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Koç O, Tosyalı M, Gökçe Ş, Koç F. Use of Dietary Supplements and Influencing Factors in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:734. [PMID: 38928980 PMCID: PMC11203674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the use of dietary supplements has increased in all age groups. Parents may also use these supplements for their children for different reasons. This study aims to determine the use of dietary supplements by children, the factors affecting this use, and the attitudes of parents about these products. METHODS A total of 1038 children aged 2-18 years without any chronic disease who presented to the pediatric outpatient clinics of Ege University Children's Hospital were included in this study. Parents (n = 1000) who agreed to participate in the study were interviewed face-to-face, and a comprehensive questionnaire including questions about children's use of dietary supplements, sociodemographic characteristics, and parents' attitudes towards dietary supplements was administered. Analyses were performed with SPSS 25.0. RESULTS The mean age of the children included in our study was 8.6 ± 4.8 years, and 51% (n = 510) were male. It was found that 32.5% of the children used nutritional supplements, and vitamin-mineral preparations (23.2%) were the most frequently used. Omega-3 (19.3%) and immune support products (9.4%) were the second and third most frequently used supplements, respectively. A significant relationship was found between the use of dietary supplements and the child's age, body weight, body mass index, parents' educational level, being health worker, and economic status (p < 0.05). It was found that most of the families thought that vitamin-mineral and omega-3 products were beneficial for growth and development and that they received information from doctors most frequently before taking these products. However, it was found that families followed the media as the second most frequent source of information for these products. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of the children in our study use dietary supplements. It is very important to raise awareness among families about the use of these products when necessary and with the recommendation of a physician. To prevent families from using dietary supplements that are not necessary for their children, especially due to misinformation in the media, pediatricians should provide correct information to parents about these products at every clinic visit. A concerted effort is needed from policy makers, media organizations, and health care providers to guide the safe use of DS. The results obtained from this study will shed light on future randomized controlled prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merve Tosyalı
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Children’s Hospital, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.K.); (Ş.G.); (F.K.)
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Mück F, Scotti F, Mauvisseau Q, Raclariu-Manolică AC, Schrøder-Nielsen A, Wangensteen H, de Boer HJ. Complementary authentication of Chinese herbal products to treat endometriosis using DNA metabarcoding and HPTLC shows a high level of variability. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1305410. [PMID: 38116075 PMCID: PMC10728824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is popular for the treatment of endometriosis, a complex gynecological disease that affects 10% of women globally. The growing market for TCMs has yielded a significant incentive for product adulteration, and although emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control, many challenges remain. We tested the authenticity of two traditional Chinese herbal formulae used in women's healthcare for the treatment of endometriosis, known as Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (FL) and Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang (GX). Dual-locus DNA metabarcoding analysis coupled with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were used to authenticate 19 FL and six GX commercial herbal products, as well as three ad hoc prepared artificial mixtures. HPTLC was able to detect most of the expected ingredients via comparative component analysis. DNA metabarcoding was able to detect an unexpected species diversity in the products, including 38 unexpected taxa. Chromatography has a resolution for all species indirectly through the identification of marker compounds for the different species ingredients. Metabarcoding on the other hand yields an overview of species diversity in each sample, but interpretation of the results can be challenging. Detected species might not be present in quantities that matter, and without validated quantification, some detected species can be hard to interpret. Comparative analysis of the two analytical approaches also reveals that DNA for species might be absent or too fragmented to amplify as the relevant chemical marker compounds can be detected but no amplicons are assigned to the same species. Our study emphasizes that integrating DNA metabarcoding with phytochemical analysis brings valuable data for the comprehensive authentication of Traditional Chinese Medicines ensuring their quality and safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Mück
