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Characterization of Bordetella pertussis Strains Isolated from India. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070794. [PMID: 35890038 PMCID: PMC9322502 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high level vaccination and the availability of two different types of vaccines, whole cell (wP) and acellular vaccines (aP), the resurgence of pertussis has been reported in many countries. Antigenic variation within circulating and vaccine strains is the most documented reason reported for the resurgence of pertussis. Research on genetic divergence among circulating and vaccine strains has largely been reported in countries using aP vaccines. There are inadequate data available for antigenic variation in B. pertussis from wP-using countries. India has used wP for more than 40 years in their primary immunization program. The present study reports five clinical isolates of B. pertussis from samples of pediatric patients with pertussis symptoms observed in India. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clinical isolates were performed by serotyping, genotyping, whole genome analyses and comparative genomics. All clinical isolates showed serotype 1, 2 and 3 based on the presence of fimbriae 2 and 3. Genotyping showed genetic similarities in allele types for five aP genes within vaccine strains and clinical isolates reported from India. The presence of the ptxP3 genotype was observed in two out of five clinical isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for clinical isolates using the hybrid strategy of combining Illumina (short reads) and oxford nanopore (long reads) sequencing strategies. Clinical isolates (n = 5) and vaccine strains (n = 7) genomes of B. pertussis from India were compared with 744 B. pertussis closed genomes available in the public databases. The phylogenomic comparison of B. pertussis genomes reported from India will be advantageous in better understanding pertussis resurgence reported globally with respect to pathogen adaptation.
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Kumraj G, Pathak S, Shah S, Majumder P, Jain J, Bhati D, Hanif S, Mukherjee S, Ahmed S. Capacity Building for Vaccine Manufacturing Across Developing Countries: The Way Forward. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2020529. [PMID: 35086416 PMCID: PMC8986212 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approved vaccines prevent 2 to 3 million deaths per year. There is a lack of equitable access to vaccines in the low- and middle-income developing nations. Challenges in the life cycle of vaccine production include process development, lead time, intellectual property, and local vaccine production. A robust and stable manufacturing process and constant raw material supplies over decades is critical. In a continuously evolving vaccine landscape, the need of the hour for developing nations is to manufacture their own vaccines besides having supply security, control over production scheduling and sustainability, control of costs, socio-economic development, and rapid response to local epidemics. There is a need for capacity building of workforce development, technology transfer, and financial support. Technology transfer has improved vaccine access and reduced prices of vaccines. Capacity building for the manufacturing of vaccines in developing countries has always been an area of paramount importance and more so in a pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumraj
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarang Pathak
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanket Shah
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | - Sarmad Hanif
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Syed Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
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Swain SK, Gadnayak A, Mohanty JN, Sarangi R, Das J. Does enterovirus 71 urge for effective vaccine control strategies? Challenges and current opinion. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2322. [PMID: 34997684 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an infectious virus affecting all age groups of people around the world. It is one of the major aetiologic agents for HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease) identified globally. It has led to many outbreaks and epidemics in Asian countries. Infection caused by this virus that can lead to serious psychological problems, heart diseases and respiratory issues in children younger than 10 years of age. Many studies are being carried out on the pathogenesis of the virus, but little is known. The host immune response and other molecular responses against the virus are also not clearly determined. This review deals with the interaction between the host and the EV71 virus. We discuss how the virus makes use of its proteins to affect the host's immunity and how the viral proteins help their replication. Additionally, we describe other useful resources that enable the virus to evade the host's immune responses. The knowledge of the viral structure and its interactions with host cells has led to the discovery of various drug targets for the treatment of the virus. Additionally, this review focusses on the antiviral drugs and vaccines developed by targeting various viral surface molecules during their infectious period. Furthermore, it is asserted that the improvement of prevailing vaccines will be the simplest method to manage EV71 infection swiftly. Therefore, we summarise numerous vaccines candidate for the EV71, such as the use of an inactivated complete virus, recombinant VP1 protein, artificial peptides, VLPs (viral-like particles) and live attenuated vaccines for combating the viral outbreaks promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Swain
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayushman Gadnayak
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jatindra Nath Mohanty
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rachita Sarangi
