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Fernandes TJ, Li H, Shuter BJ, McMeans BC. Consistent seasonal flexibility of the gut and its regions across wild populations of a winter-quiescent fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231975. [PMID: 38511079 PMCID: PMC10951726 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Seasonality in north-temperate environments imposes drastic temperature and resource variations that shape the seasonal ecophysiology of resident organisms. A better understanding of an organism's capacity to flexibly respond to this drastic seasonal variation may reveal important mechanisms for tolerating or responding to environmental variation introduced by global change. In fishes, the digestive system is both the interface between resource and energy acquisition and one of the most expensive organ systems to maintain. However, little evidence describing the capacity for seasonal flexibility in the digestive tract of wild northern fishes exists. Here, we investigated phenotypic flexibility in the size of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract across three northern populations of a winter-dormant warm-water fish, pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). In all populations, pumpkinseed exhibited pronounced structural flexibility in the GI tract, aligned with winter and the timing of reproduction. The dry mass of the GI increased by 1.3- to nearly 2.5-fold in the early spring. The pyloric caeca demonstrated the greatest capacity for flexibility, increasing by up to 3.7-fold prior to reproduction. In all populations, minimum dry GI mass was consistently achieved during winter and mid-summer. This capacity for gut flexibility may represent a novel mechanism for facilitating rapid adaptive responses (e.g. metabolic plasticity) to future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Fernandes
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Hugo Li
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Brian J. Shuter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A1, Canada
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 300 Water Street, Peterborough, OntarioK9J 8M5, Canada
| | - Bailey C. McMeans
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
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2
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Middleton EK, Gilbert MJH, Landry T, Lamarre SG, Speers-Roesch B. Environmental variation associated with overwintering elicits marked metabolic plasticity in a temperate salmonid, Salvelinus fontinalis. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246743. [PMID: 38235572 PMCID: PMC10911287 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Poleward winters commonly expose animals, including fish, to frigid temperatures and low food availability. Fishes that remain active over winter must therefore balance trade-offs between conserving energy and maintaining physiological performance in the cold, yet the extent and underlying mechanisms of these trade-offs are not well understood. We investigated the metabolic plasticity of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), a temperate salmonid, from the biochemical to whole-animal level in response to cold and food deprivation. Acute cooling (1°C day-1) from 14°C to 2°C had no effect on food consumption but reduced activity by 77%. We then assessed metabolic performance and demand over 90 days with exposure to warm (8°C) or cold winter (2°C) temperatures while fish were fed or starved. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) decreased substantially during initial cooling from 8°C to 2°C (Q10=4.2-4.5) but brook char exhibited remarkable thermal compensation during acclimation (Q10=1.4-1.6). Conversely, RMR was substantially lower (40-48%) in starved fish, conserving energy. Thus, the absolute magnitude of thermal plasticity may be masked or modified under food restriction. This reduction in RMR was associated with atrophy and decreases in in vivo protein synthesis rates, primarily in non-essential tissues. Remarkably, food deprivation had no effect on maximum oxygen uptake rates and thus aerobic capacity, supporting the notion that metabolic capacity can be decoupled from RMR in certain contexts. Overall, our study highlights the multi-faceted energetic flexibility of Salvelinus spp. that likely contributes to their success in harsh and variable environments and may be emblematic of winter-active fishes more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella K. Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| | - Matthew J. H. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
| | - Thomas Landry
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Canada, E2K 5E2
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3
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Gerig BS, Chaloner DT, Rediske RR, Paterson G, Lamberti GA. Pacific salmon as vectors of environmental contaminants: An experimental test confirms synoptic surveys in natural streams. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122355. [PMID: 37567402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon transfer large quantities of material to tributaries during their spawning migrations, including carcass tissue and labile nutrients but also persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals. We conducted a Before-After-Control-Intervention experiment by adding salmon carcasses and eggs to a Michigan (USA) stream that had never received inputs from non-native salmon to understand the bioaccumulation and persistence of biotransported contaminants. Our experimental outcomes were compared to previous studies using meta-analysis. Coincident with the introduction of salmon, the PCB and DDE burden of resident trout significantly increased. However, we did not observe changes in total mercury (Hg). Two years after the salmon addition experiment concluded, resident trout POP concentrations had returned to pre-addition levels, with no difference between the treatment and control reaches. Analysis of effect sizes suggested that the contaminant response observed in our experiment is consistent with field survey observations. Our study suggested that the consumption of salmon eggs drove the increase in POP burden of resident trout while Hg bioaccumulation was influenced by watershed sources. Critically, our study suggests that ecosystems are capable of quickly recovering from POP inputs from species migrations if contaminant sources are removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gerig
- Great Rivers Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, National Park Service, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Dominic T Chaloner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Richard R Rediske
- Annis Water Resource Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI, 49441, USA
| | - Gordon Paterson
- Great Lakes Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Gary A Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Bull JK, Stanford BCM, Bokvist JK, Josephson MP, Rogers SM. Environment and genotype predict the genomic nature of domestication of salmonids as revealed by gene expression. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20222124. [PMID: 36475438 PMCID: PMC9727666 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Billions of salmonids are produced annually by artificial reproduction for harvest and conservation. Morphologically, behaviourally and physiologically these fish differ from wild-born fish, including in ways consistent with domestication. Unlike most studied domesticates, which diverged from wild ancestors millennia ago, salmonids offer a tractable model for early-stage domestication. Here, we review a fundamental mechanism for domestication-driven differences in early-stage domestication, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), in salmonids. We found 34 publications examining DEGs under domestication driven by environment and genotype, covering six species, over a range of life-history stages and tissues. Three trends emerged. First, domesticated genotypes have increased expression of growth hormone and related metabolic genes, with differences magnified under artificial environments with increased food. Regulatory consequences of these DEGs potentially drive overall DEG patterns. Second, immune genes are often DEGs under domestication and not simply owing to release from growth-immune trade-offs under increased food. Third, domesticated genotypes exhibit reduced gene expression plasticity, with plasticity further reduced in low-complexity environments typical of production systems. Recommendations for experimental design improvements, coupled with tissue-specific expression and emerging analytical approaches for DEGs present tractable avenues to understand the evolution of domestication in salmonids and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Bull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | | | - Jessy K. Bokvist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, South Coast Area Office, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9T 1K3