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Scotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ancuţa Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | | | - Helle Wangensteen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Okoya FT, Santoso M, Raffoul A, Atallah MA, Bryn Austin S. Weak regulations threaten the safety of consumers from harmful weight-loss supplements globally: results from a pilot global policy scan. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1917-1924. [PMID: 37132256 PMCID: PMC10478046 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To pilot a global policy scan assessing how governments worldwide regulate weight-loss supplements (WLS). DESIGN Experts on WLS policies from thirty countries that varied by World Bank income classification, with five from each of the six WHO regions, completed an online survey on WLS regulation in their country. The survey covered six domains: legal frameworks; pre-market requirements; claims, labelling, and advertisements; product availability; adverse events reporting; and monitoring and enforcement. Percentages were calculated for presence or absence of a type of regulation. SETTING Experts were recruited through websites of regulatory bodies and professional LinkedIn networks and scientific article searches on Google Scholar. PARTICIPANTS Thirty experts, one from each country (i.e. researchers, regulators, other experts in food and drug regulation). RESULTS WLS regulations varied widely across countries, and a number of gaps were identified. One country (Nigeria) has a minimum legal age to purchase WLS. Thirteen countries reported independently evaluating the safety of a new WLS product sample. Two countries have limitations on where WLS can be sold. In eleven countries, reports on adverse events related to WLS are publicly available. In eighteen countries, safety of new WLS is to be established through scientific criteria. Penalties for WLS non-compliance with pre-market regulations exist in twelve countries and labelling requirements in sixteen countries. CONCLUSIONS Results of this pilot study document wide variability in national WLS regulations globally, exposing many gaps in important components of consumer protection regulatory frameworks for WLS, which likely put consumer health at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmbi T Okoya
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monique Santoso
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Amanda Raffoul
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya Azar Atallah
- Department of Rehabilitation & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Dwyer JT. Have safety and efficacy assessments of bioactives come of age? Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101103. [PMID: 35853784 PMCID: PMC9841065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes why the safety and efficacy assessment of non-nutrient bioactives for reducing chronic disease risk is so complicated, especially for dietary supplements and traditional medicines. Scientists, regulators, and the public have different and sometimes opposing perspectives about bioactives. Drug, food, and traditional medicine models used for bioactive safety assessment are based on different assumptions and use different processes. Efficacy assessment is seldom based on clinical trials of boactives' effects in reducing chronic disease risk. It usually consists of application of quality assurance measures and evaluation of label claims and commercial speech about ingredients or products to ensure conformity to regulations. Harmonization of safety and efficacy assessment on a global basis is difficult because of differences within and between regulatory systems. The recommendations provided may open the way for bioactives to play a larger health role in the future, fill gaps in data needed for crafting authoritative dietary guidance on intakes, and speed harmonization of global standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Komala MG, Ong SG, Qadri MU, Elshafie LM, Pollock CA, Saad S. Investigating the Regulatory Process, Safety, Efficacy and Product Transparency for Nutraceuticals in the USA, Europe and Australia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020427. [PMID: 36673519 PMCID: PMC9857896 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased numbers of patients with chronic conditions use nutraceuticals or food-based therapeutics. However, to date, there is no global consensus on the regulatory processes for nutraceuticals. With the increased use, issues of quality and safety have also arisen. This review summarises the current regulations held for nutraceuticals in the USA, European and Australian jurisdictions using regulatory authority sites and databases. The efficacy and safety concerns, product development, gaps in regulation and challenges in ensuring product authenticity are also summarised. The data highlight the complexity that the globalisation of nutraceuticals brings with respect to challenges in regulation and associated claims regarding efficacy and safety. The development of an effective system with integrity is needed to increase vertical collaboration between consumers, healthcare practitioners, and government agencies and the development of international risk assessment criteria and botanical compendia. This will help in greater transparency and improved trust in the process and products. Emerging technologies could play a role in improving systems engineering by information sharing and leveraging the strengths of different countries. In conclusion, nutraceuticals have been poorly regulated leading to spurious claims based on little or no real evidence. This makes it difficult to separate meaningful results from poor data. More stringent regulation and an effective system of integrity are required to ensure efficacy and safety and enable the adequate monitoring and increase consumer and healthcare professionals' confidence.
