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Hewlin RL, Smith M, Kizito JP. Computational Assessment of Unsteady Flow Effects on Magnetic Nanoparticle Targeting Efficiency in a Magnetic Stented Carotid Bifurcation Artery. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023; 14:694-712. [PMID: 37723333 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Worldwide, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of hospitalization and death. Recently, the use of magnetizable nanoparticles for medical drug delivery has received much attention for potential treatment of both cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, proper understanding of the interacting magnetic field forces and the hydrodynamics of blood flow is needed for effective implementation. This paper presents the computational results of simulated implant assisted medical drug targeting (IA-MDT) via induced magnetism intended for administering patient specific doses of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the cardiovascular system. The drug delivery scheme presented in this paper functions via placement of a faintly magnetizable stent at a diseased location in the carotid artery, followed by delivery of magnetically susceptible drug carriers guided by the local magnetic field. Using this method, the magnetic stent can apply high localized magnetic field gradients within the diseased artery, while only exposing the neighboring tissues, arteries, and organs to a modest magnetic field. The localized field gradients also produce the forces needed to attract and hold drug-containing magnetic nanoparticles at the implant site for delivering therapeutic agents to treat in-stent restenosis. METHODS The multi-physics computational model used in this work is from our previous work and has been slightly modified for the case scenario presented in this paper. The computational model is used to analyze pulsatile blood flow, particle motion, and particle capture efficiency in a magnetic stented region using the magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) and equations describing the magnetic forces acting on particles produced by an external cylindrical electromagnetic coil. The electromagnetic coil produces a uniform magnetic field in the computational arterial flow model domain, while both the particles and the implanted stent are paramagnetic. A Eulerian-Lagrangian technique is adopted to resolve the hemodynamic flow and the motion of particles under the influence of a range of magnetic field strengths (Br = 2T, 4T, 6T, and 8T). Particle diameter sizes of 10 nm-4 µm in diameter were evaluated. Two dimensionless numbers were evaluated in this work to characterize relative effects of Brownian motion (BM), magnetic force induced particle motion, and convective blood flow on particle motion. RESULTS The computational simulations demonstrate that the greatest particle capture efficiency results for particle diameters within the micron range of 0.7-4 µm, specifically in regions where flow separation and vortices are at a minimum. Similar to our previous work (which did not involve the use of a magnetic stent), it was also observed that the capture efficiency of particles decreases substantially with particle diameter, especially in the superparamagnetic regime. Contrary to our previous work, using a magnetic stent tripled the capture efficiency of superparamagnetic particles. The highest capture efficiency observed for superparamagnetic particles was 78% with an 8 T magnetic field strength and 65% with a 2 T magnetic field strength when analyzing 100 nm particles. For 10 nm particles and an 8 T magnetic field strength, the particle capture efficiency was 55% and for a 2 T magnetic field strength the particle capture efficiency was observed to be 43%. Furthermore, it was found that larger magnetic field strengths, large particle diameter sizes (1 µm and above), and slower blood flow velocity improves the particle capture efficiency. The distribution of captured particles on the vessel wall along the axial and azimuthal directions is also discussed. Results for captured particles on the vessel wall along the axial flow direction showed that the particle density decreased along the axial direction, especially after the stented region. For the entrance section of the stented region, the captured particle density distribution along the axial direction is large, corresponding to the center-symmetrical distribution of the magnetic force in that section. CONCLUSION The simulation results presented in this work have shown to yield favorable capture efficiencies for micron range particles and superparamagnetic particles using magnetized implants such as the stent discussed in this work. The results presented in this work justify further investigation of MDT as a treatment technique for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodward L Hewlin
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering & Science (CBES), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA.
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| | - John P Kizito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, USA
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Verma J, Warsame C, Seenivasagam RK, Katiyar NK, Aleem E, Goel S. Nanoparticle-mediated cancer cell therapy: basic science to clinical applications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:601-627. [PMID: 36826760 PMCID: PMC10584728 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Every sixth person in the world dies due to cancer, making it the second leading severe cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. According to WHO, cancer claimed nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common types of cancers reported have been breast (lung, colon and rectum, prostate cases), skin (non-melanoma) and stomach. In addition to surgery, the most widely used traditional types of anti-cancer treatment are radio- and chemotherapy. However, these do not distinguish between normal and malignant cells. Additional treatment methods have evolved over time for early detection and targeted therapy of cancer. However, each method has its limitations and the associated treatment costs are quite high with adverse effects on the quality of life of patients. Use of individual atoms or a cluster of atoms (nanoparticles) can cause a paradigm shift by virtue of providing point of sight sensing and diagnosis of cancer. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm in size) are 1000 times smaller in size than the human cell and endowed with safer relocation capability to attack mechanically and chemically at a precise location which is one avenue that can be used to destroy cancer cells precisely. This review summarises the extant understanding and the work done in this area to pave the way for physicians to accelerate the use of hybrid mode of treatments by leveraging the use of various nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Verma
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE10AA UK
| | - Caaisha Warsame
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE10AA UK
| | | | | | - Eiman Aleem
- School of Applied Sciences, Division of Human Sciences, Cancer Biology and Therapy Research Group, London South Bank University, London, SE10AA UK
| | - Saurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE10AA UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007 India
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Ndenda J, Shaw S, Njagarah J. Shear induced fractionalized dispersion during Magnetic Drug Targeting in a permeable microvessel. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Talaśka K, Wojtkowiak D, Wilczyński D, Ferreira A. Computational methodology for drug delivery to the inner ear using magnetic nanoparticle aggregates. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106860. [PMID: 35576687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The main goal of the proposed study is to improve the efficiency of the ear treatment via targeted drug delivery to the inner ear, i.e. the cochlea. Although pharmacotherapy has been proposed as a solution to prevent damage or restore functionality to hair cells, the main challenge in such treatments is ensuring adequate drug delivery to the cells. To this end, we present a methodology for the evaluation of the magnetic forces needed to move magnetic particle nanorobots (abbreviated as MNP) and their aggregates through the cochlea round window membrane (RWM). METHODS The FEM - Lagrangian-Eulerian approach (Abaqus software) was used to determine the specific parameters of movement of the nanoparticles crossing the RWM. This method results in a high consistency of FEM simulations and in-vivo experimental results in regards to the required magnetic force during the movement of spherical nanoparticles with a given viscosity ηave. Based on the analysis of the experimental studies found in subject literature, the sizes of the MNPs and their aggregates able to cross RWM with and without the application of magnetic force FM have been determined. RESULTS The present work accounts for both the experimental and theoretical aspects of these investigations. Presented research confirms the definite usability of the Lagrange-Euler method for the precise determination of the required magnetic force value FM to control the accelerated motion of MNP aggregates of complex shapes through RWM. It is possible to determine the predominant parameters with a precision of less than 5% for single-layer aggregates and spatial aggregates crossing the RWM. It can be concluded that the MNPs and their aggregates should not be larger than 500-750 nm to cross the RWM with high velocities of penetration close to 800 nm/s for magnetic forces of hundreds 10-14 Newtons. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Lagrangian-Eulerian approach is capable of accurately predicting the movement parameters of MNP aggregates of irregular shape that are close to the experimental test cases. The presented method can serve as a supplementary tool for the design of drug delivery systems to the inner ear using MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Talaśka
- Institute of Machine Design, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, Poznań 61-138, Poland.
| | - Dominik Wojtkowiak
- Institute of Machine Design, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, Poznań 61-138, Poland
| | - Dominik Wilczyński
- Institute of Machine Design, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, Poznań 61-138, Poland
| | - Antoine Ferreira
- Laboratoire PRISME, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Centre Val de Loire, Bourges, France.
