1
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Nickel AK, Campana SE, Ólafsdóttir GÁ. Temperature and body size affect movement of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) at nearshore nurseries. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38924061 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal migrations of marine fish between shallow summer feeding habitats and deep overwintering grounds are driven by fluctuations in the biotic and abiotic environment as well as by changes in the internal state. Ontogenetic shifts in physiology and metabolism affect the response to environmental drivers and may lead to changes in migration timing and propensity. In this study, we investigated the effect of temperature and body size on migration timing and depth distribution in acoustically tagged Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and saithe, Pollachius virens, during the period of seasonal migration from shallow summer habitats. The results from our study revealed a wide range of horizontal and vertical distribution of age 1 and 2 G. morhua within the fjord. Larger G. morhua inhabited deeper, cooler waters than smaller juveniles, likely reflecting size-dependent thermal preferences and predation pressure. Conversely, juvenile P. virens occupied primarily shallow waters close to land. The variation in depth distribution of G. morhua was mainly explained by body size and not, against our predictions, by water temperature. Conversely, the dispersal from the in-fjord habitats occurred when water temperatures were high, suggesting that seasonal temperature fluctuations can trigger the migration timing of P. virens and larger G. morhua from summer habitats. Partial migration of small juvenile G. morhua from in-fjord foraging grounds, likely influenced by individual body condition, suggested seasonal migration as a flexible strategy that individuals may use to reduce predation and energetic expenditure. Predation mortality rates of tagged juveniles were higher than previously suggested and are the first robust predation mortality rates for juvenile G. morhua and P. virens estimated based on acoustic transmitters with acidity sensors. The results have relevance for climate-informed marine spatial planning as under the scenario of increasing ocean temperatures, increasing summer temperatures may reduce the juveniles' resource utilization in the shallow summer nurseries, resulting in lower growth rates, increased predation pressure, and lower chances of juvenile winter survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Nickel
- University of Iceland, Research Centre of the Westfjords, Bolungarvík, Iceland
| | - Steven E Campana
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland
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2
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Lima ARA, Booms EM, Lopes AR, Martins-Cardoso S, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Ribeiro L, Castanho S, Candeias-Mendes A, Pousão-Ferreira P, Faria AM. Early life stage mechanisms of an active fish species to cope with ocean warming and hypoxia as interacting stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122989. [PMID: 37984477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ocean's characteristics are rapidly changing, modifying environmental suitability for early life stages of fish. We assessed whether the chronic effects of warming (24 °C) and hypoxia (<2-2.5 mg L-1) will be amplified by the combination of these stressors on mortality, growth, behaviour, metabolism and oxidative stress of early stages of the white seabream Diplodus sargus. Combined warming and hypoxia synergistically increased larval mortality by >51%. Warming induced faster growth in length and slower gains in weight when compared to other treatments. Boldness and exploration were not directly affected, but swimming activity increased under all test treatments. Under the combination of warming and hypoxia, routine metabolic rate (RMR) significantly decreases when compared to other treatments and shows a negative thermal dependence. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased under warming and were maintained similar to control levels under hypoxia or under combined stressors. Under hypoxia, the enzymatic activities were not enough to prevent oxidative damages as lipid peroxidation and DNA damage increased above control levels. Hypoxia reduced electron transport system activity (cellular respiration) and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity (aerobic metabolism) below control levels. However, lactate dehydrogenase activity (anaerobic metabolism) did not differ among treatments. A Redundancy Analysis showed that ∼99% of the variability in mortality, growth, behaviour and RMR among treatments can be explained by molecular responses. Mortality and growth are highly influenced by oxidative stress and energy metabolism, exhibiting a positive relationship with reactive oxygen species and a negative relationship with aerobic metabolism, regardless of treatment. Under hypoxic condition, RMR, boldness and swimming activity have a positive relationship with anaerobic metabolism regardless of temperature. Thus, seabreams may use anaerobic reliance to counterbalance the effects of the stressors on RMR, activity and growth. The outcomes suggests that early life stages of white seabream overcame the single and combined effects of hypoxia and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Lima
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Emily M Booms
- IMBRSea-The International Master of Science in Marine Biological Resources, Universities Consortium, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-013, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Martins-Cardoso
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Sara Castanho
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Candeias-Mendes
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere - IPMA, Aquaculture Research Station - EPPO, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Faria
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET-Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Jacoby DMP, Piper AT. What acoustic telemetry can and cannot tell us about fish biology. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37837176 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic telemetry (AT) has become ubiquitous in aquatic monitoring and fish biology, conservation, and management. Since the early use of active ultrasonic tracking that required researchers to follow at a distance their species of interest, the field has diversified considerably, with exciting advances in both hydrophone and transmitter technology. Once a highly specialized methodology, however, AT is fast becoming a generalist tool for those wishing to study or conserve fishes, leading to diversifying application by non-specialists. With this transition in mind, we evaluate exactly what AT has become useful for, discussing how the technological and analytical advances around AT can address important questions within fish biology. In doing so, we highlight the key ecological and applied research areas where AT continues to reveal crucial new insights and, in particular, when combined with complimentary research approaches. We provide a comprehensive breakdown of the state of the art for applications of AT, discussing the ongoing challenges, where its strengths lie, and how future developments may revolutionize fisheries management, behavioral ecology and species protection. Through selected papers we illustrate specific applications across the broad spectrum of fish biology. By bringing together the recent and future developments in this field under categories designed to broadly capture many aspects of fish biology, we hope to offer a useful guide for the non-specialist practitioner as they attempt to navigate the dizzying array of considerations and ongoing developments within this diverse toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M P Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Adam T Piper
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
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4
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Merz MR, Boone SR, Mortelliti A. Predation risk and personality influence seed predation and dispersal by a scatter‐hoarding small mammal. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Merz
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Sara R. Boone
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Alessio Mortelliti
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
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5
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Cockrem JF. Individual variation, personality, and the ability of animals to cope with climate change. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.897314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sixth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change describes negative effects of climate change on animals occurring on a larger scale than previously appreciated. Animal species are increasingly experiencing more frequent and extreme weather in comparison with conditions in which the species evolved. Individual variation in behavioural and physiological responses of animals to stimuli from the environment is ubiquitous across all species. Populations with relatively high levels of individual variation are more likely to be able to survive in a range of environmental conditions and cope with climate change than populations with low levels of variation. Behavioural and physiological responses are linked in animals, and personality can be defined as consistent individual behavioural and physiological responses of animals to changes in their immediate environment. Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) are hormones that, in addition to metabolic roles, are released when the neuroendocrine stress system is activated in response to stimuli from the environment perceived to be threatening. The size of a glucocorticoid response of an animal is an indication of the animal’s personality. Animals with reactive personalities have relatively high glucocorticoid responses, are relatively slow and thorough to explore new situations, and are more flexible and able to cope with changing or unpredictable conditions than animals with proactive personalities. Animals with reactive personalities are likely to be better able to cope with environmental changes due to climate change than animals with proactive personalities. A reaction norm shows the relationship between phenotype and environmental conditions, with the slope of a reaction norm for an individual animal a measure of phenotypic plasticity. If reaction norm slopes are not parallel, there is individual variation in plasticity. Populations with relatively high individual variation in plasticity of reaction norms will have more animals that can adjust to a new situation than populations with little variation in plasticity, so are more likely to persist as environments change due to climate change. Future studies of individual variation in plasticity of responses to changing environments will help understanding of how populations of animals may be able to cope with climate change.