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Ichim MC, Scotti F, Booker A. Quality evaluation of commercial herbal products using chemical methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4219-4239. [PMID: 36315039 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herbal products comprise a wide spectrum of locally, nationally or internationally commercialized commodities. As these products have an increasingly important position in healthcare systems worldwide, a detailed product quality assessment is of crucial importance. For the quality evaluation of commercial herbal products, a wide range of methods were used, from simpler, quicker, and cost-effective HPTLC, to hyphenated methods with MS or NMR, where more precise quantification or specific structural information is required. Additionally, most of the methods have been coupled with chemometric tools, such as PCA, or PDA, for the multivariate analysis of the high amount of data generated by chromatograms, electropherograms or spectra. The chemical methods have revealed the widespread presence of low or variable quality herbal products in the marketplace. The majority of analytical investigations present major, qualitative and quantitative, inter-product variations of their chemical composition, ranging from missing ingredients, to strikingly and unnaturally high concentrations of some compounds. Moreover, the inter-batch quality variations were frequently reported, as well as the presence of some undesirable substances. The chemical analysis of herbal products is a vital component to raise the overall awareness of quality in the herbal market and generate a quality driven approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- "Stejarul" Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Francesca Scotti
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Frommenwiler DA, Reich E, Sharaf MHM, Cañigueral S, Etheridge CJ. Investigation of market herbal products regulated under different categories: How can HPTLC help to detect quality problems? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925298. [PMID: 36003516 PMCID: PMC9393483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbal products regulated under different categories were found to be of different quality. This has been demonstrated by the increasing number of reports on the quality of herbal products in the scientific literature. Proper identification is an effective way to address this concerning issue early on in a products’ manufacturing process.Objectives: To assess the quality of milk thistle, coneflower and black cohosh herbal drugs, preparations and products commercialized under different regulatory categories, and to illustrate the usefulness of HPTLC as a tool for evaluating quality.Methods: HPTLC methods were adapted from the European Pharmacopeia’s monographs for milk thistle fruits, black cohosh and purple coneflower. Additional detection modes beyond those described in the monographs were employed, and the entire HPTLC fingerprints were used for examination of identity and purity of the investigated samples.Results: All products regulated as Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products were shown to be of high quality: their fingerprints were consistent and without unexpected zones. A significant number of food supplements show quality issues (mainly adulterations): 52.4% of milk thistle, 33.3% of coneflower, and 45.5% of black cohosh products. The same was observed in 66.6% of black cohosh herbal drugs and preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A. Frommenwiler
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eike Reich
- CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Eike Reich,
| | | | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Use of Dietary Supplements by Schoolchildren from Małopolska Voivodship (Southern Poland). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137826. [PMID: 35805485 PMCID: PMC9265727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of regular supplementation may be important in alleviating the potential effects of specific nutrient deficiencies. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the socio-economic and lifestyle factors influencing the administration of dietary supplements to schoolchildren from the Małopolskie voivodship. The study was conducted in March–June 2018 on 332 healthy children and adolescents (187 boys, 145 girls) aged 7–14 from the city and municipality of Niepołomice and the city of Kraków. The mean age of the subjects was 10.35 + 1.64 years. In order to assess their diet, a questionnaire was completed, by the parents or the child, on the frequency of consumption of specific products and foods (Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ) with added questions on the supplements provided. In assessing nutritional status, basic anthropometric measurements were taken and the BMI index was analysed. To check which factors influenced the use of supplements among respondents, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Approximately one-third of the total number of subjects (33.8%) took dietary supplements, most often supplements containing vitamins D and C, followed by multivitamin supplements and omega-3 fatty acids. The least common supplements contained calcium and iron. Dietary supplement intake was significantly higher among children living in rural areas compared to city areas (39.3% vs. 26.5% of respondents; p = 0.0150), and among boys compared to girls (37.3% vs. 27.8%; p = 0.048). It was observed that children more often received dietary supplements in multigenerational families and in families where at least one parent did not work. This is related to the place of residence of the respondent. Awareness of the need for, and the safe use of, dietary supplements is necessary among parents of children and adolescents.
