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Mesesan-Schmitz L, Coman C, Stanciu C, Bucur V, Tiru LG, Bularca MC. Changes in parenting behavior in the time of COVID-19: A mixed method approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302125. [PMID: 38640097 PMCID: PMC11029621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore mothers' perceptions about changes in parenting behavior in the middle of the pandemic COVID 19 period. Based on the convergent mixed-method design and Parental Stress model, we illustrated these changes by taking into account the impact of the pandemic perceived by mothers and the resources they had available. Research on parenting changes was important in the Romanian context because, in that challenging period, there were no regulations to safeguard parents, especially single parents as mothers. Mothers experienced increased levels of stress, some of them having to leave their jobs to stay at home with their children. Other mothers needed to work from home and in the meantime to take care of their children. In this context we wanted to illustrate the possible changes that occurred in their parenting behavior during the pandemic period. Results from the quantitative survey showed that there is a moderate correlation between the negative impact felt by mothers and the negative changes in their parenting behavior, and this correlation was diminished by a series of resources such as: social support, parenting alliance, or high income. Qualitative data provided better understanding of mothers' parenting behavior by showing that mothers shared both positive and negative experiences during the pandemic, regardless of the general trend mentioned. As shown by the quantitative data, the qualitative data also showed that mothers who felt more strongly the impact of the pandemic reported more negative changes in their parenting behavior. The positive changes most frequently stated involved expressing affection and communicating more often on various topics, carrying out leisure activities or activities meant to help with the personal development of the child, and involving children in domestic activities. Mothers mostly described negative aspects such as too much involvement in school life, increased control and surveillance of children, especially when it comes to school related activities and to the time children were allowed to spend on their digital devices. These changes led to conflicts and sometimes, mothers resorted to discipline practices. In addition to the resources identified in quantitative research, mothers with higher education and medium-high income also turned to specialized resources (psychologists, online courses, support groups) in order to manage conflicts, them being able to see the challenges of the pandemic as an opportunity to develop and improve the relationship with their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Mesesan-Schmitz
- Faculty of Sociology and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Claudiu Coman
- Faculty of Sociology and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Carmen Stanciu
- Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Venera Bucur
- Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Maria Cristina Bularca
- Faculty of Sociology and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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Saxler FM, Dorrough AR, Froehlich L, Block K, Croft A, Meeussen L, Olsson MIT, Schmader T, Schuster C, van Grootel S, Van Laar C, Atkinson C, Benson-Greenwald T, Birneanu A, Cavojova V, Cheryan S, Lee Kai Chung A, Danyliuk I, Dar-Nimrod I, de Lemus S, Diekman A, Eisner L, Estevan-Reina L, Fedáková D, Gavreliuc A, Gavreliuc D, Germano AL, Hässler T, Henningsen L, Ishii K, Kundtová Klocová E, Kozytska I, Kulich C, Lapytskaia Aidy C, López López W, Morandini J, Ramis T, Scheifele C, Steele J, Steffens MC, Velásquez Díaz LM, Venegas M, Martiny SE. Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231219719. [PMID: 38284645 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231219719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants (M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic, with individuals seeing mothers' relative to fathers' share of housework and child care as even larger. Moderation analyses revealed that the effect of the pandemic on descriptive norms about child care decreased with countries' increasing levels of gender equality; countries with stronger gender inequality showed a larger difference between pre- and post-pandemic. This study documents a shift in descriptive norms and discusses implications for gender equality-emphasizing the importance of addressing the additional challenges that mothers face during health-related crises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toni Schmader
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Amanda Diekman
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | | | - Denisa Fedáková
- Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolin Scheifele
- University of Leuven, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Abdel-Rahman S, Awwad FA, Ismail EAA, Kibria BMG, Abonazel MR. Predictors of mental health problems during the COVID-19 outbreak in Egypt in 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1234201. [PMID: 38026343 PMCID: PMC10665964 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1234201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries, including Egypt, have tried to restrict the virus by applying social distancing and precautionary measures. Understanding the impact of COVID-19-induced risks and social distancing measures on individuals' mental health will help mitigate the negative effects of crises by developing appropriate mental health services. This study aimed to investigate the most contributing factors that affected individuals' mental health and how individuals' mental health has changed over the lockdown period in Egypt in 2021. Methods The study draws on a nationally representative sample from the combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey conducted by the Economic Research Forum. The data were collected in Egypt by phone over two waves in February 2021 and June 2021. The total number of respondents is 4,007 individuals. The target population is mobile phone owners aged 18-64 years. The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is used to assess the individuals' mental health over the past 2 weeks during the pandemic. Penalized models (ridge and LASSO regressions) are used to identify the key drivers of mental health status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results The mean value of mental health (MH) scores is 10.06 (95% CI: 9.90-10.23). The average MH score for men was significantly higher than for women by 0.87. Rural residents also had significantly higher MH scores than their urban counterparts (10.25 vs. 9.85). Middle-aged adults, the unemployed, and respondents in low-income households experienced the lowest MH scores (9.83, 9.29, and 9.23, respectively). Individuals' mental health has deteriorated due to the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Regression analysis demonstrated that experiencing food insecurity and a decrease in household income were independent influencing factors for individuals' mental health (p < 0.001). Furthermore, anxiety about economic status and worrying about contracting the virus had greater negative impacts on mental health scores (p < 0.001). In addition, women, middle-aged adults, urban residents, and those belonging to low-income households were at increased risk of poor mental health (p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings reveal the importance of providing mental health services to support these vulnerable groups during crises and activating social protection policies to protect their food security, incomes, and livelihoods. A gendered policy response to the pandemic is also required to address the mental pressures incurred by women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Demography and Biostatistics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fuad A. Awwad
- Department of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad A. A. Ismail
- Department of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - B. M. Golam Kibria
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mohamed R. Abonazel
- Department of Applied Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Schurer S, Atalay K, Glozier N, Vera-Toscano E, Wooden M. Quantifying the human impact of Melbourne's 111-day hard lockdown experiment on the adult population. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1652-1666. [PMID: 37653145 PMCID: PMC10846680 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lockdown was used worldwide to mitigate the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and was the cornerstone non-pharmaceutical intervention of zero-COVID strategies. Many previous impact evaluations of lockdowns are unreliable because lockdowns co-occurred with severe coronavirus disease related health and financial insecurities. This was not the case in Melbourne's 111-day lockdown, which left other Australian jurisdictions unaffected. Interrogating nationally representative longitudinal survey data and quasi-experimental variation, and controlling for multiple hypothesis testing, we found that lockdown had some statistically significant, albeit small, impacts on several domains of human life. Women had lower mental health (-0.10 s.d., P = 0.043, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.21 to -0) and working hours (-0.13 s.d., P = 0.006, 95% CI = -0.22 to -0.04) but exercised more often (0.28 s.d., P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.39) and received more government transfers (0.12 s.d., P = 0.048, 95% CI = 0.001 to 0.24). Men felt less part of their community (-0.20 s.d., P < 0.001, 95% CI = -0.30 to -0.10) and reduced working hours (-0.12 s.d., P = 0.004, 95% CI = -0.20 to -0.04). Heterogeneity analyses demonstrated that families with children were driving the negative results. Mothers had lower mental health (-0.27 s.d., P = 0.014, 95% CI = -0.48 to -0.06), despite feeling safer (0.26 s.d., P = 0.008, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.46). Fathers increased their alcohol consumption (0.35 s.d., P = 0.002, 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.57). Some outcomes worsened with lockdown length for mothers. We discuss potential explanations for why parents were adversely affected by lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schurer
- School of Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence, Families and Children over the Lifecourse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Kadir Atalay
- School of Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence, Families and Children over the Lifecourse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nick Glozier
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence, Families and Children over the Lifecourse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Medicine (Central Clinical School), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Esperanza Vera-Toscano
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Wooden
- IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Vaalavuo M, Salokangas H, Tahvonen O. Gender Inequality Reinforced: The Impact of a Child's Health Shock on Parents' Labor Market Trajectories. Demography 2023; 60:1005-1029. [PMID: 37347703 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10828906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