| | - Matthew P. Josephson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Sean M. Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada V0R 1B0
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Figueroa-Muñoz G, Arismendi I, Urzúa Á, Guzmán-Rivas F, Fierro P, Gomez-Uchida D. Consumption of marine-derived nutrients from invasive Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transfer ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids to invasive resident rainbow trout (O. mykiss). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157077. [PMID: 35780893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine-derived nutrients (MDN) contained in gametes (mature eggs and sperm), carcasses and metabolic wastes from anadromous migratory salmon can transfer energy and materials to fresh water, thereby affecting the structure and function of stream ecosystems. This is crucial among ecosystems where humans have mediated biological invasions by propagating non-native species. Previous studies have demonstrated that consumption of MDN from salmon can benefit both native and invasive resident fishes. Yet, a more detailed understanding of the transfer of biomolecules with important physiological functions such as ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) have received less attention among researchers. Here we demonstrate that consumption of MDN contained in invasive Chinook salmon eggs transfers ω-3 HUFAs (e.g., EPA and DHA) to resident invasive rainbow trout in a river food web. We conducted a field study in river sections previously identified as spawning areas for Chinook salmon in the Cisnes River, Patagonia. Rainbow trout were sampled around salmon spawning areas before, during, and after the salmon spawning season. Additionally, we collected tissue from different food web resources and components of different origin (e.g., primary producers, aquatic and terrestrial items) from the Cisnes River system. Analyses of stomach contents of trout were performed in conjunction with analyses of both lipid content and fatty acid profiles of trout tissue and food web components. Chinook salmon eggs showed higher content of ω-3 HUFAs, especially EPA (31.08 ± 23.08 mg g DW-1) and DHA (27.50 ± 14.11 mg g DW-1) than either freshwater or terrestrial components (0-6.10 mg g DW-1 both EPA and DHA). We detected marked shifts in the fatty acid profile (~six-fold increase in EPA and DHA) of trout following consumption of Chinook salmon eggs. Our findings suggest that MDN via consumption of salmon eggs by resident rainbow trout may positively influence resident trout and likely contribute to gauge synergistic interactions between invaders on receiving ecosystems of Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Figueroa-Muñoz
- Programa Magíster en Ciencias mención Pesquerías, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Genomics in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Laboratory (GEECLAB), Department of Zoology, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fabián Guzmán-Rivas
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo Fierro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Gomez-Uchida
- Genomics in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Laboratory (GEECLAB), Department of Zoology, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile.
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6
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Monnet G, Rosenfeld JS, Richards JG. Divergence in digestive and metabolic strategies matches habitat differentiation in juvenile salmonids. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9280. [PMID: 36110883 PMCID: PMC9465201 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent energy acquisition and processing strategies associated with using different microhabitats may allow phenotypes to specialize and coexist at small spatial scales. To understand how ecological specialization affects differentiation in energy acquisition and processing strategies, we examined relationships among digestive physiology, growth, and energetics by performing captive experiments on juveniles of wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) that exploit adjacent habitats along natural low-to-high energy flux gradients (i.e., pools versus riffles) in coastal streams. We predicted that: (i) the specialization of steelhead trout to high-velocity, high-energy habitats would result in elevated food intake and growth at the cost of lower growth efficiency relative to coho salmon; (ii) the two species would differentiate along a rate-maximizing (steelhead trout) versus efficiency-maximizing (coho salmon) axis of digestive strategies matching their ecological lifestyle; and (iii) the higher postprandial metabolic demand (i.e., specific dynamic action, SDA) associated with elevated food intake would occupy a greater fraction of the steelhead trout aerobic budget. Relative to coho salmon, steelhead trout presented a pattern of faster growth and higher food intake but lower growth efficiency, supporting the existence of a major growth versus growth efficiency trade-off between species. After accounting for differences in ration size between species, steelhead trout also presented higher SDA than coho salmon, but similar intestinal transit time and lower assimilation efficiency. Both species presented similar aerobic budgets since the elevated SDA of steelhead trout was largely compensated by their higher aerobic scope relative to coho salmon. Our results illustrate the key contribution of digestive physiology to the adaptive differentiation of juvenile growth, energetics, and overall performance of taxa with divergent habitat specializations along a natural productivity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Monnet
- Department of ZoologyThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jordan S. Rosenfeld
- British Columbia Ministry of the EnvironmentVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jeffrey G. Richards
- Department of ZoologyThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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7
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Walther BD, Torrance LE. Quantifying euryhaline histories in red drum Sciaenops ocellatus: otolith chemistry and muscle isotope ratios. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022. [PMID: 35866883 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of otolith chemistry and tissue isotopes has the potential to reveal movements, habitat associations and food web interactions at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here, we used a combination of otolith Ba:Ca life history transects with muscle tissue δ13 C and δ15 N values to assess habitat use and oligohaline residence in red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in subtropical estuaries in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Tissue isotopes were distinct among capture locations, particularly between bays with differing proximity to freshwater inflow sources. Otolith edge Ba:Ca values and tissue δ13 C values were not correlated. These results indicated that fish were not residing in nor feeding in oligohaline waters for significant periods of time within the tissue turnover window of several months prior to capture. However, spatial differences in tissue isotope values indicated limited mixing among bays and relatively high site fidelity during estuarine occupancy. Lifetime otolith Ba:Ca transects revealed individual variability in the magnitude of residence in oligohaline waters. Using a medium oligohaline occupancy threshold, an estimated 82% of individuals used oligohaline waters at some point in their life. However, 66% of individuals spent less than 20% of their life histories in oligohaline waters, suggesting intermittent and infrequent excursions into low salinity waters. Finally, a literature survey identified 56 peer-reviewed publications using combinations of otolith chemistry and tissue stable isotope ratios with a wide range of marker pairings and study aims. The diversity of ecological questions that can be asked with the combined use of these two approaches will provide valuable insight into fish ecology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Walther
