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Walters A, Wen S, Huang Q, Wang Z, Wang H, Sawhney K. MLgrating: a program for simulating multilayer gratings for tender X-ray applications. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:1043-1049. [PMID: 39088402 PMCID: PMC11371033 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524006271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Multilayer gratings are increasingly popular optical elements at X-ray beamlines, as they can provide much higher photon flux in the tender X-ray range compared with traditional single-layer coated gratings. While there are several proprietary software tools that provide the functionality to simulate the efficiencies of such gratings, until now the X-ray community has lacked an open-source alternative. Here MLgrating is presented, a program for simulating the efficiencies of both multilayer gratings and single-layer coated gratings for X-ray applications. MLgrating is benchmarked by comparing its output with that of other software tools and plans are discussed for how the program could be extended in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walters
- Diamond Light Source LtdHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
| | - Shengyou Wen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials MOE, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and ApplicationsTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital OpticsTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials MOE, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and ApplicationsTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital OpticsTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials MOE, Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Professional Technical Service Platform for Full-Spectrum and High-Performance Optical Thin Film Devices and ApplicationsTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital OpticsTongji UniversityShanghai200092People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Wang
- Diamond Light Source LtdHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source LtdHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
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2
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Itskou I, Kafizas A, Nevjestic I, Carrero SG, Grinter DC, Azzan H, Kerherve G, Kumar S, Tian T, Ferrer P, Held G, Heutz S, Petit C. Effects of Phosphorus Doping on Amorphous Boron Nitride's Chemical, Sorptive, Optoelectronic, and Photocatalytic Properties. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:13249-13263. [PMID: 39140095 PMCID: PMC11317980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous porous boron nitride (BN) represents a versatile material platform with potential applications in adsorptive molecular separations and gas storage, as well as heterogeneous and photo-catalysis. Chemical doping can help tailor BN's sorptive, optoelectronic, and catalytic properties, eventually boosting its application performance. Phosphorus (P) represents an attractive dopant for amorphous BN as its electronic structure would allow the element to be incorporated into BN's structure, thereby impacting its adsorptive, optoelectronic, and catalytic activity properties, as a few studies suggest. Yet, a fundamental understanding is missing around the chemical environment(s) of P in P-doped BN, the effect of P-doping on the material features, and how doping varies with the synthesis route. Such a knowledge gap impedes the rational design of P-doped porous BN. Herein, we detail a strategy for the successful doping of P in BN (P-BN) using two different sources: phosphoric acid and an ionic liquid. We characterized the samples using analytical and spectroscopic tools and tested them for CO2 adsorption and photoreduction. Overall, we show that P forms P-N bonds in BN akin to those in phosphazene. P-doping introduces further chemical/structural defects in BN's structure, and hence more/more populated midgap states. The selection of P source affects the chemical, adsorptive, and optoelectronic properties, with phosphoric acid being the best option as it reacts more easily with the other precursors and does not contain C, hence leading to fewer reactions and C impurities. P-doping increases the ultramicropore volume and therefore CO2 uptake. It significantly shifts the optical absorption of BN into the visible and increases the charge carrier lifetimes. However, to ensure that these charges remain reactive toward CO2 photoreduction, additional materials modification strategies should be explored in future work. These strategies could include the use of surface cocatalysts that can decrease the kinetic barriers to driving this chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Itskou
- Barrer
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Andreas Kafizas
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 7TA, U.K.
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Irena Nevjestic
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Soranyel Gonzalez Carrero
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 7TA, U.K.
