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Li G, Cao X, Tumukunde E, Zeng Q, Wang S. The target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates vegetative development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus. eLife 2024; 12:RP89478. [PMID: 38990939 PMCID: PMC11239180 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is highly conserved and plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes in eukaryotes. Despite its significance, the underlying mechanism of the TOR pathway in Aspergillus flavus remains elusive. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the TOR signaling pathway in A. flavus by identifying and characterizing nine genes that encode distinct components of this pathway. The FK506-binding protein Fkbp3 and its lysine succinylation are important for aflatoxin production and rapamycin resistance. The TorA kinase plays a pivotal role in the regulation of growth, spore production, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and responses to rapamycin and cell membrane stress. As a significant downstream effector molecule of the TorA kinase, the Sch9 kinase regulates aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis, osmotic and calcium stress response in A. flavus, and this regulation is mediated through its S_TKc, S_TK_X domains, and the ATP-binding site at K340. We also showed that the Sch9 kinase may have a regulatory impact on the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway. TapA and TipA, the other downstream components of the TorA kinase, play a significant role in regulating cell wall stress response in A. flavus. Moreover, the members of the TapA-phosphatase complexes, SitA and Ppg1, are important for various biological processes in A. flavus, including vegetative growth, sclerotia formation, AFB1 biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. We also demonstrated that SitA and Ppg1 are involved in regulating lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis and cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathways. In addition, another phosphatase complex, Nem1/Spo7, plays critical roles in hyphal development, conidiation, aflatoxin production, and LDs biogenesis. Collectively, our study has provided important insight into the regulatory network of the TOR signaling pathway and has elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaohong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Elisabeth Tumukunde
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Qianhua Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Lu K, Chen R, Yang Y, Xu H, Jiang J, Li L. Involvement of the Cell Wall-Integrity Pathway in Signal Recognition, Cell-Wall Biosynthesis, and Virulence in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:608-622. [PMID: 37140471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-22-0231-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is the first layer exposed to the external environment. The cell wall has key roles in regulating cell functions, such as cellular stability, permeability, and protection against stress. Understanding the structure of the cell wall and the mechanism of its biogenesis is important for the study of fungi. Highly conserved in fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae, the cell wall-integrity (CWI) pathway is the primary signaling cascade regulating cell-wall structure and function. The CWI pathway has been demonstrated to correlate with pathogenicity in many phytopathogenic fungi. In the synthesis of the cell wall, the CWI pathway cooperates with multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. Many questions have arisen regarding the cooperation of different signaling pathways with the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the M. oryzae CWI pathway and cell-wall structure. We discussed the CWI pathway components and their involvement in different aspects, such as virulence factors, the possibility of the pathway as a target for antifungal therapies, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. This information will aid in better understanding the universal functions of the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Rangrang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Huang Z, Cao H, Wang H, Huang P, Wang J, Cai Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang J, Liu X, Lin F, Lu J. The triglyceride catabolism regulated by a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, Smek1, is required for development and plant infection in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1256-1272. [PMID: 37357820 PMCID: PMC10502837 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a pathogenic fungus that seriously harms rice production. Phosphatases and carbon metabolism play crucial roles in the growth and development of eukaryotes. However, it remains unclear how serine/threonine phosphatases regulate the catabolism of triglycerides, a major form of stored lipids. In this study, we identified a serine/threonine protein phosphatase regulatory subunit, Smek1, which is required for the growth, conidiation, and virulence of M. oryzae. Deletion of SMEK1 led to defects in the utilization of lipids, arabinose, glycerol, and ethanol. In glucose medium, the expression of genes involved in lipolysis, long-chain fatty acid degradation, β-oxidation, and the glyoxylate cycle increased in the Δsmek1 mutant, which is consistent with ΔcreA in which a carbon catabolite repressor CREA was deleted. In lipid medium, the expression of genes involved in long-chain fatty acid degradation, β-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, and utilization of arabinose, ethanol, or glycerol decreased in the Δsmek1 mutant, which is consistent with Δcrf1 in which a transcription activator CRF1 required for carbon metabolism was deleted. Lipase activity, however, increased in the Δsmek1 mutant in both glucose and lipid media. Moreover, Smek1 directly interacted with CreA and Crf1, and dephosphorylated CreA and Crf1 in vivo. The phosphatase Smek1 is therefore a dual-function regulator of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and controls fungal development and virulence by coordinating the functions of CreA and Crf1 in carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and derepression (CCDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Ying‐Ying Cai
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Hong Liu
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fu‐Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
- Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Ryder LS, Lopez SG, Michels L, Eseola AB, Sprakel J, Ma W, Talbot NJ. A molecular mechanosensor for real-time visualization of appressorium membrane tension in Magnaporthe oryzae. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1508-1519. [PMID: 37474734 PMCID: PMC10390335 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae uses a pressurized infection cell called an appressorium to drive a rigid penetration peg through the leaf cuticle. The vast internal pressure of an appressorium is very challenging to investigate, leaving our understanding of the cellular mechanics of plant infection incomplete. Here, using fluorescence lifetime imaging of a membrane-targeting molecular mechanoprobe, we quantify changes in membrane tension in M. oryzae. We show that extreme pressure in the appressorium leads to large-scale spatial heterogeneities in membrane mechanics, much greater than those observed in any cell type previously. By contrast, non-pathogenic melanin-deficient mutants, exhibit low spatially homogeneous membrane tension. The sensor kinase ∆sln1 mutant displays significantly higher membrane tension during inflation of the appressorium, providing evidence that Sln1 controls turgor throughout plant infection. This non-invasive, live cell imaging technique therefore provides new insight into the enormous invasive forces deployed by pathogenic fungi to invade their hosts, offering the potential for new disease intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sergio G Lopez
- Cell and Developmental Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lucile Michels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice B Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Zhu XM, Li L, Bao JD, Wang JY, Liang S, Zhao LL, Huang CL, Yan JY, Cai YY, Wu XY, Dong B, Liu XH, Klionsky DJ, Lin FC. MoVast2 combined with MoVast1 regulates lipid homeostasis and autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae. Autophagy 2023; 19:2353-2371. [PMID: 36803211 PMCID: PMC10351449 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2181739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved biological process among eukaryotes that degrades unwanted materials such as protein aggregates, damaged mitochondria and even viruses to maintain cell survival. Our previous studies have demonstrated that MoVast1 acts as an autophagy regulator regulating autophagy, membrane tension, and sterol homeostasis in rice blast fungus. However, the detailed regulatory relationships between autophagy and VASt domain proteins remain unsolved. Here, we identified another VASt domain-containing protein, MoVast2, and further uncovered the regulatory mechanism of MoVast2 in M. oryzae. MoVast2 interacted with MoVast1 and MoAtg8, and colocalized at the PAS and deletion of MoVAST2 results in inappropriate autophagy progress. Through TOR activity analysis, sterols and sphingolipid content detection, we found high sterol accumulation in the ΔMovast2 mutant, whereas this mutant showed low sphingolipids and low activity of both TORC1 and TORC2. In addition, MoVast2 colocalized with MoVast1. The localization of MoVast2 in the MoVAST1 deletion mutant was normal; however, deletion of MoVAST2 leads to mislocalization of MoVast1. Notably, the wide-target lipidomic analyses revealed significant changes in sterols and sphingolipids, the major PM components, in the ΔMovast2 mutant, which was involved in lipid metabolism and autophagic pathways. These findings confirmed that the functions of MoVast1 were regulated by MoVast2, revealing that MoVast2 combined with MoVast1 maintained lipid homeostasis and autophagy balance by regulating TOR activity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiong-Yi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Qian B, Su X, Ye Z, Liu X, Liu M, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. MoErv14 mediates the intracellular transport of cell membrane receptors to govern the appressorial formation and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011251. [PMID: 37011084 PMCID: PMC10101639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blasts posing serious threats to food security worldwide. During infection, M. oryzae utilizes several transmembrane receptor proteins that sense cell surface cues to induce highly specialized infectious structures called appressoria. However, little is known about the mechanisms of intracellular receptor tracking and their function. Here, we described that disrupting the coat protein complex II (COPII) cargo protein MoErv14 severely affects appressorium formation and pathogenicity as the ΔMoerv14 mutant is defective not only in cAMP production but also in the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MoPmk1. Studies also showed that either externally supplementing cAMP or maintaining MoPmk1 phosphorylation suppresses the observed defects in the ΔMoerv14 strain. Importantly, MoErv14 is found to regulate the transport of MoPth11, a membrane receptor functioning upstream of G-protein/cAMP signaling, and MoWish and MoSho1 function upstream of the Pmk1-MAPK pathway. In summary, our studies elucidate the mechanism by which the COPII protein MoErv14 plays an important function in regulating the transport of receptors involved in the appressorium formation and virulence of the blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaotong Su
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyuan Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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MoMaf1 Mediates Vegetative Growth, Conidiogenesis, and Pathogenicity in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010106. [PMID: 36675927 PMCID: PMC9861366 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, Maf1 is an essential and specific negative regulator of RNA polymerase (Pol) III. Pol III, which synthesizes 5S RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), is suppressed by Maf1 under the conditions of nutrient starvation or environmental stress. Here, we identified M. oryzae MoMaf1, a homolog of ScMaf1 in budding yeast. A heterogeneous complementation assay revealed that MoMaf1 restored growth defects in the ΔScmaf1 mutant under SDS stress. Destruction of MoMAF1 elevated 5S rRNA content and increased sensitivity to cell wall agents. Moreover, the ΔMomaf1 mutant exhibited reduced vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity. Interestingly, we found that MoMaf1 underwent nuclear-cytoplasmic shuffling, through which MoMaf1 accumulated in nuclei under nutrient deficiency or upon the interaction of M. oryzae with rice. Therefore, this study can help to elucidate the pathogenic molecular mechanism of M. oryzae.