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Lopez S, Hallali N, Lalatonne Y, Hillion A, Antunes JC, Serhan N, Clerc P, Fourmy D, Motte L, Carrey J, Gigoux V. Magneto-mechanical destruction of cancer-associated fibroblasts using ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles and low frequency rotating magnetic fields. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:421-436. [PMID: 36132704 PMCID: PMC9417452 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The destruction of cells using the mechanical activation of magnetic nanoparticles with low-frequency magnetic fields constitutes a recent and interesting approach in cancer therapy. Here, we showed that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as small as 6 nm were able to induce the death of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts, chosen as a model. An exhaustive screening of the amplitude, frequency, and type (alternating vs. rotating) of magnetic field demonstrated that the best efficacy was obtained for a rotating low-amplitude low-frequency magnetic field (1 Hz and 40 mT), reaching a 34% ratio in cell death induction; interestingly, the cell death was not maximized for the largest amplitudes of the magnetic field. State-of-the-art kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations able to calculate the torque undergone by assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles explained these features and were in agreement with cell death experiments. Simulations showed that the force generated by the nanoparticles once internalized inside the lysosome was around 3 pN, which is in principle not large enough to induce direct membrane disruption. Other biological mechanisms were explored to explain cell death: the mechanical activation of magnetic nanoparticles induced lysosome membrane permeabilization and the release of the lysosome content and cell death was mediated through a lysosomal pathway depending on cathepsin-B activity. Finally, we showed that repeated rotating magnetic field exposure halted drastically the cell proliferation. This study established a proof-of-concept that ultra-small nanoparticles can disrupt the tumor microenvironment through mechanical forces generated by mechanical activation of magnetic nanoparticles upon low-frequency rotating magnetic field exposure, opening new opportunities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lopez
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INSERM ERL1226, Receptology and Targeted Therapy of Cancers 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhes F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Nicolas Hallali
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
| | - Yoann Lalatonne
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148 F-93000 Bobigny France
- Services de Biochimie et Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Avicenne Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris F-93009 Bobigny France
| | - Arnaud Hillion
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
| | - Joana C Antunes
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148 F-93000 Bobigny France
| | - Nizar Serhan
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INSERM ERL1226, Receptology and Targeted Therapy of Cancers 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhes F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Pascal Clerc
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INSERM ERL1226, Receptology and Targeted Therapy of Cancers 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhes F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Daniel Fourmy
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INSERM ERL1226, Receptology and Targeted Therapy of Cancers 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhes F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Laurence Motte
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, LVTS, INSERM, UMR 1148 F-93000 Bobigny France
| | - Julian Carrey
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
| | - Véronique Gigoux
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), CNRS-UPS-INSA UMR5215 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INSERM ERL1226, Receptology and Targeted Therapy of Cancers 1 Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhes F-31432 Toulouse France
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Sriplai N, Pinitsoontorn S. Bacterial cellulose-based magnetic nanocomposites: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117228. [PMID: 33357842 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer that has unique and interesting structural, physical and chemical properties. These characteristics make it very attractive as a starting point for several novel developments in innovative research. However, the pristine BC lacks certain properties, in particular, magnetic property, which can be imparted to BC by incorporation of several types of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanocomposites based on BC exhibit additional magnetic functionality on top of the excellent properties of pristine BC, which make them promising materials with potential uses in various medical and environmental applications, as well as in advanced electronic devices. This review has compiled information about all classes of BC magnetic nanocomposites fabricated by various synthesis approaches and an overview of applications as well as improved features of these materials. A summary of the key developments of BC magnetic nanocomposites and emphasis on novel advances in this field is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipaporn Sriplai
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supree Pinitsoontorn
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Reifenrath J, Janßen HC, Warwas DP, Kietzmann M, Behrens P, Willbold E, Fedchenko M, Angrisani N. Implant-based direction of magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles - influence of macrophage depletion and infection. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 30:102289. [PMID: 32861030 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Implant associated infections are still key problem in surgery. In the present study, the combination of a magnetic implant with administered magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles as potential drug carriers was examined in mice in dependence of local infection and macrophages as influencing factors. Four groups of mice (with and without implant infection and with and without macrophage depletion) received a magnet on the left and a titanium control on the right hind leg. Then, fluorescent nanoparticles were administered and particle accumulations at implant surfaces and in inner organs as well as local tissue reactions were analyzed. Magnetic nanoparticles could be found at the surfaces of magnetic implants in different amounts depending on the treatment groups and only rarely at titanium surfaces. Different interactions of magnetic implants, particles, infection and surrounding tissues occurred. The general principle of targeted accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles could be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Reifenrath
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hilke Catherina Janßen
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dawid Peter Warwas
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Behrens
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Willbold
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mykola Fedchenko
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Angrisani
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
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Guha A, Shaharyar MA, Ali KA, Roy SK, Kuotsu K. Smart and Intelligent Stimuli Responsive Materials: An Innovative Step in Drug Delivery System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2212711906666190723142057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background:
In the field of drug delivery, smart and intelligent approaches have gained
significant attention among researchers in order to improve the efficacy of conventional dosage forms.
Material science has played a key role in developing these intelligent systems that can deliver therapeutic
cargo on-demand. Stimuli responsive material based drug delivery systems have emerged as
one of the most promising innovative tools for site-specific delivery. Several endogenous and exogenous
stimuli have been exploited to devise “stimuli-responsive” materials for targeted drug delivery.
Methods:
For better understanding, these novel systems have been broadly classified into two categories:
Internally Regulated Systems (pH, ionic strength, glucose, enzymes, and endogenous receptors)
and Externally Regulated Systems (Light, magnetic field, electric field, ultrasound, and temperature).
This review has followed a systematic approach through separately describing the design, development,
and applications of each stimuli-responsive system in a constructive manner.
Results:
The development includes synthesis and characterization of each system, which has been discussed
in a structured manner. From advantages to drawbacks, a detailed description has been included
for each smart stimuli responsive material. For a complete review in this niche area of drug delivery,
a wide range of therapeutic applications including recent advancement of these smart materials
have been incorporated.