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Louisa E Torrance
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
- State Park Division, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TX, USA
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8
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Hahlbeck N, Tinniswood WR, Sloat MR, Ortega JD, Wyatt MA, Hereford ME, Ramirez BS, Crook DA, Anlauf-Dunn KJ, Armstrong JB. Contribution of warm habitat to cold-water fisheries. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13857. [PMID: 34766374 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A central tenet of landscape ecology is that mobile species depend on complementary habitats, which are insufficient in isolation, but combine to support animals through the full annual cycle. However, incorporating the dynamic needs of mobile species into conservation strategies remains a challenge, particularly in the context of climate adaptation planning. For cold-water fishes, it is widely assumed that maximum temperatures are limiting and that summer data alone can predict refugia and population persistence. We tested these assumptions in populations of redband rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii) in an arid basin, where the dominance of hot, hyperproductive water in summer emulates threats of climate change predicted for cold-water fish in other basins. We used telemetry to reveal seasonal patterns of movement and habitat use. Then, we compared contributions of hot and cool water to growth with empirical indicators of diet and condition (gut contents, weight-length ratios, electric phase angle, and stable isotope signatures) and a bioenergetics model. During summer, trout occurred only in cool tributaries or springs (<20 °C) and avoided Upper Klamath Lake (>25 °C). During spring and fall, ≥65% of trout migrated to the lake (5-50 km) to forage. Spring and fall growth (mean [SD] 0.58% per day [0.80%] and 0.34 per day [0.55%], respectively) compensated for a net loss of energy in cool summer refuges (-0.56% per day [0.55%]). In winter, ≥90% of trout returned to tributaries (25-150 km) to spawn. Thus, although perennially cool tributaries supported thermal refuge and spawning, foraging opportunities in the seasonally hot lake ultimately fueled these behaviors. Current approaches to climate adaptation would prioritize the tributaries for conservation but would devalue critical foraging habitat because the lake is unsuitable and unoccupied during summer. Our results empirically demonstrate that warm water can fuel cold-water fisheries and challenge the common practice of identifying refugia based only on summer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Hahlbeck
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - William R Tinniswood
- Klamath Watershed District Office, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Jordan D Ortega
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew A Wyatt
- Klamath Watershed District Office, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark E Hereford
- Klamath Watershed District Office, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA
| | - Ben S Ramirez
- Klamath Watershed District Office, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA
| | - David A Crook
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kara J Anlauf-Dunn
- Corvallis Research Lab, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonathan B Armstrong
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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9
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OUP accepted manuscript. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Versteeg EJ, Fernandes T, Guzzo MM, Laberge F, Middel T, Ridgway M, McMeans BC. Seasonal variation of behavior and brain size in a freshwater fish. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14950-14959. [PMID: 34765152 PMCID: PMC8571637 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost fishes occupy a range of ecosystem, and habitat types subject to large seasonal fluctuations. Temperate fishes, in particular, survive large seasonal shifts in temperature, light availability, and access to certain habitats. Mobile species such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) can behaviorally respond to seasonal variation by shifting their habitat deeper and further offshore in response to warmer surface water temperatures during the summer. During cooler seasons, the use of more structurally complex nearshore zones by lake trout could increase cognitive demands and potentially result in a larger relative brain size during those periods. Yet, there is limited understanding of how such behavioral responses to a seasonally shifting environment might shape, or be shaped by, the nervous system.Here, we quantified variation in relative brain size and the size of five externally visible brain regions in lake trout, across six consecutive seasons in two different lakes. Acoustic telemetry data from one of our study lakes were collected during the study period from a different subset of individuals and used to infer relationships between brain size and seasonal behaviors (habitat use and movement rate).Our results indicated that lake trout relative brain size was larger in the fall and winter compared with the spring and summer in both lakes. Larger brains coincided with increased use of nearshore habitats and increased horizontal movement rates in the fall and winter based on acoustic telemetry. The telencephalon followed the same pattern as whole brain size, while the other brain regions (cerebellum, optic tectum, olfactory bulbs, and hypothalamus) were only smaller in the spring.These findings provide evidence that flexibility in brain size could underpin shifts in behavior, which could potentially subserve functions associated with differential habitat use during cold and warm seasons and allow fish to succeed in seasonally variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Trevor Middel
- Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries ResearchOntario Ministry of Natural ResourcesWhitneyONCanada
| | - Mark Ridgway
- Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries ResearchOntario Ministry of Natural ResourcesWhitneyONCanada
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11
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Sato T, Ueda R, Takimoto G. The effects of resource subsidy duration in a detritus-based stream ecosystem: A mesocosm experiment. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1142-1151. [PMID: 33560517 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most resource subsidies are temporally variable, dynamically affecting the consumer populations, community structures and ecosystem functions of recipient ecosystems. Temporally variable resource subsidies are characterized by the duration, magnitude, timing and frequency of resource subsidy inputs. These different characteristics may have different mechanisms by which to affect recipient ecosystems. Few studies have examined the duration of resource subsidy inputs on recipient ecosystems, although there exist previous studies focusing on magnitude, timing and frequency. We provide the first experimental test of the effects of subsidy duration on a stream ecosystem by using an outdoor mesocosm experiment, in which we directly manipulated the subsidy duration (pulsed vs. prolonged) of terrestrial invertebrate input into the mesocosm. Given the same overall amount of terrestrial invertebrate subsidy was added, a prolonged subsidy allowed large-stage fish to effectively monopolize the subsidy over small-stage fish, which led small-stage fish to maintain their predation pressure on in-situ prey, that is, benthic invertebrates. On the other hand, a pulsed subsidy allowed small-stage fish to increase their feeding rate of the subsidy and to become away from foraging in-situ prey. Consequently, weaker indirect positive effects on in-situ benthic prey and leaf break-down rate were found with the prolonged versus pulsed subsidy. However, these indirect effects varied by the dominant benthic prey species, which differed in edibility for fish. Such predator-specific vulnerability of benthic prey can be important in mediating trophic cascades in detritus-based stream food webs. Phenological events that generate temporal subsidies (e.g. salmon spawning run and arthropod emergence) can be synchronized (pulsed) or desynchronized (prolonged) within and among species, depending on the degree of spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. The effects of subsidy duration would thus be important to better understand ecological processes in spatially and temporally coupled ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sato