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6
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Cresci A, Durif CMF, Larsen T, Bjelland R, Skiftesvik AB, Browman HI. Magnetic fields produced by subsea high-voltage direct current cables reduce swimming activity of haddock larvae ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus). PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac175. [PMID: 36714825 PMCID: PMC9802485 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) subsea cables are used to transport power between locations and from/to nearshore and offshore facilities. HVDC cables produce magnetic fields (B-fields) that could impact marine fish. Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is a demersal fish that is at risk of exposure to anthropogenic B-fields. Their larvae drift over the continental shelf, and use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation during dispersal. Therefore, anthropogenic magnetic fields from HVDC cables could alter their behavior. We tested the behavior of 92 haddock larvae using a setup designed to simulate the scenario of larvae drifting past a B-field in the intensity range of that produced by a DC subsea cable. We exposed the larvae to a B-field intensity ranging from 50 to 150 µT in a raceway tank. Exposure to the B-field did not affect the spatial distribution of haddock larvae in the raceway. Larvae were categorized by differences in their exploratory behavior in the raceway. The majority (78%) of larvae were nonexploratory, and exposure to the artificial B-field reduced their median swimming speed by 60% and decreased their median acceleration by 38%. There was no effect on swimming of the smaller proportion (22%) of exploratory larvae. These observations support the conclusion that the swimming performance of nonexploratory haddock larvae would be reduced following exposure to B-field from HVDC cables. The selective impact on nonexploratory individuals, and the lack of impact on exploratory individuals, could have population-scale implications for haddock in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Torkel Larsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun Bjelland
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
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7
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Beukeboom R, Morel A, Phillips JS, Ólafsdóttir GÁ, Benhaïm D. Activity vs exploration: Locomotion in a known and unknown environment differs in Atlantic cod juveniles (Gadus morhua). Behav Processes 2022; 202:104736. [PMID: 36028060 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Individuals within a population often behave differently and these differences can be consistent over time and/or context, also termed "animal personality". Animal personality has been commonly classified into five axes with studies aiming to validate these axes. One subject that has surprisingly not received full attention yet is the difference between the two personality axes "activity" and "exploration-avoidance", i.e. behaviour in a known vs an unknown environment. Despite this clear difference in definition, many studies measure activity in an unknown environment and term it activity, while underlying motivations between the two environments are different. This study aimed to detect the two personality traits "activity" and "exploration" in Atlantic cod juveniles, and to investigate whether they support the distinctive definitions proposed by previous authors. This study showed significant consistency in locomotion variation in both environments, i.e. personality. In addition, the two environments clearly elicited different behaviours; Atlantic cod juvenile behaviour was more repeatable and they moved more in the known vs the unknown environment, and no correlation of the proportional locomotion between the two was found. This demonstrates that locomotion in both environments, i.e. the personality axes "activity" and "exploration", should not be confused nor treated as if they reflect the same personality trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Beukeboom
- University of Iceland, Research Centre of the Westfjords, Bolungarvik, Iceland; Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Saudárkrókur, Iceland.
| | - Antoine Morel
- University of Iceland, Research Centre of the Westfjords, Bolungarvik, Iceland
| | - Joseph S Phillips
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Saudárkrókur, Iceland
| | | | - David Benhaïm
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Saudárkrókur, Iceland
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8
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Bohaboy EC, Cass-Calay SL, Patterson WF. Fine-scale movement of northern Gulf of Mexico red snapper and gray triggerfish estimated with three-dimensional acoustic telemetry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14274. [PMID: 35995813 PMCID: PMC9395330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Red snapper and gray triggerfish are ecologically, economically, and culturally important reef fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM). Scientists and managers have sought to understand the effects of artificial reefs on reef fish ecology by focusing on fish residency and movement at artificial reefs with less attention paid to broader spatial and temporal patterns in reef fish movements among a seascape of artificial reefs and other natural habitats. We used novel large-scale (> 15 km2) geopositioning acoustic telemetry arrays to track the 3-dimensional movements of tagged red snapper (n = 59) and gray triggerfish (n = 15) among multiple nGOM artificial reefs up to 333 days. Tagged fish moved frequently among artificial reefs and had shorter residence times at the release reef (43 days for red snapper and 3 days for gray triggerfish) than reported in previous studies. Both species displayed high individual variability in movement dynamics, as well as seasonally variable diel patterns of habitat use, height above bottom, and distance to reefs, which may have been driven by dynamic influences of predation risk, physiological constraints, or foraging over time and space. The wider seascape view revealed in this study demonstrates the importance of including multiple artificial reefs over long timescales to capture individual, spatial, and temporal variability in reef fish movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Bohaboy
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA. .,National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA.