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The Paxillin MoPax1 Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling Pathways and Autophagy through MAP Kinase Activator MoMka1 during Appressorium-Mediated Plant Infection by the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. mBio 2022; 13:e0221822. [PMID: 36314807 PMCID: PMC9765475 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02218-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is a focal adhesion-associated protein that functions as an adaptor to recruit diverse cytoskeleton and signaling molecules into a complex and plays a crucial role in several signaling pathways in mammal cells. However, paxillin-mediated signal pathways are largely unknown in phytopathogenic fungi. Previously, Pax1 of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoPax1), a paxillin-like protein, has been identified as a crucial pathogenicity determinant. Here, we report the identification of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) activator, Mka1 of M. oryzae (MoMka1), that physically interacts with MoPax1. Targeted gene deletion of MoMKA1 resulted in pleiotropic defects in aerial hyphal growth, conidiation, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. MoMka1 interacts with Mst50, an adaptor protein of the Mst11-Mst7-Pmk1 and Mck1-Mkk2-Mps1 cascades. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of both Pmk1 and Mps1 in aerial hyphae of the ΔMomka1 mutant were significantly reduced, indicating that MoMka1 acts upstream from the MAPK pathways. Interestingly, we found that MoMka1 interacts with MoAtg6 and MoAtg13. Deletion of MoMKA1 led to impaired MoAtg13 phosphorylation and enhanced autophagic flux under nutrient-rich conditions, indicating that MoMka1 is required for regulation of autophagy in M. oryzae. Taken together, the paxillin MoPax1 may activate MAP kinase signaling pathways and autophagy through MAP kinase activator MoMka1 and play important roles during appressorium-mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus. IMPORTANCE Paxillin, as an adaptor recruiting diverse cytoskeleton and signaling molecules into a complex, plays a crucial role in several signaling pathways in mammal cells. However, paxillin-mediated signal pathways are largely unknown in phytopathogenic fungi. Here, we identified that MoMka1 physically interacts with MoPax1. Furthermore, MoMka1 acts upstream from the MAPK pathways through interacting with Mst50, a key protein of the Mst11-Mst7-Pmk1 and Mck1-Mkk2-Mps1 cascades. Meanwhile, MoMka1 interacts with both MoAtg6 and MoAtg13 and controls autophagy initiation by influencing the phosphorylation level of MoAtg13. In summary, we describe a model in which MoPax1 activates MAP kinase signaling pathways and autophagy through MoMka1 during appressorium-mediated plant infection by M. oryzae.
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Huang C, Li L, Wang L, Bao J, Zhang X, Yan J, Wu J, Cao N, Wang J, Zhao L, Liu X, Yu X, Zhu X, Lin F. The Amino Acid Permease MoGap1 Regulates TOR Activity and Autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13663. [PMID: 36362450 PMCID: PMC9655246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is an important food crop all over the world. It can be infected by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which results in a significant reduction in rice yield. The infection mechanism of M. oryzae has been an academic focus for a long time. It has been found that G protein, AMPK, cAMP-PKA, and MPS1-MAPK pathways play different roles in the infection process. Recently, the function of TOR signaling in regulating cell growth and autophagy by receiving nutritional signals generated by plant pathogenic fungi has been demonstrated, but its regulatory mechanism in response to the nutritional signals remains unclear. In this study, a yeast amino acid permease homologue MoGap1 was identified and a knockout mutant of MoGap1 was successfully obtained. Through a phenotypic analysis, a stress analysis, autophagy flux detection, and a TOR activity analysis, we found that the deletion of MoGap1 led to a sporulation reduction as well as increased sensitivity to cell wall stress and carbon source stress in M. oryzae. The ΔMogap1 mutant showed high sensitivity to the TOR inhibitor rapamycin. A Western blot analysis further confirmed that the TOR activity significantly decreased, which improved the level of autophagy. The results suggested that MoGap1, as an upstream regulator of TOR signaling, regulated autophagy and responded to adversities such as cell wall stress by regulating the TOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jiongyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Na Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xueming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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10
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Cai YY, Li L, Zhu XM, Lu JP, Liu XH, Lin FC. The crucial role of the regulatory mechanism of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in fungi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019543. [PMID: 36386635 PMCID: PMC9643702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway in eukaryotes, is hierarchically regulated by autophagy-related genes (Atgs). The Atg1/ULK1 complex is the most upstream factor involved in autophagy initiation. Here,we summarize the recent studies on the structure and molecular mechanism of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy initiation, with a special focus on upstream regulation and downstream effectors of Atg1/ULK1. The roles of pathogenicity and autophagy aspects in Atg1/ULK1 complexes of various pathogenic hosts, including plants, insects, and humans, are also discussed in this work based on recent research findings. We establish a framework to study how the Atg1/ULK1 complex integrates the signals that induce autophagy in accordance with fungus to mammalian autophagy regulation pathways. This framework lays the foundation for studying the deeper molecular mechanisms of the Atg1 complex in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Cheng Lin,
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11
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Liu Y, Ma X, Long Y, Yao S, Wei C, Han X, Gan B, Yan J, Xie B. Effects of β-1,6-Glucan Synthase Gene ( FfGS6) Overexpression on Stress Response and Fruit Body Development in Flammulina filiformis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1753. [PMID: 36292637 PMCID: PMC9601887 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1, 6-glucan synthase is a key enzyme of β-1, 6-glucan synthesis, which plays a vital role in the cell wall cross-linking of fungi. However, the role of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene in the development of the fruiting body and the stress response of macrofungi is largely unknown. In this study, four overexpression transformants of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene (FfGS6) were successfully obtained, and gene function was studied in Flammulina filiformis. The overexpression of FfGS6 can increase the width of mycelium cells and improve the tolerance ability under mechanical injury and oxidative stress. Moreover, FfGS6 gene expression fluctuated in up-regulation during the recovery process of mycelium injury but showed a negative correlation with H2O2 concentration. Fruiting body phenotype tests showed that mycelia's recovery ability after scratching improved when the FfGS6 gene was overexpressed. However, primordia formation and the stipe elongation ability were significantly inhibited. Our findings indicate that FfGS6 is involved in regulating mycelial cell morphology, the mycelial stress response, and fruit body development in F. filiformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Long
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sen Yao
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chuanzheng Wei
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xing Han
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Bingcheng Gan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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12