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rui Ueda
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Gaku Takimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Keva O, Taipale SJ, Hayden B, Thomas SM, Vesterinen J, Kankaala P, Kahilainen KK. Increasing temperature and productivity change biomass, trophic pyramids and community-level omega-3 fatty acid content in subarctic lake food webs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:282-296. [PMID: 33124178 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change in the Arctic is outpacing the global average and land-use is intensifying due to exploitation of previously inaccessible or unprofitable natural resources. A comprehensive understanding of how the joint effects of changing climate and productivity modify lake food web structure, biomass, trophic pyramid shape and abundance of physiologically essential biomolecules (omega-3 fatty acids) in the biotic community is lacking. We conducted a space-for-time study in 20 subarctic lakes spanning a climatic (+3.2°C and precipitation: +30%) and chemical (dissolved organic carbon: +10 mg/L, total phosphorus: +45 µg/L and total nitrogen: +1,000 µg/L) gradient to test how temperature and productivity jointly affect the structure, biomass and community fatty acid content (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) of whole food webs. Increasing temperature and productivity shifted lake communities towards dominance of warmer, murky-water-adapted taxa, with a general increase in the biomass of primary producers, and secondary and tertiary consumers, while primary invertebrate consumers did not show equally clear trends. This process altered various trophic pyramid structures towards an hour glass shape in the warmest and most productive lakes. Increasing temperature and productivity had negative fatty acid content trends (mg EPA + DHA/g dry weight) in primary producers and primary consumers, but not in secondary nor tertiary fish consumers. The massive biomass increment of fish led to increasing areal fatty acid content (kg EPA + DHA/ha) towards increasingly warmer, more productive lakes, but there were no significant trends in other trophic levels. Increasing temperature and productivity are shifting subarctic lake communities towards systems characterized by increasing dominance of cyanobacteria and cyprinid fish, although decreasing quality in terms of EPA + DHA content was observed only in phytoplankton, zooplankton and profundal benthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossi Keva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Brian Hayden
- Biology Department, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Stephen M Thomas
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Crowther Lab, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Jussi Vesterinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Paula Kankaala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland
- Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Kilpisjärvi, Finland
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13
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Auer SK, Solowey JR, Rajesh S, Rezende EL. Energetic mechanisms for coping with changes in resource availability. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200580. [PMID: 33142086 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given current anthropogenic alterations to many ecosystems and communities, it is becoming increasingly important to consider whether and how organisms can cope with changing resources. Metabolic rate, because it represents the rate of energy expenditure, may play a key role in mediating the link between resource conditions and performance and thereby how well organisms can persist in the face of environmental change. Here, we focus on the role that energy metabolism plays in determining organismal responses to changes in food availability over both short-term ecological and longer-term evolutionary timescales. Using a meta-analytical approach encompassing multiple species, we find that individuals with a higher metabolic rate grow faster under high food levels but slower once food levels decline, suggesting that the association between metabolism and life-history traits shifts along resource gradients. We also find that organisms can cope with changing resource availability through both phenotypic plasticity and genetically based evolutionary adaptation in their rates of energy metabolism. However, the metabolic rates of individuals within a population and of species within a lineage do not all respond in the same manner to changes in food availability. This diversity of responses suggests that there are benefits but also costs to changes in metabolic rate. It also underscores the need to examine not just the energy budgets of organisms within the context of metabolic rate but also how energy metabolism changes alongside other physiological and behavioural traits in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
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14
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Fernandes T, McMeans BC. Spotty at best: brook trout exploit large, adult spotted salamanders in the early spring. Ecology 2020; 102:e03202. [PMID: 32970832 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Fernandes
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - B C McMeans
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Bailey CJ, Moore JW. Resource pulses increase the diversity of successful competitors in a multi‐species stream fish assemblage. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Bailey
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr. Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6USA
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr. Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6USA
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16
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Benjamin JR, Vidergar DT, Dunham JB. Thermal heterogeneity, migration, and consequences for spawning potential of female bull trout in a river-reservoir system. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4128-4142. [PMID: 32489636 PMCID: PMC7244891 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The likelihood that fish will initiate spawning, spawn successfully, or skip spawning in a given year is conditioned in part on availability of energy reserves. We evaluated the consequences of spatial heterogeneity in thermal conditions on the energy accumulation and spawning potential of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a regulated river-reservoir system. Based on existing data, we identified a portfolio of thermal exposures and migratory patterns and then estimated their influence on energy reserves of female bull trout with a bioenergetics model. Spawning by females was assumed to be possible if postspawning energy reserves equaled or exceeded 4 kJ/g. Given this assumption, results suggested up to 70% of the simulated fish could spawn each year. Fish that moved seasonally between a cold river segment and a warmer reservoir downstream had a greater growth rate and higher propensity to spawn in a given year (range: 40%-70%) compared with fish that resided solely in the cold river segment (25%-40%). On average, fish that spawned lost 30% of their energy content relative to their prespawn energy. In contrast, fish that skipped spawning accumulated, on average, 16% energy gains that could be used toward future gamete production. Skipped spawning occurred when water temperatures were relatively low or high, and if upstream migration occurred relatively late (mid-July or later) or early (early-May or earlier). Overall, our modeling effort suggests the configuration of thermal exposures, and the ability of bull trout to exploit this spatially and temporally variable thermal conditions can strongly influence energy reserves and likelihood of successful spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Benjamin
- U.S. Geological SurveyForest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterBoiseIdaho
| | | | - Jason B. Dunham
- U.S. Geological SurveyForest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterCorvallisOregon
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17