Conclusion:
From the current scenario to future development, a precise overview of each type of system
has been discussed in this article. In summary, it is expected that researchers working in this novel
area will be highly benefited from this scientific review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Guha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Md. Adil Shaharyar
- Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly, West Bengal-712102, India
| | - Kazi Asraf Ali
- Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly, West Bengal-712102, India
| | - Sanjit Kr. Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ketousetuo Kuotsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Janßen HC, Angrisani N, Kalies S, Hansmann F, Kietzmann M, Warwas DP, Behrens P, Reifenrath J. Biodistribution, biocompatibility and targeted accumulation of magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles as drug carrier in orthopedics. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:14. [PMID: 31941495 PMCID: PMC6964035 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-0578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In orthopedics, the treatment of implant-associated infections represents a high challenge. Especially, potent antibacterial effects at implant surfaces can only be achieved by the use of high doses of antibiotics, and still often fail. Drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles are very promising for local selective therapy, enabling lower systemic antibiotic doses and reducing adverse side effects. The idea of the following study was the local accumulation of such nanoparticles by an externally applied magnetic field combined with a magnetizable implant. The examination of the biodistribution of the nanoparticles, their effective accumulation at the implant and possible adverse side effects were the focus. In a BALB/c mouse model (n = 50) ferritic steel 1.4521 and Ti90Al6V4 (control) implants were inserted subcutaneously at the hindlimbs. Afterwards, magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles (MNPSNPs), modified with rhodamine B isothiocyanate and polyethylene glycol-silane (PEG), were administered intravenously. Directly/1/7/21/42 day(s) after subsequent application of a magnetic field gradient produced by an electromagnet, the nanoparticle biodistribution was evaluated by smear samples, histology and multiphoton microscopy of organs. Additionally, a pathohistological examination was performed. Accumulation on and around implants was evaluated by droplet samples and histology. RESULTS Clinical and histological examinations showed no MNPSNP-associated changes in mice at all investigated time points. Although PEGylated, MNPSNPs were mainly trapped in lung, liver, and spleen. Over time, they showed two distributional patterns: early significant drops in blood, lung, and kidney and slow decreases in liver and spleen. The accumulation of MNPSNPs on the magnetizable implant and in its area was very low with no significant differences towards the control. CONCLUSION Despite massive nanoparticle capture by the mononuclear phagocyte system, no significant pathomorphological alterations were found in affected organs. This shows good biocompatibility of MNPSNPs after intravenous administration. The organ uptake led to insufficient availability of MNPSNPs in the implant region. For that reason, among others, the nanoparticles did not achieve targeted accumulation in the desired way, manifesting future research need. However, with different conditions and dimensions in humans and further modifications of the nanoparticles, this principle should enable reaching magnetizable implant surfaces at any time in any body region for a therapeutic reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Catherina Janßen
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, NIFE-Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Angrisani
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, NIFE-Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalies
- Institute of Quantum Optics, NIFE-Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Leibniz University Hannover, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dawid Peter Warwas
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 9, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Behrens
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 9, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janin Reifenrath
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, NIFE-Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Nuzhina JV, Shtil AA, Prilepskii AY, Vinogradov VV. Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Translation of Magnetite-Based Nanomedicines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Development of a Two-Way Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Computational Magnetic Nanoparticle Targeting Model for Pulsatile Flow in a Patient-Specific Diseased Left Carotid Bifurcation Artery. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2019; 10:299-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s13239-019-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pavón JJ, Allain JP, Verma D, Echeverry-Rendón M, Cooper CL, Reece LM, Shetty AR, Tomar V. In situ Study Unravels Bio-Nanomechanical Behavior in a Magnetic Bacterial Nano-cellulose (MBNC) Hydrogel for Neuro-Endovascular Reconstruction. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800225. [PMID: 30451373 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surgical clipping and endovascular coiling are well recognized as conventional treatments of Penetrating Brain Injury aneurysms. These clinical approaches show partial success, but often result in thrombus formation and the rupture of aneurysm near arterial walls. The authors address these challenging brain traumas with a unique combination of a highly biocompatible biopolymer hydrogel rendered magnetic in a flexible and resilient membrane coating integrated to a scaffold stent platform at the aneurysm neck orifice, which enhances the revascularization modality. This work focuses on the in situ diagnosis of nano-mechanical behavior of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes in an aqueous environment used as tissue reconstruction substrates for cerebral aneurysmal neck defects. Nano-mechanical evaluation, performed using instrumented nano-indentation, shows with very low normal loads between 0.01 to 0.5 mN, in the presence of deionized water. Mechanical testing and characterization reveals that the nano-scale response of BNC behaves similar to blood vessel walls with a very low Young´s modulus, E (0.0025 to 0.04 GPa), and an evident creep effect (26.01 ± 3.85 nm s-1 ). These results confirm a novel multi-functional membrane using BNC and rendered magnetic with local adhesion of iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Pavón
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Group of Advanced Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, BAMR, Bioengineering Program, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Calle 67, No. 53-108, Colombia
| | - Jean Paul Allain
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 216 Talbot Laboratory, 104 South Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Devendra Verma
- Nanoscience Instruments, Inc. 10008 S. 51 st Street, Ste 110, Phoenix, AZ, 85044, USA
| | - Mónica Echeverry-Rendón
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christy L Cooper
- Department of Biomarkers and Investigative Pathology, MPI Research, Inc., Mattawan, MI, 49071, USA
| | - Lisa M Reece
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Research, Evaluation and Training on Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Akshath R Shetty
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Vikas Tomar
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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13
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Leong SS, Yeap SP, Lim J. Working principle and application of magnetic separation for biomedical diagnostic at high- and low-field gradients. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160048. [PMID: 27920891 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic separation is a versatile technique used in sample preparation for diagnostic purpose. For such application, an external magnetic field is applied to drive the separation of target entity (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and cancer cells) from a complex raw sample in order to ease the subsequent task(s) for disease diagnosis. This separation process not only can be achieved via the utilization of high magnetic field gradient, but also, in most cases, low magnetic field gradient with magnitude less than 100 T m-1 is equally feasible. It is the aim of this review paper to summarize the usage of both high gradient magnetic separation and low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) techniques in this area of research. It is noteworthy that effectiveness of the magnetic separation process not only determines the outcome of a diagnosis but also directly influences its accuracy as well as sensing time involved. Therefore, understanding the factors that simultaneously influence the efficiency of both magnetic separation process and target detection is necessary. Moreover, for LGMS, there are several important considerations that should be taken into account in order to ensure its successful implementation. Hence, this review paper aims to provide an overview to relate all this crucial information by linking the magnetic separation theory to biomedical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim Siong Leong
- School of Chemical Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300 , Malaysia
| | - Swee Pin Yeap
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - JitKang Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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14
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Vegerhof A, Motei M, Rudinzky A, Malka D, Popovtzer R, Zalevsky Z. Thermal therapy with magnetic nanoparticles for cell destruction. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4581-4594. [PMID: 27895997 PMCID: PMC5119597 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article we suggest a new concept for cell destruction based upon manipulating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by applying external, low frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) that oscillates the particles, together with focused laser illumination. Assessment of temperature profiles in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma sample showed that cells with MNPs, treated with AMF (3 Hz, 300 mW) and laser irradiation (30 mW), reached 42°C after 4.5 min, as opposed to cells treated with laser but without AMF. Moreover, a theoretical model was developed to assess the overall theoretical temperature rise, which was shown to be 50% lower than the experimental temperature. Furthermore, we found that the combination of laser irradiation and AMF decreased the number of live cells by ~50%. Thus, the concentrated assembly of laser heating with AMF-induced MNP oscillations leads to more rapid and efficient cell death. These results suggest that the manipulated MNP technique can serve as a superior agent for PTT, with improved cell death capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Vegerhof