- Department of Pediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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Mandal S, Arinaminpathy N, Bhargava B, Panda S. India's pragmatic vaccination strategy against COVID-19: a mathematical modelling-based analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048874. [PMID: 34215611 PMCID: PMC8257292 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of targeted vaccination strategies on morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, as well as on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2, in India. DESIGN Mathematical modelling. SETTINGS Indian epidemic of COVID-19 and vulnerable population. DATA SOURCES Country-specific and age-segregated pattern of social contact, case fatality rate and demographic data obtained from peer-reviewed literature and public domain. MODEL An age-structured dynamical model describing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in India incorporating uncertainty in natural history parameters was constructed. INTERVENTIONS Comparison of different vaccine strategies by targeting priority groups such as keyworkers including healthcare professionals, individuals with comorbidities (24-60 years old) and all above 60. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence reduction and averted deaths in different scenarios, assuming that the current restrictions are fully lifted as vaccination is implemented. RESULTS The priority groups together account for about 18% of India's population. An infection-preventing vaccine with 60% efficacy covering all these groups would reduce peak symptomatic incidence by 20.6% (95% uncertainty intervals (UI) 16.7-25.4) and cumulative mortality by 29.7% (95% CrI 25.8-33.8). A similar vaccine with ability to prevent symptoms (but not infection) will reduce peak incidence of symptomatic cases by 10.4% (95% CrI 8.4-13.0) and cumulative mortality by 32.9% (95% CrI 28.6-37.3). In the event of insufficient vaccine supply to cover all priority groups, model projections suggest that after keyworkers, vaccine strategy should prioritise all who are >60 and subsequently individuals with comorbidities. In settings with weakest transmission, such as sparsely populated rural areas, those with comorbidities should be prioritised after keyworkers. CONCLUSIONS An appropriately targeted vaccination strategy would witness substantial mitigation of impact of COVID-19 in a country like India with wide heterogeneity. 'Smart vaccination', based on public health considerations, rather than mass vaccination, appears prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mandal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (Clinical Studies, Projection & Policy Unit), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (Clinical Studies, Projection & Policy Unit), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- National AIDS Research Institute Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Rahman MM, Ahmed M, Islam MT, Khan MR, Sultana S, Maeesa SK, Hasan S, Hossain MA, Ferdous KS, Mathew B, Rauf A, Uddin MS. Nanotechnology-Based Approaches and Investigational Therapeutics against COVID-19. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:948-968. [PMID: 34218774 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210701150315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus which is currently responsible for the global pandemic since December 2019. This class of coronavirus has affected 217 countries around the world. Most of the countries have taken some non-remedial preventive actions like country lockdown, work from home, travel bans, and the most significant one is social isolation. Pharmacists, doctors, nurses, technologists, and all other healthcare professionals are playing a pivotal role during this pandemic. Unluckily, there is no specific drug that can treat patients who are confirmed with COVID-19, though favipiravir and remdesivir have appeared as favorable antiviral drugs. Some vaccines have already developed, and vaccination has started worldwide. Different nanotechnologies are in the developing stage in many countries for preventing SARS-COV-2 and treating COVID-19 conditions. In this article, we review the COVID-19 pandemic situation as well as the nanotechnology-based approaches and investigational therapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Md Robin Khan
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Saila Kabir Maeesa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Sakib Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Md Abid Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Sayma Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
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Excler JL, Saville M, Berkley S, Kim JH. Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases. Nat Med 2021; 27:591-600. [PMID: 33846611 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the vaccine strategies and technical platforms used for the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of those used for previous emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pandemics may offer some mutually beneficial lessons. The unprecedented scale and rapidity of dissemination of recent emerging infectious diseases pose new challenges for vaccine developers, regulators, health authorities and political constituencies. Vaccine manufacturing and distribution are complex and challenging. While speed is essential, clinical development to emergency use authorization and licensure, pharmacovigilance of vaccine safety and surveillance of virus variants are also critical. Access to vaccines and vaccination needs to be prioritized in low- and middle-income countries. The combination of these factors will weigh heavily on the ultimate success of efforts to bring the current and any future emerging infectious disease pandemics to a close.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Saville
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), London, UK
| | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Excler JL, Privor-Dumm L, Kim JH. Supply and delivery of vaccines for global health. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:13-20. [PMID: 33845349 PMCID: PMC8035049 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines developed in high-income countries have been enormously successful in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases, saving perhaps 2.5 million lives per year, but even for successful cases, like the rotavirus vaccine, global implementation may take a decade or more. For unincentivized vaccines, the delays are even more profound, as both the supply of a vaccine from developing country manufacturers and vaccine demand from countries with the high disease burdens have to be generated in order for impact to be manifest. A number of poverty-associated infectious diseases, whose burden is greatest in low-income and middle-income countries, would benefit from appropriate levels of support for vaccine development such as Group A Streptococcus, invasive non-typhoid salmonella, schistosomiasis, shigella, to name a few. With COVID-19 vaccines we will hopefully be able to provide novel vaccine technology to all countries through a unique collaborative effort, the COVAX facility, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). Whether this effort can deliver vaccine to all its participating countries remains to be seen, but this ambitious effort to develop, manufacture, distribute, and vaccinate 60–80% of the world’s population will hopefully be a lasting legacy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lois Privor-Dumm
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Operation Warp Speed: implications for global vaccine security. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 9:e1017-e1021. [PMID: 33780663 PMCID: PMC7997645 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several global efforts are underway to develop COVID-19 vaccines, and interim analyses from phase 3 clinical testing have been announced by nine organisations: Pfizer, the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm Group, Sinovac Biotech, Johnson & Johnson, Novavax, and CanSino Biologics. The US programme known as Operation Warp Speed provided US$18 billion in funding for development of vaccines that were intended for US populations. Depending on safety and efficacy, vaccines can become available through mechanisms for emergency use, expanded access with informed consent, or full licensure. An important question is: how will these Operation Warp Speed vaccines be used for COVID-19 prevention in global health settings? We address some key questions that arise in the transition from US to global vaccine prevention efforts and from ethical and logistical issues to those that are relevant to global vaccine security, justice, equity, and diplomacy.
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Bright B, Babalola CP, Sam-Agudu NA, Onyeaghala AA, Olatunji A, Aduh U, Sobande PO, Crowell TA, Tebeje YK, Phillip S, Ndembi N, Folayan MO. COVID-19 preparedness: capacity to manufacture vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Health 2021; 17:24. [PMID: 33658050 PMCID: PMC7927760 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic is a biosecurity threat, and many resource-rich countries are stockpiling and/or making plans to secure supplies of vaccine, therapeutics, and diagnostics for their citizens. We review the products that are being investigated for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19; discuss the challenges that countries in sub-Saharan Africa may face with access to COVID-19 vaccine, therapeutics, and diagnostics due to the limited capacity to manufacture them in Africa; and make recommendations on actions to mitigate these challenges and ensure health security in sub-Saharan Africa during this unprecedented pandemic and future public-health crises. MAIN BODY Sub-Saharan Africa will not be self-reliant for COVID-19 vaccines when they are developed. It can, however, take advantage of existing initiatives aimed at supporting COVID-19 vaccine access to resource-limited settings such as partnership with AstraZeneca, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovation, the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation, the Serum Institute of India, and the World Health Organization's COVID-19 Technology Access Pool. Accessing effective COVID-19 therapeutics will also be a major challenge for countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as production of therapeutics is frequently geared towards profitable Western markets and is ill-adapted to sub-Saharan Africa realities. The region can benefit from pooled procurement of COVID-19 therapy by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in partnership with the African Union. If the use of convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients who are severely ill is found to be effective, access to the product will be minimally challenging since the region has a pool of recovered patients and human resources that can man supportive laboratories. The region also needs to drive the local development of rapid-test kits and other diagnostics for COVID-19. CONCLUSION Access to vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics for COVID-19 will be a challenge for sub-Saharan Africans. This challenge should be confronted by collaborating with vaccine developers; pooled procurement of COVID-19 therapeutics; and local development of testing and diagnostic materials. The COVID-19 pandemic should be a wake-up call for sub-Saharan Africa to build vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics manufacturing capacity as one of the resources needed to address public-health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisi Bright
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Live Well Initiative Academy Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chinedum Peace Babalola
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Drug Discovery, Development & Production, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Genetics & Bioethics Unit, Institute of Advanced Medical Research & Training, College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chrisland University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Nadia Adjoa Sam-Agudu
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Augustine Anayochukwu Onyeaghala
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebola Olatunji
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Fort Worth Internal Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ufuoma Aduh
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- World Health Organisation, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Patrick O Sobande
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Stephen's Pedi & Pulmonary Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yenew Kebede Tebeje
- Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sunny Phillip
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nicaise Ndembi
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- , COVID-19 Think Tank, Nigeria.