| | - Shannon L Cass-Calay
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - William F Patterson
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
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9
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van der Knaap I, Slabbekoorn H, Moens T, Van den Eynde D, Reubens J. Effects of pile driving sound on local movement of free-ranging Atlantic cod in the Belgian North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118913. [PMID: 35114303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Offshore energy acquisition through the construction of wind farms is rapidly becoming one of the major sources of green energy all over the world. The construction of offshore wind farms contributes to the ocean soundscape as steel monopile foundations are commonly hammered into the seabed to anchor wind turbines. This pile driving activity causes repeated, impulsive, low-frequency sounds, reaching far into the environment, which may have an impact on the surrounding marine life. In this study, we investigated the effect of the construction of 50 wind turbine foundations, over a time span of four months, on the presence and movement behaviour of free-swimming, individually tagged Atlantic cod. The turbine foundations were constructed at a distance ranging between 2.3 and 7.1 km from the cod, which resided in a nearby, existing wind farm in the southern North Sea. Our results indicated that local fish remained in the exposed area during and in-between pile-driving activities, but showed some modest changes in movement patterns. The tagged cod did not increase their net movement activity, but moved closer to the scour-bed (i.e. hard substrate), surrounding their nearest turbine, during and after each piling event. Additionally, fish moved further away from the sound source, which was mainly due to the fact that they were positioned closer to a piling event before its start. We found no effect of the time since the last piling event. Long-term changes in movement behaviour can result in energy budget changes, and thereby in individual growth and maturation, eventually determining growth rate of populations. Consequently, although behavioural changes to pile driving in the current study seem modest, we believe that the potential for cumulative effects, and species-specific variation in impact, warrant more tagging studies in the future, with an emphasis on quantification of energy budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van der Knaap
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Marine Biology Lab, Biology Department, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Lab, Biology Department, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Reubens
- Flanders Marine Institute, Ostend, 8400, Belgium
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10
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Payne E, Spiegel O, Sinn DL, Leu ST, Gardner MG, Godfrey SS, Wohlfeil C, Sih A. Intrinsic traits, social context, and local environment shape home range size and fidelity of sleepy lizards. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Payne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis USA
| | - O. Spiegel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - D. L. Sinn
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis USA
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania, Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - S. T. Leu
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - M. G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace Adelaide Australia
| | - S. S. Godfrey
- Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - C. Wohlfeil
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - A. Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis USA
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11
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Gharnit E, Dammhahn M, Garant D, Réale D. Resource Availability, Sex, and Individual Differences in Exploration Drive Individual Diet Apecialization. Am Nat 2022; 200:1-16. [DOI: 10.1086/719669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Mensinger MA, Brehm AM, Mortelliti A, Blomberg EJ, Zydlewski JD. American eel personality and body length influence passage success in an experimental fishway. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Mensinger
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Allison M. Brehm
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Alessio Mortelliti
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Erik J. Blomberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Joseph D. Zydlewski
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono ME USA
- Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit U.S. Geological Survey University of Maine Orono ME USA
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13
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Michelangeli M, Payne E, Spiegel O, Sinn DL, Leu ST, Gardner MG, Sih A. Personality, spatiotemporal ecological variation and resident/explorer movement syndromes in the sleepy lizard. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:210-223. [PMID: 34679184 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Individual variation in movement is profoundly important for fitness and offers key insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of populations and communities. Nonetheless, individual variation in fine-scale movement behaviours is rarely examined even though animal tracking devices offer the long-term, high-resolution, repeatable data in natural conditions that are ideal for studying this variation. Furthermore, of the few studies that consider individual variation in movement, even fewer also consider the internal traits and environmental factors that drive movement behaviour which are necessary for contextualising individual differences in movement patterns. In this study, we GPS tracked a free-ranging population of sleepy lizards Tiliqua rugosa, each Austral spring over 5 years to examine consistent among-individual variation in movement patterns, as well as how these differences were mediated by key internal and ecological factors. We found that individuals consistently differed in a suite of weekly movement traits, and that these traits strongly covaried among-individuals, forming movement syndromes. Lizards fell on a primary movement continuum, from 'residents' that spent extended periods of time residing within smaller core areas of their home range, to 'explorers' that moved greater distances and explored vaster areas of the environment. Importantly, we also found that these consistent differences in lizard movement were related to two ecologically important animal personality traits (boldness and aggression), their sex, key features of the environment (including food availability, and a key water resource), habitat type and seasonal variation (cool/moist vs. hot/drier) in environmental conditions. Broadly, these movement specialisations likely reflect variation in life-history tactics including foraging and mating tactics that ultimately underlie key differences in space use. Such information can be used to connect phenotypic population structure to key ecological and evolutionary processes, for example social networks and disease-transmission pathways, further highlighting the value of examining individual variation in movement behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Michelangeli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eric Payne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Orr Spiegel
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David L Sinn
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephan T Leu
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Monnet G, Rosenfeld JS, Richards JG. Behavioural variation between piscivore and insectivore rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:955-963. [PMID: 33969488 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A proactive-reactive continuum integrating multiple (i.e., 3+) dimensions of animal behaviour has been reported as a major axis of behavioural differentiation, but its stability along a biological hierarchy from individuals to populations remains speculative. Piscivore and insectivore rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) represent closely related ecotypes with strong ecological divergence driven by selection for a large-bodied piscivorous lifestyle with fast juvenile growth vs. selection for smaller adult body size and lower growth associated with an insectivorous diet. To evaluate whether differences in behaviour between ecotypes are consistent with a proactive-reactive axis and consistent along a biological hierarchy, the authors examined variation in emergence time from a shelter, exploration, activity and predator inspection among individuals, populations and ecotypes of juvenile piscivore and insectivore rainbow trout O. mykiss. As expected, the faster-growing piscivore ecotype was more proactive (i.e., shorter emergence time, exploration and predator inspection) than the more reactive insectivore ecotype. This behavioural contrast was partly maintained across populations, although activity differences were most pronounced among populations, rather than emergence time. Insectivore fry showed substantial variation in behavioural expression among individuals within populations; by contrast, piscivores showed highly similar proactive behaviours with significantly lower inter-individual variation in behavioural expression, suggesting intense selection on behaviour supporting their faster growth. This work suggests that piscivore and insectivore O. mykiss broadly differ in behaviour along a proactive vs. reactive continuum, and highlights the greater multidimensionality of behavioural expression within the insectivore ecotype. Contrasting behaviours between ecotypes may result from differential selection for slow vs. fast juvenile growth and associated metabolism, and may contribute to adult trophic specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Monnet
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jordan S Rosenfeld
- British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Schunter C, Jarrold MD, Munday PL, Ravasi T. Diel pCO 2 fluctuations alter the molecular response of coral reef fishes to ocean acidification conditions. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5105-5118. [PMID: 34402113 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 ) variation can modify the responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification, yet the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. On coral reefs, environmental pCO2 fluctuates on a regular day-night cycle. Effects of future ocean acidification on coral reef fishes might therefore depend on their response to this diel cycle of pCO2 . To evaluate the effects on the brain molecular response, we exposed two common reef fishes (Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion percula) to two projected future pCO2 levels (750 and 1,000 µatm) under both stable and diel fluctuating conditions. We found a common signature to stable elevated pCO2 for both species, which included the downregulation of immediate early genes, indicating lower brain activity. The transcriptional programme was more strongly affected by higher average pCO2 in a stable treatment than for fluctuating treatments, but the largest difference in molecular response was between stable and fluctuating pCO2 treatments. This indicates that a response to a change in environmental pCO2 conditions is different for organisms living in a fluctuating than in stable environments. This differential regulation was related to steroid hormones and circadian rhythm (CR). Both species exhibited a marked difference in the expression of CR genes among pCO2 treatments, possibly accommodating a more flexible adaptive approach in the response to environmental changes. Our results suggest that environmental pCO2 fluctuations might enable reef fishes to phase-shift their clocks and anticipate pCO2 changes, thereby avoiding impairments and more successfully adjust to ocean acidification conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Schunter