- Faculty of Engineering & the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Menachem Motei
- Faculty of Engineering & the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Arkady Rudinzky
- Faculty of Engineering & the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Dror Malka
- Faculty of Engineering Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel
| | - Rachela Popovtzer
- Faculty of Engineering & the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering & the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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15
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Kelley WJ, Safari H, Lopez-Cazares G, Eniola-Adefeso O. Vascular-targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:909-926. [PMID: 27194461 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle-cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular-targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets and passive targeting via endothelial permeability, as well as design specifications (such as size, shape, and density) aimed at enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to reach the vascular wall. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:909-926. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1414 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hanieh Safari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Kulkarni S, Ramaswamy B, Horton E, Gangapuram S, Nacev A, Depireux D, Shimoji M, Shapiro B. QUANTIFYING THE MOTION OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES IN EXCISED TISSUE: EFFECT OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2015; 393:243-252. [PMID: 26120240 PMCID: PMC4477713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a method to investigate how magnetic particle characteristics affect their motion inside tissues under the influence of an applied magnetic field. Particles are placed on top of freshly excised tissue samples, a calibrated magnetic field is applied by a magnet underneath each tissue sample, and we image and quantify particle penetration depth by quantitative metrics to assess how particle sizes, their surface coatings, and tissue resistance affect particle motion. Using this method, we tested available fluorescent particles from Chemicell of four sizes (100 nm, 300 nm, 500 nm, and 1 µm diameter) with four different coatings (starch, chitosan, lipid, PEG/P) and quantified their motion through freshly excised rat liver, kidney, and brain tissues. In broad terms, we found that the applied magnetic field moved chitosan particles most effectively through all three tissue types (as compared to starch, lipid, and PEG/P coated particles). However, the relationship between particle properties and their resulting motion was found to be complex. Hence, it will likely require substantial further study to elucidate the nuances of transport mechanisms and to select and engineer optimal particle properties to enable the most effective transport through various tissue types under applied magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kulkarni
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Bharath Ramaswamy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Emily Horton
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Sruthi Gangapuram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | | | - Didier Depireux
- The Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Otomagnetics, LLC
| | - Mika Shimoji
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Otomagnetics, LLC
| | - Benjamin Shapiro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
- The Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Otomagnetics, LLC
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17
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Cooperative transmembrane penetration of nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10525. [PMID: 26013284 PMCID: PMC4444962 DOI: 10.1038/srep10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical penetration of lipid bilayer membranes presents an alternative pathway for cellular delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) besides endocytosis. NPs delivered through this pathway could reach the cytoplasm, thereby opening the possibility of organelle-specific targeting. Herein we perform dissipative particle dynamics simulations to elucidate the transmembrane penetration mechanisms of multiple NPs. Our simulations demonstrate that NPs' translocation proceeds in a cooperative manner, where the interplay of the quantity and surface chemistry of the NPs regulates the translocation efficiency. For NPs with hydrophilic surfaces, the increase of particle quantity facilitates penetration, while for NPs with partly or totally hydrophobic surfaces, the opposite highly possibly holds. Moreover, a set of interesting cooperative ways, such as aggregation, aggregation-dispersion, and aggregation-dispersion-reaggregation of the NPs, are observed during the penetration process. We find that the penetration behaviors of multiple NPs are mostly dominated by the changes of the NP-membrane force components in the membrane plane direction, in addition to that in the penetration direction, suggesting a different interaction mechanism between the multiple NPs and the membrane compared with the one-NP case. These results provide a fundamental understanding in the underlying mechanisms of cooperative penetration of NPs, and shed light on the NP-based drug and gene delivery.
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18
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Kilinc D, Lesniak A, Rashdan SA, Gandhi D, Blasiak A, Fannin PC, von Kriegsheim A, Kolch W, Lee GU. Mechanochemical stimulation of MCF7 cells with rod-shaped Fe-Au Janus particles induces cell death through paradoxical hyperactivation of ERK. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:395-404. [PMID: 25296863 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles that actively target-specific tissues are studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Magnetically and optically active particles are of particular interest because they enable multiple imaging modalities and physically modulated therapies, such as magnetic hyperthermia. Fe-Au nanorods are synthesized that have a long iron segment, coated with polyethylene glycol, and a short gold tip functionalized with heregulin (HRG), a known ligand of ErbB family of receptors. HRG-nanorods preferentially target MCF7 cells relative to MDA-MB-231 cells, as demonstrated in a novel microfluidics device. Targeting rates of these classical breast cancer cells correlate with their differential expression of ErbB2/3 receptors. HRG-nanorod binding stimulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) phosphorylation in MCF7 cells. The increase in ERK phosphorylation is linked to "active zones," dynamic regions in the cell periphery, which exhibit higher rates of particle binding than the rest of the cell. Periodically stretching cells using magnetic tweezers further activates ERK, which leads to cell death in cells co-treated with B-Raf inhibitors, through ERK hyperactivation. Although to a lesser extent, cell death is also achieved through magnetic hyperthermia. These results demonstrate nanoscale targeting and localized mechanochemical treatment of specific cancer cell lines based on their receptor expression using multifunctional nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kilinc
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre; School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Anna Lesniak
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre; School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Suad A. Rashdan
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre; School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bahrain; P.O. Box: 32038 Sakheer Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Dhruv Gandhi
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre; School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Agata Blasiak
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre; School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Paul C. Fannin
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland; UCD; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science; UCD; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland; UCD; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science; UCD; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Gil U. Lee
- UCD Nanomedicine Centre; School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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19
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Oroskar PA, Jameson CJ, Murad S. Surface-functionalized nanoparticle permeation triggers lipid displacement and water and ion leakage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1074-1085. [PMID: 25549137 DOI: 10.1021/la503934c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are considered suitable carriers for targeted drug delivery systems. However, the ion and water leakage induced by permeation of these nanoparticles is a challenge in these drug delivery methods because of cytotoxic effects of some ions. In this study, we have carried out a series of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of length of ligands on permeation of a nanoparticle across a protein-free phospholipid bilayer membrane. Water and ion penetration as well as incidence of lipid flip-flop events and loss of lipid molecules from the membrane are explored in this study while varying the nanoparticle size, length of ligand, ion concentration gradient, pressure differential across the membrane, and nanoparticle permeation velocity. Some results from our studies include (1) the number of water molecules in the interior of the membrane during ligand-coated nanoparticle permeation increases with nanoparticle size, ligand length, pressure differential, and permeation velocity but is not sensitive to the ion concentration gradient; (2) some lipid molecules leave the membrane by being entangled with ligands of the NP instead of completing the flip-flop that permits them to rejoin the membrane, thereby leading to fewer flip-flop events; and (3) the formation of water columns or water "fingers" provides a mechanism of ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes, but such ion penetration events are less likely for sodium ions than chloride ions and less likely for nanoparticles with longer-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka A Oroskar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , 810 South Clinton Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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20