This article employs a couple-level framework to examine how a child's severe illness affects within-family gender inequality. We study parental labor market responses to a child's cancer diagnosis by exploiting an event-study methodology and rich individual-level administrative data on hospitalizations and labor market variables for the total population in Finland. We find that a child's cancer negatively affects the mother's and the father's labor income. The effect is considerably larger for women, increasing gender inequality beyond the well-documented motherhood penalty. We test three potential moderators explaining the more negative outcomes among mothers: (1) breadwinner status, (2) adherence to traditional gender roles and conservative values, and (3) the child's care needs. We find that mothers who are the main breadwinner experience a smaller reduction in their household income contribution than other mothers. Additionally, working in a gender-typical industry and a child's augmented care needs reinforce mothers' gendered responses. These findings contribute to the literature by providing new insights into gender roles when a child falls ill and demonstrating the effects of child health on gender inequality in two-parent households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vaalavuo
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Barbuscia A, Pailhé A, Solaz A. Do Income and Employment Uncertainty Affect Couple Stability? Evidence for France During the COVID-19 Pandemic. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2023; 39:19. [PMID: 37395827 PMCID: PMC10317946 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Economic uncertainty and family dynamics are strictly connected. The increasing uncertainty generated by the Covid-19 pandemic is thus likely to affect couple relationships and stability, with potential opposite effects. Using data from the nationally representative EPICOV survey, that followed individuals throughout the first year of pandemic in France, we examined separation rates and how these were associated with different measures of employment and income uncertainty, including both pre-pandemic conditions and changes occurred during and after the first lockdown in Spring 2020 in France. Our results show increased rates of separation, especially among younger people, during the 6 months after the first lockdown, and a return to rates more similar to those observed in usual times, afterwards. Individuals who were unemployed and had lower income before the beginning of the pandemic were more likely to separate soon after the lockdown, while changes in employment conditions due to the lockdown were not linked with a higher separation risk. The job protection and the income compensation provided by the French state, as well a less stigmatising effect of unemployment occurred during the covid crisis, may explain the absence of effect. Self-declared deterioration in financial condition, especially when declared by men, was associated with higher separation risk for the whole year of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane Pailhé
- Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Aubervilliers, France
| | - Anne Solaz
- Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Aubervilliers, France
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Sanstead EC, Li Z, McKearnan SB, Kao SYZ, Mink PJ, Simon AB, Kuntz KM, Gildemeister S, Enns EA. Adaptive COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies: Tradeoffs between Trigger Thresholds, Response Timing, and Effectiveness. MDM Policy Pract 2023; 8:23814683231202716. [PMID: 37841496 PMCID: PMC10568986 DOI: 10.1177/23814683231202716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. To support proactive decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic, mathematical models have been leveraged to identify surveillance indicator thresholds at which strengthening nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is necessary to protect health care capacity. Understanding tradeoffs between different adaptive COVID-19 response components is important when designing strategies that balance public preference and public health goals. Methods. We considered 3 components of an adaptive COVID-19 response: 1) the threshold at which to implement the NPI, 2) the time needed to implement the NPI, and 3) the effectiveness of the NPI. Using a compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission calibrated to Minnesota state data, we evaluated different adaptive policies in terms of the peak number of hospitalizations and the time spent with the NPI in force. Scenarios were compared with a reference strategy, in which an NPI with an 80% contact reduction was triggered when new weekly hospitalizations surpassed 8 per 100,000 population, with a 7-day implementation period. Assumptions were varied in sensitivity analysis. Results. All adaptive response scenarios substantially reduced peak hospitalizations relative to no response. Among adaptive response scenarios, slower NPI implementation resulted in somewhat higher peak hospitalization and a longer time spent under the NPIs than the reference scenario. A stronger NPI response resulted in slightly less time with the NPIs in place and smaller hospitalization peak. A higher trigger threshold resulted in greater peak hospitalizations with little reduction in the length of time under the NPIs. Conclusions. An adaptive NPI response can substantially reduce infection circulation and prevent health care capacity from being exceeded. However, population preferences as well as the feasibility and timeliness of compliance with reenacting NPIs should inform response design. Highlights This study uses a mathematical model to compare different adaptive nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI) strategies for COVID-19 management across 3 dimensions: threshold when the NPI should be implemented, time it takes to implement the NPI, and the effectiveness of the NPI.All adaptive NPI response scenarios considered substantially reduced peak hospitalizations compared with no response.Slower NPI implementation results in a somewhat higher peak hospitalization and longer time spent with the NPI in place but may make an adaptive strategy more feasible by allowing the population sufficient time to prepare for changing restrictions.A stronger, more effective NPI response results in a modest reduction in the time spent under the NPIs and slightly lower peak hospitalizations.A higher threshold for triggering the NPI delays the time at which the NPI starts but results in a higher peak hospitalization and does not substantially reduce the time the NPI remains in force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn C. Sanstead
- Division of Health Policy, Minnesota Department of Health, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Zongbo Li
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shannon B. McKearnan
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Szu-Yu Zoe Kao
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamela J. Mink
- Division of Health Policy, Minnesota Department of Health, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alisha Baines Simon
- Division of Health Policy, Minnesota Department of Health, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Karen M. Kuntz
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stefan Gildemeister
- Division of Health Policy, Minnesota Department of Health, State of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Eva A. Enns
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abdel-Rahman S, Awwad FA, Qasim M, Abonazel MR. New evidence of gender inequality during COVID-19 outbreak in the Middle East and North Africa. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17705. [PMID: 37456038 PMCID: PMC10338972 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered employment and income distribution, impacting women and men differently. This study investigates the negative effects of COVID-19 on the labour market, focusing on the gender gap in five countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The study indicates whether women are more susceptible to losing their jobs, either temporarily or permanently, switching their primary occupation, and experiencing decreased working hours and income compared to men during the COVID-19 outbreak. The study utilizes a multivariate Probit model to estimate the relationship between gender and adverse labour outcomes controlling for correlations among outcomes. Data are obtained from the Combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey, covering Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, and Sudan. The findings of this study offer empirical evidence of the gender gap in labour market outcomes during the pandemic. Women are more likely than men to experience negative work outcomes, such as permanent job loss and change in their main job. The increased childcare and housework responsibilities have significantly impacted women's labour market outcomes during the pandemic. However, the availability of telework has reduced the likelihood of job loss among women. The study's results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in understudied MENA countries. Mitigation policies should focus on supporting vulnerable women who have experienced disproportionate negative effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Demography and Biostatistics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fuad A. Awwad
- Department of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Economics, Finance and Statistics, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mohamed R. Abonazel
- Department of Applied Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Kugler M, Viollaz M, Duque D, Gaddis I, Newhouse D, Palacios-Lopez A, Weber M. How Did the COVID-19 Crisis Affect Different Types of Workers in the Developing World? WORLD DEVELOPMENT 2023:106331. [PMID: 37362609 PMCID: PMC10284455 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the employment of different groups of workers across 40 mostly low and middle-income countries. Employment outcomes during the crisis are tracked through high-frequency phone surveys conducted by the World Bank and national statistics offices. Our results show that larger shares of female, young, less educated, and urban workers stopped working at the beginning of the pandemic. Gender gaps in work stoppage stemmed mainly from gender differences within sectors rather than differential employment patterns of men and women across sectors. Differences in work stoppage between urban and rural workers were markedly smaller than those across gender, age, and education groups. Preliminary results from 10 countries suggest that following the initial shock at the start of the pandemic, employment rates partially recovered between April and August 2020, with greater gains for those groups that had borne the brunt of the early jobs losses. Although the high-frequency phone surveys over-represent household heads and therefore overestimate employment rates, a validation exercise for five countries suggests that they provide a reasonably accurate measure of disparities in employment levels by gender, education, and urban/rural location following the onset of the crisis, although they perform less well in capturing disparities between age groups. These results shed new light on the distributional labor market consequences of the COVID-19 crisis in developing countries, and suggest that real-time phone surveys, despite their lack of representativeness, are a valuable source of information to measure differential employment impacts across groups during an unfolding crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Kugler
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University
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10
