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Keller CR, Martinez SR, Keltz A, Chen M, Li W. Lactate Oxidase Disrupts Lactate-Activated RAS and PI3K Oncogenic Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2817. [PMID: 39199589 PMCID: PMC11353192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
LOX was recently shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. The mechanism of this inhibition, however, has been exclusively attributed to LOX depletion of TME lactate, a cancer cell energy source, and production of H2O2, an oxidative stressor. We report that TME lactate triggers the assembly of the lactate receptor hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1)-associated protein complex, which includes GRB2, SOS1, KRAS, GAB1, and PI3K, for the activation of both the RAS and the PI3K oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer (BCa) cells. LOX treatment decreased the levels of the proteins in the protein complex via induction of their proteasomal degradation. In addition, LOX inhibited lactate-stimulated expression of the lactate transporters MCT1 and MCT4. Our data suggest that HCAR1 activation by lactate is crucial for the assembly and function of the RAS and PI3K signaling nexus. Shutting down lactate signaling by disrupting this nexus could be detrimental to cancer cells. HCAR1 is therefore a promising target for the control of the RAS and the PI3K signaling required for BCa progression. Thus, our study provides insights into lactate signaling regulation of cancer progression and extends our understanding of LOX's functional mechanisms that are fundamental for exploring its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler R. Keller
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Steve R. Martinez
- Department of Surgery, The Everett Clinic, Part of Optum, Everett, WA 98201, USA
- Providence Regional Cancer Partnership, Providence Regional Medical Center, Everett, WA 98201, USA
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Alexys Keltz
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Ferris High School, Spokane, WA 99223, USA
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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2
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Tsvik L, Zhang S, O'Hare D, Haltrich D, Sützl L. More Than One Enzyme: Exploring Alternative FMN-Dependent L-Lactate Oxidases for Biosensor Development. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29442-29452. [PMID: 39005781 PMCID: PMC11238220 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The α-hydroxy acid oxidoreductase (HAOx) family contains a diverse group of enzymes that can be applied in biosensors for L-lactate detection, most prominently lactate oxidase (LOx). The limited availability and a lack of diversity of L-lactate-oxidizing enzymes have currently hindered advancements in L-lactate biosensor development. Until now, the field has mostly relied on a single, commercially available enzyme, namely Aerococcus viridans L-lactate oxidase (AvLOx). In this study, we present newly discovered alternative L-lactate oxidases that exhibit a narrow substrate specificity and varied kinetic efficiencies toward L-lactate, making them suitable for integration into existing biosensor configurations. Some of these FMN-dependent L-lactate oxidases could be obtained in substantial amounts from routine E. coli expression, potentially facilitating commercial production. Using electrochemical characterization with a mediated biosensor setup, we present 7 enzymes that perform comparable or even better than commercial AvLOx. Finally, we show that their electrochemical performance is not directly correlating with their biochemical performance, making predictions of the suitability of enzymes for biosensor applications extremely difficult. Our research emphasizes the significance of expanding the enzyme toolbox of L-lactate oxidases for the development of improved L-lactate biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Tsvik
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, Wien, Vienna A-1190, Austria
- Doctoral Programme 'Biomolecular Technology of Proteins (BioToP)', University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Wien, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, Wien, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, Wien, Vienna A-1190, Austria
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3
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Hou X, Zhang B, Cheng K, Zhang F, Xie X, Chen W, Tan L, Fan J, Liu B, Xu Q. Engineering Phage Nanocarriers Integrated with Bio-Intelligent Plasmids for Personalized and Tunable Enzyme Delivery to Enhance Chemodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308349. [PMID: 38582522 PMCID: PMC11199971 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Customizable and number-tunable enzyme delivery nanocarriers will be useful in tumor therapy. Herein, a phage vehicle, T4-Lox-DNA-Fe (TLDF), which adeptly modulates enzyme numbers using phage display technology to remodel the tumor microenvironment (TME) is presented. Regarding the demand for lactic acid in tumors, each phage is engineered to display 720 lactate oxidase (Lox), contributing to the depletion of lactic acid to restructure the tumor's energy metabolism. The phage vehicle incorporated dextran iron (Fe) with Fenton reaction capabilities. H2O2 is generated through the Lox catalytic reaction, amplifying the H2O2 supply for dextran iron-based chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Drawing inspiration from the erythropoietin (EPO) biosynthetic process, an EPO enhancer is constructed to impart the EPO-Keap1 plasmid (DNA) with tumor hypoxia-activated functionality, disrupting the redox homeostasis of the TME. Lox consumes local oxygen, and positive feedback between the Lox and the plasmid promotes the expression of kelch ECH Associated Protein 1 (Keap1). Consequently, the downregulation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, in synergy with CDT, amplifies the oxidative killing effect, leading to tumor suppression of up to 78%. This study seamlessly integrates adaptable T4 phage vehicles with bio-intelligent plasmids, presenting a promising approach for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Lin Hou
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Ting Xie
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Lin‐Fang Tan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Jin‐Xuan Fan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics – Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics (HUST)Ministry of EducationHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
- NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical DevicesHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074P. R. China
| | - Qiu‐Ran Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized MedicineZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouZhejiang310014P. R. China
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4