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Nacev A, Weinberg IN, Stepanov PY, Kupfer S, Mair LO, Urdaneta MG, Shimoji M, Fricke ST, Shapiro B. Dynamic inversion enables external magnets to concentrate ferromagnetic rods to a central target. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:359-64. [PMID: 25457292 PMCID: PMC4296920 DOI: 10.1021/nl503654t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to use magnets external to the body to focus therapy to deep tissue targets has remained an elusive goal in magnetic drug targeting. Researchers have hitherto been able to manipulate magnetic nanotherapeutics in vivo with nearby magnets but have remained unable to focus these therapies to targets deep within the body using magnets external to the body. One of the factors that has made focusing of therapy to central targets between magnets challenging is Samuel Earnshaw's theorem as applied to Maxwell's equations. These mathematical formulations imply that external static magnets cannot create a stable potential energy well between them. We posited that fast magnetic pulses could act on ferromagnetic rods before they could realign with the magnetic field. Mathematically, this is equivalent to reversing the sign of the potential energy term in Earnshaw's theorem, thus enabling a quasi-static stable trap between magnets. With in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that quick, shaped magnetic pulses can be successfully used to create inward pointing magnetic forces that, on average, enable external magnets to concentrate ferromagnetic rods to a central location.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Nacev
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - I. N. Weinberg
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - P. Y. Stepanov
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - S. Kupfer
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - L. O. Mair
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - M. G. Urdaneta
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - M. Shimoji
- Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611
Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - S. T. Fricke
- Children’s
National Medical Center, 11 Michigan
Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, United States
| | - B. Shapiro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and the Institute for Systems
Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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21
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Shapiro B, Kulkarni S, Nacev A, Sarwar A, Preciado D, Depireux D. Shaping Magnetic Fields to Direct Therapy to Ears and Eyes. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 16:455-81. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Shapiro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering,
- The Institute for Systems Research (ISR), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | | | - A. Nacev
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering,
| | - A. Sarwar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering,
| | - D. Preciado
- Otolaryngology, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010
| | - D.A. Depireux
- The Institute for Systems Research (ISR), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
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22
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Laurent S, Saei AA, Behzadi S, Panahifar A, Mahmoudi M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic agents: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1449-70. [PMID: 24870351 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.924501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bearing in mind that many promising drug candidates have the problem of reaching their target site, the concept of advanced drug delivery can play a significant complementary role in shaping modern medicine. Among other nanoscale drug carriers, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have shown great potential in nanomedicine. The intrinsic properties of SPIONs, such as inherent magnetism, broad safety margin and the availability of methods for fabrication and surface engineering, pave the way for diverse biomedical applications. SPIONs can achieve the highest drug targeting efficiency among carriers, since an external magnetic field locally applied to the target organ enhances the accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles in the drug site of action. Moreover, theranostic multifunctional SPIONs make simultaneous delivery and imaging possible. In spite of these favorable qualities, there are some toxicological concerns, such as oxidative stress, unpredictable cellular responses and induction of signaling pathways, alteration in gene expression profiles and potential disturbance in iron homeostasis, that need to be carefully considered. Besides, the protein corona at the surface of the SPIONs may induce few shortcomings such as reduction of SPIONs targeting efficacy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will present recent developments of SPIONs as theranostic agents. The article will further address some barriers on drug delivery using SPIONs. EXPERT OPINION One of the major success determinants in targeted in vivo drug delivery using SPIONs is the adequacy of magnetic gradient. This can be partially achieved by using superconducting magnets, local implantation of magnets and application of magnetic stents. Other issues that must be considered include the pharmacokinetics and in vivo fate of SPIONs, their biodegradability, biocompatibility, potential side effects and the crucial impact of protein corona on either drug release profile or mistargeting. Surface modification of SPIONs can open up the possibility of drug delivery to intracellular organelles, drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier, modifying metabolic diseases and a variety of other multimodal and/or theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Laurent
- University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry , 19, B-7000 Mons , Belgium
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23
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Wang YXJ, Xuan S, Port M, Idee JM. Recent advances in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for cellular imaging and targeted therapy research. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:6575-93. [PMID: 23621536 PMCID: PMC4082310 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319370003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances of nanotechnology have led to the development of nanomaterials with both potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Among them, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have received particular attention. Over the past decade, various SPIOs with unique physicochemical and biological properties have been designed by modifying the particle structure, size and coating. This article reviews the recent advances in preparing SPIOs with novel properties, the way these physicochemical properties of SPIOs influence their interaction with cells, and the development of SPIOs in liver and lymph nodes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast. Cellular uptake of SPIO can be exploited in a variety of potential clinical applications, including stem cell and inflammation cell tracking and intra-cellular drug delivery to cancerous cells which offers higher intra-cellular concentration. When SPIOs are used as carrier vehicle, additional advantages can be achieved including magnetic targeting and hyperthermia options, as well as monitoring with MRI. Other potential applications of SPIO include magnetofection and gene delivery, targeted retention of labeled stem cells, sentinel lymph nodes mapping, and magnetic force targeting and cell orientation for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang J Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese university of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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24
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Wang S, Zhou Y, Tan J, Xu J, Yang J, Liu Y. Computational modeling of magnetic nanoparticle targeting to stent surface under high gradient field. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2014; 53:403-412. [PMID: 24653546 PMCID: PMC3956080 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-013-0968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A multi-physics model was developed to study the delivery of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the stent-implanted region under an external magnetic field. The model is firstly validated by experimental work in literature. Then, effects of external magnetic field strength, magnetic particle size, and flow velocity on MNPs' targeting and binding have been analyzed through a parametric study. Two new dimensionless numbers were introduced to characterize relative effects of Brownian motion (BM), magnetic force induced particle motion, and convective blood flow on MNPs motion. It was found that larger magnetic field strength, bigger MNP size, and slower flow velocity increase the capture efficiency of MNPs. The distribution of captured MNPs on the vessel along axial and azimuthal directions was also discussed. Results showed that the MNPs density decreased exponentially along axial direction after one-dose injection while it was uniform along azimuthal direction in the whole stented region (averaged over all sections). For the beginning section of the stented region, the density ratio distribution of captured MNPs along azimuthal direction is center-symmetrical, corresponding to the center-symmetrical distribution of magnetic force in that section. Two different generation mechanisms are revealed to form four main attraction regions. These results could serve as guidelines to design a better magnetic drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015
| | - Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015
| | - Jiang Xu
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015
- School of Mechanics and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Bose S, Datta A, Ganguly R, Banerjee M. Lagrangian Magnetic Particle Tracking Through Stenosed Artery Under Pulsatile Flow Condition. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery technologies are an important area within biomedicine. Targeted drug delivery aims to reduce the undesired side effects of drug usage by directing or capturing the active agents near a desired site within the body. This is particularly beneficial in, for instance, cancer chemotherapy, where the side effects of general (systemic) drug administration can be severe. Herein, a numerical investigation of unsteady magnetic drug targeting (MDT) using functionalized magnetic microspheres in partly occluded blood vessels is presented considering the effects of particle-fluid coupling on the transport and capture of the magnetic particles. An Eulerian–Lagrangian technique is adopted to resolve the hemodynamic flow and the motion of the magnetic particles in the flow using ansys fluent. An implantable cylindrical permanent magnet insert is used to create the requisite magnetic field. Targeted transport of the magnetic particles in a partly occluded vessel differs distinctly from the same in a regular unblocked vessel. Parametric investigation is conducted and the influence of the flow Re, magnetic insert diameter, and its radial and axial position on the “targeting efficiency” is reported. Analysis shows that there exists an optimum regime of operating parameters for which deposition of the drug-carrying magnetic particles in a predesignated target zone on the partly occluded vessel wall can be maximized. The results provide useful design bases for in vitro set up for the investigation of MDT in stenosed blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Bose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Future Institute of Engineering and Management, Sonarpur Station Road, Kolkata 700150, India