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Lafuente C, Ruland A, Santaeulàlia-Llopis R, Visschers L. The Effects of Covid-19 on Couples' Job Tenures: Mothers Have it Worse. LABOUR ECONOMICS 2023:102404. [PMID: 37361355 PMCID: PMC10281739 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We study the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment contracts and job tenures of couples, and how these are shaped by gender and the presence of children. Using the Spanish Labour Force Survey, we find that women with children have suffered relatively larger losses of higher-duration, permanent jobs since the pandemic than men or women without children. These losses emerge approximately one year after the onset of the pandemic and persist, even though the aggregate male and female employment rate has recovered. Our results point to potential labour market scars, in particular, for mothers, that hide behind standard aggregate employment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lafuente
- University of Bath and Université Catholique de Louvain, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ludo Visschers
- University of Edinburgh, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CESifo and IZA, United Kingdom
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11
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Dungan M, Lincoln M, Aichele S, Clark ELM, Harvey A, Hoyer L, Jiao Y, Joslin S, Russell F, Biringen Z. Mother-Child and Father-Child Emotional Availability during the COVID-19 Pandemic. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1044. [PMID: 37371275 DOI: 10.3390/children10061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
While the body of literature on COVID-19's impacts on family life is rapidly expanding, most studies are based entirely on self-report data, leaving a critical gap in observational studies of parent-child interactions. The goal of this study was to evaluate parent-child relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic using the observational emotional availability (EA) construct. Parents (n = 43) were assessed using the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII), the Flourishing Scale (FLS), and the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questionnaires. The subcategories of the EPII were used to develop an EPII negative and an EPII positive for each parent. EA (sensitivity, structuring, nonhostility, nonintrusiveness, child responsiveness, and child involvement) was coded from filmed parent-child interactions. Separate hierarchical multiple regressions (HMRs) were run to evaluate each of the variables of interest (EPII and FLS) as predictive of EA. Child age (M = 6, SD = 4.68) and ACEs were added in subsequent steps for EPII negative and positive if the initial step was significant. For mothers (n = 25), results demonstrated EPII negative as a significant predictor of EA with child age and ACEs adding only small amount of variance to the prediction. The same HMR process was repeated for flourishing, with the covariate child age alone. For fathers (n = 18), flourishing was a significant predictor of EA and child age added only a small amount of variance to the prediction. Results indicate that experiencing high COVID-19-related stressors is associated with lower EA for mothers, but not fathers. Having high levels of flourishing during the pandemic was predictive of higher EA for fathers, but not mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Dungan
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Michael Lincoln
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Stephen Aichele
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Emma L M Clark
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Ashley Harvey
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Lillian Hoyer
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Yuqin Jiao
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Steffany Joslin
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Frances Russell
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Zeynep Biringen
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
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12
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Fiaschi D, Tealdi C. The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19. LABOUR ECONOMICS 2023:102402. [PMID: 37361356 PMCID: PMC10259655 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the attachment to the labour market of women in their 30s, who are combining career and family choices, through their reactions to an exogenous, and potentially symmetric shock, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that in Italy a large number of women with small children, living in the North, left permanent (and temporary) employment and became inactive in 2020. Despite the short period of observation after the burst of the pandemic, the identified impacts appear large and persistent, particularly with respect to the men of the same age. We argue that this evidence is ascribable to specific regional socio-cultural factors, which foreshadow a potential long-term detrimental impact on female labour force participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Fiaschi
- Dipartimento di Economia e Management, University of Pisa, REMARC and Centro DAGUM, Via Ridolfi 10, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Cristina Tealdi
- Edinburgh Business School, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
- IZA Institute of Labor, Germany
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13
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Qiao S, Wilcox S, Olatosi B, Li X. COVID-19 challenges, responses, and resilience among rural Black women: a study protocol. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1156717. [PMID: 37333566 PMCID: PMC10275362 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1156717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the aggregated burdens and challenges experienced by rural Black women during the COVID-19 pandemic, many likely also demonstrated strength and resilience to overcome challenges. A mixed methodology and a community-based participatory approach will be used to collect multilevel data on challenges, responses, resilience, and lessons during the pandemic from Black women, community health workers, and community leaders in rural areas in South Carolina (SC). Specifically, the unique circumstances and lived experiences of rural Black women during the COVID-19 pandemic will be documented to understand their needs regarding effective management of social, physical, and mental health challenges through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with Black women, community health workers, and local community leaders recruited from rural SC communities. Barriers, facilitators, and potential impacts of multilevel resilience development will be identified through a survey administered among rural Black women recruited from 11 rural counties (with one as site for a pilot testing of the questionnaire). A report for public health practice will be developed, including recommended strategies to optimize health systems' emergency preparedness and responses through triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data from multiple sources. Findings in the proposed study will provide valuable references in terms of addressing social determinants of health factor challenges during the pandemic, fostering resilience, and informing evidence-based decision-making for policymakers. The study will contribute to the development of public health emergency preparedness plans, which can promote the resilience of women, their families, and local communities as well as optimize effective preparedness and response of health systems for rural Black women and their families during infectious disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sara Wilcox
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Prevention Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Department of Health System Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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14
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Wood J. A qualitative life course perspective on covid-lockdowns and couples' division of unpaid labour. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2023; 56:100543. [PMID: 38054887 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 lockdowns in many countries were characterised by increases in unpaid labour (e.g. home-schooling), as well as changing working conditions (e.g. remote work). Consequently, a large body of research assesses changes in dual earner couples' gender division of unpaid labour. However, despite the increasingly detailed picture of households' division of labour before and after the onset of the pandemic, it remains unclear how dual earner parents themselves perceive their decision-making regarding labour divisions during lockdowns. Consequently, using data from 31 individual in-depth interviews in Belgium, this study adopts a biographical-interpretative method to assess variation in narratives regarding the household division of labour before and during lockdown. Results indicate five ideal type narratives which vary in the extent to which lockdown divisions of unpaid labour exhibit path-dependency or constitute new gender dynamics, but also regarding the balance between individual agency and societal factors as determinants of labour divisions. Taken together, narratives discussing new gender dynamics during lockdowns put forward sector-specific changes in working hours and remote work as external and exogenous determinants. However, most importantly, findings indicate that household decision-making regarding unpaid labour during lockdowns is mostly perceived as path-dependent on pre-covid decision-making (e.g. gender specialisation) in the context of structural (e.g. gendered leave schemes) and normative boundaries (e.g. gendered parenting norms). Such path-dependencies in the decision-making underlying quantitatively identifiable divisions of unpaid labour during lockdowns are likely to be neglected in the absence of a qualitative life course perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wood
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Fukai T, Ikeda M, Kawaguchi D, Yamaguchi S. COVID-19 and the employment gender gap in Japan. JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES 2023; 68:101256. [PMID: 37021061 PMCID: PMC9995392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic affected female employment in Japan. Our estimates indicate that the employment rate of married women with children decreased by 3.5 percentage points, while that of those without children decreased by only 0.3 percentage points, implying that increased childcare responsibilities caused a sharp decline in mothers' employment. Further, mothers who left or lost their jobs appear to have dropped out of the labor force even several months after school reopening. In contrast to women, the employment rate of married men with children was not affected, which hindered progress in narrowing the employment gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyo Fukai
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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16
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Hupkau C, Ruiz-Valenzuela J, Isphording IE, Machin S. Labour Market Shocks and Parental Investments during the Covid-19 Pandemic. LABOUR ECONOMICS 2023; 82:102341. [PMID: 36777992 PMCID: PMC9905046 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies spill-over effects of parental labour market shocks at two time points in the Covid-19 crisis: right after its onset in April 2020, and in January 2021. We use rich data from the UK to look at the consequences of immediate and persistent shocks that hit parents' economic livelihoods. These negative labour market shocks have substantially larger impacts when suffered by fathers than by mothers. Children of fathers that suffered the most severe shocks - earnings dropping to zero - are the ones that are consistently impacted. In April 2020, they were 10 percentage points less likely to have received additional paid learning resources, but their fathers were spending about 30 more minutes per day helping them with school work. However, by January 2021, this latter association switches sign, as the negative spill-over onto children's education occurred for those fathers facing more persistent, negative labour market shocks as the crisis progressed. The paper discusses potential mechanisms driving these results, finding a sustained deterioration of household finances and a worsening of father's mental health to be factors at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hupkau