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De Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Pathway Is Required for Development and Pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090915. [PMID: 36135640 PMCID: PMC9502316 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotides are indispensable compounds for many organisms and participate in basic vital activities such as heredity, development, and growth. Blocking of purine nucleotide biosynthesis may inhibit proliferation and development and is commonly used in cancer therapy. However, the function of the purine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway in the pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is not clear. In this study, we focused on the de novo purine biosynthesis (DNPB) pathway and characterized MoAde8, a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, catalyzing the third step of the DNPB pathway in M. oryzae. MoAde8 was knocked out, and the mutant (∆Moade8) exhibited purine auxotroph, defects in aerial hyphal growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity, and was more sensitive to hyperosmotic stress and oxidative stress. Moreover, ∆Moade8 caused decreased activity of MoTor kinase due to blocked purine nucleotide synthesis. The autophagy level was also impaired in ∆Moade8. Additionally, MoAde5, 7, 6, and 12, which are involved in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis, were also analyzed, and the mutants showed defects similar to the defects of ∆Moade8. In summary, de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis is essential for conidiation, development, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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13
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Aron O, Otieno FJ, Tijjani I, Yang Z, Xu H, Weng S, Guo J, Lu S, Wang Z, Tang W. De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis mediated by MoAde4 is required for conidiation, host colonization and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5587-5602. [PMID: 35918446 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we identified and characterized the functions of MoAde4, an orthologue of yeast Ade4 in Magnaporthe oryzae. MoAde4 is a 537-amino acid protein containing GATase_6 and pribosyltran domains. MoADE4 transcripts were highly expressed during the conidiation, early-infection, and late-infection stages of the fungus. Disruption of the MoADE4 gene resulted in ΔMoade4 exhibiting adenine, adenosine, and hypoxanthine auxotrophy on minimal medium. Conidia quantification assays showed that sporulation was significantly reduced in the ΔMoade4 mutant. The conidia of ΔMoade4 could still form appressoria but mostly failed to penetrate the rice cuticle. Pathogenicity tests showed that ΔMoade4 was completely nonpathogenic on rice and barley leaves, which was attributed to restricted infectious hyphal growth within the primary cells. The ΔMoade4 mutant was defective in the induction of strong host immunity. Exogenous adenine partially rescued conidiation, infectious hyphal growth, and the pathogenicity defects of the ΔMoade4 mutant on barley and rice leaves. Taken together, our results demonstrated that purine nucleotide biosynthesis orchestrated by MoAde4 is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. These findings therefore act as a suitable target for antifungal development against recalcitrant plant fungal pathogens. KEY POINTS: • MoAde4 is crucial for de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. • MoAde4 is pivotal for conidiogenesis and appressorium development of M. oryzae. • MoAde4 is involoved in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osakina Aron
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Frankine Jagero Otieno
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ibrahim Tijjani
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huxiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuning Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiayuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Songmao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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14
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Cai Y, Liu X, Shen L, Wang N, He Y, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Homeostasis of cell wall integrity pathway phosphorylation is required for the growth and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1214-1225. [PMID: 35506374 PMCID: PMC9276948 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall provides a crucial barrier to stress imposed by the external environment. In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, this stress response is mediated by the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, consisting of a well-characterized protein phosphorylation cascade. However, other regulators that maintain CWI phosphorylation homeostasis, such as protein phosphatases (PPases), remain unclear. Here, we identified two PPases, MoPtc1 and MoPtc2, that function as negative regulators of the CWI pathway. MoPtc1 and MoPtc2 interact with MoMkk1, one of the key components of the CWI pathway, and are crucial for the vegetative growth, conidial formation, and virulence of M. oryzae. We also demonstrate that both MoPtc1 and MoPtc2 dephosphorylate MoMkk1 in vivo and in vitro, and that CWI stress leads to enhanced interaction between MoPtc1 and MoMkk1. CWI stress abolishes the interaction between MoPtc2 and MoMkk1, providing a means of deactivation for CWI signalling. Our studies reveal that CWI signalling in M. oryzae is a highly coordinated regulatory mechanism vital for stress response and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Cai
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lingbo Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yangjie He
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and ParasitologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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15
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Ryder LS, Cruz-Mireles N, Molinari C, Eisermann I, Eseola AB, Talbot NJ. The appressorium at a glance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276040. [PMID: 35856284 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic fungi have the capacity to infect their plant hosts using specialised cells called appressoria. These structures act as a gateway between the fungus and host, allowing entry to internal tissues. Appressoria apply enormous physical force to rupture the plant surface, or use a battery of enzymes to digest the cuticle and plant cell wall. Appressoria also facilitate focal secretion of effectors at the point of plant infection to suppress plant immunity. These infection cells develop in response to the physical characteristics of the leaf surface, starvation stress and signals from the plant. Appressorium morphogenesis has been linked to septin-mediated reorganisation of F-actin and microtubule networks of the cytoskeleton, and remodelling of the fungal cell wall. In this Cell Science at a Glance and accompanying poster, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of appressorium-mediated infection, and compare development on the leaf surface to the biology of invasive growth by pathogenic fungi. Finally, we outline key gaps in our current knowledge of appressorium cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice B Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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16
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Mahmud NU, Gupta DR, Paul SK, Chakraborty M, Mehebub MS, Surovy MZ, Rabby SF, Rahat AAM, Roy PC, Sohrawardy H, Amin MA, Masud MK, Ide Y, Yamauchi Y, Hossain MS, Islam T. Daylight-Driven Rechargeable TiO 2 Nanocatalysts Suppress Wheat Blast Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Uddin Mahmud
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Dipali Rani Gupta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Paul
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Moutoshi Chakraborty
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shabab Mehebub
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Musrat Zahan Surovy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - S.M. Fajle Rabby
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mahbub Rahat
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Chandra Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Hossain Sohrawardy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ide