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael D Jarrold
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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16
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Saboret G, Dermond P, Brodersen J. Using PIT-tags and portable antennas for quantification of fish movement and survival in streams under different environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:581-595. [PMID: 33821479 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While PIT-tag tracking using mobile antennas is being increasingly used to study fish movement and survival in streams, little is known about the limitations of the method, especially over longer periods of time and under different environmental settings. We used 6 years of data combining tagging, mobile antenna tracking and recaptures of Salmo trutta in multiple small streams in the Lake Lucerne drainage area in Switzerland to evaluate the relative importance of different environmental and intrinsic factors affecting the efficiency of the method. Our study system and experimental design allowed us to accurately verify the continuous presence and survival of recaptured fish in the stream after tracking, which meant that we could estimate detection probability with high confidence. The mean detection probability of tagged trout was 43%, but we found that fish length had a strong negative effect on detection probability, especially in males. Multivariate axes of stream environmental features did not predict efficiency but stream width alone was significantly positively correlated with efficiency. Additionally, stream temperature when tracking had a positive effect on fish detectability. Tag loss at recapture was globally rare (<8%) but common in large postspawn females (>30%). Based on the escape response of fish after detection, we could estimate the proportion of ghost tags, which reached a plateau of around 80% 2 years after tagging. We finally showed that our models of tag loss, fish detection and escape response are needed to interpret detection events. Our results highlight that individual variation in detection probability and tag loss is high and has to be considered for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Saboret
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Master Biosciences, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philip Dermond
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Aquatic Ecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Aquatic Ecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Thorbjørnsen SH, Moland E, Villegas‐Ríos D, Bleeker K, Knutsen H, Olsen EM. Selection on fish personality differs between a no-take marine reserve and fished areas. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1807-1815. [PMID: 34295365 PMCID: PMC8288012 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine reserves can protect fish populations by increasing abundance and body size, but less is known about the effect of protection on fish behaviour. We looked for individual consistency in movement behaviours of sea trout in the marine habitat using acoustic telemetry to investigate whether they represent personality traits and if so, do they affect survival in relation to protection offered by a marine reserve. Home range size had a repeatability of 0.21, suggesting that it represents a personality trait, while mean swimming depth, activity and diurnal vertical migration were not repeatable movement behaviours. The effect of home range size on survival differed depending on the proportion of time fish spent in the reserve, where individuals spending more time in the reserve experienced a decrease in survival with larger home ranges while individuals spending little time in the reserve experienced an increase in survival with larger home ranges. We suggest that the diversity of fish home range sizes could be preserved by establishing networks of marine reserves encompassing different habitat types, ensuring both a heterogeneity in environmental conditions and fishing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Huneide Thorbjørnsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Even Moland
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - David Villegas‐Ríos
- IMEDEAInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UIB)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesIchthyology GroupEsporlesBalearic IslandsSpain
- IIMInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesFisheries Ecology GroupVigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Katinka Bleeker
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Esben Moland Olsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
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18
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Lifetime stability of social traits in bottlenose dolphins. Commun Biol 2021; 4:759. [PMID: 34145380 PMCID: PMC8213821 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral phenotypic traits or “animal personalities” drive critical evolutionary processes such as fitness, disease and information spread. Yet the stability of behavioral traits, essential by definition, has rarely been measured over developmentally significant periods of time, limiting our understanding of how behavioral stability interacts with ontogeny. Based on 32 years of social behavioral data for 179 wild bottlenose dolphins, we show that social traits (associate number, time alone and in large groups) are stable from infancy to late adulthood. Multivariate analysis revealed strong relationships between these stable metrics within individuals, suggesting a complex behavioral syndrome comparable to human extraversion. Maternal effects (particularly vertical social learning) and sex-specific reproductive strategies are likely proximate and ultimate drivers for these patterns. We provide rare empirical evidence to demonstrate the persistence of social behavioral traits over decades in a non-human animal. Taylor Evans et al. present analyses based on 32 years of observations of dolphin social behaviour in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Their findings indicate that individual social traits, such as preference for time spent alone vs in groups, remain stable throughout an individual’s lifetime, despite physiological and social changes through adulthood.
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19
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Bacheler NM, Shertzer KW, Runde BJ, Rudershausen PJ, Buckel JA. Environmental conditions, diel period, and fish size influence the horizontal and vertical movements of red snapper. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9580. [PMID: 33953219 PMCID: PMC8099871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most demersal fishes are difficult to observe and track due to methodological and analytical constraints. We used an acoustic positioning system to elucidate the horizontal and vertical movements of 44 red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) off North Carolina, USA, in 2019. Mean movement rate and distance off bottom varied by individual, with larger red snapper generally moving faster and spending more time farther off the bottom than smaller individuals. We used generalized additive mixed models that accounted for temporal autocorrelation in the data to show that mean hourly red snapper movement rate was lower during the day than at night and was negatively related to bottom water temperature. Moreover, red snapper spent more time off the bottom during the day than at night, and vertical movements were mostly related to bottom upwelling events that sporadically occurred in May-July. Our results and previous observations suggest that red snapper feed primarily on benthic organisms at night, and display diel vertical migration (i.e., thermotaxis) up to warmer waters (when present) during the day to aid digestive efficiency. Movement is a central organizing feature in ecology, and the sustainable management of fish will benefit from a better understanding of the timing and causes of fish movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Bacheler
- grid.422702.10000 0001 1356 4495Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA
| | - Kyle W. Shertzer
- grid.422702.10000 0001 1356 4495Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA
| | - Brendan J. Runde
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Applied Ecology, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA
| | - Paul J. Rudershausen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Applied Ecology, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Buckel
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Applied Ecology, Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA
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20
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Wauters LA, Mazzamuto MV, Santicchia F, Martinoli A, Preatoni DG, Lurz PWW, Bertolino S, Romeo C. Personality traits, sex and food abundance shape space use in an arboreal mammal. Oecologia 2021; 196:65-76. [PMID: 33796927 PMCID: PMC8139925 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal space use is affected by spatio-temporal variation in food availability and/or population density and varies among individuals. This inter-individual variation in spacing behaviour can be further influenced by sex, body condition, social dominance, and by the animal's personality. We used capture-mark-recapture and radio-tracking to examine the relationship between space use and personality in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in three conifer forests in the Italian Alps. We further explored to what extent this was influenced by changes in food abundance and/or population density. Measures of an individual's trappability and trap diversity had high repeatability and were used in a Principal Component Analysis to obtain a single personality score representing a boldness-exploration tendency. Males increased home-range size with low food abundance and low female density, independent of their personality. However, bolder males used larger core-areas that overlapped less with other males than shy ones, suggesting different resource (food, partners) utilization strategies among personality types. For females, space use-personality relationships varied with food abundance, and bolder females used larger home ranges than shy ones at low female density, but the trend was opposite at high female density. Females' intrasexual core-area overlap was negatively related to body mass, with no effect of personality. We conclude that relationships between personality traits and space use in free-ranging squirrels varied with sex, and were further influenced by spatio-temporal fluctuations in food availability. Moreover, different personality types (bold-explorative vs. shy) seemed to adopt different space-use strategies to increase access to food and/or partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Wauters