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Jain R, Dhillon NS, Kanchustambham VL, Lodowski DT, Farquhar ER, Kiselar J, Chance MR. Evaluating Mass Spectrometry-Based Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting of a Benchtop Flash Oxidation System against a Synchrotron X-ray Beamline. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:476-486. [PMID: 38335063 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) using synchrotron X-ray radiation (XFP) and mass spectrometry is a well-validated structural biology method that provides critical insights into macromolecular structural dynamics, such as determining binding sites, measuring affinity, and mapping epitopes. Numerous alternative sources for generating the hydroxyl radicals (•OH) needed for HRPF, such as laser photolysis and plasma irradiation, complement synchrotron-based HRPF, and a recently developed commercially available instrument based on flash lamp photolysis, the FOX system, enables access to laboratory benchtop HRPF. Here, we evaluate performing HRPF experiments in-house with a benchtop FOX instrument compared to synchrotron-based X-ray footprinting at the NSLS-II XFP beamline. Using lactate oxidase (LOx) as a model system, we carried out •OH labeling experiments using both instruments, followed by nanoLC-MS/MS bottom-up peptide mass mapping. Experiments were performed under high glucose concentrations to mimic the highly scavenging conditions present in biological buffers and human clinical samples, where less •OH are available for reaction with the biomolecule(s) of interest. The performance of the FOX and XFP HRPF methods was compared, and we found that tuning the •OH dosage enabled optimal labeling coverage for both setups under physiologically relevant highly scavenging conditions. Our study demonstrates the complementarity of FOX and XFP labeling approaches, demonstrating that benchtop instruments such as the FOX photolysis system can increase both the throughput and the accessibility of the HRPF technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nanak S Dhillon
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Kanchustambham
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David T Lodowski
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Erik R Farquhar
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Janna Kiselar
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Mark R Chance
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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5
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Luley-Goedl C, Bruni M, Nidetzky B. Carrier-based immobilization of Aerococcus viridansl-lactate oxidase. J Biotechnol 2024; 382:88-96. [PMID: 38280467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
l-Lactate oxidase has important applications in biosensing and finds increased use in biocatalysis. The enzyme has been characterized well, yet its immobilization has not been explored in depth. Here, we studied immobilization of Aerococcus viridansl-lactate oxidase on porous carriers of variable matrix material (polymethacrylate, polyurethane, agarose) and surface functional group (amine, Ni2+-loaded nitrilotriacetic acid (NiNTA), epoxide). Carrier activity (Ac) and immobilized enzyme effectiveness (ɳ) were evaluated in dependence of protein loading. Results show that efficient immobilization (Ac: up to 1450 U/g carrier; ɳ: up to 65%) requires a hydrophilic carrier (agarose) equipped with amine groups. The value of ɳ declines sharply as Ac increases, probably due to transition into diffusional regime. Untagged l-lactate oxidase binds to NiNTA carrier similarly as N-terminally His-tagged enzyme. Lixiviation studies reveal quasi-irreversible enzyme adsorption on NiNTA carrier while partial release of activity (≤ 25%) is shown from amine carrier. The desorbed enzyme exhibits the same specific activity as the original l-lactate oxidase. Collectively, our study identifies basic requirements of l-lactate oxidase immobilization on solid carrier and highlights the role of ionic interactions in enzyme-surface adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margherita Bruni
- acib - Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- acib - Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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6
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His-tagged lactate oxidase production for industrial applications using fed-batch fermentation. J Biotechnol 2023; 363:1-7. [PMID: 36608873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
L-lactate oxidase (LOX) is a biotechnologically important enzyme used in biosensors and colorimetric kits to detect lactate, a key biomarker in clinical diagnostics, sports medicine and the food industry. In this work, we produced a recombinant His-tagged Aerococcus viridans LOX (rLOX) in Escherichia coli and carried out its functional characterization for industrial applications. Our rLOX was evaluated in a colorimetric kit for human diagnostics and in an amperometric biosensor to measure the lactic acid in food products. The rLOX was fully functional for both applications, with a performance comparable to commercial untagged LOXs. As the industrial use of LOX enzyme requires a large-scale production, we scaled up the rLOX production in a fed-batch bioreactor culture and obtained a yield approximately ten times higher than that of the Erlenmeyer scale. The His-tag allowed an easy and highly efficient purification process, and a high-purity rLOX was recovered after this one-step affinity purification. In this study, we described a simple, rapid and cost-competitive approach for the production of a recombinant His-tagged LOX enzyme suitable for industrial use.
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7
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Activation of L-lactate oxidase by the formation of enzyme assemblies through liquid-liquid phase separation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1435. [PMID: 36697449 PMCID: PMC9877012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly state of enzymes is gaining interest as a mechanism for regulating the function of enzymes in living cells. One of the current topics in enzymology is the relationship between enzyme activity and the assembly state due to liquid-liquid phase separation. In this study, we demonstrated enzyme activation via the formation of enzyme assemblies using L-lactate oxidase (LOX). LOX formed hundreds of nanometer-scale assemblies with poly-L-lysine (PLL). In the presence of ammonium sulfate, the LOX-PLL clusters formed micrometer-scale liquid droplets. The enzyme activities of LOX in clusters and droplets were one order of magnitude higher than those in the dispersed state, owing to a decrease in KM and an increase in kcat. Moreover, the clusters exhibited a higher activation effect than the droplets. In addition, the conformation of LOX changed in the clusters, resulting in increased enzyme activation. Understanding enzyme activation and assembly states provides important information regarding enzyme function in living cells, in addition to biotechnology applications.