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Md. Shahriar Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
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17
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Qian B, Su X, Ye Z, Liu X, Liu M, Shen D, Chen H, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. MoErv29 promotes apoplastic effector secretion contributing to virulence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1289-1302. [PMID: 34761375 PMCID: PMC8738142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During plant-pathogenic fungi and host plants interactions, numerous pathogen-derived proteins are secreted resulting in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. For efficient trafficking of secretory proteins, including those important in disease progression, the cytoplasmic coat protein complex II (COPII) exhibits a multifunctional role whose elucidation remains limited. Here, we discovered that the COPII cargo receptor MoErv29 functions as a target of MoHac1, a previously identified transcription factor of the UPR pathway. In Magnaporthe oryzae, deletion of MoERV29 severely affected the vegetative growth, conidiation and biotrophic invasion of the fungus in susceptible rice hosts. We demonstrated that MoErv29 is required for the delivery of secreted proteins through recognition and binding of the amino-terminal tripeptide motifs following the signal peptide. By using bioinformatics analysis, we predicted a cargo spectrum of MoErv29 and found that MoErv29 is required for the secretion of many proteins, including extracellular laccases and apoplastic effectors. This secretion is mediated through the conventional endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretion pathway and is important for conferring host recognition and disease resistance. Taken together, our results revealed how MoErv29 operates on effector secretion, and our findings provided a critical link between COPII vesicle trafficking and the UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qian
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Xiaotong Su
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Ziyuan Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLA70118USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
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18
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Liao J, Shen D, Lin L, Chen H, Jin Y, Chou SH, Yu XQ, Li T, Qian G. Bacterial quorum sensing quenching activity of Lysobacter leucyl aminopeptidase acts by interacting with autoinducer synthase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6179-6190. [PMID: 34900131 PMCID: PMC8632722 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) is the most studied autoinducer in gram-negative bacteria controlling infections of various pathogens. Quenching of AHL signaling by inhibiting AHL synthesis or AHL-receptor binding via small molecular chemicals or enzymatically degrading AHL is commonly used to block bacterial infections. Here, we describe a new quorum-quenching strategy that directly “acquires” bacterial genes/proteins through a defined platform. We artificially expressed a typical AHL synthase gene pcoI from the biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24 in the antifungal bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11 lacking AHL production. This step led to the discovery of multiple PcoI interacting protein candidates from L. enzymogenes. The individual expression of these candidate genes in 2P24 led to the identification of Le0959, which encodes leucyl aminopeptidase, an effective protein that inhibits AHL synthesis in 2P24. Therefore, we define Le0959 as LqqP (Lysobacterquorum-quenching protein). The expression of pcoI in E. coli could produce AHL, and the introduction of lqqP into E. coli expressing pcoI could prevent the production of AHL. LqqP directly binds to PcoI, and this protein–protein binding reduced the abundance of free PcoI (capable of AHL synthesis) in vivo, thereby blocking PcoI-dependent AHL production. Overall, this study highlights the discovery of LqqP in quenching AHL quorum sensing by binding to AHL synthase via developing a previously-uncharacterized screening technique for bacterial quorum quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Long Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yajie Jin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry, and NCHU Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xiao-Quan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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19
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Liu W, Triplett L, Chen XL. Emerging Roles of Posttranslational Modifications in Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:99-124. [PMID: 33909479 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021320-010948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in regulating protein function and thereby control many cellular processes and biological phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several recent studies illustrate how plant fungal and bacterial pathogens use these PTMs to facilitate development, stress response, and host infection. In this review, we discuss PTMs that have key roles in the biological and infection processes of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The emerging roles of PTMs during pathogen-plant interactions are highlighted. We also summarize traditional tools and emerging proteomics approaches for PTM research. These discoveries open new avenues for investigating the fundamental infection mechanisms of plant pathogens and the discovery of novel strategies for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lindsay Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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20
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Shi H, Meng S, Qiu J, Wang C, Shu Y, Luo C, Kou Y. MoWhi2 regulates appressorium formation and pathogenicity via the MoTor signalling pathway in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:969-983. [PMID: 34036714 PMCID: PMC8295519 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which seriously threatens the safety of food production. Understanding the mechanism of appressorium formation, which is one of the key steps for successful infection by M. oryzae, is helpful to formulate effective control strategies of rice blast. In this study, we identified MoWhi2, the homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Whi2 (Whisky2), as an important regulator that controls appressorium formation in M. oryzae. When MoWHI2 was disrupted, multiple appressoria were formed by one conidium and pathogenicity was significantly reduced. A putative phosphatase, MoPsr1, was identified to interact with MoWhi2 using a yeast two-hybridization screening assay. The knockout mutant ΔMopsr1 displayed similar phenotypes to the ΔMowhi2 strain. Both the ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 mutants could form appressoria on a hydrophilic surface with cAMP levels increasing in comparison with the wild type (WT). The conidia of ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 formed a single appressorium per conidium, similar to WT, when the target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitor rapamycin was present. In addition, compared with WT, the expression levels of MoTOR and the MoTor signalling activation marker gene MoRS3 were increased, suggesting that inappropriate activation of the MoTor signalling pathway is one of the important reasons for the defects in appressorium formation in the ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 strains. Our results provide insights into MoWhi2 and MoPsr1-mediated appressorium development and pathogenicity by regulating cAMP levels and the activation of MoTor signalling in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, and College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Yazhou Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, and College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
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21