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Armstrong JB, Schindler DE, Cunningham CJ, Deacy W, Walsh P. Watershed complexity increases the capacity for salmon–wildlife interactions in coastal ecosystems. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Curry J. Cunningham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Juneau Alaska
| | - William Deacy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
- Arctic Network U.S. National Park Service 4175 Geist Road Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | - Patrick Walsh
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Togiak National Wildlife Refuge Togiak Alaska
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18
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Naman SM, Ueda R, Sato T. Predation risk and resource abundance mediate foraging behaviour and intraspecific resource partitioning among consumers in dominance hierarchies. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Naman
- Dept of Zoology, Univ. of British Columbia BC Canada
- Present address: Dept of Geography, Univ. of British Columbia Canada
| | - Rui Ueda
- Dept of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe Univ Kobe Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Dept of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe Univ Kobe Japan
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19
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Zuercher R, Galloway AWE. Coastal marine ecosystem connectivity: pelagic ocean to kelp forest subsidies. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zuercher
- University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
| | - Aaron W. E. Galloway
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston Oregon 97420 USA
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20
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Gerig BS, Hermann NT, Chaloner DT, Lamberti GA. Using a dynamic bioenergetics-bioaccumulation model to understand mechanisms of uptake and bioaccumulation of salmon-derived contaminants by stream-resident fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:633-642. [PMID: 30380471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem linkages created by migratory organisms such as Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) facilitate the transfer of ecologically beneficial resource subsidies and environmentally damaging contaminants to recipient food webs. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, introduced Pacific salmon accumulate large contaminant burdens that they disperse to streams during spawning in the form of carcass and gametic tissue, with uncertain consequences for stream food webs. Here, we describe a coupled bioenergetics-bioaccumulation model parameterized using empirical and literature-sourced data to predict the dual effect of Pacific salmon on stream-resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) growth and contaminant bioaccumulation. Within the model, we developed four unique scenarios to ascertain how the (1) trophic pathway to contamination, (2) level of salmon egg consumption, (3) intensity and duration of salmon exposure, and (4) age of first exposure to salmon, affected growth and contaminant bioaccumulation in brook trout. Our model demonstrated that salmon egg consumption increased brook trout growth and PCB bioaccumulation while reducing Hg tissue concentrations. Other trophic pathways, including direct carcass consumption and an indirect food web pathway, did not strongly influence growth or contaminant bioaccumulation. Our model also demonstrated that variation in the magnitude and temporal duration of salmon egg consumption mostly strongly influenced the growth and contaminant concentration of younger brook trout. Overall, our model highlighted that Pacific salmon transfer energy and contaminants but this balance is dictated by the food web pathway and plasticity in the diet of stream-resident fish. Our mechanistic, model-based evaluation of salmon contaminant biotransport can be extended to predict the impact of other migratory fishes on recipient food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gerig
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, United States.
| | - Nathan T Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Dominic T Chaloner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Gary A Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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21
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Keefer ML, Clabough TS, Jepson MA, Bowerman T, Caudill CC. Temperature and depth profiles of Chinook salmon and the energetic costs of their long-distance homing migrations. J Therm Biol 2018; 79:155-165. [PMID: 30612677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
River warming poses an existential threat to many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp) populations. However, temperature-mediated risks to salmon are often complex and addressing them requires species- and population-specific data collected over large spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we combined radiotelemetry with archival depth and temperature sensors to collect continuous thermal exposure histories of 21 adult spring- and summer-run Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) as they migrated hundreds of kilometers upstream in the Columbia River basin. Salmon thermal histories in impounded reaches of the Columbia and Snake rivers were characterized by low daily temperature variation but frequent and extensive vertical movements. Dives were associated with slightly cooler salmon body temperatures (~ 0.01 to 0.02 °C/m), but there was no evidence for use of cool-water thermal refuges deep in reservoirs or at tributary confluences along the migration route. In tributaries, salmon were constrained to relatively shallow water, and they experienced ~ 2-5 °C diel temperature fluctuations. Differences in migration timing and among route-specific thermal regimes resulted in substantial among-individual variation in migration temperature exposure. Bioenergetics models using the collected thermal histories and swim speeds ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 body-lengths/s predicted median energetic costs of ~ 24-40% (spring-run) and ~ 37-60% (summer-run) of initial reserves. Median declines in total mass were ~ 16-24% for spring-run salmon and ~ 19-29% for summer-run salmon. A simulated + 2 °C increase in water temperatures resulted in 4.0% (spring-run) and 6.3% (summer-run) more energy used per fish, on average. The biotelemetry data provided remarkable spatial and temporal resolution on thermal exposure. Nonetheless, substantial information gaps remain for the development of robust bioenergetics and climate effects models for adult Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Keefer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA.
| | - Tami S Clabough
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
| | - Michael A Jepson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
| | - Tracy Bowerman
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
| | - Christopher C Caudill
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1136, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, USA
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22
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Furey NB, Armstrong JB, Beauchamp DA, Hinch SG. Migratory coupling between predators and prey. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1846-1853. [PMID: 30467414 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal migrations act to couple ecosystems and are undertaken by some of the world's most endangered taxa. Predators often exploit migrant prey, but the movements taken by these consumers are rarely studied or understood. We define such movements, where migrant prey induce large-scale movements of predators, as migratory coupling. Migratory coupling can have ecological consequences for the participating prey, predators and the communities they traverse across the landscape. We review examples of migratory coupling in the literature and provide hypotheses regarding conditions favourable for their occurrence. We also provide a framework for interactions induced by migratory coupling and demonstrate their potential community-level impacts by examining other forms of spatial shifts in predators. Migratory coupling integrates the fields of landscape, movement, food web and community ecologies, and represents an understudied frontier in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. .,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jonathan B Armstrong