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Vittoria Mazzamuto
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.,School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Francesca Santicchia
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Adriano Martinoli
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Damiano G Preatoni
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit, Guido Tosi Research Group, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Peter W W Lurz
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Sandro Bertolino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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21
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Rotics S, Turjeman S, Kaatz M, Zurell D, Wikelski M, Sapir N, Fiedler W, Eggers U, Resheff YS, Jeltsch F, Nathan R. Early-life behaviour predicts first-year survival in a long-distance avian migrant. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202670. [PMID: 33434462 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life conditions have critical, long-lasting effects on the fate of individuals, yet early-life activity has rarely been linked to subsequent survival of animals in the wild. Using high-resolution GPS and body-acceleration data of 93 juvenile white storks (Ciconia ciconia), we examined the links between behaviour during both pre-fledging and post-fledging (fledging-to-migration) periods and subsequent first-year survival. Juvenile daily activity (based on overall dynamic body acceleration) showed repeatable between-individual variation, the juveniles' pre- and post-fledging activity levels were correlated and both were positively associated with subsequent survival. Daily activity increased gradually throughout the post-fledging period, and the relationship between post-fledging activity and survival was stronger in individuals who increased their daily activity level faster (an interaction effect). We suggest that high activity profiles signified individuals with increased pre-migratory experience, higher individual quality and perhaps more proactive personality, which could underlie their superior survival rates. The duration of individuals' fledging-to-migration periods had a hump-shaped relationship with survival: higher survival was associated with intermediate rather than short or long durations. Short durations reflect lower pre-migratory experience, whereas very long ones were associated with slower increases in daily activity level which possibly reflects slow behavioural development. In accordance with previous studies, heavier nestlings and those that hatched and migrated earlier had increased survival. Using extensive tracking data, our study exposed new links between early-life attributes and survival, suggesting that early activity profiles in migrating birds can explain variation in first-year survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Rotics
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sondra Turjeman
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Kaatz
- Vogelschutzwarte Storchenhof Loburg e.V., Chausseestrasse 18, 39279 Loburg, Germany
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Ecology and Macroecology, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Nir Sapir
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Fiedler
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78468 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ute Eggers
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yehezkel S Resheff
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ran Nathan
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Personality and behavioral syndromes in two Peromyscus species: presence, lack of state dependence, and lack of association with home range size. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Mortelliti A, Brehm AM. Environmental heterogeneity and population density affect the functional diversity of personality traits in small mammal populations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201713. [PMID: 33290673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors affecting the functional diversity of ecological communities is an important goal for ecologists and conservationists. Previous work has largely been conducted at the community level; however, recent studies have highlighted the critical importance of considering intraspecific functional diversity (i.e. the functional diversity of phenotypic traits among conspecifics). Further, a major limitation of existing literature on this topic is the lack of empirical studies examining functional diversity of behavioural phenotypes-including animal personalities. This is a major shortcoming because personality traits can affect the fitness of individuals, and the composition of personalities in a population can have important ecological consequences. Our study aims to contribute to filling this knowledge gap by investigating factors affecting the functional diversity of personality traits in wild animal populations. Specifically, we predicted that the richness, divergence and evenness associated with personality traits would be impacted by key components of forest structure and would vary between contrasting forest types. To achieve our objective we conducted a fully replicated large-scale field experiment over a 4 year period using small mammal populations as a model system. We found that greater heterogeneity in the cover of shrubs, coarse woody debris and canopy cover was associated with a greater richness, lower divergence and lower evenness in personality traits. Greater population density was associated with greater functional richness and lower functional divergence and evenness of personality traits. To maintain a behaviourally diverse population and its associated functions, managers may promote heterogeneity in vegetation and increased population density, which we found to be the most important determinants driving functional diversity of personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Mortelliti
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Allison M Brehm
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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24
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Kaiser A, Eymard M, Merckx T, Van Dyck H. Individual plasticity drives boldness senescence in a territorial butterfly. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Kaiser
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Manon Eymard
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Thomas Merckx
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group Earth & Life Institute UCLouvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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25
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Jensen AJ, Finstad B, Fiske P, Diserud OH, Thorstad EB. Repeatable individual variation in migration timing in two anadromous salmonids and ecological consequences. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11727-11738. [PMID: 33144996 PMCID: PMC7593174 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent individual differences in behavior have been demonstrated for many animals, but there are few studies of consequences of such repeated behavior in the wild. We tested consistency in migration timing to and from the sea among anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), using data from a study period of about 25 years, including more than 27,000 uniquely Carlin-tagged individuals that migrated to sea for feeding in the spring and returned to the river in late summer for up to 13 successive years. Consistency was found between individuals across time in timing of the seaward migration. Individuals migrating early during their first migration tended to migrate early the following years, and late migrants tended to migrate late. The same pattern was found also at ascent to freshwater. Hence, this study demonstrated that individual fish in nature can differ in behavior related to migration timing and that these differences can be consistent during their lifetime. Early migrants increased their mass more than late migrants and had a higher specific growth rate. Early migrating Arctic char, but not brown trout, experienced a longer life after the first migration to sea than late migrants. In both species, maturity occurred earlier in individuals that migrated early. For brown trout, but not for Arctic char, fecundity was significantly correlated to the timing of smolt migration. Hence, the repeatable individual variation in migration timing seemed to have ecological and fitness consequences in terms of growth, longevity, timing of maturity, and lifetime fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bengt Finstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)TrondheimNorway
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Peder Fiske
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)TrondheimNorway
| | - Ola H. Diserud
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)TrondheimNorway
| | - Eva B. Thorstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)TrondheimNorway
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26
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Daniel DK, Bhat A. Bolder and Brighter? Exploring Correlations Between Personality and Cognitive Abilities Among Individuals Within a Population of Wild Zebrafish, Danio rerio. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:138. [PMID: 32903664 PMCID: PMC7438763 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within populations, individual differences in behavioral and cognitive traits are dependent on the habitat and specific contexts, such as the presence of a predator or other risks. The ability to show variable responses to changing conditions can be of immense survival advantage to organisms. We studied individual differences in specific personality traits, such as boldness, exploration, and spatial ability, and the effect of these traits on learning ability and memory in the presence of a predatory threat, among wild caught zebrafish (Danio rerio). Under laboratory conditions, individuals were trained to perform a simple navigation task, and their performance, exploration, boldness traits were measured, along with learning and memory abilities under two contexts (i.e., in the presence and absence of a predator). Our results revealed that fish showed a clear decline in emergence time, exploration time, and feeding latency over trials, indicative of learning, and further tests for memory also showed memory retention. While the presence of a predator increased emergence time and latencies for navigating, indicating declines in boldness and exploration, these were found to be correlated to different personalities among the individuals and dependent on their sex. While females tended to be bolder and learned the spatial task faster, they showed lower memory retention abilities than males. Personality traits were also found to affect cognitive abilities among individuals. In general, the presence of a predator decreased performance latencies. However, bolder individuals were less affected and emerged more quickly from the refuge chamber than shy individuals. Our results point to the complex interplay of ecological context along with inherent correlations across personality traits that decide the overall personality and cognitive responses among individuals even within populations. These findings thus highlight the importance of an inclusive approach that combines personality and cognition studies for understanding variations within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danita K Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata, India
