes are rather small in the mutant lines, these data support the hypothesis of a subtle involvement of the PII protein in the regulation of some steps of primary C and N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ferrario-Méry
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, INRA, Route de St. Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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41
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Weber APM, Schwacke R, Flügge UI. Solute transporters of the plastid envelope membrane. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2005; 56:133-64. [PMID: 15862092 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are metabolically extraordinarily active and versatile organelles that are found in all plant cells with the exception of angiosperm pollen grains. Many of the plastid-localized biochemical pathways depend on precursors from the cytosol and, in turn, many cytosolic pathways depend on the supply of precursor molecules from the plastid stroma. Hence, a massive traffic of metabolites occurs across the permeability barrier between plastids and cytosol that is called the plastid envelope membrane. Many of the known plastid envelope solute transporters have been identified by biochemical purification and peptide sequencing. This approach is of limited use for less abundant proteins and for proteins of plastid subtypes that are difficult to isolate in preparative amounts. Hence, the majority of plastid envelope membrane transporters are not yet identified at the molecular level. The availability of fully sequenced plant genomes, the progress in bioinformatics to predict membrane transporters localized in plastids, and the development of highly sensitive proteomics techniques open new avenues toward identifying additional, to date unknown, plastid envelope membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P M Weber
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312, USA.
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42
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Meyer C, Lea US, Provan F, Kaiser WM, Lillo C. Is nitrate reductase a major player in the plant NO (nitric oxide) game? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 83:181-9. [PMID: 16143851 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-3548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible, very reactive gas that is involved in the regulation of many processes in plants. Several enzymatic sources of NO production have been identified in recent years. Nitrate reductase (NR) is one of them and it has been shown that this well-known plant protein, apart from its role in nitrate reduction and assimilation, can also catalyse the reduction of nitrite to NO. This reaction can produce large amounts of NO, or at least more than is needed for signalling, as some escape of NO to the outside medium can be detected after NR activation. A role for NO and NR in stomata functioning in response to abscisic acid has also been proposed. The question that remains is whether this NR-derived NO is a signalling molecule or the mere product of an enzymatic side reaction like the products generated by the oxygenase activity of RuBisCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meyer
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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43
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Miura K, Yamano T, Yoshioka S, Kohinata T, Inoue Y, Taniguchi F, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Yamato KT, Ohyama K, Fukuzawa H. Expression profiling-based identification of CO2-responsive genes regulated by CCM1 controlling a carbon-concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:1595-607. [PMID: 15235119 PMCID: PMC519074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.041400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic acclimation to CO2-limiting stress is associated with control of genetic and physiological responses through a signal transduction pathway, followed by integrated monitoring of the environmental changes. Although several CO2-responsive genes have been previously isolated, genome-wide analysis has not been applied to the isolation of CO2-responsive genes that may function as part of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in photosynthetic eukaryotes. By comparing expression profiles of cells grown under CO2-rich conditions with those of cells grown under CO2-limiting conditions using a cDNA membrane array containing 10,368 expressed sequence tags, 51 low-CO2 inducible genes and 32 genes repressed by low CO2 whose mRNA levels were changed more than 2.5-fold in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard were detected. The fact that the induction of almost all low-CO2 inducible genes was impaired in the ccm1 mutant suggests that CCM1 is a master regulator of CCM through putative low-CO2 signal transduction pathways. Among low-CO2 inducible genes, two novel genes, LciA and LciB, were identified, which may be involved in inorganic carbon transport. Possible functions of low-CO2 inducible and/or CCM1-regulated genes are discussed in relation to the CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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44
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Weber APM, Schneidereit J, Voll LM. Using mutants to probe the in vivo function of plastid envelope membrane metabolite transporters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2004; 55:1231-1244. [PMID: 15047758 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During the last 15 years, much progress has been made in discovering genes encoding solute transporters of the inner plastid envelope membrane. For example, genes encoding transporters for phosphorylated intermediates, dicarboxylates, adenine nucleotides, inorganic anions, and monosaccharides have been cloned. In many cases, the corresponding proteins have been expressed in recombinant host systems for further functional studies, thus allowing detailed in vitro characterization of transporter properties. Knowledge of the gene sequences encoding these transporters have allowed reverse-genetic approaches to study transporter function in vivo. Antisense repression and T-DNA insertion mutagenesis have provided a range of transgenic and mutant plants in which the activity of specific plastid envelope transporters are massively decreased or abolished. Plants with altered transporter activities represent excellent tools to probe the in vivo function of these transporters. Moreover, changing the permeability of the plastid envelope membrane permits the targeted manipulation of subcellular metabolite pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P M Weber
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant Biology, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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45