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David A Beauchamp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Bailey CJ, Braun DC, McCubbing D, Reynolds JD, Ward B, Davies TD, Moore JW. The roles of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the freshwater life-history dynamics of a migratory salmonid. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Bailey
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Douglas C. Braun
- Unit 215; InStream Fisheries; 2323 Boundary Road Vancouver British Columbia V5M 4V8 Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Cooperative Resource Management Institute; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Donald McCubbing
- Unit 215; InStream Fisheries; 2323 Boundary Road Vancouver British Columbia V5M 4V8 Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Bruce Ward
- British Columbia Ministry of Environment; University of British Columbia; 2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Trevor D. Davies
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development; P.O. Box 9391 Victoria British Columbia V8W 9M8 Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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24
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Filbee-Dexter K, Wernberg T, Norderhaug KM, Ramirez-Llodra E, Pedersen MF. Movement of pulsed resource subsidies from kelp forests to deep fjords. Oecologia 2018; 187:291-304. [PMID: 29605871 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Resource subsidies in the form of allochthonous primary production drive secondary production in many ecosystems, often sustaining diversity and overall productivity. Despite their importance in structuring marine communities, there is little understanding of how subsidies move through juxtaposed habitats and into recipient communities. We investigated the transport of detritus from kelp forests to a deep Arctic fjord (northern Norway). We quantified the seasonal abundance and size structure of kelp detritus in shallow subtidal (0‒12 m), deep subtidal (12‒85 m), and deep fjord (400‒450 m) habitats using a combination of camera surveys, dive observations, and detritus collections over 1 year. Detritus formed dense accumulations in habitats adjacent to kelp forests, and the timing of depositions coincided with the discrete loss of whole kelp blades during spring. We tracked these blades through the deep subtidal and into the deep fjord, and showed they act as a short-term resource pulse transported over several weeks. In deep subtidal regions, detritus consisted mostly of fragments and its depth distribution was similar across seasons (50% of total observations). Tagged pieces of detritus moved slowly out of kelp forests (displaced 4‒50 m (mean 11.8 m ± 8.5 SD) in 11‒17 days, based on minimum estimates from recovered pieces), and most (75%) variability in the rate of export was related to wave exposure and substrate. Tight resource coupling between kelp forests and deep fjords indicate that changes in kelp abundance would propagate through to deep fjord ecosystems, with likely consequences for the ecosystem functioning and services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Filbee-Dexter
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Zeng LQ, Fu C, Fu SJ. The effects of temperature and food availability on growth, flexibility in metabolic rates and their relationships in juvenile common carp. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 217:26-34. [PMID: 29275188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flexibility in phenotypic traits can allow organisms to handle environmental changes. However, the ecological consequences of flexibility in metabolic rates are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the links between growth and flexibility in metabolic rates vary between two temperatures. Common carp Cyprinus carpio were raised in three temperature treatments [the 18°C, 28°C and 28°C-food control (28°C-FC)] and fed to satiation of receiving food either once or twice daily for 4weeks. The morphology and metabolic rates (standard metabolic rate, SMR; maximum metabolic rate, MMR) were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. The mean total food ingested by fish in the 28°C-FC treatment was the same as that by fish in the 18°C treatment at each food availability. The final SMR (not MMR and aerobic scope, AS=MMR-SMR) increased more in the 28°C and 28°C-FC treatments with twice-daily feedings than once-daily feedings. Fish in the 28°C treatment had a higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish in the 28°C-FC and 18°C treatments at both food availabilities. However, no differences in feeding efficiency (FE) were found among the three treatments in fish fed twice daily. The flexibility in SMR was related to individual differences in SGR, not with food intake and FE; individuals who increased their SMR more had a smaller growth performance with twice-daily feedings at 28°C, but it did not exist at 18°C. Flexibility in SMR provides a growth advantage in juvenile common carp experiencing changes in food availability and this link is temperature-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
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26
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Hooker OE, Van Leeuwen TE, Adams CE. The physiological costs of prey switching reinforce foraging specialization. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:605-614. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E. Hooker
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM University of Glasgow Rowardennan Loch Lomond Glasgow G63 0AW UK
- PR Statistics 3/1, 128 Brunswick Street Glasgow G1 1TF UK
| | - Travis E. Van Leeuwen
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM University of Glasgow Rowardennan Loch Lomond Glasgow G63 0AW UK
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment IBAHCM University of Glasgow Rowardennan Loch Lomond Glasgow G63 0AW UK
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27
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Cyr A, Sergeant CJ, Lopez JA, O'Hara T. Assessing the influence of migration barriers and feeding ecology on total mercury concentrations in Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) from a glaciated and non-glaciated stream. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:710-718. [PMID: 27979620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Assimilation of mercury (Hg) into food webs is directly influenced by ecological factors such as local habitat characteristics, species feeding behavior, and movement patterns. Total Hg concentrations ([THg]) in biota from Subarctic latitudes are driven both by broad spatial processes such as long-range atmospheric transport and more local influences such as biovectors and geology. Thus, even relatively pristine protected lands such as national parks are experiencing Hg accumulation. We analyzed [THg] and stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in 104 Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) collected from two rivers in southeastern Alaska, upstream and downstream of apparent anadromous migration barriers in watersheds with and without glacial coverage. To assess the potential magnitude of marine-derived THg returning to freshwater, we analyzed [THg] in ten adult pink salmon from each study system. There were no differences in Dolly Varden mean [THg] between sites after the data were standardized for fork length, but unadjusted [THg] varied relative to fish size and δ15N values. While previous studies generally show that [THg] increases with higher δ15N values, we found that Dolly Varden below migration barriers and foraging on salmon eggs had the highest δ15N values among all sampled individuals, but the lowest [THg]. Dolly Varden residing below anadromous barriers had δ13C values consistent with marine influence. Since salmon eggs typically have low [Hg], our results suggest that abundant salmon populations and the dietary subsidy they provide may reduce the annual exposure to [Hg] in egg-eating stream fishes such as Dolly Varden. In addition to identifying a suitable species for freshwater Hg monitoring in southeastern Alaska, our study more broadly implies that river characteristics, location within a river, fish size, and feeding ecology are important factors influencing Hg accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cyr
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 905 N Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA.