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8
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Choi H, Yeo M, Kang Y, Kim HJ, Park SG, Jang E, Park SH, Kim E, Kang S. Lactate oxidase/catalase-displaying nanoparticles efficiently consume lactate in the tumor microenvironment to effectively suppress tumor growth. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:5. [PMID: 36597089 PMCID: PMC9811728 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggressive proliferation of tumor cells often requires increased glucose uptake and excessive anaerobic glycolysis, leading to the massive production and secretion of lactate to form a unique tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, regulating appropriate lactate levels in the TME would be a promising approach to control tumor cell proliferation and immune suppression. To effectively consume lactate in the TME, lactate oxidase (LOX) and catalase (CAT) were displayed onto Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase protein nanoparticles (AaLS) to form either AaLS/LOX or AaLS/LOX/CAT. These complexes successfully consumed lactate produced by CT26 murine colon carcinoma cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Specifically, AaLS/LOX generated a large amount of H2O2 with complete lactate consumption to induce drastic necrotic cell death regardless of culture condition. However, AaLS/LOX/CAT generated residual H2O2, leading to necrotic cell death only under hypoxic condition similar to the TME. While the local administration of AaLS/LOX to the tumor site resulted in mice death, that of AaLS/LOX/CAT significantly suppressed tumor growth without any severe side effects. AaLS/LOX/CAT effectively consumed lactate to produce adequate amounts of H2O2 which sufficiently suppress tumor growth and adequately modulate the TME, transforming environments that are favorable to tumor suppressive neutrophils but adverse to tumor-supportive tumor-associated macrophages. Collectively, these findings showed that the modular functionalization of protein nanoparticles with multiple metabolic enzymes may offer the opportunity to develop new enzyme complex-based therapeutic tools that can modulate the TME by controlling cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukjun Choi
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Mirae Yeo
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Yujin Kang
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Seong Guk Park
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Eunjung Jang
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Park
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
| | - Sebyung Kang
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
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9
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Tsvik L, Steiner B, Herzog P, Haltrich D, Sützl L. Flavin Mononucleotide-Dependent l-Lactate Dehydrogenases: Expanding the Toolbox of Enzymes for l-Lactate Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41480-41492. [PMID: 36406534 PMCID: PMC9670274 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of L-lactate biosensors has been hampered in recent years by the lack of availability and knowledge about a wider range and diversity of L-lactate-oxidizing enzymes that can be used as bioelements in these sensors. For decades, L-lactate oxidase of Aerococcus viridans (AvLOx) has been used almost exclusively in the field of L-lactate biosensor development and has achieved somewhat like a monopoly status as a biocatalyst for these applications. Studies on other L-lactate-oxidizing enzymes are sparse and are often missing biochemical data. In this work, we made use of the vast amount of sequence information that is currently available on protein databases to investigate the naturally occurring diversity of L-lactate-utilizing enzymes of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent α-hydroxy acid oxidoreductase (HAOx) family. We identified the HAOx sequence space specific for L-lactate oxidation and additionally discovered a not-yet described class of soluble and FMN-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenases, which are promising for the construction of second-generation biosensors or other biotechnological applications. Our work paves the way for new studies on α-hydroxy acid biosensors and proves that there is more to the HAOx family than AvLOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Tsvik
- Laboratory
of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Steiner
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Herzog
- DirectSens
Biosensors GmbH, Am Rosenbühel
38, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Laboratory
of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Laboratory
of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Bollella P. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors: 60 years later … Quo Vadis? Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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11
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Hiraka K, Yoshida H, Tsugawa W, Asano R, La Belle JT, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. Structure of lactate oxidase from Enterococcus hirae revealed new aspects of active site loop function: Product-inhibition mechanism and oxygen gatekeeper. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4434. [PMID: 36173159 PMCID: PMC9490804 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
l-Lactate oxidase (LOx) is a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of l-lactate using oxygen as a primary electron acceptor. Although reductive half-reaction mechanism of LOx has been studied by structure-based kinetic studies, oxidative half-reaction and substrate/product-inhibition mechanisms were yet to be elucidated. In this study, the structure and enzymatic properties of wild-type and mutant LOxs from Enterococcus hirae (EhLOx) were investigated. EhLOx structure showed the common TIM-barrel fold with flexible loop region. Noteworthy observations were that the EhLOx crystal structures prepared by co-crystallization with product, pyruvate, revealed the complex structures with "d-lactate form ligand," which was covalently bonded with a Tyr211 side chain. This observation provided direct evidence to suggest the product-inhibition mode of EhLOx. Moreover, this structure also revealed a flip motion of Met207 side chain, which is located on the flexible loop region as well as Tyr211. Through a saturation mutagenesis study of Met207, one of the mutants Met207Leu showed the drastically decreased oxidase activity but maintained dye-mediated dehydrogenase activity. The structure analysis of EhLOx Met207Leu revealed the absence of flipping in the vicinity of FMN, unlike the wild-type Met207 side chain. Together with the simulation of the oxygen-accessible channel prediction, Met207 may play as an oxygen gatekeeper residue, which contributes oxygen uptake from external enzyme to FMN. Three clades of LOxs are proposed based on the difference of the Met207 position and they have different oxygen migration pathway from external enzyme to active center FMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hiraka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
- College of Science, Engineering and TechnologyGrand Canyon UniversityPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Department of Basic Life Science, Faculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Jeffrey T. La Belle
- College of Science, Engineering and TechnologyGrand Canyon UniversityPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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12
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Biryukova EN, Arinbasarova AY, Medentsev AG. L-Lactate Oxidase Systems of Microorganisms. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Ferreira M, Sharma SK, Paudyal S, Leblanc RM. Interfacial behavior of Lactate Oxidase at Air-Subphase interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:173-178. [PMID: 33460849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates the main aspects of the surface chemistry properties of the lactate oxidase (LacOx) enzyme monolayer at the air-subphase interface. Surface chemistry study determined the important properties like the surface packing and stability of the formed layer, whereas the spectroscopic experiments provided information regarding its secondary structure conformation of the enzyme. We have demonstrated that the LacOx in the monolayer form remained active for extended time period. In accordance to the data obtained from the isotherm it was also found that LacOx forms a stable monolayer that does not aggregate at the air-subphase interface. The stability of the monolayer at the air-subphase interface was studied by using compression-decompression cycles which revealed the stability with no significant evidence of aggregates or irreversible domains. This was further confirmed by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence measurements. Spectra from circular dichroism (CD) showed that the LB film retains the characteristic of an α-helix conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marystela Ferreira
- Department of Mathematic, Physical, Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052-720, Brazil
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Suraj Paudyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
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14
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Employment of 1-Methoxy-5-Ethyl Phenazinium Ethyl Sulfate as a Stable Electron Mediator in Flavin Oxidoreductases-Based Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102825. [PMID: 32429321 PMCID: PMC7284575 DOI: 10.3390/s20102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel electron mediator, 1-methoxy-5-ethyl phenazinium ethyl sulfate (mPES), was introduced as a versatile mediator for disposable enzyme sensor strips, employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, lactate oxidase (LOx), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOx). A disposable lactate enzyme sensor with oxygen insensitive Aerococcus viridans-derived engineered LOx (AvLOx), with A96L mutant as the enzyme, was constructed. The constructed lactate sensor exhibited a high sensitivity (0.73 ± 0.12 μA/mM) and wide linear range (0–50 mM lactate), showings that mPES functions as an effective mediator for AvLOx. Employing mPES as mediator allowed this amperometric lactate sensor to be operated at a relatively low potential of +0.2 V to 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, thus avoiding interference from uric acid and acetaminophen. The lactate sensors were adequately stable for at least 48 days of storage at 25 °C. These results indicated that mPES can be replaced with 1-methoxy-5-methyl phenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS), which we previously reported as the best mediator for AvLOx-based lactate sensors. Furthermore, this study revealed that mPES can be used as an effective electron mediator for the enzyme sensors employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, GDH-based glucose sensors, and FPOx-based hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) sensors.