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Ataya FS, Witte CP, Galván A, Igeño MI, Fernández E. Mcp1 encodes the molybdenum cofactor carrier protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and participates in protection, binding, and storage functions of the cofactor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10885-90. [PMID: 12519777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211320200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is essential for the activity of all molybdoenzymes except nitrogenase. The cDNA for the Moco carrier protein (MocoCP) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been cloned by reverse transcription PCR approaches with primers designed from microsequenced peptides of this protein. The C. reinhardtii MocoCP has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and is found assembled into a homotetramer when Moco is not present under native conditions. Recombinant MocoCP has the same biochemical characteristics as MocoCP from C. reinhardtii, as it bound Moco from milk xanthine oxidase with high affinity, prevented Moco inactivation by oxygen, and transferred Moco efficiently to aponitrate reductase from the Neurospora crassa nit1 mutant. The genomic DNA sequence corresponding to the Chlamydomonas MocoCP gene, CrMcp1, also was isolated. This gene contained three introns in the coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence of CrMcp1 did not show a significant identity to functionally known proteins in the GenBank data base, although a significant conservation was found with bacterial proteins of unknown function. The results suggest that proteins having a Moco binding function probably exist in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Shokry Ataya
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Córdoba 14071, Spain
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46
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Llamas A, Igeño MI, Galván A, Fernández E. Nitrate signalling on the nitrate reductase gene promoter depends directly on the activity of the nitrate transport systems in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:261-71. [PMID: 12000675 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate signalling on the nitrate reductase (Nia1) gene promoter from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been studied by using a construct of the Nia1 promoter transcriptionally fused to the Chlamydomonas arylsulphatase gene as a reporter in strains bearing different sets of nitrate/nitrite transport genes. The high-affinity nitrate transport (HANT) system I is required for efficient signalling by nitrate, even at submicromolar concentrations of the anion. In addition, the autogenous regulation of nitrate reductase has been found to depend on the presence of system I. The low-affinity nitrate transport system III promoted signalling optimally on the promoter at millimolar nitrate concentrations. The HANT system IV, which is insensitive to ammonium and active at low CO2, allowed nitrate signalling at micromolar concentrations even in the presence of ammonium, suggesting that the balance of these two effectors controls Nia1 transcription. Our data indicate that nitrate signalling on the Nia1 gene promoter occurs intracellularly and depends on the activity of nitrate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Llamas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071-Córdoba, Spain
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47
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Galván A, Rexach J, Mariscal V, Fernández E. Nitrite transport to the chloroplast in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: molecular evidence for a regulated process. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:845-853. [PMID: 11912227 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite transport to the chloroplast is not a well documented process in spite of being a central step in the nitrate assimilation pathway. The lack of molecular evidence, as well as the easy diffusion of nitrite through biological membranes, have made this physiological process difficult to understand in plant nutrition. The aim of this review is to illustrate that nitrite transport to the chloroplast is a regulated step, intimately related to the efficiency of nitrate utilization. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the Nar1;1 gene has been shown to have this role in nitrate assimilation. NAR1;1 corresponds to a plastidic membrane transporter protein related to the bacterial formate/nitrite transporters. At least four Nar1 genes might exist in Chlamydomonas. The existence of orthologous Nar1 genes in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba. Campus de Rabanales, Edif. 'Severo Ochoa', 14071-Córdoba, Spain
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48
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Soluble and Plasma Membrane-bound Enzymes Involved in Nitrate and Nitrite Metabolism. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48138-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Grossman A, Takahashi H. MACRONUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES AND THE FABRIC OF INTERACTIONS. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:163-210. [PMID: 11337396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms acclimate to a continually fluctuating nutrient environment. Acclimation involves responses specific for the limiting nutrient as well as responses that are more general and occur when an organism experiences different stress conditions. Specific responses enable organisms to efficiently scavenge the limiting nutrient and may involve the induction of high-affinity transport systems and the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes that facilitate the release of the nutrient from extracellular organic molecules or from internal reserves. General responses include changes in cell division rates and global alterations in metabolic activities. In photosynthetic organisms there must be precise regulation of photosynthetic activity since when severe nutrient limitation prevents continued cell growth, excitation of photosynthetic pigments could result in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which can severely damage structural and functional features of the cell. This review focuses on ways that photosynthetic eukaryotes assimilate the macronutrients nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and the mechanisms that govern assimilatory activities. Also discussed are molecular responses to macronutrient limitation and the elicitation of those responses through integration of environmental and cellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305; e-mail: , RIKEN Plant Science Center, 2-l Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; e-mail:
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50
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Quesada A, Fernández E. Involvement of chloroplast and mitochondria redox valves in nitrate assimilation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2000; 5:463-464. [PMID: 11185544 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Quesada
- Deprtmento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain.
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