1
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Djeghdi K, Karpov D, Abdollahi SN, Godlewska K, Iseli R, Holler M, Donnelly C, Yuasa T, Sai H, Wiesner UB, Steiner U, Wilts BD, Musya M, Fukami S, Ohno H, Diaz A, Llandro J, Gunkel I. Block Copolymer-Directed Single-Diamond Hybrid Structures Derived from X-ray Nanotomography. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26503-26513. [PMID: 39285511 PMCID: PMC11447912 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Block copolymers are recognized as a valuable platform for creating nanostructured materials. Morphologies formed by block copolymer self-assembly can be transferred into a wide range of inorganic materials, enabling applications including energy storage and metamaterials. However, imaging of the underlying, often complex, nanostructures in large volumes has remained a challenge, limiting progress in materials development. Taking advantage of recent advances in X-ray nanotomography, we noninvasively imaged exceptionally large volumes of nanostructured hybrid materials at high resolution, revealing a single-diamond morphology in a triblock terpolymer-gold composite network. This morphology, which is ubiquitous in nature, has so far remained elusive in block copolymer-derived materials, despite its potential to create materials with large photonic bandgaps. The discovery was made possible by the precise analysis of distortions in a large volume of the self-assembled diamond network, which are difficult to unambiguously assess using traditional characterization tools. We anticipate that high-resolution X-ray nanotomography, which allows imaging of much larger sample volumes than electron-based tomography, will become a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of complex nanostructures and that structures such as the triblock terpolymer-directed single diamond will enable the generation of advanced multicomponent composites with hitherto unknown property profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Djeghdi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Karpov
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Av. des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Narjes Abdollahi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Godlewska
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - René Iseli
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takeshi Yuasa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department for Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michimasa Musya
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukami
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Inamori Research Institute for Science, Kyoto 600-8411, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohno
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Justin Llandro
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Gilgenbach C, Chen X, LeBeau JM. A Methodology for Robust Multislice Ptychography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:703-711. [PMID: 38877858 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
While multislice electron ptychography can provide thermal vibration limited resolution and structural information in 3D, it relies on properly selecting many intertwined acquisition and computational parameters. Here, we outline a methodology for selecting acquisition parameters to enable robust ptychographic reconstructions. We develop two physically informed metrics, areal oversampling and Ronchigram magnification, to describe the selection of these parameters in multislice ptychography. Through simulations, we comprehensively evaluate the validity of these two metrics over a broad range of conditions and show that they accurately guide reconstruction success. Further, we validate these conclusions with experimental ptychographic data and demonstrate close agreement between trends in simulated and experimental data. Using these metrics, we achieve experimental multislice reconstructions at a scan step of 2.1Å/px, enabling large field-of-view, data-efficient reconstructions. These experimental design principles enable the routine and robust use of multislice ptychography for 3D characterization of materials at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gilgenbach
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James M LeBeau
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Shao Y, Weerdenburg S, Seifert J, Urbach HP, Mosk AP, Coene W. Wavelength-multiplexed multi-mode EUV reflection ptychography based on automatic differentiation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:196. [PMID: 39160154 PMCID: PMC11333750 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Ptychographic extreme ultraviolet (EUV) diffractive imaging has emerged as a promising candidate for the next generationmetrology solutions in the semiconductor industry, as it can image wafer samples in reflection geometry at the nanoscale. This technique has surged attention recently, owing to the significant progress in high-harmonic generation (HHG) EUV sources and advancements in both hardware and software for computation. In this study, a novel algorithm is introduced and tested, which enables wavelength-multiplexed reconstruction that enhances the measurement throughput and introduces data diversity, allowing the accurate characterisation of sample structures. To tackle the inherent instabilities of the HHG source, a modal approach was adopted, which represents the cross-density function of the illumination by a series of mutually incoherent and independent spatial modes. The proposed algorithm was implemented on a mainstream machine learning platform, which leverages automatic differentiation to manage the drastic growth in model complexity and expedites the computation using GPU acceleration. By optimising over 200 million parameters, we demonstrate the algorithm's capacity to accommodate experimental uncertainties and achieve a resolution approaching the diffraction limit in reflection geometry. The reconstruction of wafer samples with 20-nm high patterned gold structures on a silicon substrate highlights our ability to handle complex physical interrelations involving a multitude of parameters. These results establish ptychography as an efficient and accurate metrology tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shao
- Imaging Physics Department, Applied Science Faculty, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands.
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80000, Utrecht, 3508 TA, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Weerdenburg
- Imaging Physics Department, Applied Science Faculty, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Seifert
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80000, Utrecht, 3508 TA, The Netherlands
| | - H Paul Urbach
- Imaging Physics Department, Applied Science Faculty, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Allard P Mosk
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80000, Utrecht, 3508 TA, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Coene
- Imaging Physics Department, Applied Science Faculty, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
- Research Department, ASML Netherlands B.V, De Run 6501, Veldhoven, 5504 DR, The Netherlands
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4
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Aidukas T, Phillips NW, Diaz A, Poghosyan E, Müller E, Levi AFJ, Aeppli G, Guizar-Sicairos M, Holler M. High-performance 4-nm-resolution X-ray tomography using burst ptychography. Nature 2024; 632:81-88. [PMID: 39085541 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Advances in science, medicine and engineering rely on breakthroughs in imaging, particularly for obtaining multiscale, three-dimensional information from functional systems such as integrated circuits or mammalian brains. Achieving this goal often requires combining electron- and photon-based approaches. Whereas electron microscopy provides nanometre resolution through serial, destructive imaging of surface layers1, ptychographic X-ray computed tomography2 offers non-destructive imaging and has recently achieved resolutions down to seven nanometres for a small volume3. Here we implement burst ptychography, which overcomes experimental instabilities and enables much higher performance, with 4-nanometre resolution at a 170-times faster acquisition rate, namely, 14,000 resolution elements per second. Another key innovation is tomographic back-propagation reconstruction4, allowing us to image samples up to ten times larger than the conventional depth of field. By combining the two innovations, we successfully imaged a state-of-the-art (seven-nanometre node) commercial integrated circuit, featuring nanostructures made of low- and high-density materials such as silicon and metals, which offer good radiation stability and contrast at the selected X-ray wavelength. These capabilities enabled a detailed study of the chip's design and manufacturing, down to the level of individual transistors. We anticipate that the combination of nanometre resolution and higher X-ray flux at next-generation X-ray sources will have a revolutionary impact in fields ranging from electronics to electrochemistry and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas W Phillips
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - A F J Levi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Aeppli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Guizar-Sicairos
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Maldanis L, Fernandez-Remolar D, Lemelle L, Knoll AH, Guizar-Sicairos M, Holler M, da Silva FMC, Magnin V, Mermoux M, Simionovici A. Unveiling Challenging Microbial Fossil Biosignatures from Rio Tinto with Micro-to-Nanoscale Chemical and Ultrastructural Imaging. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:721-733. [PMID: 38985734 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2023.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the nature and preservation of microbial traces in extreme environments is crucial for reconstructing Earth's early biosphere and for the search for life on other planets or moons. At Rio Tinto, southwestern Spain, ferric oxide and sulfate deposits similar to those discovered at Meridiani Planum, Mars, entomb a diversity of fossilized organisms, despite chemical conditions commonly thought to be challenging for life and fossil preservation. Investigating this unique fossil microbiota can elucidate ancient extremophile communities and the preservation of biosignatures in acidic environments on Earth and, potentially, Mars. In this study, we use an innovative multiscale approach that combines the state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray nanoimaging methods of ptychographic X-ray computed laminography and nano-X-ray fluorescence to reveal Rio Tinto's microfossils at subcellular resolution. The unprecedented nanoscale views of several different specimens within their geological and geochemical contexts reveal novel intricacies of preserved microbial communities. Different morphotypes, ecological interactions, and possible taxonomic affinities were inferred based on qualitative and quantitative 3D ultrastructural information, whereas diagenetic processes and metabolic affinities were inferred from complementary chemical information. Our integrated nano-to-microscale analytical approach revealed previously invisible microbial and mineral interactions, which complemented and filled a gap of spatial resolution in conventional methods. Ultimately, this study contributes to the challenge of deciphering the faint chemical and morphological biosignatures that can indicate life's presence on the early Earth and on distant worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Maldanis