| | - David C. Grinter
- Diamond
Light
Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Hassan Azzan
- Barrer
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Gwilherm Kerherve
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Diamond
Light
Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Tian Tian
- Barrer
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond
Light
Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond
Light
Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sandrine Heutz
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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3
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Siniscalchi M, Gibson JS, Tufnail J, Swallow JEN, Lewis J, Matthews G, Karagoz B, van Spronsen MA, Held G, Weatherup RS, Grovenor CRM, Speller SC. Removal and Reoccurrence of LLZTO Surface Contaminants under Glovebox Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27230-27241. [PMID: 38752720 PMCID: PMC11145597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) solid electrolytes to form lithio-phobic species such as Li2CO3 on their surface when exposed to trace amounts of H2O and CO2 limits the progress of LLZTO-based solid-state batteries. Various treatments, such as annealing LLZTO within a glovebox or acid etching, aim at removing the surface contaminants, but a comprehensive understanding of the evolving LLZTO surface chemistry during and after these treatments is lacking. Here, glovebox-like H2O and CO2 conditions were recreated in a near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy chamber to analyze the LLZTO surface under realistic conditions. We find that annealing LLZTO at 600 °C in this atmosphere effectively removes the surface contaminants, but a significant level of contamination reappears upon cooling down. In contrast, HCl(aq) acid etching demonstrates superior Li2CO3 removal and stable surface chemistry post treatment. To avoid air exposure during the acid treatment, an anhydrous HCl solution in diethyl ether was used directly within the glovebox. This novel acid etching strategy delivers the lowest lithium/LLZTO interfacial resistance and the highest critical current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Joshua S. Gibson
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - James Tufnail
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | | | - Jarrod Lewis
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Georg Held
- Diamond
Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Chris R. M. Grovenor
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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4
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Liu L, Kang L, Feng J, Hopkinson DG, Allen CS, Tan Y, Gu H, Mikulska I, Celorrio V, Gianolio D, Wang T, Zhang L, Li K, Zhang J, Zhu J, Held G, Ferrer P, Grinter D, Callison J, Wilding M, Chen S, Parkin I, He G. Atomically dispersed asymmetric cobalt electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen peroxide production in neutral media. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4079. [PMID: 38744850 PMCID: PMC11093996 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production (EHPP) via a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) provides a promising alternative to replace the energy-intensive anthraquinone process. M-N-C electrocatalysts, which consist of atomically dispersed transition metals and nitrogen-doped carbon, have demonstrated considerable EHPP efficiency. However, their full potential, particularly regarding the correlation between structural configurations and performances in neutral media, remains underexplored. Herein, a series of ultralow metal-loading M-N-C electrocatalysts are synthesized and investigated for the EHPP process in the neutral electrolyte. CoNCB material with the asymmetric Co-C/N/O configuration exhibits the highest EHPP activity and selectivity among various as-prepared M-N-C electrocatalyst, with an outstanding mass activity (6.1 × 105 A gCo-1 at 0.5 V vs. RHE), and a high practical H2O2 production rate (4.72 mol gcatalyst-1 h-1 cm-2). Compared with the popularly recognized square-planar symmetric Co-N4 configuration, the superiority of asymmetric Co-C/N/O configurations is elucidated by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy analysis and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Liu
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Liqun Kang
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jianrui Feng
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - David G Hopkinson
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Yeshu Tan
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Iuliia Mikulska
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Veronica Celorrio
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Diego Gianolio
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Tianlei Wang
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Liquan Zhang
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kaiqi Li
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jiexin Zhu
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - David Grinter
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - June Callison
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Martin Wilding
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Sining Chen
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Ivan Parkin
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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5
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Grinter DC, Ferrer P, Venturini F, van Spronsen MA, Large AI, Kumar S, Jaugstetter M, Iordachescu A, Watts A, Schroeder SLM, Kroner A, Grillo F, Francis SM, Webb PB, Hand M, Walters A, Hillman M, Held G. VerSoX B07-B: a high-throughput XPS and ambient pressure NEXAFS beamline at Diamond Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:578-589. [PMID: 38530831 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The beamline optics and endstations at branch B of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline B07 at Diamond Light Source are described. B07-B provides medium-flux X-rays in the range 45-2200 eV from a bending magnet source, giving access to local electronic structure for atoms of all elements from Li to Y. It has an endstation for high-throughput X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) measurements under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions. B07-B has a second endstation dedicated to NEXAFS at pressures from UHV to ambient pressure (1 atm). The combination of these endstations permits studies of a wide range of interfaces and materials. The beamline and endstation designs are discussed in detail, as well as their performance and the commissioning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Grinter
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alexander I Large
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew Watts
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Sven L M Schroeder
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kroner
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Grillo
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Francis
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B Webb
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hand
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Walters
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hillman
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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6
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Straiton A, Kathyola TA, Sweeney C, Parish JD, Willneff EA, Schroeder SLM, Morina A, Neville A, Smith JJ, Johnson AL. Green Alternatives to Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates: Vanadium Oxide-Based Additives. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2023; 1:2916-2925. [PMID: 38037666 PMCID: PMC10682961 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A functionalized vanadyl(IV) acetylacetonate (acac) complex has been found to be a superior and highly effective antiwear agent, affording remarkable wear protection, compared to the current industry standard, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs). Analysis of vanadium speciation and the depth profile of the active tribofilms by a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analyses indicated a mixed-valence oxide composite, comprising V(III), V(IV), and V(V) species. A marked difference in composition between the bulk and the surfaces of the tribofilms was found. The vanadyl(VI) acac precursor has the potential to reduce or even replace ZDDP, which would represent a paradigm shift in the antiwear agent design. A major benefit relative to ZDDPs is the absence of S and P moieties, eliminating the potential for forming noxious and environmentally harmful byproducts of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew.