| | - Christopher J Sergeant
- National Park Service, Inventory and Monitoring Program, 3100 National Park Road, Juneau 99801, AK, USA
| | - Juan Andres Lopez
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 905 N Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA; University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 907 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6960, USA
| | - Todd O'Hara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 901 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7750, USA
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28
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Auer SK, Salin K, Rudolf AM, Anderson GJ, Metcalfe NB. Differential effects of food availability on minimum and maximum rates of metabolism. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20160586. [PMID: 28120798 PMCID: PMC5095193 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rates reflect the energetic cost of living but exhibit remarkable variation among conspecifics, partly as a result of the constraints imposed by environmental conditions. Metabolic rates are sensitive to changes in temperature and oxygen availability, but effects of food availability, particularly on maximum metabolic rates, are not well understood. Here, we show in brown trout (Salmo trutta) that maximum metabolic rates are immutable but minimum metabolic rates increase as a positive function of food availability. As a result, aerobic scope (i.e. the capacity to elevate metabolism above baseline requirements) declines as food availability increases. These differential changes in metabolic rates likely have important consequences for how organisms partition available metabolic power to different functions under the constraints imposed by food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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29
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O'Gorman EJ. It's only a matter of time: the altered role of subsidies in a warming world. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1133-5. [PMID: 27511321 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clockwise from left: an experimental stream reach from the study, highlighting the fences used to contain fish as the apex predator; a cutthroat trout from the experiment, the only fish species in the study streams; stomach contents from a fish, highlighting the major role of the terrestrial subsidy (mealworms) in the diet. In Focus: Sato, T., El-Sabaawi, R.W., Campbell, K., Ohta, T. & Richardson, J.S. (2016) A test of the effects of timing of a pulsed resource subsidy on stream ecosystems. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85, 1136-1146. Cross-ecosystem subsidies play a critical role in maintaining the structure and functioning of natural communities, especially if they are asynchronous with resource production in the recipient ecosystem. Sato et al. () use a large-scale field experiment to show that changes in the timing of a pulsed terrestrial subsidy can alter stream dynamics from the individual to the ecosystem level. With increasing evidence that global warming will alter the timing, magnitude and frequency of allochthonous inputs, these findings make an important contribution to our understanding of how such changes will reverberate throughout ecosystems that depend on subsidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin J O'Gorman
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
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30
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Flexibility in metabolic rate and activity level determines individual variation in overwinter performance. Oecologia 2016; 182:703-12. [PMID: 27461377 PMCID: PMC5043002 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Energy stores are essential for the overwinter survival of many temperate and polar animals, but individuals within a species often differ in how quickly they deplete their reserves. These disparities in overwinter performance may be explained by differences in their physiological and behavioral flexibility in response to food scarcity. However, little is known about whether individuals exhibit correlated or independent changes in these traits, and how these phenotypic changes collectively affect their winter energy use. We examined individual flexibility in both standard metabolic rate and activity level in response to food scarcity and their combined consequences for depletion of lipid stores among overwintering brown trout (Salmo trutta). Metabolism and activity tended to decrease, yet individuals exhibited striking differences in their physiological and behavioral flexibility. The rate of lipid depletion was negatively related to decreases in both metabolic and activity rates, with the smallest lipid loss over the simulated winter period occurring in individuals that had the greatest reductions in metabolism and/or activity. However, changes in metabolism and activity were negatively correlated; those individuals that decreased their SMR to a greater extent tended to increase their activity rates, and vice versa, suggesting among-individual variation in strategies for coping with food scarcity.
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31
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Furey NB, Hinch SG, Mesa MG, Beauchamp DA. Piscivorous fish exhibit temperature-influenced binge feeding during an annual prey pulse. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1307-17. [PMID: 27457279 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the limits of consumption is important for determining trophic influences on ecosystems and predator adaptations to inconsistent prey availability. Fishes have been observed to consume beyond what is sustainable (i.e. digested on a daily basis), but this phenomenon of hyperphagia (or binge-feeding) is largely overlooked. We expect hyperphagia to be a short-term (1-day) event that is facilitated by gut volume providing capacity to store consumed food during periods of high prey availability to be later digested. We define how temperature, body size and food availability influence the degree of binge-feeding by comparing field observations with laboratory experiments of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), a large freshwater piscivore that experiences highly variable prey pulses. We also simulated bull trout consumption and growth during salmon smolt outmigrations under two scenarios: 1) daily consumption being dependent upon bioenergetically sustainable rates and 2) daily consumption being dependent upon available gut volume (i.e. consumption is equal to gut volume when empty and otherwise 'topping off' based on sustainable digestion rates). One-day consumption by laboratory-held bull trout during the first day of feeding experiments after fasting exceeded bioenergetically sustainable rates by 12- to 87-fold at low temperatures (3 °C) and by ˜1·3-fold at 20 °C. The degree of binge-feeding by bull trout in the field was slightly reduced but largely in agreement with laboratory estimates, especially when prey availability was extremely high [during a sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolt outmigration and at a counting fence where smolts are funnelled into high densities]. Consumption by bull trout at other settings were lower and more variable, but still regularly hyperphagic. Simulations demonstrated the ability to binge-feed increased cumulative consumption (16-32%) and cumulative growth (19-110%) relative to only feeding at bioenergetically sustainable rates during the ˜1-month smolt outmigration period. Our results indicate the ability for predators to maximize short-term consumption when prey are available can be extreme and is limited primarily by gut volume, then mediated by temperature; thus, predator-prey relationships may be more dependent upon prey availability than traditional bioenergetic models suggest. Binge-feeding has important implications for energy budgets of consumers as well as acute predation impacts on prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Furey
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew G Mesa
- Columbia River Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Cook, WA, USA
| | - David A Beauchamp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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32
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Armstrong JB, Takimoto G, Schindler DE, Hayes MM, Kauffman MJ. Resource waves: phenological diversity enhances foraging opportunities for mobile consumers. Ecology 2016; 97:1099-112. [PMID: 27349088 DOI: 10.1890/15-0554.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Time can be a limiting constraint for consumers, particularly when resource phenology mediates foraging opportunity. Though a large body of research has explored how resource phenology influences trophic interactions, this work has focused on the topics of trophic mismatch or predator swamping, which typically occur over short periods, at small spatial extents or coarse resolutions. In contrast many consumers integrate across landscape heterogeneity in resource phenology, moving to track ephemeral food sources that propagate across space as resource waves. Here we provide a conceptual framework to advance the study of phenological diversity and resource waves. We define resource waves, review evidence of their importance in recent case studies, and demonstrate their broader ecological significance with a simulation model. We found that consumers ranging from fig wasps (Chalcidoidea) to grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) exploit resource waves, integrating across phenological diversity to make resource aggregates available for much longer than their component parts. In model simulations, phenological diversity was often more important to consumer energy gain than resource abundance per se. Current ecosystem-based management assumes that species abundance mediates the strength of trophic interactions. Our results challenge this assumption and highlight new opportunities for conservation and management. Resource waves are an emergent property of consumer-resource interactions and are broadly significant in ecology and conservation.