| | - Amitava Datta
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Ranjan Ganguly
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Moloy Banerjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Future Institute of Engineering and Management, Sonarpur Station Road, Kolkata 700150, India e-mail:
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Angrisani N, Foth F, Kietzmann M, Schumacher S, Angrisani GL, Christel A, Behrens P, Reifenrath J. Increased accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles by magnetizable implant materials for the treatment of implant-associated complications. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:34. [PMID: 24112871 PMCID: PMC3852484 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In orthopaedic surgery, accumulation of agents such as anti-infectives in the bone as target tissue is difficult. The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as carriers principally enables their accumulation via an externally applied magnetic field. Magnetizable implants are principally able to increase the strength of an externally applied magnetic field to reach also deep-seated parts in the body. Therefore, the integration of bone-addressed therapeutics in MNPs and their accumulation at a magnetic orthopaedic implant could improve the treatment of implant related infections. In this study a martensitic steel platelet as implant placeholder was used to examine its accumulation and retention capacity of MNPs in an in vitro experimental set up considering different experimental frame conditions as magnet quantity and distance to each other, implant thickness and flow velocity. Results The magnetic field strength increased to approximately 112% when a martensitic stainless steel platelet was located between the magnet poles. Therewith a significantly higher amount of magnetic nanoparticles could be accumulated in the area of the platelet compared to the sole magnetic field. During flushing of the tube system mimicking the in vivo blood flow, the magnetized platelet was able to retain a higher amount of MNPs without an external magnetic field compared to the set up with no mounted platelet during flushing of the system. Generally, a higher flow velocity led to lower amounts of accumulated MNPs. A higher quantity of magnets and a lower distance between magnets led to a higher magnetic field strength. Albeit not significantly the magnetic field strength tended to increase with thicker platelets. Conclusion A martensitic steel platelet significantly improved the attachment of magnetic nanoparticles in an in vitro flow system and therewith indicates the potential of magnetic implant materials in orthopaedic surgery. The use of a remanent magnetic implant material could improve the efficiency of capturing MNPs especially when the external magnetic field is turned off thus facilitating and prolonging the effect. In this way higher drug levels in the target area might be attained resulting in lower inconveniences for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Angrisani
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Hournkumnuard K, Natenapit M. Magnetic drug targeting by ferromagnetic microwires implanted within blood vessels. Med Phys 2013; 40:062302. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4805097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Reddy LH, Arias JL, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Magnetic nanoparticles: design and characterization, toxicity and biocompatibility, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5818-78. [PMID: 23043508 DOI: 10.1021/cr300068p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1101] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Harivardhan Reddy
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, IFR, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Chaudeurge A, Wilhelm C, Chen-Tournoux A, Farahmand P, Bellamy V, Autret G, Ménager C, Hagège A, Larghéro J, Gazeau F, Clément O, Menasché P. Can Magnetic Targeting of Magnetically Labeled Circulating Cells Optimize Intramyocardial Cell Retention? Cell Transplant 2012; 21:679-91. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x612440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic intracavitary stem cell infusion currently suffers from poor myocardial homing. We examined whether cardiac cell retention could be enhanced by magnetic targeting of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles. EPCs were magnetically labeled with citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Cell proliferation, migration, and CXCR4 chemokine receptor expression were assessed in different labeling conditions and no adverse effects of the magnetic label were observed. The magnetophoretic mobility of labeled EPCs was determined in vitro, with the same magnet as that subsequently used in vivo. Coronary artery occlusion was induced for 30 min in 36 rats (31 survivors), followed by 20 min of reperfusion. The rats were randomized to receive, during brief aortic cross-clamping, direct intraventricular injection of culture medium ( n = 7) or magnetically labeled EPCs ( n = 24), with ( n = 14) or without ( n = 10) subcutaneous insertion of a magnet over the chest cavity ( n = 14). The hearts were explanted 24 h later and engrafted cells were visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart at 1.5 T. Their abundance in the myocardium was also analyzed semiquantitatively by immunofluorescence, and quantitatively by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Although differences in cell retention between groups failed to be statistically significant using RT-PCR quantification, due to the variability of the animal model, immunostaining showed that the average number of engrafted EPCs was significantly ten times higher with than without magnetic targeting. There was thus a consistent trend favoring the magnet-treated hearts, thereby suggesting magnetic targeting as a potentially new mean of enhancing myocardial homing of intravascularly delivered stem cells. Magnetic targeting has the potential to enhance myocardial retention of intravascularly delivered endothelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Chaudeurge
- INSERM U633, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Ecole de Chirurgie, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Annabel Chen-Tournoux
- INSERM U633, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Ecole de Chirurgie, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Farahmand
- INSERM U633, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bellamy
- INSERM U633, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Ecole de Chirurgie, Paris, France
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France
| | | | - Albert Hagège
- INSERM U633, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Larghéro
- Univ Paris 06-CNRS-ESPCI Laboratoire PECSA UMR7195, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Clément
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- INSERM U633, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Sarwar A, Nemirovski A, Shapiro B. Optimal Halbach Permanent Magnet Designs for Maximally Pulling and Pushing Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2012; 324:742-754. [PMID: 23335834 PMCID: PMC3547684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimization methods are presented to design Halbach arrays to maximize the forces applied on magnetic nanoparticles at deep tissue locations. In magnetic drug targeting, where magnets are used to focus therapeutic nanoparticles to disease locations, the sharp fall off of magnetic fields and forces with distances from magnets has limited the depth of targeting. Creating stronger forces at depth by optimally designed Halbach arrays would allow treatment of a wider class of patients, e.g. patients with deeper tumors. The presented optimization methods are based on semi-definite quadratic programming, yield provably globally optimal Halbach designs in 2 and 3-dimensions, for maximal pull or push magnetic forces (stronger pull forces can collect nano-particles against blood forces in deeper vessels; push forces can be used to inject particles into precise locations, e.g. into the inner ear). These Halbach designs, here tested in simulations of Maxwell's equations, significantly outperform benchmark magnets of the same size and strength. For example, a 3-dimensional 36 element 2000 cm(3) volume optimal Halbach design yields a ×5 greater force at a 10 cm depth compared to a uniformly magnetized magnet of the same size and strength. The designed arrays should be feasible to construct, as they have a similar strength (≤ 1 Tesla), size (≤ 2000 cm(3)), and number of elements (≤ 36) as previously demonstrated arrays, and retain good performance for reasonable manufacturing errors (element magnetization direction errors ≤ 5°), thus yielding practical designs to improve magnetic drug targeting treatment depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sarwar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park
- University of Maryland, College Park
- Corresponding author:
| | - A. Nemirovski
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISyE), Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - B. Shapiro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park
- Institute for Systems Research, College Park
- University of Maryland, College Park
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Force dependent internalization of magnetic nanoparticles results in highly loaded endothelial cells for use as potential therapy delivery vectors. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1270-81. [PMID: 22234617 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the kinetics, mechanism and extent of MNP loading into endothelial cells and the effect of this loading on cell function. METHODS MNP uptake was examined under field on/off conditions, utilizing varying magnetite concentration MNPs. MNP-loaded cell viability and functional integrity was assessed using metabolic respiration, cell proliferation and migration assays. RESULTS MNP uptake in endothelial cells significantly increased under the influence of a magnetic field versus non-magnetic conditions. Larger magnetite density of the MNPs led to a higher MNP internalization by cells under application of a magnetic field without compromising cellular respiration activity. Two-dimensional migration assays at no field showed that higher magnetite loading resulted in greater cell migration rates. In a three-dimensional migration assay under magnetic field, the migration rate of MNP-loaded cells was more than twice that of unloaded cells and was comparable to migration stimulated by a serum gradient. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that endothelial cell uptake of MNPs is a force dependent process. The in vitro assays determined that cell health is not adversely affected by high MNP loadings, allowing these highly magnetically responsive cells to be potentially beneficial therapy (gene, drug or cell) delivery systems.