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15
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Ashok Y, Maksimainen MM, Kallio T, Kilpeläinen P, Lehtiö L. FMN-dependent oligomerization of putative lactate oxidase from Pediococcus acidilactici. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223870. [PMID: 32092083 PMCID: PMC7039449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate oxidases belong to a group of FMN-dependent enzymes and they catalyze a conversion of lactate to pyruvate with a release of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is also utilized as a read out in biosensors to quantitate lactate levels in biological samples. Aerococcus viridans lactate oxidase is the best characterized lactate oxidase and our knowledge of lactate oxidases relies largely to studies conducted with that particular enzyme. Pediococcus acidilactici lactate oxidase is also commercially available for e.g. lactate measurements, but this enzyme has not been characterized in detail before. Here we report structural characterization of the recombinant enzyme and its co-factor dependent oligomerization. The crystal structures revealed two distinct conformations in the loop closing the active site, consistent with previous biochemical studies implicating the role of loop in catalysis. Despite the structural conservation of active site residues, we were not able to detect either oxidase or monooxygenase activity when L-lactate was used as a substrate. Pediococcus acidilactici lactate oxidase is therefore an example of a misannotation of an FMN-dependent enzyme, which catalyzes likely a so far unknown oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanth Ashok
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuija Kallio
- Unit of Measurement Technology, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Kajaani, Finland
| | - Pekka Kilpeläinen
- Unit of Measurement Technology, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Kajaani, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
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16
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Evolution of Photorespiratory Glycolate Oxidase among Archaeplastida. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010106. [PMID: 31952152 PMCID: PMC7020209 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photorespiration has been shown to be essential for all oxygenic phototrophs in the present-day oxygen-containing atmosphere. The strong similarity of the photorespiratory cycle in cyanobacteria and plants led to the hypothesis that oxygenic photosynthesis and photorespiration co-evolved in cyanobacteria, and then entered the eukaryotic algal lineages up to land plants via endosymbiosis. However, the evolutionary origin of the photorespiratory enzyme glycolate oxidase (GOX) is controversial, which challenges the common origin hypothesis. Here, we tested this hypothesis using phylogenetic and biochemical approaches with broad taxon sampling. Phylogenetic analysis supported the view that a cyanobacterial GOX-like protein of the 2-hydroxy-acid oxidase family most likely served as an ancestor for GOX in all eukaryotes. Furthermore, our results strongly indicate that GOX was recruited to the photorespiratory metabolism at the origin of Archaeplastida, because we verified that Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, and Streptophyta all express GOX enzymes with preference for the substrate glycolate. Moreover, an “ancestral” protein synthetically derived from the node separating all prokaryotic from eukaryotic GOX-like proteins also preferred glycolate over l-lactate. These results support the notion that a cyanobacterial ancestral protein laid the foundation for the evolution of photorespiratory GOX enzymes in modern eukaryotic phototrophs.
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17
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Rational engineering of Aerococcus viridansl-lactate oxidase for the mediator modification to achieve quasi-direct electron transfer type lactate sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 151:111974. [PMID: 31999581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The l-lactate oxidase (LOx) based lactate sensors are widely used for clinical diagnostics, sports medicine, and food quality control. However, dissolved oxygen interference and electroactive interferent effects are inherent issues of current lactate sensors. In this paper, a quasi-direct electron transfer (quasi-DET) type lactate sensor was developed using rationally engineered Aerococcus viridans LOx (AvLOx) modified with amine-reactive phenazine ethosulfate (PES). Since the modification of wild type AvLOx by PES did not result quasi-DET, engineered AvLOx with additional Lys residue was designed. The additional Lys residue was introduced by substituting residue locating on the surface of AvLOx, and within 20 Å of the isoalloxazine ring of FMN. Among several constructed mutants, Ala96Leu/Asn212Lys double mutant showed the highest dye-mediated dehydrogenase activity with negligible oxidase activity, showing quasi-DET properties after PES modification, when the enzyme was immobilized on screen printed carbon electrode. The constructed electrode did not show oxygen interference in cyclic voltammetric analysis and distinct catalytic current with 20 mM l-lactate. The sensor performance of a chronoamperometric l-lactate sensor employing PES modified Ala96Leu/Asn212Lys AvLOx, marked with linear range between 0 and 1 mM, with sensitivity of 13 μA/mM∙cm2, and a limit of detection of 25 μM for l-lactate. By applying -200 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, l-lactate could be monitored with negligible interference from 170 μM ascorbic acid, 1.3 mM acetaminophen, 1.4 mM uric acid or 20 mM glucose. These results indicated that a quasi-DET type lactate sensor was developed that did not suffer from the interference of oxygen and representative electroactive ingredient compounds.