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Wang S, Liang H, Wei Y, Zhang P, Dang Y, Li G, Zhang SH. Alternative Splicing of MoPTEN Is Important for Growth and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715773. [PMID: 34335554 PMCID: PMC8322540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human PTEN, a dual-phosphatase tumor suppressor, is frequently dysregulated by alternative splicing. Fungi harbor PTEN homologs, but alternative splicing of fungal PTENs has not been reported as far as we know. Here, we described an alternative splicing case in the PTEN homolog of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoPTEN). Two splice variants of MoPTEN were detected and identified, which are resulted from an intron retention and exclusion (MoPTEN-1/2). Both proteins were different in lipid and protein phosphatase activity and in expression patterns. The MoPTEN deletion mutant (ΔMoPTEN) showed the defects in conidiation, appressorium formation, and pathogenesis. ΔMoPTEN could be completely restored by MoPTEN, but rescued partially by MoPTEN-1 in the defect of conidium and appressorium formation, and by MoPTEN-2 in the defect of invasive development. Assays to assess sensitivity to oxidative stress reveal the involvement of MoPTEN-2 in scavenging exogenous and host-derived H2O2. Taken together, MoPTEN undergoes alternative splicing, and both variants cooperatively contribute to conidium and appressorium development, and invasive hyphae growth in plant cells, revealing a novel disease development pathway in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Liang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuejia Dang
- Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Center for Extreme-Environmental Microorganisms, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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22
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen XL. The Redox Proteome of Thiol Proteins in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648894. [PMID: 33776980 PMCID: PMC7987659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox modification, a post-translational modification, has been demonstrated to be significant for many physiological pathways and biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, little is known about the global profile of protein redox modification in fungi. To explore the roles of redox modification in the plant pathogenic fungi, a global thiol proteome survey was performed in the model fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. A total of 3713 redox modification sites from 1899 proteins were identified through a mix sample containing mycelia with or without oxidative stress, conidia, appressoria, and invasive hyphae of M. oryzae. The identified thiol-modified proteins were performed with protein domain, subcellular localization, functional classification, metabolic pathways, and protein–protein interaction network analyses, indicating that redox modification is associated with a wide range of biological and cellular functions. These results suggested that redox modification plays important roles in fungal growth, conidium formation, appressorium formation, as well as invasive growth. Interestingly, a large number of pathogenesis-related proteins were redox modification targets, suggesting the significant roles of redox modification in pathogenicity of M. oryzae. This work provides a global insight into the redox proteome of the pathogenic fungi, which built a groundwork and valuable resource for future studies of redox modification in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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23
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Wang S, Li G, Wei Y, Wang G, Dang Y, Zhang P, Zhang SH. Involvement of the Mitochondrial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPM1 in the Promotion of Conidiation, Development, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum graminicola. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:605738. [PMID: 33519752 PMCID: PMC7841309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.605738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation status of proteins, which is determined by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), governs many cellular actions. In fungal pathogens, phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction has been considered to be one of the most important mechanisms in pathogenicity. Colletotrichum graminicola is an economically important corn pathogen. However, whether phosphorylation is involved in its pathogenicity is unknown. A mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase gene, designated CgPTPM1, was deduced in C. graminicola through the use of bioinformatics and confirmed by enzyme activity assays and observation of its subcellular localization. We then created a CgPTPM1 deletion mutant (ΔCgPTPM1) to analyze its biological function. The results indicated that the loss of CgPTPM1 dramatically affected the formation of conidia and the development and differentiation into appressoria. However, the colony growth and conidial morphology of the ΔCgPTPM1 strains were unaffected. Importantly, the ΔCgPTPM1 mutant strains exhibited an obvious reduction of virulence, and the delayed infected hyphae failed to expand in the host cells. In comparison with the wild-type, ΔCgPTPM1 accumulated a larger amount of H2O2 and was sensitive to exogenous H2O2. Interestingly, the host cells infected by the mutant also exhibited an increased accumulation of H2O2 around the infection sites. Since the expression of the CgHYR1, CgGST1, CgGLR1, CgGSH1 and CgPAP1 genes was upregulated with the H2O2 treatment, our results suggest that the mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPM1 plays an essential role in promoting the pathogenicity of C. graminicola by regulating the excessive in vivo and in vitro production of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuejia Dang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Balancing of the mitotic exit network and cell wall integrity signaling governs the development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009080. [PMID: 33411855 PMCID: PMC7817018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall plays an essential role in maintaining cell morphology, transmitting external signals, controlling cell growth, and even virulence. Relaxation and irreversible stretching of the cell wall are the prerequisites of cell division and development, but they also inevitably cause cell wall stress. Both Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) and Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) are signaling pathways that govern cell division and cell stress response, respectively, how these pathways cross talk to govern and coordinate cellular growth, development, and pathogenicity remains not fully understood. We have identified MoSep1, MoDbf2, and MoMob1 as the conserved components of MEN from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We have found that blocking cell division results in abnormal CWI signaling. In addition, we discovered that MoSep1 targets MoMkk1, a conserved key MAP kinase of the CWI pathway, through protein phosphorylation that promotes CWI signaling. Moreover, we provided evidence demonstrating that MoSep1-dependent MoMkk1 phosphorylation is essential for balancing cell division with CWI that maintains the dynamic stability required for virulence of the blast fungus. The cell wall is a relatively rigid structure for supporting the cell shape and against extracellular stresses. However, it also maintains plasticity to cope with cell division, growth, and differentiation. In the rice blast pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, such differentiation corresponds directly to its virulence. Thus, how to balance the “strong for shaping” with the “malleable for growth and virulence” poses as an important question of both basic- and applied science of significance. We here report that the protein kinase MoSep1 links the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) to the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) signaling through the phosphorylation of the CWI MAP kinase kinase MoMkk1. We found that the MoSep1-dependent phosphorylation of MoMkk1 relieves the cell wall stress caused by cell division and that the MEN-CWI-mediated balance of rigid and remodeling of the cell wall is important in the growth, development, and virulence of the blast fungus. Our study provides a new evidence on how the blast fungus adapts to self-generated stress for growth and virulence and it sheds new light on the crosstalk between MEN and CWI signaling.