- Department of Economics, CUNEF Universidad, Spain; and Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, United Kingdom
| | - Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela
- Departament d'Economia, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain; Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB), Spain; and Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Machin
- Department of Economics and Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, United Kingdom
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17
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Bettin G, Giorgetti I, Staffolani S. The impact of Covid-19 lockdown on the gender gap in the Italian labour market. REVIEW OF ECONOMICS OF THE HOUSEHOLD 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37361557 PMCID: PMC10234238 DOI: 10.1007/s11150-023-09659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We study the gendered impact of the nationwide lockdown (March-May 2020) due to the Covid-19 pandemic on the Italian labour market. Based on Labour Force Survey data on the first three quarters of 2020, we define a Triple Difference-in-Differences (DDD) strategy by exploiting the exact timing of the lockdown implementation. After controlling for several individual and job-related characteristics, we found that in non essential sectors (treated group) the lockdown enlarged pre-existent gender inequalities in the extensive margin of employment: the probability of job loss got 0.7 p.p. higher among female workers compared to their male counterparts, and this difference was mainly detected during the reopening period rather than in the strict lockdown phase. The probability to benefit from the wage guarantee fund (CIG), a subsidy traditionally granted by the government for partial or full-time hours reduction, was also higher for female compared to male treated workers (3.6 p.p.), both during the lockdown and in the reopening phase. This marks a great change with respect to the past, as the application of short-term work compensation schemes was traditionally restricted to male-dominated sectors of employment. On the other hand, no significant gender differences emerged among the treated group either in the intensive margin (working hours) or in terms of remote working, at least in the medium-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bettin
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Piazzale Martelli 8, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Staffolani
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Piazzale Martelli 8, Ancona, Italy
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18
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Lian M, Wang J, Wang B, Xin M, Lin C, Gu X, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Spatiotemporal variations and the ecological risks of organophosphate esters in Laizhou Bay waters between 2019 and 2021: Implying the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119783. [PMID: 36842327 PMCID: PMC9943543 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used in numerous consumer products such as plastics and furniture. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly slowed anthropogenic activities and reduced the emissions of pollutants. Meanwhile, the mismanagement of large quantities of disposable plastic facemasks intensified the problems of plastic pollution and leachable pollutants in coastal waters. In this study, the joint effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the occurrence of 12 targeted OPEs in the waters of Laizhou Bay (LZB) were investigated. The results showed that the median total OPE concentrations were 725, 363, and 109 ng L-1 in the sewage treatment plant effluent, river water, and bay water in 2021, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 67%, 68%, and 70%, respectively, compared with those before the COVID-19 outbreak. The release potential of targeted OPEs from disposable surgical masks in the LZB area was ∼0.24 kg yr-1, which was insufficient to increase the OPE concentration in the LZB waters. The concentrations of most individual OPEs significantly decreased in LZB waters from 2019 to 2021, except for TBOEP and TNBP. Spatially, a lower concentration of OPEs was found in the Yellow River estuary area in 2021 compared with that before the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high content of suspended particulate matter in the YR. A higher total OPE concentration was observed along the northeastern coast of LZB, mainly owing to the construction of an artificial island since 2020. The ecological risks of the OPE mixture in LZB waters were lower than those before the COVID-19 outbreak. However, TCEP, TNBP, and BDP should receive continuous attention because of their potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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19
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Semple T, Fountas G, Fonzone A. Who is More Likely (Not) to Make Home-Based Work Trips During the COVID-19 Pandemic? The Case of Scotland. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 2023; 2677:904-916. [PMID: 38603273 PMCID: PMC9490396 DOI: 10.1177/03611981221119192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used survey data (n = 6,000) to investigate the work trip patterns of Scottish residents at various points of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focused specifically on the reported patterns of weekly work trips made during the government-enforced lockdown and subsequent phases of restriction easing. This was of particular importance given the widespread changes in work trips prompted by COVID-19, including a significant rise in telecommuting and a reduction in public transport commuting trips. The survey data showed that the vast majority of respondents (∼85%) made no work trips during lockdown, dropping to ∼77% following the easing of some work-related restrictions. Zero-inflated hierarchical ordered probit models were estimated to determine the sociodemographic and behavioral factors affecting the frequency of work trips made during three distinct periods. The model estimation results showed that the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents influenced work trips made throughout the pandemic. In particular, respondents in households whose main income earner was employed in a managerial/professional occupation were significantly more likely to make no work trips at all stages of the pandemic. Those with a health problem or disability were also significantly more likely to make no work trips throughout the pandemic. Other interesting findings concern respondents' gender, as males were more likely to complete frequent work trips than females throughout the pandemic, and differences between densely populated areas and the rest of Scotland, as respondents from a large city (Edinburgh or Glasgow) were significantly more likely to make frequent work trips as restrictions were eased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torran Semple
- School of Computer Science, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Grigorios Fountas
- Department of Transportation and
Hydraulic Engineering, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Achille Fonzone
- School of Engineering and The Built
Environment, Transport Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh,
UK
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20
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Angelov N, Waldenström D. COVID-19 and income inequality: evidence from monthly population registers. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 2023; 21:1-29. [PMID: 37360569 PMCID: PMC10015130 DOI: 10.1007/s10888-022-09560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. In terms of employment, as measured by having positive monthly earnings, the pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. In terms of earnings conditional on being employed, the effect was still more negative for women, but less negative for private-sector workers compared to publicly employed. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10888-022-09560-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Angelov
- The Swedish Tax Agency, Sundbyberg, Sweden
- Uppsala Center for Fiscal Studies (UCFS), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Waldenström
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden
- CEPR, CESifo, IZA, WIL, Munich, Germany
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21
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Sarker MR, Rouf Sarkar MA, Alam MJ, Begum IA, Bhandari H. Systems thinking on the gendered impacts of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13773. [PMID: 36811121 PMCID: PMC9933548 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected women and threatens to overturn four decades of progress in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment. To better grasp the key areas of concern that gender inequality exists, gender studies and sex-disaggregated evidence are required. Using the PRISMA technique, this review paper is the first attempt to present a comprehensive and current picture of the gendered dimensions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh regarding economic well-being, resource endowments, and agency. This study found that women were more likely to face hardship as widows, mothers, or sole breadwinners after the loss of husbands and male household members because of the pandemic. The evidence suggests that the advancement of women during this pandemic was hampered by poor reproductive health outcomes; girls' dropping out of school; job loss; less income; a comparable wage gap; a lack of social security; unpaid work burnout; increased emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; an increase in child marriages; and less participation in leadership and decision-making. Our study found inadequate sex-disaggregated data and gender studies on COVID-19 in Bangladesh. However, our research concludes that policies must account for gender disparities and male and female vulnerability across multiple dimensions to achieve inclusive and effective pandemic prevention and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Rani Sarker
- Sustainable Impact Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rouf Sarkar
- Agricultural Economics Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
| | - Mohammad Jahangir Alam
- Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ismat Ara Begum
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Humnath Bhandari
- Impact, Policy, and Foresight Department, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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22
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Guillen J. Financial support failure and health results: The Peruvian case. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277327. [PMID: 36735651 PMCID: PMC9897513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper shed the light in analyzing the efficiency of Peruvian Government Financial Support in comparison with some countries in the Latin American Region and worldwide. The Covid 19 Pandemic enforced governments to apply the "Hammer Blow" which affected negatively the economy producing recession and unemployment. Governments offset the latter effect by applying subsidy policies to the Poor and then reduce the negative economic consequences of the general lockdown without getting COVID. Our study performs a Difference and Difference Model (DID) to evaluate the effectiveness of the latter policy.