- ISTerre, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, Grenoble, France
| | - David Fernandez-Remolar
- SKL Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- CNSA Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Macau, China
| | | | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuel Guizar-Sicairos
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Mateus Cirilo da Silva
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, LNLS, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Physics, IFGW, Campinas University, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Valérie Magnin
- ISTerre, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Mermoux
- LEPMI, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Simionovici
- ISTerre, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, Grenoble, France
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6
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Kulow A, Pérez J, Boudjehem R, Gautier E, Pairis S, Ould-Chikh S, Hazemann JL, da Silva JC. First X-ray spectral ptychography and resonant ptychographic computed tomography experiments at the SWING beamline from Synchrotron SOLEIL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:867-876. [PMID: 38771779 PMCID: PMC11226156 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography and ptychographic computed tomography have seen a rapid rise since the advent of fourth-generation synchrotrons with a high degree of coherent radiation. In addition to quantitative multiscale structural analysis, ptychography with spectral capabilities has been developed, allowing for spatial-localized multiscale structural and spectral information of samples. The SWING beamline of Synchrotron SOLEIL has recently developed a nanoprobe setup where the endstation's first spectral and resonant ptychographic measurements have been successfully conducted. A metallic nickel wire sample was measured using 2D spectral ptychography in XANES mode and resonant ptychographic tomography. From the 2D spectral ptychography measurements, the spectra of the components of the sample's complex-valued refractive index, δ and β, were extracted, integrated along the sample thickness. By performing resonance ptychographic tomography at two photon energies, 3D maps of the refractive index decrement, δ, were obtained at the Ni K-edge energy and another energy above the edge. These maps allowed the detection of impurities in the Ni wire. The significance of accounting for the atomic scattering factor is demonstrated in the calculation of electron density near a resonance through the use of the δ values. These results indicate that at the SWING beamline it is possible to conduct state-of-the-art spectral and resonant ptychography experiments using the nanoprobe setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anico Kulow
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042Grenoble, France
| | - Javier Pérez
- Synchrotron SoleilL’Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 12891190Saint-AubinFrance
| | - Redhouane Boudjehem
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Gautier
- SPINTEC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Pairis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Hazemann
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042Grenoble, France
| | - Julio César da Silva
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042Grenoble, France
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7
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Boudjehem R, Kulow A, Pérez J, Gautier E, Ould-chikh S, Pairis S, Hazemann JL, da Silva JC. ProSPyX: software for post-processing images of X-ray ptychography with spectral capabilities. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:399-408. [PMID: 38335147 PMCID: PMC10914158 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752400016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography is a coherent diffraction imaging technique based on acquiring multiple diffraction patterns obtained through the illumination of the sample at different partially overlapping probe positions. The diffraction patterns collected are used to retrieve the complex transmittivity function of the sample and the probe using a phase retrieval algorithm. Absorption or phase contrast images of the sample as well as the real and imaginary parts of the probe function can be obtained. Furthermore, X-ray ptychography can also provide spectral information of the sample from absorption or phase shift images by capturing multiple ptychographic projections at varying energies around the resonant energy of the element of interest. However, post-processing of the images is required to extract the spectra. To facilitate this, ProSPyX, a Python package that offers the analysis tools and a graphical user interface required to process spectral ptychography datasets, is presented. Using the PyQt5 Python open-source module for development and design, the software facilitates extraction of absorption and phase spectral information from spectral ptychographic datasets. It also saves the spectra in file formats compatible with other X-ray absorption spectroscopy data analysis software tools, streamlining integration into existing spectroscopic data analysis pipelines. To illustrate its capabilities, ProSPyX was applied to process the spectral ptychography dataset recently acquired on a nickel wire at the SWING beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redhouane Boudjehem
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Anico Kulow
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Eric Gautier
- SPINTEC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Samy Ould-chikh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center, Advanced Functional Materials, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sébastien Pairis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hazemann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Julio César da Silva
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
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8
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Butcher TA, Phillips NW, Chiu CC, Wei CC, Ho SZ, Chen YC, Fröjdh E, Baruffaldi F, Carulla M, Zhang J, Bergamaschi A, Vaz CAF, Kleibert A, Finizio S, Yang JC, Huang SW, Raabe J. Ptychographic Nanoscale Imaging of the Magnetoelectric Coupling in Freestanding BiFeO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311157. [PMID: 38402421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the magnetic and ferroelectric ordering of magnetoelectric multiferroic materials at the nanoscale necessitates a versatile imaging method with high spatial resolution. Here, soft X-ray ptychography is employed to simultaneously image the ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic domains in an 80 nm thin freestanding film of the room-temperature multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO). The antiferromagnetic spin cycloid of period 64 nm is resolved by reconstructing the corresponding resonant elastic X-ray scattering in real space and visualized together with mosaic-like ferroelectric domains in a linear dichroic contrast image at the Fe L3 edge. The measurements reveal a near perfect coupling between the antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric ordering by which the propagation direction of the spin cycloid is locked orthogonally to the ferroelectric polarization. In addition, the study evinces both a preference for in-plane propagation of the spin cycloid and changes of the ferroelectric polarization by 71° between multiferroic domains in the epitaxial strain-free, freestanding BFO film. The results provide a direct visualization of the strong magnetoelectric coupling in BFO and of its fine multiferroic domain structure, emphasizing the potential of ptychographic imaging for the study of multiferroics and non-collinear magnetic materials with soft X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Butcher
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Chun-Chien Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wei
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Zhu Ho
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Erik Fröjdh
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Carulla
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jiaguo Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan-Chi Yang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | | | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
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9
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Nguyen KX, Jiang Y, Lee CH, Kharel P, Zhang Y, van der Zande AM, Huang PY. Achieving sub-0.5-angstrom-resolution ptychography in an uncorrected electron microscope. Science 2024; 383:865-870. [PMID: 38386746 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Subangstrom resolution has long been limited to aberration-corrected electron microscopy, where it is a powerful tool for understanding the atomic structure and properties of matter. Here, we demonstrate electron ptychography in an uncorrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) with deep subangstrom spatial resolution down to 0.44 angstroms, exceeding the conventional resolution of aberration-corrected tools and rivaling their highest ptychographic resolutions. Our approach, which we demonstrate on twisted two-dimensional materials in a widely available commercial microscope, far surpasses prior ptychographic resolutions (1 to 5 angstroms) of uncorrected STEMs. We further show how geometric aberrations can create optimized, structured beams for dose-efficient electron ptychography. Our results demonstrate that expensive aberration correctors are no longer required for deep subangstrom resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla X Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Chia-Hao Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Priti Kharel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Diederichs B, Herdegen Z, Strauch A, Filbir F, Müller-Caspary K. Exact inversion of partially coherent dynamical electron scattering for picometric structure retrieval. Nat Commun 2024; 15:101. [PMID: 38168078 PMCID: PMC10762228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The greatly nonlinear diffraction of high-energy electron probes focused to subatomic diameters frustrates the direct inversion of ptychographic data sets to decipher the atomic structure. Several iterative algorithms have been proposed to yield atomically-resolved phase distributions within slices of a 3D specimen, corresponding to the scattering centers of the electron wave. By pixelwise phase retrieval, current approaches do not only involve orders of magnitude more free parameters than necessary, but also neglect essential details of scattering physics such as the atomistic nature of the specimen and thermal effects. Here, we introduce a parametrized, fully differentiable scheme employing neural network concepts which allows the inversion of ptychographic data by means of entirely physical quantities. Omnipresent thermal diffuse scattering in thick specimens is treated accurately using frozen phonons, and atom types, positions and partial coherence are accounted for in the inverse model as relativistic scattering theory demands. Our approach exploits 4D experimental data collected in an aberration-corrected momentum-resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy setup. Atom positions in a 20 nm thick PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 ferroelectric are measured with picometer precision, including the discrimination of different atom types and positions in mixed columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Diederichs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ziria Herdegen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Strauch