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials. Nat Med 2021; 27:205-211. [PMID: 33469205 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After the recent announcement of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in clinical trials by several manufacturers for protection against severe disease, a comprehensive post-efficacy strategy for the next steps to ensure vaccination of the global population is now required. These considerations should include how to manufacture billions of doses of high-quality vaccines, support for vaccine purchase, coordination of supply, the equitable distribution of vaccines and the logistics of global vaccine delivery, all of which are a prelude to a massive vaccination campaign targeting people of all ages. Furthermore, additional scientific questions about the vaccines remain that should be answered to improve vaccine efficacy, including questions regarding the optimization of vaccination regimens, booster doses, the correlates of protection, vaccine effectiveness, safety and enhanced surveillance. The timely and coordinated execution of these post-efficacy tasks will bring the pandemic to an effective, and efficient, close.
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Stevenson M, Youde J. Public-private partnering as a modus operandi: Explaining the Gates Foundation's approach to global health governance. Glob Public Health 2020; 16:401-414. [PMID: 32762617 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1801790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In its first decade, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) focused much of its efforts on enabling the establishment of transnational public-private partnerships (PPPs) oriented towards increasing low-income country (LIC) access to essential health technologies. Critics have argued these efforts further enriched already profitable firms which long ignored the needs of populations with limited purchasing power, while lessening political will to invest in urgently needed public sector capacity to produce essential health technologies independently of market pressures. Missing from these critical analyses were the perspectives of those shaping BMGF's global health programming. Drawing on interviews with senior BMGF staff and external affiliates undertaken between 2010 and 2012, this article seeks to address this gap. We argue that BMGF's embrace of PPPs was adopted out of the belief that neither public agencies nor industry were capable of providing LICs with essential health technologies autonomously, and that their conflicting mandates required an honest broker to initiate and sustain collaboration between the two sectors. The Foundation's comparative advantage in global health governance was thus seen by those informing its work, as its capacity to negotiate such partnerships, which we argue has also been the basis of its agenda-setting influence in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stevenson
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jeremy Youde
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
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Stevenson M. A situation analysis of the state of supply of in vitro diagnostics in Low-Income Countries. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:1836-1846. [PMID: 32758073 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1801791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) are medical devices and accessories used to test bodily samples for causative agents of disease. IVDs play a central role in the diagnosis of individuals, in the rationale use of medicines, in burden of disease estimates, as well as in public health surveillance; especially for detection of emerging epidemics, the identification and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance, and the documentation of infection rates in populations. This article examines how the state of (a) product quality, (b) pricing, and (c) development country manufacturing capacity, are affecting the supply of IVDs in Low-Income Countries (LICs). Data informing this work is derived from interviews with representatives of leading stakeholder organisations working in this space, and analysis of secondary literature. The findings of this analysis are that the supply of IVDs in LICs is undermined by (i) significant variation in product quality; (ii) inconsistent market demand from governments; (iii) limited opportunities for pooled procurement; (iv) a lack of transparency and consistency in product pricing; and (v) insufficient competition among producers capable of innovating for populations with limited purchasing power and low-resource settings. The article then examines four strategies for how these challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stevenson
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Hamilton, Canada
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13
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Alai S, Ghattargi VC, Gautam M, Patel K, Pawar SP, Dhotre DP, Shaligram U, Gairola S. Comparative genomics of whole-cell pertussis vaccine strains from India. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:345. [PMID: 32381023 PMCID: PMC7204287 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high vaccination coverage using acellular (ACV) and whole-cell pertussis (WCV) vaccines, the resurgence of pertussis is observed globally. Genetic divergence in circulating strains of Bordetella pertussis has been reported as one of the contributing factors for the resurgence of the disease. Our current knowledge of B. pertussis genetic evolution in circulating strains is mostly based on studies conducted in countries using ACVs targeting only a few antigens used in the production of ACVs. To better understand the adaptation to vaccine-induced selection pressure, it will be essential to study B. pertussis populations in developing countries which are using WCVs. India is a significant user and global supplier of WCVs. We report here comparative genome analyses of vaccine and clinical isolates reported from India. Whole-genome sequences obtained from vaccine strains: WCV (J445, J446, J447 and J448), ACV (BP165) were compared with Tohama-I reference strain and recently reported clinical isolates from India (BPD1, BPD2). Core genome-based phylogenetic analysis was also performed using 166 isolates reported from countries using ACV. RESULTS Whole-genome analysis of vaccine and clinical isolates reported from India revealed high genetic similarity and conserved genome among strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clinical and vaccine strains share genetic closeness with reference strain Tohama-I. The allelic profile of vaccine strains (J445:ptxP1/ptxA2/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1; J446: ptxP2/ptxA4/prn7/fim2-2/fim3-1; J447 and J448: ptxP1/ptxA1/ prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1), which matched entirely with clinical isolates (BPD1:ptxP1/ptxA1/prn1/fim2-1 and BPD2: ptxP1/ptxA1/prn1/fim2-1) reported from India. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) demonstrated the presence of dominant sequence types ST2 and primitive ST1 in vaccine strains which will allow better coverage against circulating strains of B. pertussis. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a detailed characterization of vaccine and clinical strains reported from India, which will further facilitate epidemiological studies on genetic shifts in countries which are using WCVs in their immunization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Alai
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, 412115, India
| | - Vikas C Ghattargi
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Krunal Patel
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Shrikant P Pawar
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Dhiraj P Dhotre
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Umesh Shaligram
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India
| | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
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Badizadegan K, Goodson JL, Rota PA, Thompson KM. The potential role of using vaccine patches to induce immunity: platform and pathways to innovation and commercialization. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:175-194. [PMID: 32182145 PMCID: PMC7814398 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1732215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: In the last two decades, the evidence related to using vaccine patches with multiple short projections (≤1 mm) to deliver vaccines through the skin increased significantly and demonstrated their potential as an innovative delivery platform.Areas covered: We review the vaccine patch literature published in English as of 1 March 2019, as well as available information from key stakeholders related to vaccine patches as a platform. We identify key research topics related to basic and translational science on skin physical properties and immunobiology, patch development, and vaccine manufacturing.Expert opinion: Currently, vaccine patch developers continue to address some basic science and other platform issues in the context of developing a potential vaccine patch presentation for an existing or new vaccine. Additional clinical data and manufacturing experience could shift the balance toward incentivizing existing vaccine manufactures to further explore the use of vaccine patches to deliver their products. Incentives for innovation of vaccine patches differ for developed and developing countries, which will necessitate different strategies (e.g. public-private partnerships, push, or pull mechanisms) to support the basic and applied research needed to ensure a strong evidence base and to overcome translational barriers for vaccine patches as a delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Goodson
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Barragán-Ocaña A, Gómez-Viquez H, Merritt H, Oliver-Espinoza R. Promotion of technological development and determination of biotechnology trends in five selected Latin American countries: An analysis based on PCT patent applications. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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16
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Songane M. Challenges for nationwide vaccine delivery in African countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT 2018; 18:197-219. [PMID: 29047019 DOI: 10.1007/s10754-017-9229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are very effective in providing individual and community (herd) immunity against a range of diseases. In addition to protection against a range of diseases, vaccines also have social and economic benefits. However, for vaccines to be effective, routine immunization programmes must be undertaken regularly to ensure individual and community protection. Nonetheless, in many countries in Africa, vaccination coverage is low because governments struggle to deliver vaccines to the most remote areas, thus contributing to constant outbreaks of various vaccine-preventable diseases. African governments fail to deliver vaccines to a significant percentage of the target population due to many issues in key areas such as policy setting, programme management and financing, supply chain, global vaccine market, research and development of vaccines. This review gives an overview of the causes of these issues and what is currently being done to address them. This review will discuss the role of philanthropic organisations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and global partnerships such as the global alliance for vaccines and immunizations in the development, purchase and delivery of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Songane
- McGill Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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17