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23
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Deole SS, Deter M, Huang Y. Home sweet home: Working from home and employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. LABOUR ECONOMICS 2023; 80:102295. [PMID: 36440260 PMCID: PMC9678226 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, many governments responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by encouraging employees to work from home (WFH). Analyzing representative data from the UK, we find that the pandemic-led increases in WFH frequency are associated with a higher self-perceived hourly productivity among employed respondents. Interestingly, changes in WFH frequency are unrelated to the respondents' weekly working hours and weekly wages during the same period. While the WFH-productivity association is more substantial in non-lockdown months, it is inexistent during the months with strict lockdowns, indicating that lockdown measures inhibited the baseline association. The WFH-productivity association is weaker among parents with increased homeschooling needs due to school closures implemented during lockdowns. In addition, the effect heterogeneity analysis identifies the role of crucial job-related characteristics in the baseline association. Finally, looking at the future of WFH, we show that employees' recent WFH experiences and subsequent changes in hourly productivity are intimately associated with their desires to WFH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit S Deole
- Trier University, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Max Deter
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, PO Box 4120, Magdeburg 39016, Germany
| | - Yue Huang
- Institute for Labour Law and Industrial Relations in the European Union - Trier University, Behringstraße 21, Trier 54296, Germany
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24
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ENİÇ D. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Intergroups Inequalities: The Case of Women. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1056432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has crucial implications for intergroup inequalities. The main aims of the current study are to examine how the COVID-19 affects inequalities between women and men, understand the causes of increasing gender-based inequalities during pandemic, and offer practical solutions on how these inequalities can be reduced. The results of studies from different countries demonstrated that gender-based inequalities that existed before the pandemic deepened with the COVID-19. After the COVID-19, there has been a serious rise in the level of physical, psychological and economic violence that women are exposed to, the labor they spend on housework and caring has increased dramatically, and the problems they face in business life ascended. Understanding why gender-based inequalities have increased during the COVID-19 is one of the influential steps to achieve gender equality. When the reasons are examined, it has been determined that many factors, including the policies implemented in the struggle against the pandemic and gender roles, play critical roles in this rise. Finally, in order to diminish gender-based inequalities, short and long-term solutions are presented such as carrying out gender-based awareness education, adequate representations of women in decision-making processes, developing gender-sensitive policies, strengthening the mechanisms that support women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz ENİÇ
- Adana Alparslan Türkeş Bilim ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi
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25
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Kim J, Park S, Subramanian SV, Kim T. The Psychological Costs of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Heterogeneous Effects in South Korea: Evidence from a Difference-in-Differences Analysis. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 24:455-476. [PMID: 36471764 PMCID: PMC9713163 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on life satisfaction and stress and examines whether these effects vary across different sociodemographic groups using a nationally representative sample in South Korea. We estimate the causal effects of COVID-19 on psychological well-being by exploiting regional variation in the spread of the pandemic in South Korea. While the number of confirmed cases was very small in other provinces in the first half of 2020, the coronavirus spread rapidly in Daegu after an outbreak in one church. We employ a difference-in-differences approach that compares changes in people's life satisfaction and stress before-and-after the initial surge of COVID-19 cases in Daegu and other provinces. Our results show that the proportion of people who are dissatisfied with life increased by 2.8-6.5 percentage points more in Daegu than in other provinces after the COVID-19 outbreak. During the same period, the proportion of people who reported feeling stressed increased more in Daegu than in other provinces by 5.8-8.9 percentage points. Our results also suggest that the negative impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on psychological well-being is significantly greater for men, young adults, middle-aged adults, self-employed workers, and middle-income individuals. On the other hand, the proportion of people who report feeling stressed among the highest-educated (a master's degree or higher) and high-income individuals decreased after the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujeong Park
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S. V. Subramanian
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Economics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Agrawal DR, Bütikofer A. Public finance in the era of the COVID-19 crisis. INTERNATIONAL TAX AND PUBLIC FINANCE 2022; 29:1349-1372. [PMID: 36373095 PMCID: PMC9638277 DOI: 10.1007/s10797-022-09769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis poses new policy challenges and has spurred new research agendas in public economics. In this article, we selectively reflect on how the field of public economics has been shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss several areas where more research is necessary. We highlight major changes and inequalities in the labor market and K-12 education, in addition to discussing how technological change creates new challenges for the taxation of income and consumption. We discuss various policy responses to these challenges and the role of fiscal federalism in the context of worldwide crises. Finally, we summarize the key issues discussed at the 2021 International Institute of Public Finance Congress and the papers published in this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Agrawal
- Martin School of Public Policy and Administration and Department of Economics, University of Kentucky, 433 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40506-0027 USA
| | - Aline Bütikofer
- Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, Norway
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Kamath SP, Mithra P, K J, Kulkarni V, Joshi J, Kamath P, Unnikrishnan B, Pai K. Returning to work at school during the COVID -19 pandemic, is it stressful for schoolteachers? Assessment of immediate psychological effects: a cross sectional study. F1000Res 2022; 11:751. [PMID: 36329791 PMCID: PMC9617070 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110720.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The adoption of remote classes for students has been in vogue since the onset of the pandemic. Schools reopened in a phased manner after the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India. Reverting to the regular face-to-face teaching for students became a challenge to the teachers and students, especially at times when there was an impending third wave on the way. The study aimed to assess the presence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in teachers who attended reopened schools in the scenario of face-to-face classes. In addition, we studied the association of psychological symptoms with teachers' age groups, gender, school boards, and school institution type. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October to December 2021 after schools had reopened. Data was collected using Google Form questionnaires in 124 schoolteachers. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21) questionnaire assessed the psychological symptoms. Results: Of 124 schoolteachers, 108(87.1%) were female, 112 (90.3%) were from private institutions, and 70(56.5%) were from Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) school boards. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in teachers was 30.6%, 45.2%, and 20.2%, respectively. Nearly 80% of the female teachers expressed depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Amongst all the age groups, symptoms were higher in 40-49 group. We found anxiety to be statistically significant when compared with gender (p-0.042). We found no statistically significant differences concerning age groups, school boards, or school institutions with any psychological symptoms. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychological symptoms was high among schoolteachers after schools reopened for regular face-to-face teaching. Gender was associated with anxiety in teachers. We agree that identifying teachers' symptoms and providing adequate psychological counseling/support would improve their mental health status and thereby the quality of teaching to students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmini Padmanabh Kamath
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College,Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jayashree K
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vaman Kulkarni
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine., All India institute of Medical sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar, Telengana, India
| | - Jayateertha Joshi
- Pediatric Surgery unit, Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Padmanabh Kamath
- Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College,Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education,Manipal, India
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College,Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keshava Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College,Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Farhane-Medina NZ, Luque B, Tabernero C, Castillo-Mayén R. Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221135469. [PMID: 36373774 PMCID: PMC10450496 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221135469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders are significantly different between women and men, with research showing a greater impact on women. The aim of this review was to identify the psychosocial and biological factors that have been considered to explain this gender and sex difference in prevalence and determine whether these factors are related to any anxiety comorbidity differences between men and women. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a systematic review of studies published between 2008 and 2021 in PsycINFO and PubMed databases. Empirical and review studies evaluating psychosocial and biological factors that could influence the difference in prevalence and comorbidity between men and women were included. A qualitative narrative synthesis was performed to describe the results. Results: From 1012 studies, 44 studies were included. Retrieved articles were categorized depending on their object of study: psychosocial factors (n = 21), biological factors (n = 16), or comorbidity (n = 7). Results showed that differences in anxiety between women and men have been analyzed by psychosocial and biological factors but rarely together. Among the psychosocial factors analyzed, masculinity may be a protective factor for anxiety development, while femininity can be a risk factor. In the studies that took biological factors into account, the potential influence of brain structures, genetic factors, and fluctuations in sexual hormones are pointed out as causes of greater anxiety in women. Concerning comorbidity, the results noted that women tend to develop other internalizing disorders (e.g. depression), while men tend to develop externalizing disorders (e.g. substance abuse). Conclusions: For an accurate understanding of differences between women and men in anxiety, both biological and psychosocial factors should be considered. This review highlights the need to apply the biopsychosocial model of health and the gender perspective to address differences in anxiety between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Z. Farhane-Medina
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tabernero
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosario Castillo-Mayén
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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The COVID-19 Pandemic, Academia, Gender, and Beyond: A Review. PUBLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/publications10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to engage critically with the scholarly narratives and the emerging literature on the gender impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in academia. It outlines the key contours and themes in these scholarly discourses and conceptions, acknowledging their richness, depth and strengths especially given the short timespan within which they have developed since 2020. The article then suggests broadening and historicising the critique advanced by the literature further. In doing so, the hierarchies and vulnerabilities exposed in the academic domain by the pandemic are positioned within a holistic understanding of crisis-ridden characteristics of social relations under capitalism.
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Gender Differences in Enterprise Performance During the COVID-19
Crisis: Do Public Policy Responses Matter? ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 46:1374-1401. [PMCID: PMC8969023 DOI: 10.1177/10422587221077222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has introduced unique tradeoffs between health and economic
risk, leading to a “life vs. livelihoods conundrum.” This study contributes to
research on adversity and entrepreneurship by examining the implications of the
pandemic for gender differences in enterprise performance. We further consider
how public policy responses in the domains of public health and economic support
moderate the potential gendered effects of the pandemic. Data analysis of more
than 20,000 enterprises across 38 countries shows that women-owned enterprises
were more adversely affected by the pandemic, and that stronger public health
policy responses helped reduce the observed gap in performance.
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Childcare Issues and the Pandemic: Working Women’s Experiences in the Face of COVID-19. SOCIETIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soc12040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically impacted everyday life. Not only has it assailed the world’s populations with millions of deaths and cases, but COVID-19 has also ravaged global economies and affected the lives of women and their children. The purpose of this study was to detail women’s experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and the solutions they came up with to deal with the problems they encountered. Method: Data collection occurred in the midwestern United States, in the State of Indiana, from August 2020 to August 2021. Sixty-six women participated in the study. The study used open-ended survey questions. The data results were combined, analyzed, and constructed into themes based on their similarity in their subject matter. The researchers identified four main themes. Findings and Conclusion: Results indicated that, for some of the mothers, it was a struggle to be at home with their children at all times. Unique experiences faced by some expectant mothers who were already mothers, and thus had the experience of prenatal care pre-COVID-19, had to grapple with the fact that they were not allowed to come to their prenatal appointments with anyone. Participants complained about cooking all the time, with some needing to use the internet to look for new recipes. Poor eating habits by some children during the pandemic led to some parents needing to come up with a schedule for family members regarding breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks to curtail the COVID-19-related acquired poor eating habits. A shared experience from the study revolved around childcare policies and schedules. The results suggested that enacting a paid childcare leave, developing flexible working hours, and changing how employers conduct work reviews are critical to alleviating some of the burdens working women face during school closures during the pandemic. Finally, participants suggested identifying better ways to provide and prioritize childcare to lessen gender inequalities within the workforce.