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Filbir
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Knut Müller-Caspary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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11
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Lin D, Jiang Y, Deng J, Marin FS, Di ZW. Efficient boundary-guided scanning for high-resolution X-ray ptychography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:129-135. [PMID: 38084593 PMCID: PMC10833418 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of X-ray ptychography experiments, a considerable amount of ptychography scans are typically performed within a field of view encompassing the target sample. While it is crucial to obtain overlapping scans in small increments over the region of interest for achieving high-resolution sample reconstruction, a significant number of these scans often redundantly measure the empty background within the wide field of view. To address this inefficiency, an innovative algorithm is proposed that introduces automatic guidance for data acquisition. The algorithm first directs the scan point to actively search for the object of interest within the field of view. Subsequently, it intelligently scans along the perimeter of the sample, strategically acquiring measurements exclusively within the boundary of the region of interest. By employing this approach, a reduction in the number of measurements required to obtain high-resolution reconstruction images is demonstrated, as compared with conventional raster scanning methods. Furthermore, the automatic guidance provided by the algorithm offers the added advantage of saving valuable time during the reconstruction process. Through practical implementation on real experiments, these findings showcase the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of X-ray ptychography experiments. This novel approach holds immense potential for advancing sample analysis and imaging techniques in various scientific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dergan Lin
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Fabricio S. Marin
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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12
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Lin D, Jiang Y, Deng J, Di ZW. Unsupervised classification for region of interest in X-ray ptychography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19747. [PMID: 37957208 PMCID: PMC10643553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray ptychography offers high-resolution imaging of large areas at a high computational cost due to the large volume of data provided. To address the cost issue, we propose a physics-informed unsupervised classification algorithm that is performed prior to reconstruction and removes data outside the region of interest (RoI) based on the multimodal features present in the diffraction patterns. The preprocessing time for the proposed method is inconsequential in contrast to the resource-intensive reconstruction process, leading to an impressive reduction in the data workload to a mere 20% of the initial dataset. This capability consequently reduces computational time dramatically while preserving reconstruction quality. Through further segmentation of the diffraction patterns, our proposed approach can also detect features that are smaller than beam size and correctly classify them as within the RoI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dergan Lin
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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13
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Calcaterra HA, Zheng CY, Seifert S, Yao Y, Jiang Y, Mirkin CA, Deng J, Lee B. Hints of Growth Mechanism Left in Supercrystals. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15999-16007. [PMID: 37552879 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Supercrystals of DNA-functionalized nanoparticles are visualized in three dimensions using X-ray ptychographic tomography, and their reciprocal spaces are mapped with small-angle X-ray scattering in order to better understand their internal defect structures. X-ray ptychographic tomography reveals various types of defects in an assembly that otherwise exhibits a single crystalline diffraction pattern. On average, supercrystals composed of smaller nanoparticles are smaller in size than supercrystals composed of larger particles. Additionally, supercrystals composed of small nanoparticles are typically aggregated into larger "necklace-like" structures. Within these larger structures, some but not all pairs of connected domains are coherent in their relative orientations. In contrast, supercrystals composed of larger nanoparticles with longer DNA ligands typically form faceted crystals. The combination of these two complementary X-ray techniques reveals that the crystalline assemblies grow by aggregation of smaller assemblies followed by rearrangement of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Calcaterra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cindy Y Zheng
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Soenke Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yudong Yao
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yi Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junjing Deng
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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14
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Olsson M, Govender R, Diaz A, Holler M, Menzel A, Abrahmsén-Alami S, Sadd M, Larsson A, Matic A, Liebi M. Multiscale X-ray imaging and characterisation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2023:123200. [PMID: 37414373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A correlative, multiscale imaging methodology for visualising and quantifying the morphology of solid dosage forms by combining ptychographic X-ray computed nanotomography (PXCT) and scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (S/WAXS) is presented. The methodology presents a workflow for multiscale analysis, where structures are characterised from the nanometre to millimetre regime. Here, the method is demonstrated by characterising a hot-melt extruded, partly crystalline, solid dispersion of carbamazepine in ethyl cellulose. Characterisation of the morphology and solid-state phase of the drug in solid dosage forms is central as this affects the performance of the final formulation. The 3D morphology was visualised at a resolution of 80 nm over an extended volume through PXCT, revealing an oriented structure of crystalline drug domains aligned in the direction of extrusion. Scanning S/WAXS, showed that the nanostructure is similar over the cross section of the extruded filament, with minor radial changes in domain sizes and degree of orientation. The polymorphic forms of carbamazepine were qualified with WAXS, showing a heterogeneous distribution of the metastable forms I and II. This demonstrates the methodology for multiscale structural characterization and imaging to enable a better understanding of the relationships between morphology, performance, and processing conditions of solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rydvikha Govender
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana Diaz
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Menzel
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Abrahmsén-Alami
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Sadd
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anette Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; FibRe-Centre for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; FibRe-Centre for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden; Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland; Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
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15
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Lu H, Odstrčil M, Pooley C, Biller J, Mebonia M, He G, Praeger M, Juschkin L, Frey J, Brocklesby W. Characterisation of engineered defects in extreme ultraviolet mirror substrates using lab-scale extreme ultraviolet reflection ptychography. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 249:113720. [PMID: 37004492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Ptychography is a lensless imaging technique that is aberration-free and capable of imaging both the amplitude and the phase of radiation reflected or transmitted from an object using iterative algorithms. Working with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light, ptychography can provide better resolution than conventional optical microscopy and deeper penetration than scanning electron microscope. As a compact lab-scale EUV light sources, high harmonic generation meets the high coherence requirement of ptychography and gives more flexibilities in both budget and experimental time compared to synchrotrons. The ability to measure phase makes reflection-mode ptychography a good choice for characterising both the surface topography and the internal structural changes in EUV multilayer mirrors. This paper describes the use of reflection-mode ptychography with a lab-scale high harmonic generation based EUV light source to perform quantitative measurement of the amplitude and phase reflection from EUV multilayer mirrors with engineered substrate defects. Using EUV light at 29.6nm from a tabletop high harmonic generation light source, a lateral resolution down to ∼88nm and a phase resolution of 0.08rad (equivalent to topographic height variation of 0.27nm) are achieved. The effect of surface distortion and roughness on EUV reflectivity is compared to topographic properties of the mirror defects measured using both atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Modelling of reflection properties from multilayer mirrors is used to predict the potential of a combination of on-resonance, actinic ptychographic imaging at 13.5nm and atomic force microscopy for characterising the changes in multilayered structures.