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Godói IP, Lemos LLP, de Araújo VE, Bonoto BC, Godman B, Guerra Júnior AA. CYD-TDV dengue vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, immunogenicity and safety. J Comp Eff Res 2017; 6:165-180. [PMID: 28084784 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue virus (DENV) is a serious global health problem. CYD-TDC (Dengvaxia®) was the first vaccine to gain regulatory approval to try and address this problem. AIM Summarize all available evidence on the immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of the CYD-TDV dengue vaccine. METHOD Meta-analysis and systematic review. RESULTS The best and worst immunogenicity results were for DENV4 and DENV1, respectively. Vaccine efficacy of 60% was derived from studies with participants aged 2-16 years old, with DENV4 and DENV2 presenting the best and worst results, respectively. Erythema and swelling were more frequent with CYD-TDV. No differences were detected for systemic adverse events. CONCLUSION CYD-TDV showed moderate efficacy in children and adolescents. From the immunogenicity results in adults, we can expect satisfactory efficacy from vaccination in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Piassi Godói
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica, sala 1023, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.,SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment & Excellence in Health, sala 1042, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Livia Lovato Pires Lemos
- SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment & Excellence in Health, sala 1042, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vânia Eloisa de Araújo
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar, 500 Coração Eucaristíco, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30535-901, Brazil
| | - Braúlio Cesar Bonoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica, sala 1023, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Brian Godman
- University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacoepidemiology, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra Júnior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica, sala 1023, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.,SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment & Excellence in Health, sala 1042, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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Roles and contributions of developing country vaccine manufacturers to global vaccine supplies. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
The two licensed bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 (the major papillomavirus virion protein) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are regarded as safe, effective, and well established prophylactic vaccines. However, they have some inherent limitations, including a fairly high production and delivery cost, virus-type restricted protection, and no reported therapeutic activity, which might be addressed with the development of alternative dosing schedules and vaccine products. A change from a three-dose to a two-dose protocol for the licensed HPV vaccines, especially in younger adolescents (aged 9-13 years), is underway in several countries and is likely to become the future norm. Preliminary evidence suggests that recipients of HPV vaccines might derive prophylactic benefits from one dose of the bivalent vaccine. Substantial interest exists in both the academic and industrial sectors in the development of second-generation L1 VLP vaccines in terms of cost reduction-eg, by production in Escherichia coli or alternative types of yeast. However, Merck's nonavalent vaccine, produced via the Saccharomyces cerevisiae production system that is also used for their quadrivalent vaccine, is the first second-generation HPV VLP vaccine to be available on the market. By contrast, other pharmaceutical companies are developing microbial vectors that deliver L1 genes. These two approaches would add an HPV component to existing live attenuated vaccines for measles and typhoid fever. Prophylactic vaccines that are based on induction of broadly cross-neutralising antibodies to L2, the minor HPV capsid protein, are also being developed both as simple monomeric fusion proteins and as virus-like display vaccines. The strong interest in developing the next generation of vaccines, particularly by manufacturers in middle-to-high income countries, increases the likelihood that vaccine production will become decentralised with the hope that effective HPV vaccines will be made increasingly available in low-resource settings where they are most needed.
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Queenan AM, Fernandez J, Shang W, Wiertsema S, van den Dobbelsteen GPJM, Poolman J. The mouse intranasal challenge model for potency testing of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1265-70. [PMID: 25029905 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.938642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A mouse intracerebral challenge model is used for potency testing of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines. We investigated the use of a mouse nasopharyngeal challenge model, which better reflects the clinical features of pertussis disease, to differentiate between efficacy of wP vaccines. METHODS Efficacy of three wP vaccines (Quinvaxem(®), Easyfive(®) and Pentavac(®)) was tested in the nasopharyngeal challenge model. Mice were vaccinated at 4 and 7 weeks and challenged with Bordetella pertussis at 9 weeks. Vaccine efficacy was determined based on CFU in the lungs 5 days after challenge. RESULTS The mouse nasopharyngeal challenge model has the capacity to differentiate between the efficacy of whole cell pertussis vaccines. CONCLUSION The mouse nasopharyngeal challenge model could be considered as a potency and release assay for wP vaccines. Whether this model directly correlates with clinical vaccine efficacy requires further investigations. Whether this model directly correlates with clinical vaccine efficacy requires further investigations. The mouse nasopharyngeal challenge model could be considered as a potency and release assay for wP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Queenan
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development - Bacterial Vaccines Research and Development, 600 Welsh and McKean Rd, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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