J. Straiton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Thokozile. A. Kathyola
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Callum. Sweeney
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - James D. Parish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business and Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | | | - Sven. L. M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Ardian Morina
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Anne Neville
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Joshua J. Smith
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business and Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Andrew L. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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7
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Sha Z, Kerherve G, van Spronsen MA, Wilson GE, Kilner JA, Held G, Skinner SJ. Studying Surface Chemistry of Mixed Conducting Perovskite Oxide Electrodes with Synchrotron-Based Soft X-rays. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:20325-20336. [PMID: 37876977 PMCID: PMC10591506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the electrochemical reactions and surface chemistry at the solid-gas interface in situ and operando is critical for electrode materials applied in electrochemical and catalytic applications. Here, the surface reactions and surface composition of a model of mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskite oxide, (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Cr0.5Fe0.5O3-δ (LSCrF8255), were investigated in situ using synchrotron-based near-ambient pressure (AP) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). The measurements were conducted with a surface temperature of 500 °C under 1 mbar of dry oxygen and water vapor, to reflect the implementation of the materials for oxygen reduction/evolution and H2O electrolysis in the applications such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and electrolyzers. Our direct experimental results demonstrate that, rather than the transition metal (TM) cations, the surface lattice oxygen is the significant redox active species under both dry oxygen and water vapor environments. It was proven that the electron holes formed in dry oxygen have a strong oxygen character. Meanwhile, a relatively higher concentration of surface oxygen vacancies was observed on the sample measured in water vapor. We further showed that in water vapor, the adsorption and dissociation of H2O onto the perovskite surface were through forming hydroxyl groups. In addition, the concentration of Sr surface species was found to increase over time in dry oxygen due to Sr surface segregation, with the presence of oxygen holes on the surface serving as an additional driving force. Comparatively, less Sr contents were observed on the sample in water vapor, which could be due to the volatility of Sr(OH)2. A secondary phase was also observed, which exhibited an enrichment in B-site cations, particularly in Fe and relatively in Cr, and a deficiency in A-site cation, notably in La and relatively in Sr. The findings and methodology of this study allow for the quantification of surface defect chemistry and surface composition evolution, providing crucial understanding and design guidelines in the electrocatalytic activity and durability of electrodes for efficient conversions of energy and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Sha
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Gwilherm Kerherve
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - George E. Wilson
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - John A. Kilner
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Skinner
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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8
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Liu L, Kang L, Chutia A, Feng J, Michalska M, Ferrer P, Grinter DC, Held G, Tan Y, Zhao F, Guo F, Hopkinson DG, Allen CS, Hou Y, Gu J, Papakonstantinou I, Shearing PR, Brett DJL, Parkin IP, He G. Spectroscopic Identification of Active Sites of Oxygen-Doped Carbon for Selective Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303525. [PMID: 36929681 PMCID: PMC10947142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) via a two-electron (2 e- ) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process provides a promising alternative to replace the energy-intensive anthraquinone process. Herein, we develop a facile template-protected strategy to synthesize a highly active quinone-rich porous carbon catalyst for H2 O2 electrochemical production. The optimized PCC900 material exhibits remarkable activity and selectivity, of which the onset potential reaches 0.83 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M KOH and the H2 O2 selectivity is over 95 % in a wide potential range. Comprehensive synchrotron-based near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy combined with electrocatalytic characterizations reveals the positive correlation between quinone content and 2 e- ORR performance. The effectiveness of chair-form quinone groups as the most efficient active sites is highlighted by the molecule-mimic strategy and theoretical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Liu
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Liqun Kang
- Department of Inorganic SpectroscopyMax-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | | | - Jianrui Feng
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Martyna Michalska
- Photonic Innovations LabDepartment of Electronic & Electrical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light SourceRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell, DidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - David C. Grinter
- Diamond Light SourceRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell, DidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light SourceRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell, DidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Yeshu Tan
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Fangjia Zhao
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Fei Guo
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - David G. Hopkinson
- electron Physical Science Imaging CentreRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell, DidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Christopher S. Allen
- electron Physical Science Imaging CentreRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell, DidcotOX11 0DEUK