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16
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Kang I, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Yao Y, Deng J, Klug J, Vogt S, Barbastathis G. Attentional Ptycho-Tomography (APT) for three-dimensional nanoscale X-ray imaging with minimal data acquisition and computation time. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:131. [PMID: 37248235 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive X-ray imaging of nanoscale three-dimensional objects, such as integrated circuits (ICs), generally requires two types of scanning: ptychographic, which is translational and returns estimates of the complex electromagnetic field through the IC; combined with a tomographic scan, which collects these complex field projections from multiple angles. Here, we present Attentional Ptycho-Tomography (APT), an approach to drastically reduce the amount of angular scanning, and thus the total acquisition time. APT is machine learning-based, utilizing axial self-Attention for Ptycho-Tomographic reconstruction. APT is trained to obtain accurate reconstructions of the ICs, despite the incompleteness of the measurements. The training process includes regularizing priors in the form of typical patterns found in IC interiors, and the physics of X-ray propagation through the IC. We show that APT with ×12 reduced angles achieves fidelity comparable to the gold standard Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) with the original set of angles. When using the same set of reduced angles, then APT also outperforms Filtered Back Projection (FBP), Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) and SART. The time needed to compute the reconstruction is also reduced, because the trained neural network is a forward operation, unlike the iterative nature of these alternatives. Our experiments show that, without loss in quality, for a 4.48 × 93.2 × 3.92 µm3 IC (≃6 × 108 voxels), APT reduces the total data acquisition and computation time from 67.96 h to 38 min. We expect our physics-assisted and attention-utilizing machine learning framework to be applicable to other branches of nanoscale imaging, including materials science and biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iksung Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ziling Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Jiang
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yudong Yao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjing Deng
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jeffrey Klug
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - George Barbastathis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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17
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Zhang H, Li G, Zhang J, Zhang D, Chen Z, Liu X, Guo P, Zhu Y, Chen C, Liu L, Guo X, Han Y. Three-dimensional inhomogeneity of zeolite structure and composition revealed by electron ptychography. Science 2023; 380:633-638. [PMID: 37167385 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural and compositional inhomogeneity is common in zeolites and considerably affects their properties. Thickness-limited lateral resolution, lack of depth resolution, and electron dose-constrained focusing limit local structural studies of zeolites in conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We demonstrate that a multislice ptychography method based on four-dimensional scanning TEM (4D-STEM) data can overcome these limitations. Images obtained from a ~40-nanometer-thick MFI zeolite exhibited a lateral resolution of ~0.85 angstrom that enabled the identification of individual framework oxygen (O) atoms and the precise determination of the orientations of adsorbed molecules. Furthermore, a depth resolution of ~6.6 nanometers allowed probing of the three-dimensional distribution of O vacancies, as well as the phase boundaries in intergrown MFI and MEL zeolites. The 4D-STEM ptychography can be generally applied to other materials with similar high electron-beam sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guanxing Li
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Daliang Zhang
- Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingmei Liu
- Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Loetgering L, Du M, Boonzajer Flaes D, Aidukas T, Wechsler F, Penagos Molina DS, Rose M, Pelekanidis A, Eschen W, Hess J, Wilhein T, Heintzmann R, Rothhardt J, Witte S. PtyLab.m/py/jl: a cross-platform, open-source inverse modeling toolbox for conventional and Fourier ptychography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13763-13797. [PMID: 37157257 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional (CP) and Fourier (FP) ptychography have emerged as versatile quantitative phase imaging techniques. While the main application cases for each technique are different, namely lens-less short wavelength imaging for CP and lens-based visible light imaging for FP, both methods share a common algorithmic ground. CP and FP have in part independently evolved to include experimentally robust forward models and inversion techniques. This separation has resulted in a plethora of algorithmic extensions, some of which have not crossed the boundary from one modality to the other. Here, we present an open source, cross-platform software, called PtyLab, enabling both CP and FP data analysis in a unified framework. With this framework, we aim to facilitate and accelerate cross-pollination between the two techniques. Moreover, the availability in Matlab, Python, and Julia will set a low barrier to enter each field.
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19
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Understanding the microstructure of a core-shell anode catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte water electrolysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4280. [PMID: 36922565 PMCID: PMC10017760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing precious metal loading in the anodic catalyst layer (CL) is indispensable for lowering capital costs and enabling the widespread adoption of polymer electrolyte water electrolysis. This work presents the first three-dimensional reconstruction of a TiO2-supported IrO2 based core shell CL (3 mgIrO2/cm2), using high-resolution X-ray ptychographic tomography at cryogenic temperature of 90 K. The high data quality and phase sensitivity of the technique have allowed the reconstruction of all four phases namely pore space, IrO2, TiO2 support matrix and the ionomer network, the latter of which has proven to be a challenge in the past. Results show that the IrO2 forms thin nanoporous shells around the TiO2 particles and that the ionomer has a non-uniform thickness and partially covers the catalyst. The TiO2 particles do not form a percolating network while all other phases have high connectivity. The analysis of the CL ionic and electronic conductivity shows that for a dry CL, the ionic conductivity is orders of magnitudes lower than the electronic conductivity. Varying the electronic conductivity of the support phase by simulations, reveals that the conductivity of the support does not have a considerable impact on the overall CL electrical conductivity.