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25
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Zhu XM, Li L, Cai YY, Wu XY, Shi HB, Liang S, Qu YM, Naqvi NI, Del Poeta M, Dong B, Lin FC, Liu XH. A VASt-domain protein regulates autophagy, membrane tension, and sterol homeostasis in rice blast fungus. Autophagy 2020; 17:2939-2961. [PMID: 33176558 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1848129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are a class of lipids critical for fundamental biological processes and membrane dynamics. These molecules are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported bi-directionally between the ER and plasma membrane (PM). However, the trafficking mechanism of sterols and their relationship with macroautophagy/autophagy are still poorly understood in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we identified the VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer (VASt) domain-containing protein MoVast1 via co-immunoprecipitation in M. oryzae. Loss of MoVAST1 resulted in conidial defects, impaired appressorium development, and reduced pathogenicity. The MoTor (target of rapamycin in M. oryzae) activity is inhibited because MoVast1 deletion leads to high levels of sterol accumulation in the PM. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the 902 T site is essential for localization and function of MoVast1. Through filipin or Flipper-TR staining, autophagic flux detection, MoAtg8 lipidation, and drug sensitivity assays, we uncovered that MoVast1 acts as a novel autophagy inhibition factor that monitors tension in the PM by regulating the sterol content, which in turn modulates the activity of MoTor. Lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses further confirmed that MoVast1 is an important regulator of lipid metabolism and the autophagy pathway. Our results revealed and characterized a novel sterol transfer protein important for M. oryzae pathogenicity.Abbreviations: AmB: amphotericin B; ATMT: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation; CM: complete medium; dpi: days post-inoculation; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Flipper-TR: fluorescent lipid tension reporter; GO: Gene ontology; hpi: hours post-inoculation; IH: invasive hyphae; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; MoTor: target of rapamycin in Magnaporthe oryzae; PalmC: palmitoylcarnitine; PM: plasma membrane; SD-N: synthetic defined medium without amino acids and ammonium sulfate; TOR: target of rapamycin; VASt: VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Cai
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Min Qu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Yang M, Ren S, Shen D, Yang N, Wang B, Han S, Shen X, Chou SH, Qian G. An intrinsic mechanism for coordinated production of the contact-dependent and contact-independent weapon systems in a soil bacterium. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008967. [PMID: 33035267 PMCID: PMC7577485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil bacteria possess multiple weapons to fend off microbial competitors. Currently, we poorly understand the factors guiding bacterial decisions about weapon systems deployment. In this study, we investigated how such decisions are made by the soil bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes, used in antifungal plant protection. We found that weapons production is guided by environmental cues. In rich media, which likely mimic environments crowded with other microbes, L. enzymogenes produces a contact-dependent weapon, type six secretion system (T6SS). In nutrient-poor media, likely dominated by filamentous oomycetes and fungi, L. enzymogenes synthesizes and secretes a heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), a contact-independent weapon. Surprisingly, the T6SS inner tube protein Hcp is accumulated intracellularly even in nutrient-poor media, when the T6SS is not assembled. We found that Hcp interacts with the transcription factor Clp required for activating HSAF biosynthesis operon expression. Hcp protects Clp from binding to c-di-GMP, an intracellular second messenger inhibiting DNA binding. The increased concentration of c-di-GMP-free Clp thus leads to higher gene expression and HSAF production. Therefore, when the contact-dependent weapon, T6SS, is not in use, accumulation of one of its structural components, Hcp, serves as a signal to enhance production of the contact-independent weapon, HSAF. The uncovered environment-dependent and auto-regulatory mechanisms shed light on the processes governing deployment of various weapon systems in environmental bacteria. Soil bacteria face competition from diverse microbial species. To stay competitive, they deploy a variety of weapons. At present, we know little about factors influencing decisions about which weapons to produce at any given time, and about mechanisms through which these decisions are carried out. In this study, we show that in the soil bacterium, Lysobacter enzymogenes, synthesis of the contact-dependent weapon, known as type six secretion system (T6SS) occurs under different conditions, compared to those conductive to the production of the contact-independent weapon, toxin HSAF. Further, when T6SS is not assembled, one of its structural components, Hcp, coactivates HSAF operon expression and HSAF synthesis. This study reveals that decisions about contact-dependent and contact-independent weapon production in bacteria are governed by both environmental cues and intrinsic coordination mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yang
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Ren
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Nianda Yang
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Sen Han
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Shen
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry, and NCHU Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, ROC, Taiwan