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PHUK
| | - Yanbei Hou
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate LaboratorySchool of Mechanical and AerospaceNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Junwen Gu
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Ioannis Papakonstantinou
- Photonic Innovations LabDepartment of Electronic & Electrical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- Electrochemical Innovation LabDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK
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9
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Swallow JEN, Jones ES, Head AR, Gibson JS, David RB, Fraser MW, van Spronsen MA, Xu S, Held G, Eren B, Weatherup RS. Revealing the Role of CO during CO 2 Hydrogenation on Cu Surfaces with In Situ Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6730-6740. [PMID: 36916242 PMCID: PMC10064333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of H2, CO2, and CO gas mixtures on the surface of Cu at 200 °C, relevant for industrial methanol synthesis, are investigated using a combination of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) and atmospheric-pressure near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (AtmP-NEXAFS) spectroscopy bridging pressures from 0.1 mbar to 1 bar. We find that the order of gas dosing can critically affect the catalyst chemical state, with the Cu catalyst maintained in a metallic state when H2 is introduced prior to the addition of CO2. Only on increasing the CO2 partial pressure is CuO formation observed that coexists with metallic Cu. When only CO2 is present, the surface oxidizes to Cu2O and CuO, and the subsequent addition of H2 partially reduces the surface to Cu2O without recovering metallic Cu, consistent with a high kinetic barrier to H2 dissociation on Cu2O. The addition of CO to the gas mixture is found to play a key role in removing adsorbed oxygen that otherwise passivates the Cu surface, making metallic Cu surface sites available for CO2 activation and subsequent conversion to CH3OH. These findings are corroborated by mass spectrometry measurements, which show increased H2O formation when H2 is dosed before rather than after CO2. The importance of maintaining metallic Cu sites during the methanol synthesis reaction is thereby highlighted, with the inclusion of CO in the gas feed helping to achieve this even in the absence of ZnO as the catalyst support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E N Swallow
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Elizabeth S Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton 11973, New York, United States
| | - Joshua S Gibson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Roey Ben David
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael W Fraser
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K
| | | | - Shaojun Xu
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Baran Eren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PH, U.K.,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
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10
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Mistry ED, Lubert-Perquel D, Nevjestic I, Mallia G, Ferrer P, Roy K, Held G, Tian T, Harrison NM, Heutz S, Petit C. Paramagnetic States in Oxygen-Doped Boron Nitride Extend Light Harvesting and Photochemistry to the Deep Visible Region. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:1858-1867. [PMID: 36936177 PMCID: PMC10018733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of boron nitride (BN)-based photocatalysts for solar fuel syntheses have recently emerged. Studies have shown that oxygen doping, leading to boron oxynitride (BNO), can extend light absorption to the visible range. However, the fundamental question surrounding the origin of enhanced light harvesting and the role of specific chemical states of oxygen in BNO photochemistry remains unanswered. Here, using an integrated experimental and first-principles-based computational approach, we demonstrate that paramagnetic isolated OB3 states are paramount to inducing prominent red-shifted light absorption. Conversely, we highlight the diamagnetic nature of O-B-O states, which are shown to cause undesired larger band gaps and impaired photochemistry. This study elucidates the importance of paramagnetism in BNO semiconductors and provides fundamental insight into its photophysics. The work herein paves the way for tailoring of its optoelectronic and photochemical properties for solar fuel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D.
R. Mistry
- Institute
of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus,
82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daphné Lubert-Perquel
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince’s Consort
Road, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Irena Nevjestic
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince’s Consort
Road, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mallia
- Institute
of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus,
82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Kanak Roy
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Tian Tian
- Barrer
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Harrison
- Institute
of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus,
82 Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Heutz
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince’s Consort
Road, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer
Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Edwards PT, Saunders LK, Grinter DC, Ferrer P, Held G, Shotton EJ, Schroeder SLM. Determination of H-Atom Positions in Organic Crystal Structures by NEXAFS Combined with Density Functional Theory: a Study of Two-Component Systems Containing Isonicotinamide. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2889-2898. [PMID: 35537046 PMCID: PMC9125558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
It is important to
be able to identify the precise position of
H-atoms in hydrogen bonding interactions to fully understand the effects
on the structure and properties of organic crystals. Using a combination
of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy
and density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemistry calculations,
we demonstrate the sensitivity of core-level X-ray spectroscopy to
the precise H-atom position within a donor-proton-acceptor system.