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33
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Sato T, El-Sabaawi RW, Campbell K, Ohta T, Richardson JS. A test of the effects of timing of a pulsed resource subsidy on stream ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1136-46. [PMID: 26972564 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spatial resource subsidies can alter bottom-up and top-down forces of community regulation across ecosystem boundaries. Most subsidies are temporally variable, and recent theory has suggested that consumer-resource dynamics can be stabilized if the peak timing of a subsidy is desynchronized with that of prey productivity in the recipient ecosystem. However, magnitude of consumer responses per se could depend on the subsidy timing, which may be a critical component for community dynamics and ecosystem processes. The aim of this study was to test (i) whether a recipient consumer (cutthroat trout) responds differently to a resource subsidy occurring early in its growing season than to a subsidy occurring late in the season and, if this is the case, (ii) whether the timing-dependent consumer response has cascading effects on communities and ecosystem functions in streams. To test those hypotheses, we conducted a large-scale field experiment, in which we directly manipulated the timing of augmentation of the terrestrial invertebrates that enter stream (i.e. peak timing of June-August vs. August-October), keeping constant the total amounts of the invertebrates entered. We found large increases in the individual growth rate and population biomass of the cutthroat trout, in response to the early resource pulse, but not to the late pulse. This timing-dependent consumer response cascaded down to reduce benthic invertebrates and leaf breakdown rate, and increased water nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, the early resource pulse resulted in higher maturity rate of the cutthroat trout in the following spring, demonstrating the importance of the subsidy timing on long-term community dynamics via the consumer's numerical response. Our results emphasize the need to acknowledge timing-dependent consumer responses in understanding the effects of subsidies on communities and ecosystem processes. Elucidating the mechanisms by which consumers effectively exploit pulsed subsidies is an important avenue to better understand community dynamics in spatially coupled ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sato
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rana W El-Sabaawi
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Kirsten Campbell
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre 3041, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tamihisa Ohta
- Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053-0035, Japan
| | - John S Richardson
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre 3041, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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34
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Jensen LF, Thomsen DS, Madsen SS, Ejbye-Ernst M, Poulsen SB, Svendsen JC. Development of salinity tolerance in the endangered anadromous North Sea houting Coregonus oxyrinchus: implications for conservation measures. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Uno H, Power ME. Mainstem-tributary linkages by mayfly migration help sustain salmonids in a warming river network. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1012-20. [PMID: 26248587 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal migrations can link ecosystems across space. We discovered an aquatic insect that migrates between a river mainstem and its tributaries, and provides an important trophic subsidy for tributary predators. A mayfly, Ephemerella maculata, rears in a warm, sunlit productive river mainstem, then migrates as adults to cool, shaded unproductive tributaries where they oviposit and die. This migration tripled insect flux into a tributary for 1 month in summer. A manipulative field experiment showed that this E. maculata subsidy nearly tripled the growth of the young of the year steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the recipient tributary over the summer months, and was more important than terrestrial invertebrate subsidies, which have been considered the primary food source for predators in small, forested creeks. By delivering food subsidies from productive but warming river mainstems to cool but food-limited tributaries, aquatic insect migrations could enhance resilience to cool-water predators in warming river networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Uno
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mary E Power
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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36
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Bond MH, Miller JA, Quinn TP. Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish. Ecology 2015; 96:1899-910. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1551.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Auer SK, Salin K, Rudolf AM, Anderson GJ, Metcalfe NB. Flexibility in metabolic rate confers a growth advantage under changing food availability. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1405-11. [PMID: 25939669 PMCID: PMC4682473 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic flexibility in physiological, morphological and behavioural traits can allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges. Given recent climate change and the degree of habitat modification currently experienced by many organisms, it is therefore critical to quantify the degree of phenotypic variation present within populations, individual capacities to change and what their consequences are for fitness.
Flexibility in standard metabolic rate (SMR) may be particularly important since SMR reflects the minimal energetic cost of living and is one of the primary traits underlying organismal performance. SMR can increase or decrease in response to food availability, but the consequences of these changes for growth rates and other fitness components are not well known.
We examined individual variation in metabolic flexibility in response to changing food levels and its consequences for somatic growth in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta).
SMR increased when individuals were switched to a high food ration and decreased when they were switched to a low food regime. These shifts in SMR, in turn, were linked with individual differences in somatic growth; those individuals that increased their SMR more in response to elevated food levels grew fastest, while growth at the low food level was fastest in those individuals that depressed their SMR most.
Flexibility in energy metabolism is therefore a key mechanism to maximize growth rates under the challenges imposed by variability in food availability and is likely to be an important determinant of species’ resilience in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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38
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Furey NB, Hinch SG, Lotto AG, Beauchamp DA. Extensive feeding on sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts by bull trout Salvelinus confluentus during initial outmigration into a small, unregulated and inland British Columbia river. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:392-401. [PMID: 25494841 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stomach contents were collected and analysed from 22 bull trout Salvelinus confluentus at the edge of the Chilko Lake and Chilko River in British Columbia, Canada, during spring outmigration of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts. Twenty of the 22 (>90%) stomachs contained prey items, virtually all identifiable prey items were outmigrant O. nerka smolts and stomach contents represented a large portion (0·0-12·6%) of estimated S. confluentus mass. The results demonstrate nearly exclusive and intense feeding by S. confluentus on outmigrant smolts, and support recent telemetry observations of high disappearance rates of O. nerka smolts leaving large natural lake systems prior to entering high-order unregulated river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Furey
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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39
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Rosenfeld J, Van Leeuwen T, Richards J, Allen D. Relationship between growth and standard metabolic rate: measurement artefacts and implications for habitat use and life-history adaptation in salmonids. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:4-20. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rosenfeld
- Conservation Science Section; B.C. Ministry of Environment; University of British Columbia; 2202 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Travis Van Leeuwen
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jeffrey Richards
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - David Allen
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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40
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Going with the Flow: Spatial Distributions of Juvenile Coho Salmon Track an Annually Shifting Mosaic of Water Temperature. Ecosystems 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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