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20
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Sha H, Ma Y, Cao G, Cui J, Yang W, Li Q, Yu R. Sub-nanometer-scale mapping of crystal orientation and depth-dependent structure of dislocation cores in SrTiO 3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:162. [PMID: 36631462 PMCID: PMC9834382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in crystals play a fundamental role in modulating mechanical, electrical, luminescent, and magnetic behaviors of materials. However, accurate measurement of defect structures is hindered by symmetry breaking and the corresponding complex modifications in atomic configuration and/or crystal tilt at the defects. Here, we report the deep-sub-angstrom resolution imaging of dislocation cores via multislice electron ptychography with adaptive propagator, which allows sub-nanometer scale mapping of crystal tilt in the vicinity of dislocation cores and simultaneous recovery of depth-dependent atomic structure of dislocations. The realization of deep-sub-angstrom resolution and depth-dependent imaging of defects shows great potential in revealing microstructures and properties of real materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhi Sha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunpeng Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guoping Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jizhe Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenfeng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Rong Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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21
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Quinn PD, Cacho-Nerin F, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Parker JE, Poon T, Walker JM. Differential phase contrast for quantitative imaging and spectro-microscopy at a nanoprobe beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:200-207. [PMID: 36601938 PMCID: PMC9814065 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522010633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a focused X-ray beam with a sample in a scanning probe experiment can provide a variety of information about the interaction volume. In many scanning probe experiments X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is supplemented with measurements of the transmitted or scattered intensity using a pixelated detector. The automated extraction of different signals from an area pixelated detector is described, in particular the methodology for extracting differential phase contrast (DPC) is demonstrated and different processing methods are compared across a range of samples. The phase shift of the transmitted X-ray beam by the sample, extracted from DPC, is also compared with ptychography measurements to provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison. While ptychography produces a superior image, DPC can offer a simple, flexible method for phase contrast imaging which can provide fast results and feedback during an experiment; furthermore, for many science problems, such as registration of XRF in a lighter matrix, DPC can provide sufficient information to meet the experimental aims. As the DPC technique is a quantitative measurement, it can be expanded to spectroscopic studies and a demonstration of DPC for spectro-microscopy measurements is presented. Where ptychography can separate the absorption and phase shifts by the sample, quantitative interpretation of a DPC image or spectro-microscopy signal can only be performed directly when absorption is negligible or where the absorption contribution is known and the contributions can be fitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Quinn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Gomez-Gonzalez
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Julia E. Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Poon
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica M. Walker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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22
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Li M, Ihli J, Verheijen MA, Holler M, Guizar-Sicairos M, van Bokhoven JA, Hensen EJM, Weber T. Alumina-Supported NiMo Hydrotreating Catalysts-Aspects of 3D Structure, Synthesis, and Activity. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:18536-18549. [PMID: 36366758 PMCID: PMC9639170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Preparation conditions have a vital effect on the structure of alumina-supported hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts. To explore this effect, we prepared two NiMoS/Al2O3 catalyst samples with the same target composition using different chemical sources and characterizing the oxidic NiMo precursors and sulfided and spent catalysts to understand the influence of catalyst structure on performance. The sample prepared from ammonium heptamolybdate and nickel nitrate (sample A) contains Mo in the oxidic precursor predominantly in tetrahedral coordination in the form of crystalline domains, which show low reducibility and strong metal-support interactions. This property influences the sulfidation process such that the sulfidation processes of Ni and Mo occur tendentially separately with a decreased efficiency to form active Ni-Mo-S particles. Moreover, inactive unsupported MoS2 particles or isolated NiS x species are formed, which are either washed off during catalytic reaction or aggregated to larger particles as seen in scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM/EDX). The oxidic precursor of the sample synthesized using nickel carbonate and molybdenum trioxide as metal sources (sample B), however, contains Mo in octahedral coordination and shows higher reducibility of the metal species as well as weaker metal-support interactions than that of sample A; these properties allow an efficient sulfidation of Mo and Ni such that formation of active Ni-Mo-S particles is the main product. Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) and STEM and EDX measurements show that the structure formed during sulfidation is stable under operation conditions. The structural differences explain the HDS activity difference between these two samples and explain why sample B is much active than sample A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Li
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eurofins
Materials Science, 5656
AEEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute
for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Weber
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
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23
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Liu Q, Liu YT, Zhao C, Weng QS, Deng J, Hwang I, Jiang Y, Sun C, Li T, Xu W, Du K, Daali A, Xu GL, Amine K, Chen G. Conformal PEDOT Coating Enables Ultra-High-Voltage and High-Temperature Operation for Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Cathodes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14527-14538. [PMID: 36098636 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal Ni-rich Li[NixMnyCo1-x-y]O2 (SC-NMC) cathodes represent a promising approach to mitigate the cracking issue of conventional polycrystalline cathodes. However, many reported SC-NMC cathodes still suffer from unsatisfactory cycling stability, particularly under high charge cutoff voltage and/or elevated temperature. Herein, we report an ultraconformal and durable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating for SC-NMC cathodes using an oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) technique, which significantly improves their high-voltage (4.6 V) and high-temperature operation resiliency. The PEDOT coated SC LiNi0.83Mn0.1Co0.07O2 (SC-NMC83) delivers an impressive capacity retention rate of 96.7% and 89.5% after 100 and 200 cycles, respectively. Significantly, even after calendar aging at 45 °C and 4.6 V, the coated cathode can still retain 85.3% (in comparison with 59.6% for the bare one) of the initial capacity after 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate. Synchrotron X-ray experiments and interface characterization collectively reveal that the conformal PEDOT coating not only effectively stabilizes the crystallographic structure and maintains the integrity of the particles but also significantly suppresses the electrolyte's corrosion, resulting in improved electrochemical/thermal stability. Our findings highlight the promise of an oCVD PEDOT coating for single-crystal Ni-rich cathodes to meet the grand challenge of high-energy batteries under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qing-Song Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junjing Deng
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yi Jiang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chengjun Sun
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ke Du
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan 410017, China
| | - Amine Daali
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Holler M, Aidukas T, Heller L, Appel C, Phillips NW, Müller-Gubler E, Guizar-Sicairos M, Raabe J, Ihli J. Environmental control for X-ray nanotomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1223-1231. [PMID: 36073881 PMCID: PMC9455200 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522006968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition speed and spatial resolution of X-ray nanotomography have continuously improved over the last decades. Coherent diffraction-based techniques breach the 10 nm resolution barrier frequently and thus pose stringent demands on sample positioning accuracy and stability. At the same time there is an increasing desire to accommodate in situ or operando measurements. Here, an environmental control system for X-ray nanotomography is introduced to regulate the temperature of a sample from room temperature up to 850°C in a controlled atmospheric composition. The system allows for a 360° sample rotation, permitting tomographic studies in situ or operando free of missing wedge constraints. The system is implemented and available at the flOMNI microscope at the Swiss Light Source. In addition to the environmental control system itself, the related modifications of flOMNI are described. Tomographic measurements of a nanoporous gold sample at 50°C and 600°C at a resolution of sub-20 nm demonstrate the performance of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Aidukas
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lars Heller
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
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25
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Grote L, Seyrich M, Döhrmann R, Harouna-Mayer SY, Mancini F, Kaziukenas E, Fernandez-Cuesta I, A Zito C, Vasylieva O, Wittwer F, Odstrčzil M, Mogos N, Landmann M, Schroer CG, Koziej D. Imaging Cu 2O nanocube hollowing in solution by quantitative in situ X-ray ptychography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4971. [PMID: 36038564 PMCID: PMC9424245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution is essential to tailor the functionality of devices used in energy generation and storage. However, we lack experimental methods that can visualize these processes in solution, or in electrolyte, and provide three-dimensional information. Here, we show how X-ray ptychography enables in situ nano-imaging of the formation and hollowing of nanoparticles in solution at 155 °C. We simultaneously image the growth of about 100 nanocubes with a spatial resolution of 66 nm. The quantitative phase images give access to the third dimension, allowing to additionally study particle thickness. We reveal that the substrate hinders their out-of-plane growth, thus the nanocubes are in fact nanocuboids. Moreover, we observe that the reduction of Cu2O to Cu triggers the hollowing of the nanocuboids. We critically assess the interaction of X-rays with the liquid sample. Our method enables detailed in-solution imaging for a wide range of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grote