Exploiting this sensitivity, we then combine the predictive power
of DFT with the experimental NEXAFS, confirming the H-atom position
identified using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques
more easily than using other H-atom sensitive techniques, such as
neutron diffraction. This proof of principle experiment confirms the
H-atom positions in structures obtained from XRD, providing evidence
for the potential use of NEXAFS as a more accurate and easier method
of locating H-atoms within organic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Edwards
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Lucy K Saunders
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - David C Grinter
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J Shotton
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Sven L M Schroeder
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.,Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Hub, Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
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12
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Astley S, Hu D, Hazeldine K, Ash J, Cross RE, Cooil S, Allen MW, Evans J, James K, Venturini F, Grinter DC, Ferrer P, Arrigo R, Held G, Williams GT, Evans DA. Identifying chemical and physical changes in wide-gap semiconductors using real-time and near ambient-pressure XPS. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:191-204. [PMID: 35510538 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful characterisation tool for semiconductor surfaces and interfaces, providing in principle a correlation between the electronic band structure and surface chemistry along with quantitative parameters such as the electron affinity, interface potential, band bending and band offsets. However, measurements are often limited to ultrahigh vacuum and only the top few atomic layers are probed. The technique is seldom applied as an in situ probe of surface processing; information is usually provided before and after processing in a separate environment, leading to a reduction in reproducibility. Advances in instrumentation, in particular electron detection has enabled these limitations to be addressed, for example allowing measurement at near-ambient pressures and the in situ, real-time monitoring of surface processing and interface formation. A further limitation is the influence of the measurement method through irreversible chemical effects such as radiation damage during X-ray exposure and reversible physical effects such as the charging of low conductivity materials. For wide-gap semiconductors such as oxides and carbon-based materials, these effects can be compounded and severe. Here we show how real-time and near-ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy can be applied to identify and quantify these effects, using a gold alloy, gallium oxide and semiconducting diamond as examples. A small binding energy change due to thermal expansion is followed in real-time for the alloy while the two semiconductors show larger temperature-induced changes in binding energy that, although superficially similar, are identified as having different and multiple origins, related to surface oxygen bonding, surface band-bending and a room-temperature surface photovoltage. The latter affects the p-type diamond at temperatures up to 400 °C when exposed to X-ray, UV and synchrotron radiation and under UHV and 1 mbar of O2. Real-time monitoring and near-ambient pressure measurement with different excitation sources has been used to identify the mechanisms behind the observed changes in spectral parameters that are different for each of the three materials. Corrected binding energy values aid the completion of the energy band diagrams for these wide-gap semiconductors and provide protocols for surface processing to engineer key surface and interface parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Astley
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK.
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK.
| | - Kerry Hazeldine
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK.
| | - Johnathan Ash
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK.
| | - Rachel E Cross
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK.
| | - Simon Cooil
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Martin W Allen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8014, New Zealand
| | - James Evans
- Diamond Centre Wales Ltd, Talbot Green, RCT, CF72 9FG, UK
| | - Kelvin James
- Diamond Centre Wales Ltd, Talbot Green, RCT, CF72 9FG, UK
| | - Federica Venturini
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - David C Grinter
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - D Andrew Evans
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, UK.
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13
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Large AI, Bennett RA, Eralp-Erden T, Held G. In situ surface analysis of palladium-platinum alloys in methane oxidation conditions. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:157-177. [PMID: 35485640 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium and palladium-platinum foils were analysed using temperature-programmed near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TP-NAP-XPS) under methane oxidation conditions. Oxidation of palladium is inhibited by the presence of water, and in oxygen-poor environments. Pt addition further inhibits oxidation of palladium across all reaction conditions, preserving metallic palladium to higher temperatures. Bimetallic foils underwent significant restructuring under reaction conditions, with platinum preferentially migrating to the bulk under select conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK.