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Probst R, Lin J, Komaee A, Nacev A, Cummins Z, Shapiro B. Planar Steering of a Single Ferrofluid Drop by Optimal Minimum Power Dynamic Feedback Control of Four Electromagnets at a Distance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2011; 323:885-896. [PMID: 21218157 PMCID: PMC3014617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Any single permanent or electro magnet will always attract a magnetic fluid. For this reason it is difficult to precisely position and manipulate ferrofluid at a distance from magnets. We develop and experimentally demonstrate optimal (minimum electrical power) 2-dimensional manipulation of a single droplet of ferrofluid by feedback control of 4 external electromagnets. The control algorithm we have developed takes into account, and is explicitly designed for, the nonlinear (fast decay in space, quadratic in magnet strength) nature of how the magnets actuate the ferrofluid, and it also corrects for electro-magnet charging time delays. With this control, we show that dynamic actuation of electro-magnets held outside a domain can be used to position a droplet of ferrofluid to any desired location and steer it along any desired path within that domain - an example of precision control of a ferrofluid by magnets acting at a distance.
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Nacev A, Beni C, Bruno O, Shapiro B. The Behaviors of Ferro-Magnetic Nano-Particles In and Around Blood Vessels under Applied Magnetic Fields. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2011; 323:651-668. [PMID: 21278859 PMCID: PMC3029028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In magnetic drug delivery, therapeutic magnetizable particles are typically injected into the blood stream and magnets are then used to concentrate them to disease locations. The behavior of such particles in-vivo is complex and is governed by blood convection, diffusion (in blood and in tissue), extravasation, and the applied magnetic fields. Using physical first-principles and a sophisticated vessel-membrane-tissue (VMT) numerical solver, we comprehensively analyze in detail the behavior of magnetic particles in blood vessels and surrounding tissue. For any blood vessel (of any size, depth, and blood velocity) and tissue properties, particle size and applied magnetic fields, we consider a Krogh tissue cylinder geometry and solve for the resulting spatial distribution of particles. We find that there are three prototypical behaviors (blood velocity dominated, magnetic force dominated, and boundary-layer formation) and that the type of behavior observed is uniquely determined by three non-dimensional numbers (the magnetic-Richardson number, mass Péclet number, and Renkin reduced diffusion coefficient). Plots and equations are provided to easily read out which behavior is found under which circumstances (Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8). We compare our results to previously published in-vitro and in-vivo magnetic drug delivery experiments. Not only do we find excellent agreement between our predictions and prior experimental observations, but we are also able to qualitatively and quantitatively explain behavior that was previously not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Nacev
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering
- University of Maryland at College Park
| | - C. Beni
- Applied and Computational Mathematics, California Institute of Technology
| | - O. Bruno
- Applied and Computational Mathematics, California Institute of Technology
| | - B. Shapiro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering
- Institute for Systems Research
- University of Maryland at College Park
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Mahmoudi M, Sant S, Wang B, Laurent S, Sen T. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:24-46. [PMID: 20685224 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, nanoparticles are used for various biomedical applications where they facilitate laboratory diagnostics and therapeutics. More specifically for drug delivery purposes, the use of nanoparticles is attracting increasing attention due to their unique capabilities and their negligible side effects not only in cancer therapy but also in the treatment of other ailments. Among all types of nanoparticles, biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with proper surface architecture and conjugated targeting ligands/proteins have attracted a great deal of attention for drug delivery applications. This review covers recent advances in the development of SPIONs together with their possibilities and limitations from fabrication to application in drug delivery. In addition, the state-of-the-art synthetic routes and surface modification of desired SPIONs for drug delivery purposes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran.
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Shapiro B, Dormer K, Rutel IB. A Two-Magnet System to Push Therapeutic Nanoparticles. AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2010; 1311:77-88. [PMID: 21243119 PMCID: PMC3020086 DOI: 10.1063/1.3530064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic fields can be used to direct magnetically susceptible nanoparticles to disease locations: to infections, blood clots, or tumors. Any single magnet always attracts (pulls) ferro- or para-magnetic particles towards it. External magnets have been used to pull therapeutics into tumors near the skin in animals and human clinical trials. Implanting magnetic materials into patients (a feasible approach in some cases) has been envisioned as a means of reaching deeper targets. Yet there are a number of clinical needs, ranging from treatments of the inner ear, to antibiotic-resistant skin infections and cardiac arrhythmias, which would benefit from an ability to magnetically "inject", or push in, nanomedicines. We develop, analyze, and experimentally demonstrate a novel, simple, and effective arrangement of just two permanent magnets that can magnetically push particles. Such a system might treat diseases of the inner ear; diseases which intravenously injected or orally administered treatments cannot reach due to the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Shapiro
- Fischell Department of Bio-Engineering, Institute for Systems Research (ISR), 1226 Kim Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Kenneth Dormer
- Physiology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Isaac B. Rutel
- Radiological Sciences University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, US
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Banerjee MK, Datta A, Ganguly R. Magnetic Drug Targeting in Partly Occluded Blood Vessels Using Magnetic Microspheres. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic drug targeting can be used for treating stenosis and thrombosis in partly occluded blood vessels. Herein, a numerical investigation of magnetic drug targeting using functionalized magnetic microspheres in partly occluded blood vessels is conducted. An Eulerian-Lagrangian technique is adopted to resolve the hemodynamic flow and the motion of the magnetic particles in the flow. An implantable cylindrical permanent magnet insert is used to create the requisite magnetic field. Targeted transport of the magnetic particles in a partly occluded vessel differs distinctly from the same in a regular unblocked vessel. Parametric investigation is conducted, and the influence of the flow Re, magnetic insert diameter, and its radial and axial position on the “targeting efficiency” is reported. Analysis shows that there exists an optimum regime of operating parameters for which deposition of the drug-carrying magnetic particles in a predesignated target zone on the partly occluded vessel wall can be maximized. The results provide useful design bases for an in vitro setup for the investigation of magnetic drug targeting in stenosed blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloy K. Banerjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Future Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata 700150, India
| | - Amitava Datta
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Ranjan Ganguly
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700098, India
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Cantillon-Murphy P, Wald L, Adalsteinsson E, Zahn M. Simulating Magnetic Nanoparticle Behavior in Low-field MRI under Transverse Rotating Fields and Imposed Fluid Flow. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2010; 322:2607-2617. [PMID: 20625540 PMCID: PMC2901184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of alternating-sinusoidal or rotating magnetic fields, magnetic nanoparticles will act to realign their magnetic moment with the applied magnetic field. The realignment is characterized by the nanoparticle's time constant, τ. As the magnetic field frequency is increased, the nanoparticle's magnetic moment lags the applied magnetic field at a constant angle for a given frequency, Ω, in rad/s. Associated with this misalignment is a power dissipation that increases the bulk magnetic fluid's temperature which has been utilized as a method of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, particularly suited for cancer in low-perfusion tissue (e.g., breast) where temperature increases of between 4°C and 7°C above the ambient in vivo temperature cause tumor hyperthermia. This work examines the rise in the magnetic fluid's temperature in the MRI environment which is characterized by a large DC field, B(0). Theoretical analysis and simulation is used to predict the effect of both alternating-sinusoidal and rotating magnetic fields transverse to B(0). Results are presented for the expected temperature increase in small tumors (~1 cm radius) over an appropriate range of magnetic fluid concentrations (0.002 to 0.01 solid volume fraction) and nanoparticle radii (1 to 10 nm). The results indicate that significant heating can take place, even in low-field MRI systems where magnetic fluid saturation is not significant, with careful The goal of this work is to examine, by means of analysis and simulation, the concept of interactive fluid magnetization using the dynamic behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions in the MRI environment. In addition to the usual magnetic fields associated with MRI, a rotating magnetic field is applied transverse to the main B(0) field of the MRI. Additional or modified magnetic fields have been previously proposed for hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery within MRI. Analytical predictions and numerical simulations of the transverse rotating magnetic field in the presence of B(0) are investigated to demonstrate the effect of Ω, the rotating field frequency, and the magnetic field amplitude on the fluid suspension magnetization. The transverse magnetization due to the rotating transverse field shows strong dependence on the characteristic time constant of the fluid suspension, τ. The analysis shows that as the rotating field frequency increases so that Ωτ approaches unity, the transverse fluid magnetization vector is significantly non-aligned with the applied rotating field and the magnetization's magnitude is a strong function of the field frequency. In this frequency range, the fluid's transverse magnetization is controlled by the applied field which is determined by the operator. The phenomenon, which is due to the physical rotation of the magnetic nanoparticles in the suspension, is demonstrated analytically when the nanoparticles are present in high concentrations (1 to 3% solid volume fractions) more typical of hyperthermia rather than in clinical imaging applications, and in low MRI field strengths (such as open MRI systems), where the magnetic nanoparticles are not magnetically saturated. The effect of imposed Poiseuille flow in a planar channel geometry and changing nanoparticle concentration is examined. The work represents the first known attempt to analyze the dynamic behavior of magnetic nanoparticles in the MRI environment including the effects of the magnetic nanoparticle spin-velocity. It is shown that the magnitude of the transverse magnetization is a strong function of the rotating transverse field frequency. Interactive fluid magnetization effects are predicted due to non-uniform fluid magnetization in planar Poiseuille flow with high nanoparticle concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Cantillon-Murphy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - L.L. Wald
- MGH-HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA
| | - E. Adalsteinsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- MGH-HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA
| | - M. Zahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Cantillon-Murphy P, Ryou M, Shaikh SN, Azagury D, Ryan M, Thompson CC, Lang JH. A magnetic retrieval system for stents in the pancreaticobiliary tree. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57:2018-25. [PMID: 20483696 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2045653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical endoscopic intervention of the pancreaticobiliary tree [endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)] often concludes with the insertion of a temporary plastic stent to reduce the risk of post-ERCP complications by promoting continued flow of bile and pancreatic fluids. This stent is later removed once the patient has fully recovered, but today this necessitates a second endoscopic intervention. The final goal of this work is to obviate the second intervention. This is to be achieved by adding a magnetic ring to the stent such that the stent is removed using a hand-held magnet, held in a suitable position ex vivo . This paper details the design, optimization, and both ex vivo and in vivo testing of the magnetized stent and hand-held magnet, which has been accomplished to date. The optimized design for the hand-held magnet and the modified stent with a magnetic attachment performs in line with simulated expectations, and successful retrieval is achieved in the porcine ex vivo setting at 9-10 cm separation. This is comparable to the mean target capture distance of 10 cm between the entry point to the biliary system and the closest cutaneous surface, determined from random review of clinical fluoroscopies in ten human patients. Subsequently, the system was successfully tested in vivo in the acute porcine model, where retrieval at an estimated separation of 5-6 cm was captured on endoscopic video. These initial results indicate that the system may represent a promising approach for the elimination of a second endoscopic procedures following placement of pancreatic and biliary stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraig Cantillon-Murphy
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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MacDonald C, Friedman G, Alamia J, Barbee K, Polyak B. Time-varied magnetic field enhances transport of magnetic nanoparticles in viscous gel. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:65-76. [PMID: 20025465 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The potential of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to deliver various forms of therapy has not been fully realized, in part due to difficulties in transporting the carriers through soft tissue to different target sites. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that transport of MNPs through a viscous gel can be controlled by a combined AC (time-varying) magnetic field and static field gradient. MATERIALS & METHODS MNP velocity and transport efficiency were measured in a viscous gel at various settings of magnetic field and magnetite loadings. RESULTS Combined application of an AC magnetic field with the static field gradient resulted in a nearly 30-fold increase in MNP transport efficiency in viscous gel for 30% (w/w) magnetite-loaded particles as compared with static field conditions. CONCLUSION The 'oscillating' effect of an AC magnetic field greatly improves the ability to transport MNPs within soft media by decreasing the effective viscosity of the gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristin MacDonald
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Computational simulations of magnetic particle capture in arterial flows. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:2436-48. [PMID: 19760148 PMCID: PMC2778784 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT) is to concentrate drugs, attached to magnetic particles, in a specific part of the human body by applying a magnetic field. Computational simulations are performed of blood flow and magnetic particle motion in a left coronary artery and a carotid artery, using the properties of presently available magnetic carriers and strong superconducting magnets (up to B ≈ 2 T). For simple tube geometries it is deduced theoretically that the particle capture efficiency scales as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\eta \sim \sqrt{{Mn}_{\rm p}}$$\end{document}, with Mnp the characteristic ratio of the particle magnetization force and the drag force. This relation is found to hold quite well for the carotid artery. For the coronary artery, the presence of side branches and domain curvature causes deviations from this scaling rule, viz. η ∼ Mnpβ, with β > 1/2. The simulations demonstrate that approximately a quarter of the inserted 4 μm particles can be captured from the bloodstream of the left coronary artery, when the magnet is placed at a distance of 4.25 cm. When the same magnet is placed at a distance of 1 cm from a carotid artery, almost all of the inserted 4 μm particles are captured. The performed simulations, therefore, reveal significant potential for the application of MDT to the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Polyak B, Friedman G. Magnetic targeting for site-specific drug delivery: applications and clinical potential. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:53-70. [PMID: 19236208 DOI: 10.1517/17425240802662795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic vehicles are very attractive for delivery of therapeutic agents as they can be targeted to specific locations in the body through the application of a magnetic field gradient. The magnetic localization of a therapeutic agent results in the concentration of the therapy at the target site consequently reducing or eliminating the systemic drug side effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide an update on the progress made in the development of the magnetic targeting technique addressing characteristics of the magnetic carriers and limitations of the current targeting magnet systems. METHODS This review discusses fundamental requirements for the optimal formulation of the magnetic carrier, current applications and potentially new approaches for the magnetically mediated, site-specific localization of therapeutic agents, including drugs, genes and cells. RESULTS/CONCLUSION More efficient targeting magnetic systems in combination with prolonged circulation lifespan and carriers' surface recognition properties will improve the targeting efficiency of magnetic nanocarriers and enhance therapeutic agent availability at the molecular site of agent action. The main future magnetic targeting applications were categorized emphasizing the most promising directions and possible strategies for improving the magnetic targeting technique.
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Avilés MO, Mangual JO, Ebner AD, Ritter JA. Isolated swine heart ventricle perfusion model for implant assisted-magnetic drug targeting. Int J Pharm 2008; 361:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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