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18
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Bravo I, Gutiérrez-Sánchez C, García-Mendiola T, Revenga-Parra M, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. Enhanced Performance of Reagent-Less Carbon Nanodots Based Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5576. [PMID: 31861148 PMCID: PMC6960740 DOI: 10.3390/s19245576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the advantages of using carbon nanodots (CNDs) in the development of reagent-less oxidoreductase-based biosensors. Biosensor responses are based on the detection of H2O2, generated in the enzymatic reaction, at 0.4 V. A simple and fast method, consisting of direct adsorption of the bioconjugate, formed by mixing lactate oxidase, glucose oxidase, or uricase with CNDs, is employed to develop the nanostructured biosensors. Peripherical amide groups enriched CNDs are prepared from ethyleneglycol bis-(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and used as precursors. The bioconjugate formed between lactate oxidase and CNDs was chosen as a case study to determine the analytical parameters of the resulting L-lactate biosensor. A linear concentration range of 3.0 to 500 µM, a sensitivity of 4.98 × 10-3 µA·µM-1, and a detection limit of 0.9 µM were obtained for the L-lactate biosensing platform. The reproducibility of the biosensor was found to be 8.6%. The biosensor was applied to the L-lactate quantification in a commercial human serum sample. The standard addition method was employed. L-lactate concentration in the serum extract of 0.9 ± 0.3 mM (n = 3) was calculated. The result agrees well with the one obtained in 0.9 ± 0.2 mM, using a commercial spectrophotometric enzymatic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Bravo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania García-Mendiola
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Revenga-Parra
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Pariente
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Cunha-Silva H, Pires F, Dias-Cabral AC, Arcos-Martinez MJ. Inhibited enzymatic reaction of crosslinked lactate oxidase through a pH-dependent mechanism. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110490. [PMID: 31536937 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lactate oxidase (LOx), recognized to selectively catalyze the lactate oxidation in complex matrices, has been highlighted as preferable biorecognition element for the development of lactate biosensors. In a previous work, we have demonstrated that LOx crosslinking on a modified screen-printed electrode results in a dual range lactate biosensor, with one of the analysis linear range (4 to 50 mM) compatible with lactate sweat levels. It was advanced that such behavior results from an atypical substrate inhibition process. To understand such inhibition phenomena, this work relies in the study of LOx structure when submitted to increased substrate concentrations. The results found by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering of LOx solutions, evidenced conformational changes of the enzyme, occurring in presence of inhibitory substrate concentrations. Therefore, the inhibition behavior found at the biosensor, is an outcome of LOx structural alterations as result of a pH-dependent mechanism promoted at high substrate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cunha-Silva
- Departmento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - F Pires
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - A C Dias-Cabral
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Julia Arcos-Martinez
- Departmento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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20
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Hiraka K, Kojima K, Lin CE, Tsugawa W, Asano R, La Belle JT, Sode K. Minimizing the effects of oxygen interference on l -lactate sensors by a single amino acid mutation in Aerococcus viridans l -lactate oxidase. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 103:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Elhoul MB, Machillot P, Benoît M, Lederer F. Translational misreading, amino acid misincorporation and misinterpretations. The case of the flavocytochrome b 2 H373Q variant. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:353-358. [PMID: 28007443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid misincorporation during protein synthesis occurs naturally at a low level. Protein sequence errors, depending on the level and the nature of the misincorporation, can have various consequences. When site-directed mutagenesis is used as a tool for understanding the role of a side chain in enzyme catalysis, misincorporation in a variant with intrinsically low activity may lead to misinterpretations concerning the enzyme mechanism. We report here one more example of such a problem, dealing with flavocytochrome b2 (Fcb2), a lactate dehydrogenase, member of a family of FMN-dependent L-2-hydroxy acid oxidizing enzymes. Two papers have described the properties of the Fcb2 catalytic base H373Q variant, each one using a different expression system with the same base change for the mutation. The two papers found similar apparent kinetic parameters. But the first one demonstrated the existence of a low level of histidine misincorporation, which led to an important correction of the variant residual activity (Gaume et al. (1995) Biochimie, 77, 621). The second paper did not investigate the possibility of a misincorporation (Tsai et al. (2007) Biochemistry, 46, 7844). The two papers had different mechanistic conclusions. We show here that in this case the misincorporation does not depend on the expression system. We bring the proof that Tsai et al. (2007) were led to an erroneous mechanistic conclusion for having missed the phenomenon as well as for having misinterpreted the crystal structure of the variant. This work is another illustration of the caution one should exercise when characterizing enzyme variants with low activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Ben Elhoul
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Mireille Benoît
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Florence Lederer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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22
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Conformational flexibility related to enzyme activity: evidence for a dynamic active-site gatekeeper function of Tyr(215) in Aerococcus viridans lactate oxidase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27892. [PMID: 27302031 PMCID: PMC4908395 DOI: 10.1038/srep27892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Lactate oxidase (LOX) belongs to a large family of flavoenzymes that catalyze oxidation of α-hydroxy acids. How in these enzymes the protein structure controls reactivity presents an important but elusive problem. LOX contains a prominent tyrosine in the substrate binding pocket (Tyr(215) in Aerococcus viridans LOX) that is partially responsible for securing a flexible loop which sequesters the active site. To characterize the role of Tyr(215), effects of substitutions of the tyrosine (Y215F, Y215H) were analyzed kinetically, crystallographically and by molecular dynamics simulations. Enzyme variants showed slowed flavin reduction and oxidation by up to 33-fold. Pyruvate release was also decelerated and in Y215F, it was the slowest step overall. A 2.6-Å crystal structure of Y215F in complex with pyruvate shows the hydrogen bond between the phenolic hydroxyl and the keto oxygen in pyruvate is replaced with a potentially stronger hydrophobic interaction between the phenylalanine and the methyl group of pyruvate. Residues 200 through 215 or 216 appear to be disordered in two of the eight monomers in the asymmetric unit suggesting that they function as a lid controlling substrate entry and product exit from the active site. Substitutions of Tyr(215) can thus lead to a kinetic bottleneck in product release.