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Nomura S, Endo K, Omori T, Kisugi N. Changes in parental involvement and perceptions in parents of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional observational study in Japan. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:166-173. [PMID: 35855065 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2022.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify changes in parental involvement with their children and parental perceptions related to parenting in both fathers and mothers of young children during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A cross-sectional observational design was used. Data were collected using a web-based questionnaire from 28 fathers and 115 mothers between October 1 and November 30, 2020. Parents answered questions regarding themselves, basic sociodemographic variables, perceived changes in involvement with their children, the presence or absence of abusive behavior (e.g., violence toward children), and parental perceptions related to parenting. Many parents indicated that they did not experience major changes in their involvement or perceptions compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. Half of the fathers considered themselves to be in more physical contact or communication with their children; there was a significant difference between fathers and mothers regarding eating meals with their children (p = 0.00). Fathers felt tired due to parenting (35.7%) or a lack of free time (42.9%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. While significantly more mothers than fathers responded that their partners took care of their children (p = 0.03), significantly greater number of mothers than fathers also reported feeling overburdened (p = 0.00). Family support workers should help fathers maintain involvement with their young children without high stress levels and support mothers to reduce their heavy burden of parenting continuously. This would contribute to young childrens growth and development despite a public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nomura
- Department of Child Nursing, National College of Nursing, Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazue Endo
- Department of Child Nursing, National College of Nursing, Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Namiko Kisugi
- Department of Child Nursing, National College of Nursing, Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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Martínez-Labrín S, Bivort B, Sandoval Díaz J, Duarte Hidalgo C. Conflicto trabajo-familia de mujeres en situación de teletrabajo a partir de la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19 en Chile. INVESTIGACIONES FEMINISTAS 2022. [DOI: 10.5209/infe.77850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo. El presente artículo expone las características que ha tenido la interacción entre el trabajo pagado y no pagado para las mujeres chilenas que, a partir de la crisis sanitaria por COVID-19, han debido comenzar a desempeñar sus empleos desde sus hogares. Metodología. Se trabajó con un cuestionario mixto online (N=1137) aplicado entre abril y junio de 2020. Se analizan las respuestas a un cuestionario likert y se profundiza en el análisis de las preguntas abiertas del mismo. Resultados. Las participantes tienen una percepción negativa del teletrabajo en pandemia, evidenciando conflictos en la relación trabajo/familia, sobrecarga de tiempos y uso desbalanceado de espacios, escasa corresponsabilidad familiar y laboral. Finalmente, es posible reconocer variados recursos narrativos de resistencia a la construcción patriarcal de los roles de género y reconocimiento de la situación vivida como un asunto que afecta a una gran cantidad de mujeres en Chile. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados dan cuenta de la existencia de un conflicto que ha afectado la interacción entre la vida laboral y familiar de las mujeres, quienes han debido enfrentarse a un escenario de implementación de medidas de aislamiento social y al inicio de una modalidad de teletrabajo caracterizada por su improvisación, lo que las ha obligado afrontar la crisis mediante el despliegue de recursos propios, capacidades de autoorganización y aprendizajes individuales, con fuertes costos para su salud mental.
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Andresen S, Wilmes J. Krisenthemen in Familien zu Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie. SOZIALE PASSAGEN 2022. [PMCID: PMC9113737 DOI: 10.1007/s12592-022-00414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Während der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland standen besonders Familien mit Kindern vor großen Herausforderungen. Der erste Lockdown erscheint im Zeitverlauf markant, da sich das ausdifferenzierte Familienleben fast ausschließlich auf die häusliche Umgebung konzentrierte und Bildungs- und Betreuungsstätten geschlossen waren. Das Wegbrechen der öffentlichen Infrastruktur definieren wir hier als zentrales Krisenphänomen für Familien. Im Fokus dieses Beitrags steht eine Auswertung von 5075 Kommentaren aus dem Online-Fragebogen der Studie „KiCo – Kinder, Eltern und ihre Erfahrungen während der Corona-Pandemie“, an der im April/Mai 2020 über 25.000 Eltern mit Kindern unter 15 Jahren teilnahmen. Hauptsächlich stammen die Kommentare von Müttern zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren, die zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung größtenteils im Homeoffice arbeiteten und ein bis zwei Kinder unter 15 Jahren hatten. Anhand der Kommentare können wir nachzeichnen, wie das Krisenerleben verhandelt wurde bzw. wie auf das Narrativ der Krise in den ersten zwei Monaten der Pandemie in Deutschland Bezug genommen wurde. Folgende Kategorien konnten identifiziert werden: Die Dauer der Krise (Zeit), Krise als Chance für gesellschaftlichen Wandel, die Krise der Demokratie, Krise als Chance für die Familie, Leidtragende der Krise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Andresen
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Johanna Wilmes
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
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Morero-Mínguez A, Ortega-Gaspar M. A Change in Work-Family/Life or a Return to Traditional Normative Patterns in Spain? Systematic Review. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:807591. [PMID: 35712013 PMCID: PMC9197477 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.807591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Family policies to reduce conflict in work-life balance and promote gender equality advanced significantly at the legislative level in Spain in the first decades of the twenty-first century. These advances include the 2007 Law for Equality between Men and Women and the extension of paternity leave to 16 weeks in 2020. However, advances in care work and at the professional level have been limited. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified existing imbalances in family-work responsibilities in general and the ICT gender gap in particular. In crisis situations, women adopt the role of caregivers more easily than men, and women with fewer educational, economic, and job resources are more likely to assume this role, contributing to increasing gender inequalities at work and in the family. COVID-19 has exposed these imbalances, highlighting the need for new narratives and laws that encourage gender equality. Post-COVID-19 scenarios thus present an opportunity for reflection and progress on Spanish family policy. From this perspective, the paradigm of work-family conflict, although interesting, must be examined and resignified. This article proposes to critically resignify the paradigm of work-family conflict based on the new narrative generated by COVID-19. The present analysis suggests a resignification that should involve changing the expectations and practices around work-family balance, based on family diversity, job insecurity, the technological revolution, and new masculinities. It is proposed a prior reflection to clarify definition of the indicators and indexes that enable operationalization of the concept of work-family reconciliation. It is expected that these measures will help to facilitate practical application of reconciliation in areas such as public or/and private organizations, while also enabling international comparative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Ortega-Gaspar
- Department of Constitutional Law and Sociology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Andrade C, Gillen M, Molina JA, Wilmarth MJ. The Social and Economic Impact of Covid-19 on Family Functioning and Well-Being: Where do we go from here? JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2022; 43:205-212. [PMID: 35669394 PMCID: PMC9136200 DOI: 10.1007/s10834-022-09848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates that COVID-19 has had a profound impact on family functioning and well-being in a range of countries. The fear and uncertainty of the health risks, in addition to the stress from ensuing restrictions and constraints on everyday life caused major disruptions, impacting the financial, emotional, and physical well-being of adults and children alike. In this report, we summarize the current literature on the impact of COVID-19 disruption to family functioning and economic well-being as a context for this special issue. Our findings indicate that while the pandemic may have caused a reallocation of intra-familial tasks, a large gender disparity remains regarding the proportion of domestic work and childcare. The pandemic disproportionally impacted lower-income families, families from ethnic minority and vulnerable groups, and women. Finally, the financial impacts of the emergence in Spring of 2020 have strained family relationships, although the effects depend to a large extent on quality of the relationships and family well-being before COVID-19. To address the long-term bidirectional effects of the pandemic on family well-being and the well-being of the global economy calls for research that crosses disciplinary divides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Alberto Molina
- Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Gran Vía 2, 50005 Zaragoza, Spain
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Toffolutti V, Plach S, Maksimovic T, Piccitto G, Mascherini M, Mencarini L, Aassve A. The association between COVID-19 policy responses and mental well-being: Evidence from 28 European countries. Soc Sci Med 2022; 301:114906. [PMID: 35313221 PMCID: PMC8920116 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses how the implementation and lifting of non-pharmaceutical policy interventions (NPIs), deployed by most governments, to curb the COVID-19 pandemic, were associated with individuals' mental well-being (MWB) across 28 European countries. This is done both for the general population and across key-groups. We analyze longitudinal data for 15,147 respondents from three waves of the Eurofound-"Living, Working and COVID-19" survey, covering the period April 2020-March 2021. MWB is measured by the WHO-5 index. Our evidence suggests that restriction on international travel, private gatherings, and contact tracing (workplace closures) were negatively (positively) associated with MWB by about, respectively, -0.63 [95% CI: -0.79 to -0.47], -0.24 [95% CI: -0.38 to -0.10], and -0.22 [95% CI: -0.36 to -0.08] (0.29 [95% CI: 0.11 to 0.48]) points. These results correspond to -3.9%, -1.5%, and -1.4% (+1.8%) changes compared to pre-pandemic levels. However, these findings mask important group-differences. Women compared to men fared worse under stay-at-home requirements, internal movement restrictions, private gatherings restrictions, public events cancellation, school closures, and workplace closures. Those residing with children below 12, compared to those who do not, fared worse under public events cancellation, school closures and workplace closures. Conversely, those living with children 12-17, compared to those who do not, fared better under internal movement restrictions and public events cancelling. Western-Europeans vis-à-vis Eastern-Europeans fared better under NPIs limiting their mobility and easing their debts, whereas they fared worse under health-related NPIs. This study provides timely evidence of the rise in inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic and offers strategies for mitigating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Toffolutti
- Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation, Department of Economics & Public Policy, Imperial College London - Business School, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
| | - Samuel Plach
- "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
| | - Teodora Maksimovic
- "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Piccitto
- "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Mascherini
- European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, Co. Dublin, D18 KP65, Ireland.