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14
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Kucharski S, Ferrer P, Venturini F, Held G, Walton AS, Byrne C, Covington JA, Ayyala SK, Beale AM, Blackman C. Direct in situ spectroscopic evidence of the crucial role played by surface oxygen vacancies in the O 2-sensing mechanism of SnO 2. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6089-6097. [PMID: 35685800 PMCID: PMC9132051 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01738e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductometric gas sensors (CGS) provide a reproducible gas response at a low cost but their operation mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this paper, we elucidate the nature of interactions between SnO2, a common gas-sensitive material, and O2, a ubiquitous gas central to the detection mechanisms of CGS. Using synchrotron radiation, we investigated a working SnO2 sensor under operando conditions via near-ambient pressure (NAP) XPS with simultaneous resistance measurements, and created a depth profile of the variable near-surface stoichiometry of SnO2−x as a function of O2 pressure. Our results reveal a correlation between the dynamically changing surface oxygen vacancies and the resistance response in SnO2-based CGS. While oxygen adsorbates were observed in this study we conclude that these are an intermediary in oxygen transport between the gas phase and the lattice, and that surface oxygen vacancies, not the observed oxygen adsorbates, are central to response generation in SnO2-based gas sensors. NAP-XPS characterisation of SnO2 under operando conditions shows that resistance change, band bending and surface O-vacancy concentration are correlated with ambient O2 concentration, challenging current preconceptions of gas sensor function.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kucharski
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower St, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Federica Venturini
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Alex S. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Conor Byrne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sai Kiran Ayyala
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower St, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Chris Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower St, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
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15
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Seymour J, Gousseva E, Large A, Held G, Hein D, Wartner G, Quevedo W, Seidel R, Kolbeck C, Clarke CJ, Fogarty R, Bourne R, Bennett R, Palgrave R, Hunt PA, Lovelock KRJ. Resonant Electron Spectroscopy: Identification of Atomic Contributions to Valence States. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:389-411. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Valence electronic structure is crucial for understanding and predicting reactivity. Valence non-resonant X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NRXPS) provides a direct method for probing the overall valence electronic structure. However, it is...
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16
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Arrigo R, Blume R, Streibel V, Genovese C, Roldan A, Schuster ME, Ampelli C, Perathoner S, Velasco Vélez JJ, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Centi G. Dynamics at Polarized Carbon Dioxide–Iron Oxyhydroxide Interfaces Unveil the Origin of Multicarbon Product Formation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Arrigo
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Cockcroft Building, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, U.K
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Raoul Blume
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Verena Streibel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Genovese
- Departments ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl, and CASPE/INSTM, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales U.K
| | | | - Claudio Ampelli
- Departments ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl, and CASPE/INSTM, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Siglinda Perathoner
- Departments ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl, and CASPE/INSTM, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Juan J. Velasco Vélez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gabriele Centi
- Departments ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl, and CASPE/INSTM, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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17
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Seymour JM, Gousseva E, Large AI, Clarke CJ, Licence P, Fogarty RM, Duncan DA, Ferrer P, Venturini F, Bennett RA, Palgrave RG, Lovelock KRJ. Experimental measurement and prediction of ionic liquid ionisation energies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20957-20973. [PMID: 34545382 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02441h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) valence electronic structure provides key descriptors for understanding and predicting IL properties. The ionisation energies of 60 ILs are measured and the most readily ionised valence state of each IL (the highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO) is identified using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron resonant XPS. A structurally diverse range of cations and anions were studied. The cation gave rise to the HOMO for nine of the 60 ILs presented here, meaning it is energetically more favourable to remove an electron from the cation than the anion. The influence of the cation on the anion electronic structure (and vice versa) were established; the electrostatic effects are well understood and demonstrated to be consistently predictable. We used this knowledge to make predictions of both ionisation energy and HOMO identity for a further 516 ILs, providing a very valuable dataset for benchmarking electronic structure calculations and enabling the development of models linking experimental valence electronic structure descriptors to other IL properties, e.g. electrochemical stability. Furthermore, we provide design rules for the prediction of the electronic structure of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Seymour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | | | - Alexander I Large
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK. .,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Coby J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter Licence
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Roger A Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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18