| | - Anuradha Bhat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata, India
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Börger L, Bijleveld AI, Fayet AL, Machovsky-Capuska GE, Patrick SC, Street GM, Vander Wal E. Biologging Special Feature. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:6-15. [PMID: 32091640 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Allert I Bijleveld
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Samantha C Patrick
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Garrett M Street
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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28
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Hertel AG, Niemelä PT, Dingemanse NJ, Mueller T. A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32612837 PMCID: PMC7325061 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Animal tracking and biologging devices record large amounts of data on individual movement behaviors in natural environments. In these data, movement ecologists often view unexplained variation around the mean as "noise" when studying patterns at the population level. In the field of behavioral ecology, however, focus has shifted from population means to the biological underpinnings of variation around means. Specifically, behavioral ecologists use repeated measures of individual behavior to partition behavioral variability into intrinsic among-individual variation and reversible behavioral plasticity and to quantify: a) individual variation in behavioral types (i.e. different average behavioral expression), b) individual variation in behavioral plasticity (i.e. different responsiveness of individuals to environmental gradients), c) individual variation in behavioral predictability (i.e. different residual within-individual variability of behavior around the mean), and d) correlations among these components and correlations in suites of behaviors, called 'behavioral syndromes'. We here suggest that partitioning behavioral variability in animal movements will further the integration of movement ecology with other fields of behavioral ecology. We provide a literature review illustrating that individual differences in movement behaviors are insightful for wildlife and conservation studies and give recommendations regarding the data required for addressing such questions. In the accompanying R tutorial we provide a guide to the statistical approaches quantifying the different aspects of among-individual variation. We use movement data from 35 African elephants and show that elephants differ in a) their average behavior for three common movement behaviors, b) the rate at which they adjusted movement over a temporal gradient, and c) their behavioral predictability (ranging from more to less predictable individuals). Finally, two of the three movement behaviors were correlated into a behavioral syndrome (d), with farther moving individuals having shorter mean residence times. Though not explicitly tested here, individual differences in movement and predictability can affect an individual's risk to be hunted or poached and could therefore open new avenues for conservation biologists to assess population viability. We hope that this review, tutorial, and worked example will encourage movement ecologists to examine the biology of individual variation in animal movements hidden behind the population mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G. Hertel
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
| | - Petri T. Niemelä
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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29
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Paquette C, Garant D, Savage J, Réale D, Bergeron P. Individual and environmental determinants of Cuterebra bot fly parasitism in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Oecologia 2020; 193:359-370. [PMID: 32566968 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between parasites, hosts, and their shared environment is central to ecology. Variation in infestation prevalence may be the result of varying environmental and population characteristics; however, variations in parasitism may also depend on individual characteristics that influence both the exposure and susceptibility to parasites. Using 12 years of data from a population of wild eastern chipmunks relying on pulsed food resources, we investigated the determinants of bot fly parasitism at both the population and individual level. We assessed the relationship between infestation prevalence and weather conditions, population size and food abundance. Then, we assessed the relationship between infestation intensity and chipmunk behavior, sex, age, body mass and food abundance. Precipitation, temperature and population size were positively related to infestation prevalence, while beech masts were negatively related to infestation prevalence, highlighting the importance of local environmental conditions on hosts and parasites. We also found that the influence of activity and exploration on infestation intensity varied according to sex in adults. More active and faster exploring males had more parasites compared to females, suggesting that reproductive behaviors may influence parasite exposure. For juveniles, infestation intensity was greater when juveniles emerged in the spring as opposed to fall, possibly because spring emergence is synchronized with the peak of bot fly eggs in the environment, low food availability and longer activity period. Our results suggest that the environmental, population and host characteristics that are advantageous for reproduction and resource acquisition may come at the cost of increasing parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Paquette
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jade Savage
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Patrick Bergeron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California at Davis Davis CA USA
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31
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Gharnit E, Bergeron P, Garant D, Réale D. Exploration profiles drive activity patterns and temporal niche specialization in a wild rodent. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Individual niche specialization can have important consequences for competition, fitness, and, ultimately, population dynamics and ecological speciation. The temporal window and the level of daily activity are niche components that may vary with sex, breeding season, food supply, population density, and predator’s circadian rhythm. More recently, ecologists emphasized that traits such as dispersal and space use could depend on personality differences. Boldness and exploration have been shown to correlate with variation in foraging patterns, habitat use, and home range. Here, we assessed the link between exploration, measured from repeated novel environment tests, activity patterns, and temporal niche specialization in wild eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Intrinsic differences in exploration should drive daily activity patterns through differences in energy requirements, space use, or the speed to access resources. We used collar-mounted accelerometers to assess whether individual exploration profiles predicted: 1) daily overall dynamic body acceleration, reflecting overall activity levels; 2) mean activity duration and the rate of activity sequences, reflecting the structure of daily activity; and 3) patterns of dawn and dusk activity, reflecting temporal niche differentiation. Exploration and overall activity levels were weakly related. However, both dawn activity and rate of activity sequences increased with the speed of exploration. Overall, activity patterns varied according to temporal variability in food conditions. This study emphasizes the role of intrinsic behavioral differences in activity patterns in a wild animal population. Future studies will help us understand how yearly seasonality in reproduction, food abundance, and population density modulate personality-dependent foraging patterns and temporal niche specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elouana Gharnit
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Bergeron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Gervais L, Hewison AJM, Morellet N, Bernard M, Merlet J, Cargnelutti B, Chaval Y, Pujol B, Quéméré E. Pedigree-free quantitative genetic approach provides evidence for heritability of movement tactics in wild roe deer. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:595-607. [PMID: 31985133 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the evolutionary potential of animal populations in the wild is crucial to understanding how they may respond to selection mediated by rapid environmental change (e.g. habitat loss and fragmentation). A growing number of studies have investigated the adaptive role of behaviour, but assessments of its genetic basis in a natural setting remain scarce. We combined intensive biologging technology with genome-wide data and a pedigree-free quantitative genetic approach to quantify repeatability, heritability and evolvability for a suite of behaviours related to the risk avoidance-resource acquisition trade-off in a wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population inhabiting a heterogeneous, human-dominated landscape. These traits, linked to the stress response, movement and space-use behaviour, were all moderately to highly repeatable. Furthermore, the repeatable among-individual component of variation in these traits was partly due to additive genetic variance, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.21 ± 0.08 to 0.70 ± 0.11 and evolvability ranging from 1.1% to 4.3%. Changes in the trait mean can therefore occur under hypothetical directional selection over just a few generations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical demonstration of additive genetic variation in space-use behaviour in a free-ranging population based on genomic relatedness data. We conclude that wild animal populations may have the potential to adjust their spatial behaviour to human-driven environmental modifications through microevolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gervais