| | - Letizia Mencarini
- "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy; Department of Social and Political Science, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
| | - Arnstein Aassve
- "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy; Department of Social and Political Science, Bocconi University, Via G. Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milano, Italy.
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Caluzzi G, Wright C, Kuntsche E, Stewart SH, Kuntsche S. Double shifts, double trouble: Alcohol as a problematic panacea for working mothers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 104:103699. [PMID: 35460991 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption among midlife women has become an area of research focus. We suggest it is important to examine the social roles that many midlife women take on - specifically working mothers. Working mothers balance both employment and the unequal burden of caring/domestic duties, leading to 'double shifts' of paid and unpaid labor. This creates unique stresses that may impact their drinking. This is particularly important as a growing number of mothers re-enter the workforce after childbirth. In this commentary, we suggest that working mothers' drinking tends to be overlooked or even endorsed as a means of managing the gendered stresses they face - stresses which have been exacerbated during the pandemic. We highlight the dearth of literature focusing on the drinking patterns, practices, and motives of working mothers and argue that gendered expectations placed on working mothers may be an increasingly important social determinant of health among this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Caluzzi
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Cassandra Wright
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology & Neuroscience/Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sandra Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abendroth A, Lott Y, Hipp L, Müller D, Sauermann A, Carstensen T. Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed gender- and parental-status-specific differences in working from home? Panel evidence from Germany. GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION 2022; 29:GWAO12836. [PMID: 35600800 PMCID: PMC9111684 DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Has COVID-19 changed gender- and parental-status-specific differences in working from home? To answer this question, we used data from the Institute for Employment Research High-Frequency Online Personal Panel collected in Germany in the early stages of the pandemic (May-August 2020). Regression analyses revealed changes in pre-pandemic gender- and parental-status-specific differences in remote working-not only when strict social distancing measures were in place, but also after they were lifted: Fathers were no longer more likely than childless men and women to work remotely, and women were no longer more likely than men to work more hours from home when using this arrangement. Further, the results suggest that cultural barriers in organizations to working from home-which were especially prevalent for mothers before the pandemic-have decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lena Hipp
- WZB Berlin Social Science CenterBerlinGermany
| | - Dana Müller
- Institute for Employment Research (IAB) of the Federal Employment Agency (BA)NurembergGermany
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Gender inequality in domestic chores over ten months of the UK COVID-19 pandemic: Heterogeneous adjustments to partners’ changes in working hours. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2022.46.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Nishimura J. Domestic help and the gender division of domestic labor during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Gender inequality among Japanese parents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY 2022; 31:67-85. [PMCID: PMC9111826 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The enduring COVID‐19 pandemic has gradually transformed our everyday lives. This study focuses on changes in work and family arrangements, with particular focus on changes in domestic help, and examines its impact on the division of domestic labor. Using a social survey of work and the family conducted in November 2020 and May 2021, the results show that from January 2020 (pre‐pandemic) to May 2021, approximately 40% of respondents experienced a reduced gender gap for housework and childcare, while a large gender gap is still observed in the absolute frequency of undertaking domestic labor. Some lifestyle changes triggered by the pandemic, such as an increase in the use of takeaways or delivery meals, and the expansion of working from home, are found to be able to contribute a shift toward more equal sharing of domestic labor. However, the fact that the access to such lifestyle changes is more common among those with a relatively high income or high educational background suggests that the lifestyle changes imposed by the pandemic may exacerbate class disparities in the gender gap in domestic labor. Furthermore, the results show that decreased kinship support results in a greater childcare burden being placed on women.
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Morales LF, Bonilla‐Mejía L, Pulido J, Flórez LA, Hermida D, Pulido‐Mahecha KL, Lasso‐Valderrama F. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian labour market: Disentangling the effect of sector-specific mobility restrictions. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS. REVUE CANADIENNE D'ECONOMIQUE 2022; 55:308-357. [PMID: 38607910 PMCID: PMC9111872 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and particularly the sector-specific mobility restrictions on the Colombian labour market. We exploit the sectoral and temporal variation of the restriction policies to identify their effect. Mobility restrictions significantly reduced employment, accounting for approximately a quarter of the total job loss between February and April of 2020. The remaining three quarters of the job losses could be attributed to the disease's regional patterns and other epidemiological and economic factors affecting the whole country. Therefore, we should expect important employment losses even in the absence of such restrictions. We also assess the effect of restrictions on the intensive margin, finding negative, although smaller effects on the number of hours worked and wages. Most of the employment effect is driven by salaried workers, while self-employment was more responsive to the disease spread. Finally, we find that women are disproportionally affected: mobility restrictions account for a third of the recent increase of the gender gap in salaried employment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Pulido
- Labor Market Analysis Group, Banco de la República
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CohenMiller A, Izekenova Z. Motherhood in Academia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Online Photovoice Study Addressing Issues of Equity and Inclusion in Higher Education. INNOVATIVE HIGHER EDUCATION 2022; 47:813-835. [PMID: 35615725 PMCID: PMC9123391 DOI: 10.1007/s10755-022-09605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Combining motherhood and academic work in higher education has been discussed for decades with the pandemic further exposing the inequalities. This crisis has significantly impacted the daily life of mothers in academia as they devote more time to keep their careers on track, produce papers, and take on other parenting and schooling responsibilities. This paper employs photovoice as an online methodology to document the real-life experiences of 68 women from nine countries who work and parent children in the sudden transition to remote working and learning environments. By explaining the photographs from their perspective, the participants in this study were able to capture their lived experiences, discuss working from home while guiding children in online learning, and create suggestions for ways academic institutions can alleviate gender inequality. The article explores the critical issues of academic work and childrearing drawing international attention to address issues of equity and inclusion in higher education among researchers, policymakers, and institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna CohenMiller
- Graduate School of Education, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna Izekenova
- Graduate School of Education, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Costoya V, Echeverría L, Edo M, Rocha A, Thailinger A. Gender Gaps within Couples: Evidence of Time Re-allocations during COVID-19 in Argentina. JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2022; 43:213-226. [PMID: 34035640 PMCID: PMC8138841 DOI: 10.1007/s10834-021-09770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on a novel survey for Argentina, this paper provides evidence of the changes in time allocation within couples during the COVID-19 emergency. The survey was conducted online during the period of national lockdown in 2020 and collected information on hours allocated to paid work, housework, child care, educational childcare and leisure by both members of the couple before and during the lockdown, as well as socio-demographic characteristics. Our sample consists of 961 couples of which 785 have children. Our results indicate that during the lockdown, despite a reduction in time assigned to paid work and an increase in time spent in unpaid activities for both members of the couple, gender gaps regarding the latter increased. Specifically, while the load of men and women's work for pay became more equitable, women took up a larger proportion of the additional housework and childcare. We found that some factors mitigated (whether the man reduced his hours of work or whether both partners kept on doing so) while others potentiated (whether the woman reduced her hours of work, whether she continued working from home, or whether the couple outsourced housework before lockdown) the changes in the within-couple gender gaps in unpaid activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Echeverría
- CEDH - San Andrés University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Edo
- CEDH - San Andrés University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Rocha
- CEDH - San Andrés University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Silva TCD, Pinto ML, Orlandi GM, Figueiredo TMRMD, França FODS, Bertolozzi MR. A tuberculose na perspectiva do homem e da mulher. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0137pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar aspectos relacionados à vivência da tuberculose na perspectiva de homens e mulheres portadores de tuberculose. Método: Estudo transversal qualiquantitativo. Entrevistou-se, por meio de questionário semiestruturado, pacientes com tuberculose no município de Campina Grande-PB, entre setembro/2017 e janeiro/2018. Realizou-se Análise de Discurso e teste Qui-Quadrado. Resultados: Entrevistaram-se 63 sujeitos, sendo 34 (54,0%) do sexo masculino. Evidenciou-se associação da categoria gênero com escolaridade (p = 0,004), atividade de trabalho (p = 0,023), tempo despendido em atividades fora do domicílio (p = 0,013) e tempo despendido em atividades no domicílio (p = 0,001). A análise dos depoimentos revelou, principalmente, que o homem percebe seu papel como provedor principal da família e, a mulher, no papel social de cuidadora, adiando muitas vezes a busca por um serviço de saúde com receio de não conseguir exercer esse papel na família e/ou na sociedade. Conclusão A debilidade causada pela doença e a longa duração do tratamento mudaram a rotina dos entrevistados, causando sofrimento e frustração, com decorrências no desempenho dos papéis sociais no interior da família e na sociedade, constituindo-se em barreira na adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose.