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Zhu S, Scardamaglia M, Kundsen J, Sankari R, Tarawneh H, Temperton R, Pickworth L, Cavalca F, Wang C, Tissot H, Weissenrieder J, Hagman B, Gustafson J, Kaya S, Lindgren F, Källquist I, Maibach J, Hahlin M, Boix V, Gallo T, Rehman F, D’Acunto G, Schnadt J, Shavorskiy A. HIPPIE: a new platform for ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the MAX IV Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:624-636. [PMID: 33650575 PMCID: PMC7941293 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752100103x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
HIPPIE is a soft X-ray beamline on the 3 GeV electron storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory, equipped with a novel ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) instrument. The endstation is dedicated to performing in situ and operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments in the presence of a controlled gaseous atmosphere at pressures up to 30 mbar [1 mbar = 100 Pa] as well as under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. The photon energy range is 250 to 2200 eV in planar polarization and with photon fluxes >1012 photons s-1 (500 mA ring current) at a resolving power of greater than 10000 and up to a maximum of 32000. The endstation currently provides two sample environments: a catalysis cell and an electrochemical/liquid cell. The former allows APXPS measurements of solid samples in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere (with a mixture of up to eight gases and a vapour of a liquid) and simultaneous analysis of the inlet/outlet gas composition by online mass spectrometry. The latter is a more versatile setup primarily designed for APXPS at the solid-liquid (dip-and-pull setup) or liquid-gas (liquid microjet) interfaces under full electrochemical control, and it can also be used as an open port for ad hoc-designed non-standard APXPS experiments with different sample environments. The catalysis cell can be further equipped with an IR reflection-absorption spectrometer, allowing for simultaneous APXPS and IR spectroscopy of the samples. The endstation is set up to easily accommodate further sample environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Kundsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Temperton
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Louisa Pickworth
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Héloïse Tissot
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Hagman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarp Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Källquist
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Maibach
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Virginia Boix
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tamires Gallo
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Foqia Rehman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D’Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Kokkonen E, Lopes da Silva F, Mikkelã MH, Johansson N, Huang SW, Lee JM, Andersson M, Bartalesi A, Reinecke BN, Handrup K, Tarawneh H, Sankari R, Knudsen J, Schnadt J, Såthe C, Urpelainen S. Upgrade of the SPECIES beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:588-601. [PMID: 33650571 PMCID: PMC7941297 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The SPECIES beamline has been transferred to the new 1.5 GeV storage ring at the MAX IV Laboratory. Several improvements have been made to the beamline and its endstations during the transfer. Together the Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering endstations are capable of conducting photoelectron spectroscopy in elevated pressure regimes with enhanced time-resolution and flux and X-ray scattering experiments with improved resolution and flux. Both endstations offer a unique capability for experiments at low photon energies in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. In this paper, the upgrades on the endstations and current performance of the beamline are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Felipe Lopes da Silva
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Niclas Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shih-Wen Huang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenn-Min Lee
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margit Andersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Benjamin N. Reinecke
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karsten Handrup
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University, PO Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jan Knudsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Conny Såthe
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuli Urpelainen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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20
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Fan Y, Nakanishi K, Veigang-Radulescu VP, Mizuta R, Stewart JC, Swallow JEN, Dearle AE, Burton OJ, Alexander-Webber JA, Ferrer P, Held G, Brennan B, Pollard AJ, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S. Understanding metal organic chemical vapour deposition of monolayer WS 2: the enhancing role of Au substrate for simple organosulfur precursors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22234-22244. [PMID: 33141137 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We find that the use of Au substrate allows fast, self-limited WS2 monolayer growth using a simple sequential exposure pattern of low cost, low toxicity precursors, namely tungsten hexacarbonyl and dimethylsulfide (DMS). We use this model reaction system to fingerprint the technologically important metal organic chemical vapour deposition process by operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to address the current lack of understanding of the underlying fundamental growth mechanisms for WS2 and related transition metal dichalcogenides. Au effectively promotes the sulfidation of W with simple organosulfides, enabling WS2 growth with low DMS pressure (<1 mbar) and a suppression of carbon contamination of as-grown WS2, which to date has been a major challenge with this precursor chemistry. Full WS2 coverage can be achieved by one exposure cycle of 10 minutes at 700 °C. We discuss our findings in the wider context of previous literature on heterogeneous catalysis, 2D crystal growth, and overlapping process technologies such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and direct metal conversion, linking to future integrated manufacturing processes for transition metal dichalcogenide layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fan
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kenichi Nakanishi
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Ryo Mizuta
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Callum Stewart
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jack E N Swallow
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Alice E Dearle
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Oliver J Burton
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Barry Brennan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Rd, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Rd, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
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