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23
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Lederer F, Vignaud C, North P, Bodevin S. Trifluorosubstrates as mechanistic probes for an FMN-dependent l-2-hydroxy acid-oxidizing enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1215-1221. [PMID: 27155230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A controversy exists with respect to the mechanism of l-2-hydroxy acid oxidation by members of a family of FMN-dependent enzymes. A so-called carbanion mechanism was initially proposed, in which the active site histidine abstracts the substrate α-hydrogen as a proton, followed by electron transfer from the carbanion to the flavin. But an alternative mechanism was not incompatible with some results, a mechanism in which the active site histidine instead picks up the substrate hydroxyl proton and a hydride transfer occurs. Even though more recent experiments ruling out such a mechanism were published (Rao & Lederer (1999) Protein Science 7, 1531-1537), a few authors have subsequently interpreted their results with variant enzymes in terms of a hydride transfer. In the present work, we analyse the reactivity of trifluorolactate, a substrate analogue, with the flavocytochrome b2 (Fcb2) flavodehydrogenase domain, compared to its reactivity with an NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), for which this compound is known to be an inhibitor (Pogolotti & Rupley (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 55, 1214-1219). Indeed, electron attraction by the three fluorine atoms should make difficult the removal of the α-H as a hydride. We also analyse the reactivity of trifluoropyruvate with the FMN- and NAD-dependent enzymes. The results substantiate a different effect of the fluorine substituents on the two enzymes compared to their normal substrates. In the discussion we analyse the conclusions of recent papers advocating a hydride transfer mechanism for the family of l-2-hydroxy acid oxidizing FMN-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lederer
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, UPR 9063, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Caroline Vignaud
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, UPR 9063, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Paul North
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, UPR 9063, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Bodevin
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, UPR 9063, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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24
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Stoisser T, Klimacek M, Wilson DK, Nidetzky B. Speeding up the product release: a second-sphere contribution from Tyr191 to the reactivity of L-lactate oxidase revealed in crystallographic and kinetic studies of site-directed variants. FEBS J 2015; 282:4130-40. [PMID: 26260739 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among α-hydroxy acid-oxidizing flavoenzymes l-lactate oxidase (LOX) is unique in featuring a second-sphere tyrosine (Tyr191 in Aerococcus viridans LOX; avLOX) at the binding site for the substrate's carboxylate group. Y191F, Y191L and Y191A variants of avLOX were constructed to affect a hydrogen-bond network connecting Tyr191 to the carboxylate of the bound ligand via the conserved Tyr40 and to examine consequent effects on enzymatic reactivity. Kinetic studies at 20 °C and pH 6.5 revealed that release of pyruvate product was decreased 4.7-fold (Y191F), 19-fold (Y191L) and 28-fold (Y191A) compared with wild-type enzyme (~ 141 s(-1)) and thus became mainly rate limiting for l-lactate oxidation by the variants at a steady-state under air-saturated conditions. In the Y191L and the Y191A variants, but not in the Y191F variant, l-lactate binding was also affected strongly by the site-directed substitution. Reduction of the flavin cofactor by l-lactate and its reoxidation by molecular oxygen were, however, comparatively weakly affected by the replacements of Tyr191. Unlike the related lactate monooxygenase, which prevents the fast dissociation of pyruvate to promote its oxidative decarboxylation by H2 O2 into acetate, CO2 and water as final reaction products, all avLOX variants retained their native oxidase activity where catalytic turnover results in the equivalent formation of H2O2. The 1.9 Å crystal structure of the Y191F variant bound with FMN and pyruvate revealed a strictly locally disruptive effect of the site-directed substitution. Product off-rates appear to be dictated by partitioning of residues including Tyr191 from an active-site lid loop into bulk solvent and modulation of the hydrogen bond strength that links Tyr40 with the pyruvate's carboxylate group. Overall, this study emphasizes the possibly high importance of contributions from second-sphere substrate-binding residues to the fine-tuning of reactivity in α-hydroxy acid-oxidizing flavoenzymes, requiring that the catalytic steps of flavin reduction and oxidation are properly timed with the physical step of α-keto acid product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stoisser
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - David K Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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Stoisser T, Rainer D, Leitgeb S, Wilson DK, Nidetzky B. The Ala95-to-Gly substitution in Aerococcus viridans l-lactate oxidase revisited - structural consequences at the catalytic site and effect on reactivity with O2 and other electron acceptors. FEBS J 2014; 282:562-78. [PMID: 25423902 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerococcus viridansl-lactate oxidase (avLOX) is a biotechnologically important flavoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate and O₂ into pyruvate and H₂O₂. The enzymatic reaction underlies different biosensor applications of avLOX for blood L-lactate determination. The ability of avLOX to replace O₂ with other electron acceptors such as 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) allows the possiblity of analytical and practical applications. The A95G variant of avLOX was previously shown to exhibit lowered reactivity with O₂ compared to wild-type enzyme and therefore was employed in a detailed investigation with respect to the specificity for different electron acceptor substrates. From stopped-flow experiments performed at 20 °C (pH 6.5), we determined that the A95G variant (fully reduced by L-lactate) was approximately three-fold more reactive towards DCIP (1.0 ± 0.1 × 10(6) M(-1) ·s(-1) ) than O₂, whereas avLOX wild-type under the same conditions was 14-fold more reactive towards O₂(1.8 ± 0.1 × 10(6) m(-1) ·s(-1)) than DCIP. Substituted 1,4-benzoquinones were up to five-fold better electron acceptors for reaction with L-lactate-reduced A95G variant than wild-type. A 1.65-Å crystal structure of oxidized A95G variant bound with pyruvate was determined and revealed that the steric volume created by removal of the methyl side chain of Ala95 and a slight additional shift in the main chain at position Gly95 together enable the accomodation of a new active-site water molecule within hydrogen-bond distance to the N5 of the FMN cofactor. The increased steric volume available in the active site allows the A95G variant to exhibit a similar trend with the related glycolate oxidase in electron acceptor substrate specificities, despite the latter containing an alanine at the analogous position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stoisser
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