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Casarico A, Lattanzio S. The heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on labor market flows: evidence from administrative data. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 2022; 20:537-558. [PMID: 35342379 PMCID: PMC8940582 DOI: 10.1007/s10888-021-09522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigate the short-term effects of COVID-19 on labor market flows and how they are mediated by labor market policy. Using Italian administrative data on a sample of active contracts between 2009 and the second quarter of 2020, we show that, before the pandemic, a higher share of female compared to male, young compared to old and low educated compared to high educated workers is employed in non-essential activities. When we look at the change in hirings and separations, from the 9th week of 2020 - the time when first cases and deaths due to COVID-19 were recorded -, we find a pronounced drop in hirings and endings of fixed-term contracts. Layoffs and quits increase after the 9th week, and then decline significantly, reflecting the effects of government intervention. The lifting of the lockdown triggers a slow recovery of labor market flows. Young workers, those on temporary contracts, low-educated workers, those employed in the South and those with no opportunities of working from home experience a greater decline in separation probability, indicating that government policy partly protected them from the labor market impact of the recession. The decline in the separation probability for women is lower than that for men. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10888-021-09522-610.1007/s10888-021-09522-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Casarico
- Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
- CESIfo, Munich, Germany
- Dondena Research center on Social Dynamics and Public policy and Covid Crisis Lab, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lattanzio
- Bank of Italy, Directorate General for Economics, Statistics and Research, Rome, Italy
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Burn E, Tattarini G, Williams I, Lombi L, Gale NK. Women's Experience of Depressive Symptoms While Working From Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From an International Web Survey. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:763088. [PMID: 35463190 PMCID: PMC9024360 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.763088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in workplace practices as social distancing requirements meant that people were asked to work from home where possible to avoid unnecessary contact. Concerns have been raised about the effects of the pandemic on mental health and, in particular, the effects of social distancing on employed women's mental health. In this study, we explore the experiences of working women during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the factors that may be associated with women experiencing the symptoms of depression. Findings from a cross-sectional survey of European working women (across five countries: France, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the UK) conducted between March and July 2020 are reported. The data are analyzed using linear regression and mediation analysis. For women, working from home was associated with higher prevalence of the symptoms of depression compared to traveling to a workplace. The study also considers the mechanisms that may explain a relationship between working from home and depressive symptoms. Maintaining contact with people face-to-face and participating in exercise were both significant protective factors against experiencing symptoms of depression during a period of social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Burn
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Tattarini
- Social Science Research Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Iestyn Williams
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Lombi
- Department of Sociology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Kay Gale
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Kay Gale
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Silva TCD, Pinto ML, Orlandi GM, Figueiredo TMRMD, França FODS, Bertolozzi MR. Tuberculosis from the perspective of men and women. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2022; 56:e20220137. [PMID: 36346187 PMCID: PMC10081684 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0137en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze aspects related to the experience of tuberculosis from the perspective of men and women with tuberculosis. Method: Qualiquantitative cross-sectional study. Patients with tuberculosis in the city of Campina Grande-PB were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire between September/2017 and January/2018. Discourse Analysis and Chi-Square test were performed. Results: Sixty-three subjects were interviewed, of which 34 (54.0%) were men. There was an association of the category gender with level of education (p = 0.004), work activity (p = 0.023), time spent on activities outside the home (p = 0.013), and time spent on activities at home (p = 0.001). The analysis of the statements specially revealed that men perceive their role as the family’s main provider and the women with a social role of caregiver, often postponing the search for a health care due to fear of not being able to perform this role in the family and/or in society. Conclusion: The weakness caused by the disease and the long duration of treatment changed the interviewees’ routine, causing suffering and frustration, with consequences in the performance of social roles within the family and in society, constituting a barrier to adherence to tuberculosis treatment.
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Shakespeare T, Watson N, Brunner R, Cullingworth J, Hameed S, Scherer N, Pearson C, Reichenberger V. Disabled people in Britain and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. SOCIAL POLICY & ADMINISTRATION 2022; 56:103-117. [PMID: 34548712 PMCID: PMC8446989 DOI: 10.1111/spol.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with 69 disabled people in England and Scotland, and with 28 key informants from infrastructure organisations in the voluntary and statutory sectors, about the impact of COVID-19, and measures taken to control it. Participants were recruited through voluntary organisations. As with everyone, the Pandemic has had a huge impact: we discuss the dislocations it has caused in everyday life; the failures of social care; the use of new technologies; and participants' view on leadership and communication. We conclude with suggestions for urgent short term and medium term responses, so that the United Kingdom and other countries can respond better to this and other pandemics, and build a more inclusive world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Shakespeare
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLSHTMLondonUK
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Centre for Disability ResearchUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Richard Brunner
- Centre for Disability ResearchUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Shaffa Hameed
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLSHTMLondonUK
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Smith J, Abouzaid L, Masuhara J, Noormohamed S, Remo N, Straatman L. "I may be essential but someone has to look after my kids": women physicians and COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2021; 113:107-116. [PMID: 34919212 PMCID: PMC8678972 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This paper analyzes results from focus groups held with women physicians in British Columbia which explored questions around how gender norms and roles influenced their experiences during COVID-19. Methods Four virtual focus groups were organized between July and September 2020. Participants (n = 27) were voluntarily recruited. Data were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Results In addition to the COVID-19-related changes experienced across the profession, women physicians faced distinct challenges related to an increase in unpaid care responsibilities, and often felt excluded from, and occasionally dismissed by, leadership. Women leaders often felt their contributions were unrecognized and undervalued. Participants drew strength from other women leaders, peer networks, and professional support, but these strategies were limited by unpaid care and emotional labour demands, which were identified as increasing risk of burnout. Discussion Even though women physicians hold a degree of relative privilege, unpaid care work and gender norms contribute to distinct secondary effects of COVID-19. Women physicians link these to pre-pandemic assumptions (within families and communities) that women would absorb care deficits at their own cost. Health system leadership continues to reflect a masculine normative experience wherein the personal and professional are separated, and which devalues the emotional labour often associated with feminine leadership. The strategies participants employed to address negative impacts, while demonstrating resourcefulness and peer support, reflect individualistic responses to social-structural challenges. There is a need for greater recognition of women’s contributions at home and work, increased representation in decision-making, and practical supports such as childcare and counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 11806 Blusson Hall, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Lina Abouzaid
- Vancouver Physician Staff Association, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joy Masuhara
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Culture and Environment Working Group, VCH Physician Diversity Equity and Inclusion Committee, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Salima Noormohamed
- Physician Engagement & Program Development, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neli Remo
- Physician Engagement, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn Straatman
- Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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