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Döhrmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sani Y Harouna-Mayer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federica Mancini
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Emilis Kaziukenas
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Irene Fernandez-Cuesta
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia A Zito
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- São Paulo State University UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Olga Vasylieva
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Odstrčzil
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Carl Zeiss SMT, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Natnael Mogos
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Landmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Koziej
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Taphorn K, Busse M, Brantl J, Günther B, Diaz A, Holler M, Dierolf M, Mayr D, Pfeiffer F, Herzen J. X-ray Stain Localization with Near-Field Ptychographic Computed Tomography. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201723. [PMID: 35748171 PMCID: PMC9404393 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although X-ray contrast agents offer specific characteristics in terms of targeting and attenuation, their accumulation in the tissue on a cellular level is usually not known and difficult to access, as it requires high resolution and sensitivity. Here, quantitative near-field ptychographic X-ray computed tomography is demonstrated to assess the location of X-ray stains at a resolution sufficient to identify intracellular structures by means of a basis material decomposition. On the example of two different X-ray stains, the nonspecific iodine potassium iodide, and eosin Y, which mostly interacts with proteins and peptides in the cell cytoplasm, the distribution of the stains within the cells in murine kidney samples is assessed and compared to unstained samples with similar structural features. Quantitative nanoscopic stain concentrations are in good agreement with dual-energy micro computed tomography measurements, the state-of-the-art modality for material-selective imaging. The presented approach can be applied to a variety of X-ray stains advancing the development of X-ray contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Taphorn
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Madleen Busse
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Johannes Brantl
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer InstituteVilligen5232Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of PathologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University80337MunichGermany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologySchool of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MünchenGermany
- Institute for Advanced StudyTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Chair of Biomedical PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE)Technical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
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27
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Cao MC, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Han Y. Automatic parameter selection for electron ptychography via Bayesian optimization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12284. [PMID: 35854039 PMCID: PMC9296498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron ptychography provides new opportunities to resolve atomic structures with deep sub-angstrom spatial resolution and to study electron-beam sensitive materials with high dose efficiency. In practice, obtaining accurate ptychography images requires simultaneously optimizing multiple parameters that are often selected based on trial-and-error, resulting in low-throughput experiments and preventing wider adoption. Here, we develop an automatic parameter selection framework to circumvent this problem using Bayesian optimization with Gaussian processes. With minimal prior knowledge, the workflow efficiently produces ptychographic reconstructions that are superior to those processed by experienced experts. The method also facilitates better experimental designs by exploring optimized experimental parameters from simulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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28
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Deng J, Yao Y, Jiang Y, Chen S, Mooney TM, Klug JA, Marin FS, Roehrig C, Yue K, Preissner C, Cai Z, Lai B, Vogt S. High-resolution ptychographic imaging enabled by high-speed multi-pass scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26027-26042. [PMID: 36236801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a coherent diffraction imaging technique, ptychography provides high-spatial resolution beyond Rayleigh's criterion of the focusing optics, but it is also sensitively affected by the decoherence coming from the spatial and temporal variations in the experiment. Here we show that high-speed ptychographic data acquisition with short exposure can effectively reduce the impact from experimental variations. To reach a cumulative dose required for a given resolution, we further demonstrate that a continuous multi-pass scan via high-speed ptychography can achieve high-resolution imaging. This low-dose scan strategy is shown to be more dose-efficient, and has potential for radiation-sensitive sample studies and time-resolved imaging.
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29
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Aidukas T, Loetgering L, Harvey AR. Addressing phase-curvature in Fourier ptychography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:22421-22434. [PMID: 36224940 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In Fourier ptychography, multiple low resolution images are captured and subsequently combined computationally into a high-resolution, large-field of view micrograph. A theoretical image-formation model based on the assumption of plane-wave illumination from various directions is commonly used, to stitch together the captured information into a high synthetic aperture. The underlying far-field (Fraunhofer) diffraction assumption connects the source, sample, and pupil planes by Fourier transforms. While computationally simple, this assumption neglects phase-curvature due to non-planar illumination from point sources as well as phase-curvature from finite-conjugate microscopes (e.g., using a single-lens for image-formation). We describe a simple, efficient, and accurate extension of Fourier ptychography by embedding the effect of phase-curvature into the underlying forward model. With the improved forward model proposed here, quantitative phase reconstruction is possible even for wide fields-of-views and without the need of image segmentation. Lastly, the proposed method is computationally efficient, requiring only two multiplications: prior and following the reconstruction.
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30
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Yu X, Nikitin V, Ching DJ, Aslan S, Gürsoy D, Biçer T. Scalable and accurate multi-GPU-based image reconstruction of large-scale ptychography data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5334. [PMID: 35351971 PMCID: PMC8964803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While the advances in synchrotron light sources, together with the development of focusing optics and detectors, allow nanoscale ptychographic imaging of materials and biological specimens, the corresponding experiments can yield terabyte-scale volumes of data that can impose a heavy burden on the computing platform. Although graphics processing units (GPUs) provide high performance for such large-scale ptychography datasets, a single GPU is typically insufficient for analysis and reconstruction. Several works have considered leveraging multiple GPUs to accelerate the ptychographic reconstruction. However, most of these works utilize only the Message Passing Interface to handle the communications between GPUs. This approach poses inefficiency for a hardware configuration that has multiple GPUs in a single node, especially while reconstructing a single large projection, since it provides no optimizations to handle the heterogeneous GPU interconnections containing both low-speed (e.g., PCIe) and high-speed links (e.g., NVLink). In this paper, we provide an optimized intranode multi-GPU implementation that can efficiently solve large-scale ptychographic reconstruction problems. We focus on the maximum likelihood reconstruction problem using a conjugate gradient (CG) method for the solution and propose a novel hybrid parallelization model to address the performance bottlenecks in the CG solver. Accordingly, we have developed a tool, called PtyGer (Ptychographic GPU(multiple)-based reconstruction), implementing our hybrid parallelization model design. A comprehensive evaluation verifies that PtyGer can fully preserve the original algorithm's accuracy while achieving outstanding intranode GPU scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yu
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Viktor Nikitin
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Daniel J Ching
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Selin Aslan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Doğa Gürsoy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tekin Biçer
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA. .,X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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31
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Kubec A, Zdora MC, Sanli UT, Diaz A, Vila-Comamala J, David C. An achromatic X-ray lens. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1305. [PMID: 35288546 PMCID: PMC8921332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffractive and refractive optical elements have become an integral part of most high-resolution X-ray microscopes. However, they suffer from inherent chromatic aberration. This has to date restricted their use to narrow-bandwidth radiation, essentially limiting such high-resolution X-ray microscopes to high-brightness synchrotron sources. Similar to visible light optics, one way to tackle chromatic aberration is by combining a focusing and a defocusing optic with different dispersive powers. Here, we present the first successful experimental realisation of an X-ray achromat, consisting of a focusing diffractive Fresnel zone plate (FZP) and a defocusing refractive lens (RL). Using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and ptychography, we demonstrate sub-micrometre achromatic focusing over a wide energy range without any focal adjustment. This type of X-ray achromat will overcome previous limitations set by the chromatic aberration of diffractive and refractive optics and paves the way for new applications in spectroscopy and microscopy at broadband X-ray tube sources. X-ray diffractive and refractive optical elements suffer from chromatic aberrations, limiting high-resolution X-ray microscopes mainly to bright synchrotron sources. Here, the authors experimentally realise an achromatic X-ray lens by combing a focusing diffractive Fresnel zone plate and a defocusing refractive lens.