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.,Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Aidan J M Hewison
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Maria Bernard
- INRAE, GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRAE, SIGENAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joël Merlet
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Bruno Cargnelutti
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Yannick Chaval
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Benoit Pujol
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, UPS, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France.,USR 3278 CRIOBE, PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Erwan Quéméré
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.,ESE, Ecology and Ecosystems Health, Ouest, INRAE, Rennes, France
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33
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Barou Dagues M, Hall CL, Giraldeau LA. Individual differences in learning ability are negatively linked to behavioural plasticity in a frequency-dependent game. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Mitchell DJ, Dujon AM, Beckmann C, Biro PA. Temporal autocorrelation: a neglected factor in the study of behavioral repeatability and plasticity. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Quantifying individual variation in labile physiological or behavioral traits often involves repeated measures through time, so as to test for consistency of individual differences (often using repeatability, “R”) and/or individual differences in trendlines over time. Another form of temporal change in behavior is temporal autocorrelation, which predicts observations taken closely together in time to be correlated, leading to nonrandom residuals about individual temporal trendlines. Temporal autocorrelation may result from slowly changing internal states (e.g., hormone or energy levels), leading to slowly changing behavior. Autocorrelation is a well-known phenomenon, but has been largely neglected by those studying individual variation in behavior. Here, we provide two worked examples which show substantial temporal autocorrelation (r > 0.4) is present in spontaneous activity rates of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and house mice (Mus domesticus) in stable laboratory conditions, even after accounting for temporal plasticity of individuals. Second, we show that ignoring autocorrelation does bias estimates of R and temporal reaction norm variances upwards, both in our worked examples and in separate simulations. This bias occurs due to the misestimation of individual-specific means and slopes. Given the increasing use of technologies that generate behavioral and physiological data at high sampling rates, we can now study among- and within-individual changes in behavior in more detailed ways, including autocorrelation, which we discuss from biological and methodological perspectives and provide recommendations and annotated R code to help researchers implement these models on their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mitchell
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18B. SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antoine M Dujon
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter A Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
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35
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Harris SM, Descamps S, Sneddon LU, Bertrand P, Chastel O, Patrick SC. Personality predicts foraging site fidelity and trip repeatability in a marine predator. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:68-79. [PMID: 31541578 PMCID: PMC7004082 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animal populations are often comprised of both foraging specialists and generalists. For instance, some individuals show higher foraging site fidelity (spatial specialization) than others. Such individual differences in degree of specialization can persist over time‐scales of months or even years in long‐lived animals, but the mechanisms leading to these different individual strategies are not fully understood. There is accumulating evidence that individual variation in foraging behaviour is shaped by animal personality traits, such as boldness. Despite this, the potential for boldness to drive differences in the degree of specialization is unknown. In this study, we used novel object tests to measure boldness in black‐legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) breeding at four colonies in Svalbard and deployed GPS loggers to examine their at‐sea foraging behaviour. We estimated the repeatability of foraging trips and used a hidden Markov model to identify locations of foraging sites in order to quantify individual foraging site fidelity. Across the breeding season, bolder birds were more repeatable than shy individuals in the distance and range of their foraging trips, and during the incubation period (but not chick rearing), bolder individuals were more site‐faithful. Birds exhibited these differences while showing high spatial similarity in foraging areas, indicating that site selection was not driven by personality‐dependent spatial partitioning. We instead suggest that a relationship between boldness and site fidelity may be driven by differences in behavioural flexibility between bold and shy individuals. Together, these results provide a potential mechanism by which widely reported individual differences in foraging specialization may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Harris
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Lynne U Sneddon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Bertrand
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biology and Center for Northern Studies, University of Quebec, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Samantha C Patrick
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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36
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Bro-Jørgensen J, Franks DW, Meise K. Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190008. [PMID: 31352890 PMCID: PMC6710565 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of environmental change on the reproduction and survival of wildlife is often behaviourally mediated, placing behavioural ecology in a central position to quantify population- and community-level consequences of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. This theme issue demonstrates how recent conceptual and methodological advances in the discipline are applied to inform conservation. The issue highlights how the focus in behavioural ecology on understanding variation in behaviour between individuals, rather than just measuring the population mean, is critical to explaining demographic stochasticity and thereby reducing fuzziness of population models. The contributions also show the importance of knowing the mechanisms by which behaviour is achieved, i.e. the role of learning, reasoning and instincts, in order to understand how behaviours change in human-modified environments, where their function is less likely to be adaptive. More recent work has thus abandoned the 'adaptationist' paradigm of early behavioural ecology and increasingly measures evolutionary processes directly by quantifying selection gradients and phenotypic plasticity. To support quantitative predictions at the population and community levels, a rich arsenal of modelling techniques has developed, and interdisciplinary approaches show promising prospects for predicting the effectiveness of alternative management options, with the social sciences, movement ecology and epidemiology particularly pertinent. The theme issue furthermore explores the relevance of behaviour for global threat assessment, and practical advice is given as to how behavioural ecologists can augment their conservation impact by carefully selecting and promoting their study systems, and increasing their engagement with local communities, natural resource managers and policy-makers. Its aim to uncover the nuts and bolts of how natural systems work positions behavioural ecology squarely in the heart of conservation biology, where its perspective offers an all-important complement to more descriptive 'big-picture' approaches to priority setting. This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bro-Jørgensen
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Daniel W. Franks
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, UK
| | - Kristine Meise
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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37
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Enders EC, Wall AJ, Svendsen JC. Hypoxia but not shy-bold phenotype mediates thermal preferences in a threatened freshwater fish, Notropis percobromus. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:479-487. [PMID: 31466789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For ectothermic animals, ambient temperature strongly influences developmental growth rate and individual fitness. While many ectotherms live in environments that are spatially hetero-thermal, the coupling between behavioural phenotypes (e.g., shy or bold behaviour) and thermal preferences remains uncertain. Relative to shy counterparts, bolder phenotypes may exert higher preference for ambient temperatures that are closer to their thermal optimum, thereby accelerating development. In addition, ectotherms should select colder temperatures in low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) according to the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis. Using wild caught carmine shiner (Notropis percobromus), this study examined thermoregulatory behaviour in individuals exhibiting consistent behavioural phenotypes along the shy-bold continuum and between ecologically relevant normal oxygen concentration (normoxic) and hypoxic treatments. Furthermore, the behaviour observed in the laboratory was compared to environmental data from the natal stream. Results demonstrated that individual shy-bold behavioural phenotype was consistent before and after a simulated aerial predator attack, indicating consistency of behaviour across situations. Individual preferred and avoidance temperatures varied substantially, but were unrelated to shy-bold behavioural phenotypes. In contrast, individual preferred and maximum avoidance temperatures were significantly reduced in hypoxia, consistent with the OCLTT hypothesis. These findings might indicate suppressed development rates in hypoxia, not only by the limited oxygen for aerobic metabolism, but also by the preference for colder water in hypoxia. Furthermore, the tolerated thermal ranges were reduced in hypoxia. Using test conditions confirmed by field data, our study demonstrates the strong influence of oxygen availability on thermoregulatory behaviours and preferences in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Enders