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Jiang T, Gao C, Ma C, Xu P. Microbial lactate utilization: enzymes, pathogenesis, and regulation. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:589-99. [PMID: 24950803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactate utilization endows microbes with the ability to use lactate as a carbon source. Lactate oxidizing enzymes play key roles in the lactate utilization pathway. Various types of these enzymes have been characterized, but novel ones remain to be identified. Lactate determination techniques and biocatalysts have been developed based on these enzymes. Lactate utilization has also been found to induce pathogenicity of several microbes, and the mechanisms have been investigated. More recently, studies on the structure and organization of operons of lactate utilization have been carried out. This review focuses on the recent progress and future perspectives in understanding microbial lactate utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Curto VF, Scheuermann S, Owens RM, Ranganathan V, MacFarlane DR, Benito-Lopez F, Diamond D. Probing the specific ion effects of biocompatible hydrated choline ionic liquids on lactate oxidase biofunctionality in sensor applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1841-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52845f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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High resolution crystal structure of rat long chain hydroxy acid oxidase in complex with the inhibitor 4-carboxy-5-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]-1, 2, 3-thiadiazole. Implications for inhibitor specificity and drug design. Biochimie 2012; 94:1172-9. [PMID: 22342614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Long chain hydroxy acid oxidase (LCHAO) is responsible for the formation of methylguanidine, a toxic compound with elevated serum levels in patients with chronic renal failure. Its isozyme glycolate oxidase (GOX), has a role in the formation of oxalate, which can lead to pathological deposits of calcium oxalate, in particular in the disease primary hyperoxaluria. Inhibitors of these two enzymes may have therapeutic value. These enzymes are the only human members of the family of FMN-dependent l-2-hydroxy acid-oxidizing enzymes, with yeast flavocytochrome b(2) (Fcb2) among its well studied members. We screened a chemical library for inhibitors, using in parallel rat LCHAO, human GOX and the Fcb2 flavodehydrogenase domain (FDH). Among the hits was an inhibitor, CCPST, with an IC(50) in the micromolar range for all three enzymes. We report here the crystal structure of a complex between this compound and LCHAO at 1.3 Å resolution. In comparison with a lower resolution structure of this enzyme, binding of the inhibitor induces a conformational change in part of the TIM barrel loop 4, as well as protonation of the active site histidine. The CCPST interactions are compared with those it forms with human GOX and those formed by two other inhibitors with human GOX and spinach GOX. These compounds differ from CCPST in having the sulfur replaced with a nitrogen in the five-membered ring as well as different hydrophobic substituents. The possible reason for the ∼100-fold difference in affinity between these two series of inhibitors is discussed. The present results indicate that specificity is an issue in the quest for therapeutic inhibitors of either LCHAO or GOX, but they may give leads for this quest.
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Hackenberg C, Kern R, Hüge J, Stal LJ, Tsuji Y, Kopka J, Shiraiwa Y, Bauwe H, Hagemann M. Cyanobacterial lactate oxidases serve as essential partners in N2 fixation and evolved into photorespiratory glycolate oxidases in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2978-90. [PMID: 21828292 PMCID: PMC3180805 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycolate oxidase (GOX) is an essential enzyme involved in photorespiratory metabolism in plants. In cyanobacteria and green algae, the corresponding reaction is catalyzed by glycolate dehydrogenases (GlcD). The genomes of N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc PCC 7120 and green algae, appear to harbor genes for both GlcD and GOX proteins. The GOX-like proteins from Nostoc (No-LOX) and from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed high L-lactate oxidase (LOX) and low GOX activities, whereas glycolate was the preferred substrate of the phylogenetically related At-GOX2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Changing the active site of No-LOX to that of At-GOX2 by site-specific mutagenesis reversed the LOX/GOX activity ratio of No-LOX. Despite its low GOX activity, No-LOX overexpression decreased the accumulation of toxic glycolate in a cyanobacterial photorespiratory mutant and restored its ability to grow in air. A LOX-deficient Nostoc mutant grew normally in nitrate-containing medium but died under N(2)-fixing conditions. Cultivation under low oxygen rescued this lethal phenotype, indicating that N(2) fixation was more sensitive to O(2) in the Δlox Nostoc mutant than in the wild type. We propose that LOX primarily serves as an O(2)-scavenging enzyme to protect nitrogenase in extant N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria, whereas in plants it has evolved into GOX, responsible for glycolate oxidation during photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hackenberg
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ramona Kern
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Hüge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lucas J. Stal
- Department of Marine Microbiology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshinori Tsuji
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Hagemann
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Lederer F. Another look at the interaction between mitochondrial cytochrome c and flavocytochrome b (2). EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:1283-99. [PMID: 21503671 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yeast flavocytochrome b (2) tranfers reducing equivalents from lactate to oxygen via cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase. The enzyme catalytic cycle includes FMN reduction by lactate and reoxidation by intramolecular electron transfer to heme b (2). Each subunit of the soluble tetrameric enzyme consists of an N terminal b (5)-like heme-binding domain and a C terminal flavodehydrogenase. In the crystal structure, FMN and heme are face to face, and appear to be in a suitable orientation and at a suitable distance for exchanging electrons. But in one subunit out of two, the heme domain is disordered and invisible. This raises a central question: is this mobility required for interaction with the physiological acceptor cytochrome c, which only receives electrons from the heme and not from the FMN? The present review summarizes the results of the variety of methods used over the years that shed light on the interactions between the flavin and heme domains and between the enzyme and cytochrome c. The conclusion is that one should consider the interaction between the flavin and heme domains as a transient one, and that the cytochrome c and the flavin domain docking areas on the heme b (2) domain must overlap at least in part. The heme domain mobility is an essential component of the flavocytochrome b (2) functioning. In this respect, the enzyme bears similarity to a variety of redox enzyme systems, in particular those in which a cytochrome b (5)-like domain is fused to proteins carrying other redox functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lederer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France.