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection (Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Qian B, Liu X, Ye Z, Zhou Q, Liu P, Yin Z, Wang W, Zheng X, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Phosphatase-associated protein MoTip41 interacts with the phosphatase MoPpe1 to mediate crosstalk between TOR and cell wall integrity signalling during infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:791-809. [PMID: 32564502 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The type 2A (PP2A) and type 2A-like (PP4 and PP6) serine/threonine phosphatases participate in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, signal transduction and apoptosis. Previously, we reported that the PP6 catalytic subunit MoPpe1, which interacts with and is suppressed by type 2A associated protein of 42 kDa (MoTap42), an essential protein involved in the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway, has important roles in development, virulence and activation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we show that Tap42-interacting protein 41 (MoTip41) mediates crosstalk between the TOR and CWI signalling pathways; and participates in the TOR pathway via interaction with MoPpe1, but not MoTap42. The deletion of MoTIP41 resulted in disruption of CWI signalling, autophagy, vegetative growth, appressorium function and plant infection, as well as increased sensitivity to rapamycin. Further investigation revealed that MoTip41 modulates activation of the CWI pathway in response to infection by interfering with the interaction between MoTap42 and MoPpe1. These findings enhance our understanding of how crosstalk between TOR and CWI signalling modulates the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyuan Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qikun Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Li Y, Liu X, Liu M, Wang Y, Zou Y, You Y, Yang L, Hu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. Magnaporthe oryzae Auxiliary Activity Protein MoAa91 Functions as Chitin-Binding Protein To Induce Appressorium Formation on Artificial Inductive Surfaces and Suppress Plant Immunity. mBio 2020; 11:e03304-19. [PMID: 32209696 PMCID: PMC7157532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03304-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The appressoria that are generated by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in response to surface cues are important for successful colonization. Previous work showed that regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins play critical roles in appressorium formation. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins orchestrate surface recognition for appressorium induction remain unclear. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomic studies of ΔMorgs mutant and wild-type strains and found that M. oryzae Aa91 (MoAa91), a homolog of the auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9), was required for surface recognition of M. oryzae We found that MoAA91 was regulated by the MoMsn2 transcription factor and that its disruption resulted in defects in both appressorium formation on the artificial inductive surface and full virulence of the pathogen. We further showed that MoAa91 was secreted into the apoplast space and was capable of competing with the immune receptor chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immune responses. In summary, we have found that MoAa91 is a novel signaling molecule regulated by RGS and RGS-like proteins and that MoAa91 not only governs appressorium development and virulence but also functions as an effector to suppress host immunity.IMPORTANCE The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae generates infection structure appressoria in response to surface cues largely due to functions of signaling molecules, including G-proteins, regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, cAMP signaling, and TOR signaling pathways. M. oryzae encodes eight RGS and RGS-like proteins (MoRgs1 to MoRgs8), and MoRgs1, MoRgs3, MoRgs4, and MoRgs7 were found to be particularly important in appressorium development. To explore the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate appressorium development, we have performed a comparative in planta transcriptomic study and identified an auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9) homolog that we named MoAa91. We showed that MoAa91 was secreted from appressoria and that the recombinant MoAa91 could compete with a chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immunity. By identifying MoAa91 as a novel signaling molecule functioning in appressorium development and an effector in suppressing host immunity, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which RGS and RGS-like proteins regulate pathogen-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yibin Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimei You
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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29
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Kou Y, Qiu J, Tao Z. Every Coin Has Two Sides: Reactive Oxygen Species during Rice⁻ Magnaporthe oryzae Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051191. [PMID: 30857220 PMCID: PMC6429160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many important processes, including the growth, development, and responses to the environments, in rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae. Although ROS are known to be critical components in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions, their regulations and pathways have not yet been completely revealed. Recent studies have provided fascinating insights into the intricate physiological redox balance in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions. In M. oryzae, ROS accumulation is required for the appressorium formation and penetration. However, once inside the rice cells, M. oryzae must scavenge the host-derived ROS to spread invasive hyphae. On the other side, ROS play key roles in rice against M. oryzae. It has been known that, upon perception of M. oryzae, rice plants modulate their activities of ROS generating and scavenging enzymes, mainly on NADPH oxidase OsRbohB, by different signaling pathways to accumulate ROS against rice blast. By contrast, the M. oryzae virulent strains are capable of suppressing ROS accumulation and attenuating rice blast resistance by the secretion of effectors, such as AvrPii and AvrPiz-t. These results suggest that ROS generation and scavenging of ROS are tightly controlled by different pathways in both M. oryzae and rice during rice blast. In this review, the most recent advances in the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ROS accumulation and signaling during rice⁻M. oryzae interaction are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Kou
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Zeng Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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