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Merivaara A, Kekkonen J, Monola J, Koivunotko E, Savolainen M, Silvast T, Svedström K, Diaz A, Holler M, Korhonen O, Yliperttula M, Valkonen S. Near-infrared analysis of nanofibrillated cellulose aerogel manufacturing. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121581. [PMID: 35176331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial aerogel fabrication by freeze-drying must be further improved to reduce the costs of lengthy freeze-drying cycles and to avoid the formation of spongy cryogels and collapse of the aerogel structures. Residual water content is a critical quality attribute of the freeze-dried product, which can be monitored in-line with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Predictive models of NIR have not been previously applied for biomaterials and the models were mostly focused on the prediction of only one formulation at a time. We recorded NIR spectra of different nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) hydrogel formulations during the secondary drying and set up a partial least square regression model to predict their residual water contents. The model can be generalized to measure residual water of formulations with different NFC concentrations and the excipients, and the NFC fiber concentrations and excipients can be separated with the principal component analysis. Our results provide valuable information about the freeze-drying of biomaterials and aerogel fabrication, and how NIR spectroscopy can be utilized in the optimization of residual water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Merivaara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jere Kekkonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julia Monola
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elle Koivunotko
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Savolainen
- Optical measurements, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
| | - Tuomo Silvast
- SIB Labs, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sami Valkonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Diaz A, Iyer AHS, Verezhak M, Wakonig K, Colliander MH, Carbone D. Imaging Ultrafast Dynamical Diffraction Wave Fronts in Strained Si with Coherent X Rays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:157402. [PMID: 34677993 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.157402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical diffraction effects in thin single crystals produce highly monochromatic parallel x-ray beams with a mutual separation of a few microns and a time delay of a few femtoseconds-the so-called echoes. This ultrafast diffraction effect is used at X-Ray Free Electron Lasers in self-seeding schemes to improve beam monochromaticity. Here, we present a coherent x-ray imaging measurement of echoes from Si crystals and demonstrate that a small surface strain can be used to tune their temporal delay. These results represent a first step toward the ambitious goal of strain tailoring new x-ray optics and, conversely, open up the possibility of using ultrafast dynamical diffraction effects to study strain in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Switzerland CH-5232
| | - Anand H S Iyer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden SE-41296
| | - Mariana Verezhak
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Switzerland CH-5232
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Switzerland CH-5232
| | - Magnus H Colliander
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden SE-41296
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden SE-22100
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Koivunotko E, Merivaara A, Niemelä A, Valkonen S, Manninen K, Mäkinen H, Viljanen M, Svedström K, Diaz A, Holler M, Zini J, Paasonen L, Korhonen O, Huotari S, Koivuniemi A, Yliperttula M. Molecular Insights on Successful Reconstitution of Freeze-Dried Nanofibrillated Cellulose Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7157-7167. [PMID: 35006947 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diversity and safety of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) hydrogels have gained a vast amount of interest at the pharmaceutical site in recent years. Moreover, this biomaterial has a high potential to be utilized as a protective matrix during the freeze-drying of heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and biologics to increase their properties for long-term storing at room temperature and transportation. Since freeze-drying and subsequent reconstitution have not been optimized for this biomaterial, we must find a wider understanding of the process itself as well as the molecular level interactions between the NFC hydrogel and the most suitable lyoprotectants. Herein we optimized the reconstitution of the freeze-dried NFC hydrogel by considering critical quality attributes required to ensure the success of the process and gained insights of the obtained experimental data by simulating the effects of the used lyoprotectants on water and NFC. We discovered the correlation between the measured characteristics and molecular dynamics simulations and obtained successful freeze-drying and subsequent reconstitution of NFC hydrogel with the presence of 300 mM of sucrose. These findings demonstrated the possibility of using the simulations together with the experimental measurements to obtain a more comprehensive way to design a successful freeze-drying process, which could be utilized in future pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle Koivunotko
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Merivaara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Niemelä
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Valkonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Manninen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Mäkinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mira Viljanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Zini
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Paasonen
- UPM Biomedicals, UPM-Kymmene Corporation, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- School of Phamacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artturi Koivuniemi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Ihli J, Schenk AS, Rosenfeldt S, Wakonig K, Holler M, Falini G, Pasquini L, Delacou E, Buckman J, Glen TS, Kress T, Tsai EHR, Reid DG, Duer MJ, Cusack M, Nudelman F. Mechanical adaptation of brachiopod shells via hydration-induced structural changes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5383. [PMID: 34508091 PMCID: PMC8433230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The function-optimized properties of biominerals arise from the hierarchical organization of primary building blocks. Alteration of properties in response to environmental stresses generally involves time-intensive processes of resorption and reprecipitation of mineral in the underlying organic scaffold. Here, we report that the load-bearing shells of the brachiopod Discinisca tenuis are an exception to this process. These shells can dynamically modulate their mechanical properties in response to a change in environment, switching from hard and stiff when dry to malleable when hydrated within minutes. Using ptychographic X-ray tomography, electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we describe their hierarchical structure and composition as a function of hydration to understand the structural motifs that generate this adaptability. Key is a complementary set of structural modifications, starting with the swelling of an organic matrix on the micron level via nanocrystal reorganization and ending in an intercalation process on the molecular level in response to hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugénia Delacou
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jim Buckman
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas S Glen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melinda J Duer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maggie Cusack
- Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928 & Tralee, Kerry, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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36
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Gao Z, Odstrcil M, Böcklein S, Palagin D, Holler M, Ferreira Sanchez D, Krumeich F, Menzel A, Stampanoni M, Mestl G, van Bokhoven JA, Guizar-Sicairos M, Ihli J. Sparse ab initio x-ray transmission spectrotomography for nanoscopic compositional analysis of functional materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabf6971. [PMID: 34108209 PMCID: PMC8189584 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The performance of functional materials is either driven or limited by nanoscopic heterogeneities distributed throughout the material's volume. To better our understanding of these materials, we need characterization tools that allow us to determine the nature and distribution of these heterogeneities in their native geometry in 3D. Here, we introduce a method based on x-ray near-edge spectroscopy, ptychographic x-ray computed nanotomography, and sparsity techniques. The method allows the acquisition of quantitative multimodal tomograms of representative sample volumes at sub-30 nm half-period spatial resolution within practical acquisition times, which enables local structure refinements in complex geometries. To demonstrate the method's capabilities, we investigated the transformation of vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts with industrial use. We observe changes from the micrometer to the atomic level and the formation of a location-specific defect so far only theorized. These results led to a reevaluation of these catalysts used in the production of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Gao
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Odstrcil
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Krumeich
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Stampanoni