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Bourhis JM, Vignaud C, Pietrancosta N, Guéritte F, Guénard D, Lederer F, Lindqvist Y. Structure of human glycolate oxidase in complex with the inhibitor 4-carboxy-5-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]-1,2,3-thiadiazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:1246-53. [PMID: 20054120 PMCID: PMC2802872 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109041670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glycolate oxidase, a peroxisomal flavoenzyme, generates glyoxylate at the expense of oxygen. When the normal metabolism of glyoxylate is impaired by the mutations that are responsible for the genetic diseases hyperoxaluria types 1 and 2, glyoxylate yields oxalate, which forms insoluble calcium deposits, particularly in the kidneys. Glycolate oxidase could thus be an interesting therapeutic target. The crystal structure of human glycolate oxidase (hGOX) in complex with 4-carboxy-5-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]-1,2,3-thiadiazole (CCPST) has been determined at 2.8 A resolution. The inhibitor heteroatoms interact with five active-site residues that have been implicated in catalysis in homologous flavodehydrogenases of L-2-hydroxy acids. In addition, the chlorophenyl substituent is surrounded by nonconserved hydrophobic residues. The present study highlights the role of mobility in ligand binding by glycolate oxidase. In addition, it pinpoints several structural differences between members of the highly conserved family of flavodehydrogenases of L-2-hydroxy acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Bourhis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Vignaud
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS FRE 2930, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS FRE 2930, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Françoise Guéritte
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Guénard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Lederer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Ylva Lindqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Host-directed evolution of a novel lactate oxidase in Streptococcus iniae isolates from barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2908-19. [PMID: 19270123 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02147-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Streptococcus iniae, lactate metabolism is dependent upon two proteins, lactate permease that mediates uptake and lactate oxidase, a flavin mononucleotide-dependent enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of alpha-hydroxyacids. A novel variant of the lactate oxidase gene, lctO, in Australian isolates of S. iniae from diseased barramundi was found during a diagnostic screen using LOX-1 and LOX-2 primers, yielding amplicons of 920 bp instead of the expected 869 bp. Sequencing of the novel gene variant (type 2) revealed a 51-nucleotide insertion in lctO, resulting in a 17-amino-acid repeat in the gene product, and three-dimensional modeling indicated formation of an extra loop in the monomeric protein structure. The activities of the lactate oxidase enzyme variants expressed in Escherichia coli were examined, indicating that the higher-molecular-weight type 2 enzyme exhibited higher activity. Growth rates of S. iniae expressing the novel type 2 enzyme were not reduced at lactate concentrations of 0.3% and 0.5%, whereas a strain expressing the type 1 enzyme exhibited reduced growth rates at these lactate concentrations. During a retrospective screen of 105 isolates of S. iniae from Australia, the United States, Canada, Israel, Réunion Island, and Thailand, the type 2 variant arose only in isolates from a single marine farm with unusually high tidal flow in the Northern Territory, Australia. Elevated plasma lactate levels in the fish, resulting from the effort of swimming in tidal flows of up to 3 knots, may exert sufficient selective pressure to maintain the novel, high-molecular-weight enzyme variant.
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Yamagishi R, Yagi H, Furuichi M, Murase T, Ishii H, Mizuno H, Shimada J, Minagawa H, Ohnishi S, Kaneko H. Validation of Techniques for Structure Prediction and Thermostabilization of a Protein. CHEM-BIO INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1273/cbij.9.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamagishi
- Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences,
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Jiro Shimada
- Nanoelectronics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation,
| | | | | | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences,
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Furuichi M, Suzuki N, Dhakshnamoorhty B, Minagawa H, Yamagishi R, Watanabe Y, Goto Y, Kaneko H, Yoshida Y, Yagi H, Waga I, Kumar PK, Mizuno H. X-ray Structures of Aerococcus viridans Lactate Oxidase and Its Complex with d-Lactate at pH 4.5 Show an α-Hydroxyacid Oxidation Mechanism. J Mol Biol 2008; 378:436-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barré O, Mourlane F, Solioz M. Copper induction of lactate oxidase of Lactococcus lactis: a novel metal stress response. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:5947-54. [PMID: 17557814 PMCID: PMC1952056 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00576-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis IL1403, a lactic acid bacterium widely used for food fermentation, is often exposed to stress conditions. One such condition is exposure to copper, such as in cheese making in copper vats. Copper is an essential micronutrient in prokaryotes and eukaryotes but can be toxic if in excess. Thus, copper homeostatic mechanisms, consisting chiefly of copper transporters and their regulators, have evolved in all organisms to control cytoplasmic copper levels. Using proteomics to identify novel proteins involved in the response of L. lactis IL1403 to copper, cells were exposed to 200 muM copper sulfate for 45 min, followed by resolution of the cytoplasmic fraction by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One protein strongly induced by copper was LctO, which was shown to be a NAD-independent lactate oxidase. It catalyzed the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in vivo and in vitro. Copper, cadmium, and silver induced LctO, as shown by real-time quantitative PCR. A copper-regulatory element was identified in the 5' region of the lctO gene and shown to interact with the CopR regulator, encoded by the unlinked copRZA operon. Induction of LctO by copper represents a novel copper stress response, and we suggest that it serves in the scavenging of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Barré
- Deptartment of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Berne, Switzerland
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