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Alexander J Wall
- University of Manitoba, Department of Civil Engineering, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jon C Svendsen
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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38
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Staveley TAB, Jacoby DMP, Perry D, van der Meijs F, Lagenfelt I, Cremle M, Gullström M. Sea surface temperature dictates movement and habitat connectivity of Atlantic cod in a coastal fjord system. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9076-9086. [PMID: 31463005 PMCID: PMC6706200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While movements of organisms have been studied across a myriad of environments, information is often lacking regarding spatio-seasonal patterning in complex temperate coastal systems. Highly mobile fish form an integral part of marine food webs providing linkages within and among habitats, between patches of habitats, and at different life stages. We investigated how movement, activity, and connectivity patterns of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are influenced by dynamic environmental conditions. Movement patterns of 39 juvenile and subadult Atlantic cod were assessed in two coastal sites in the Swedish Skagerrak for 5 months. We used passive acoustic telemetry and network analysis to assess seasonal and spatial movement patterns of cod and their relationships to different environmental factors, using statistical correlations, analysis of recurrent spatial motifs, and generalized linear mixed models. Temperature, in combination with physical barriers, precludes significant connectivity (complex motifs) within the system. Sea surface temperature had a strong influence on connectivity (node strength, degree, and motif frequency), where changes from warmer summer waters to colder winter waters significantly reduced movement activity of fish. As the seasons changed, movement of fish gradually decreased from large-scale (km) linkages in the summer to more localized movement patterns in the winter (limited to 100s m). Certain localized areas, however, were identified as important for connectivity throughout the whole study period, likely due to these multiple-habitat areas fulfilling functions required for foraging and shelter. This study provides new knowledge regarding inshore movement dynamics of juvenile and subadult Atlantic cod that use complex, coastal fjord systems. The findings show that connectivity, seasonal patterns in particular, should be carefully considered when selecting conservation areas to promote marine stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. B. Staveley
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- AquaBiota Water ResearchStockholmSweden
| | | | - Diana Perry
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesLysekilSweden
| | - Felix van der Meijs
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ingvar Lagenfelt
- The County Administrative Board of Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Mikael Cremle
- The County Administrative Board of Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Martin Gullström
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgFiskebäckskilSweden
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Qu J, Réale D, Fletcher QE, Zhang Y. Among-population divergence in personality is linked to altitude in plateau pikas ( Ochotona curzoniae ). Front Zool 2019; 16:26. [PMID: 31320918 PMCID: PMC6615196 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals inhabiting high altitudes consistently show slow life-histories. The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits behavioural, physiological and/or morphological traits that mediate the trade-off between current and future reproduction or survival, which have coevolved along a slow-fast life history continuum. Previous studies have shown that the life histories of plateau pikas varied across altitude, high-altitude individuals showed slow pace of life which were characterized by few litters per year with small litter sizes. Thus, we hypothesized that pikas populations at higher altitudes would also express personalities characteristic associated with slow life history, such as high sociability, low activity or aggressiveness. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the activity and docility of three plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) populations distributed along an altitudinal gradient of the Tibetan Plateau. We predicted that high-altitude pika would be more docile and less active. RESULTS The behaviour of 556 pikas, from which 120 individuals were measured at least twice, was quantified. We observed that plateau pikas at high altitudes were less active and more docile than pika at lower altitudes. Activity and docility were significantly and negatively correlated in populations from high altitudes but not in populations from low altitudes. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the POLS hypothesis, highlight the existence of personality variation among populations distributed along an altitudinal gradient and emphasise the importance of environmental selection on personality divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Qu
- Key laboratory of adaptation and evolution of plateau biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai, 810008 China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems SKLGAE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Qinghai, 810008 China
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3P 3P8 Canada
| | - Quinn E. Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key laboratory of adaptation and evolution of plateau biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai, 810008 China
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Tang ZH, Fu SJ. Qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) personalities and their effect on shoaling behavior. Acta Ethol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-019-00321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Moland E, Carlson SM, Villegas‐Ríos D, Ree Wiig J, Moland Olsen E. Harvest selection on multiple traits in the wild revealed by aquatic animal telemetry. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6480-6491. [PMID: 31236237 PMCID: PMC6580266 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting can have profound impacts on the ecology and evolution of marine populations. However, little is known about the strength and direction of fisheries-induced selection acting on multiple traits in the wild. Here, we used acoustic telemetry to directly monitor individual behavior and fate in an intensively harvested species, the European lobster (Homarus gammarus, n = 100), in southern Norway. Overall, 24% of the tracked lobsters survived the two-month harvest season within the study area. Our results indicated that local survival was not random with respect to phenotype. We found no clear support for fisheries-induced selection acting directly on body size. However, lobsters with large crusher claws relative to their body size, typical of socially dominant individuals, appeared at higher risk of being captured in the conventional trap fishery. We also detected a fine-scale spatial gradient in survival. After accounting for this gradient, individuals displaying larger home ranges were more likely to survive the harvest season. Finally, we found significant repeatabilities for lobster behavior on a monthly timescale, indicating that individual behavioral attributes tended to persist and may reflect personality. Our study therefore provides empirical support for the need to consider an evolutionary enlightened approach to fisheries management that considers the influence of harvest on multiple traits of target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Moland
- FlødevigenInstitute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal ResearchUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - David Villegas‐Ríos
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Ichthyology GroupIMEDEA, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios AvanzadosEsporlesSpain
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Fisheries Ecology GroupInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM‐CSIC)Vigo, PontevedraSpain
| | | | - Esben Moland Olsen
- FlødevigenInstitute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal ResearchUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
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Villegas-Ríos D, Réale D, Freitas C, Moland E, Olsen EM. Personalities influence spatial responses to environmental fluctuations in wild fish. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1309-1319. [PMID: 29888445 PMCID: PMC6175438 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although growing evidence supports the idea that animal personality can explain plasticity in response to changes in the social environment, it remains to be tested whether it can explain spatial responses of individuals in the face of natural environmental fluctuations. This is a major challenge in ecology and evolution as spatial dynamics link individual- and population-level processes. In this study, we investigated the potential of individual personalities to predict differences in fish behaviour in the wild. Specifically, our goal was to answer if individual differences in plasticity of space use to sea surface temperature could be explained by differences in personality along the reactive-proactive axis. To address this question, we first conducted repeated standard laboratory assays (i.e., open-field test, novel object test and mirror stimulation test) to assess the personality type of 76 wild-caught Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Next, we released the fish back into the sea and monitored their spatial behaviour over large temporal (16 months) and spatial (a whole fjord) scales, using high-resolution acoustic tracking. We demonstrate that (a) cod personality traits are structured into a proactive-reactive syndrome (proactive fish being more bold, exploratory and aggressive), (b) mean depth use of individuals is mainly driven by sea temperature and (c) personality is a significant predictor of home range changes in the wild, where reactive, but not proactive, individuals reduced their home range as sea temperature increased. These findings expand our understanding of the ecological consequences of animal personality and the mechanisms shaping spatial dynamics of animals in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villegas-Ríos
- Population Genetics and Ecology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, His, Norway
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carla Freitas
- Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Even Moland
- Population Genetics and Ecology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, His, Norway.,Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Esben M Olsen
- Population Genetics and Ecology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, His, Norway.,Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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