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeroen Anton van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Chen Z, Jiang Y, Shao YT, Holtz ME, Odstrčil M, Guizar-Sicairos M, Hanke I, Ganschow S, Schlom DG, Muller DA. Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations. Science 2021; 372:826-831. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Megan E. Holtz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Isabelle Hanke
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Darrell G. Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
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38
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Batey DJ, Van Assche F, Vanheule S, Boone MN, Parnell AJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Rau C, Cipiccia S. X-Ray Ptychography with a Laboratory Source. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:193902. [PMID: 34047586 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.193902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography has revolutionized nanoscale phase contrast imaging at large-scale synchrotron sources in recent years. We present here the first successful demonstration of the technique in a small-scale laboratory setting. An experiment was conducted with a liquid metal-jet x-ray source and a single photon-counting detector with a high spectral resolution. The experiment used a spot size of 5 μm to produce a ptychographic phase image of a Siemens star test pattern with a submicron spatial resolution. The result and methodology presented show how high-resolution phase contrast imaging can now be performed at small-scale laboratory sources worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Batey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Van Assche
- UGCT-RP, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sander Vanheule
- UGCT-RP, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- UGCT-RP, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk
- Soft Matter Analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Cipiccia
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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39
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Marchesini S, Shapiro D, Maia FRNC. Introduction to the special issue on Ptychography: software and technical developments. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721002983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Huang P, Du M, Hammer M, Miceli A, Jacobsen C. Fast digital lossy compression for X-ray ptychographic data. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:292-300. [PMID: 33399580 PMCID: PMC7842218 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520013326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Increases in X-ray brightness from synchrotron light sources lead to a requirement for higher frame rates from hybrid pixel array detectors (HPADs), while also favoring charge integration over photon counting. However, transfer of the full uncompressed data will begin to constrain detector design, as well as limit the achievable continuous frame rate. Here a data compression scheme that is easy to implement in a HPAD's application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is described, and how different degrees of compression affect image quality in ptychography, a commonly employed coherent imaging method, is examined. Using adaptive encoding quantization, it is shown in simulations that one can digitize signals up to 16383 photons per pixel (corresponding to 14 bits of information) using only 8 or 9 bits for data transfer, with negligible effect on the reconstructed image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ming Du
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Mike Hammer
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Antonino Miceli
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
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41
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Tran HT, Tsai EHR, Lewis AJ, Moors T, Bol JGJM, Rostami I, Diaz A, Jonker AJ, Guizar-Sicairos M, Raabe J, Stahlberg H, van de Berg WDJ, Holler M, Shahmoradian SH. Alterations in Sub-Axonal Architecture Between Normal Aging and Parkinson's Diseased Human Brains Using Label-Free Cryogenic X-ray Nanotomography. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:570019. [PMID: 33324142 PMCID: PMC7724048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.570019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight to pathologically relevant processes in continuous volumes of unstained brain tissue is important for a better understanding of neurological diseases. Many pathological processes in neurodegenerative disorders affect myelinated axons, which are a critical part of the neuronal circuitry. Cryo ptychographic X-ray computed tomography in the multi-keV energy range is an emerging technology providing phase contrast at high sensitivity, allowing label-free and non-destructive three dimensional imaging of large continuous volumes of tissue, currently spanning up to 400,000 μm3. This aspect makes the technique especially attractive for imaging complex biological material, especially neuronal tissues, in combination with downstream optical or electron microscopy techniques. A further advantage is that dehydration, additional contrast staining, and destructive sectioning/milling are not required for imaging. We have developed a pipeline for cryo ptychographic X-ray tomography of relatively large, hydrated and unstained biological tissue volumes beyond what is typical for the X-ray imaging, using human brain tissue and combining the technique with complementary methods. We present four imaged volumes of a Parkinson's diseased human brain and five volumes from a non-diseased control human brain using cryo ptychographic X-ray tomography. In both cases, we distinguish neuromelanin-containing neurons, lipid and melanic pigment, blood vessels and red blood cells, and nuclei of other brain cells. In the diseased sample, we observed several swellings containing dense granular material resembling clustered vesicles between the myelin sheaths arising from the cytoplasm of the parent oligodendrocyte, rather than the axoplasm. We further investigated the pathological relevance of such swollen axons in adjacent tissue sections by immunofluorescence microscopy for phosphorylated alpha-synuclein combined with multispectral imaging. Since cryo ptychographic X-ray tomography is non-destructive, the large dataset volumes were used to guide further investigation of such swollen axons by correlative electron microscopy and immunogold labeling post X-ray imaging, a possibility demonstrated for the first time. Interestingly, we find that protein antigenicity and ultrastructure of the tissue are preserved after the X-ray measurement. As many pathological processes in neurodegeneration affect myelinated axons, our work sets an unprecedented foundation for studies addressing axonal integrity and disease-related changes in unstained brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda J. Lewis
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Moors
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. G. J. M. Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Allert J. Jonker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joerg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA), Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilma D. J. van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Favre-Nicolin V, Girard G, Leake S, Carnis J, Chushkin Y, Kieffer J, Paleo P, Richard MI. PyNX: high-performance computing toolkit for coherent X-ray imaging based on operators. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The open-source PyNX toolkit has been extended to provide tools for coherent X-ray imaging data analysis and simulation. All calculations can be executed on graphical processing units (GPUs) to achieve high-performance computing speeds. The toolkit can be used for coherent diffraction imaging (CDI), ptychography and wavefront propagation, in the far- or near-field regime. Moreover, all imaging operations (propagation, projections, algorithm cycles…) can be implemented in Python as simple mathematical operators, an approach which can be used to easily combine basic algorithms in a tailored chain. Calculations can also be distributed to multiple GPUs, e.g. for large ptychography data sets. Command-line scripts are available for on-line CDI and ptychography analysis, either from raw beamline data sets or using the coherent X-ray imaging data format.
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Mixed-state electron ptychography enables sub-angstrom resolution imaging with picometer precision at low dose. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2994. [PMID: 32533001 PMCID: PMC7293311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Both high resolution and high precision are required to quantitatively determine the atomic structure of complex nanostructured materials. However, for conventional imaging methods in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), atomic resolution with picometer precision cannot usually be achieved for weakly-scattering samples or radiation-sensitive materials, such as 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate low-dose, sub-angstrom resolution imaging with picometer precision using mixed-state electron ptychography. We show that correctly accounting for the partial coherence of the electron beam is a prerequisite for high-quality structural reconstructions due to the intrinsic partial coherence of the electron beam. The mixed-state reconstruction gains importance especially when simultaneously pursuing high resolution, high precision and large field-of-view imaging. Compared with conventional atomic-resolution STEM imaging techniques, the mixed-state ptychographic approach simultaneously provides a four-times-faster acquisition, with double the information limit at the same dose, or up to a fifty-fold reduction in dose at the same resolution. With conventional scanning transmission electron microscopy, some sensitive materials are difficult to image with atomic resolution. The authors present a method of mixed-state electron ptychography that enables picometer precision with fast acquisition and low dosage.
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