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Dini I. The commercial importance to develop validated analytical methods to define phytochemical levels in herbal medicinal products. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3675-3677. [PMID: 35537696 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Rawat N, Purohit S, Painuly V, Negi GS, Bisht MPS. Habitat distribution modeling of endangered medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa (Royle ex Benth) under climate change scenarios in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mitchell CA, Dever JT, Gafner S, Griffiths JC, Marsman DS, Rider C, Welch C, Embry MR. The Botanical Safety Consortium: A public-private partnership to enhance the botanical safety toolkit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 128:105090. [PMID: 34863907 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplement use is widespread and growing, therefore, ensuring the safety of botanical products is a public health priority. This commentary describes the mission and objectives of the Botanical Safety Consortium (BSC) - a public-private partnership aimed at enhancing the toolkit for conducting the safety evaluation of botanicals. This partnership is the result of a Memorandum of Understanding between the US FDA, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. The BSC serves as a global forum for scientists from government, academia, consumer health groups, industry, and non-profit organizations to work collaboratively on adapting and integrating new approach methodologies (NAMs) into routine botanical safety assessments. The objectives of the BSC are to: 1) engage with a group of global stakeholders to leverage scientific safety approaches; 2) establish appropriate levels of chemical characterization for botanicals as complex mixtures; 3) identify pragmatic, fit-for-purpose NAMs to evaluate botanical safety; 4) evaluate the application of these tools via comparison to the currently available safety information on selected botanicals; 5) and integrate these tools into a framework that can facilitate the evaluation of botanicals. Initially, the BSC is focused on oral exposure from dietary supplements, but this scope could be expanded in future phases of work. This commentary provides an overview of the structure, goals, and strategies of this initiative and insights regarding our first objectives, namely the selection and prioritization of botanicals based on putative toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cara Welch
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michelle R Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
Abstrakt
Rynek suplementów diety rozwija się bardzo dynamicznie, co ma związek z rozpowszechnieniem tej kategorii produktów w środkach masowego przekazu, stosunkowo bezproblemową procedurą wprowadzenia na polski rynek oraz powszechną dostępnością (można je nabyć w aptece, sklepach zielarskich, spożywczych oraz w Internecie). Z definicji suplementy mają być uzupełnieniem diety, zaliczają się do żywności oraz nie mogą wykazywać działania leczniczego. Ich postać, która została ustawowo określona, może być wizualnie identyczna z postacią farmaceutyczną produktów leczniczych, co może wprowadzać konsumentów w błąd, jeżeli nie wiedzą, jak rozróżniać te dwie grupy. Polska legislacja nie uwzględnia żadnych wymogów dotyczących parametrów technologicznych czy właściwości fizycznych gotowych produktów. Na bezpieczeństwo stosowania suplementów diety, oprócz ich jakości i rzeczywistej zawartości deklarowanych składników, składa się również ewentualna obecność zanieczyszczeń i niedozwolonych substancji dodatkowych. Wybiórcza kontrola rynku oraz brak szczegółowych wytycznych dotyczących parametrów postaci suplementów daje znaczną dowolność producentom, jednocześnie umożliwia wprowadzenie na rynek produktów o wątpliwej jakości, które mogą zagrażać konsumentom, będąc całkowicie pozbawionymi działania prozdrowotnego. Ze względu na rosnące zainteresowanie tą grupą produktów przez konsumentów, przedstawiono w pracy sytuację prawną suplementów diety na polskim rynku, odnosząc się także do legislacji europejskiej i amerykańskiej. Omówiono procedurę wprowadzania na rynek, podstawowe wytyczne stawiane tej grupie produktów, wskazania do stosowania oraz aspekty związane z bezpieczeństwem i zagrożeniami wynikającymi ze stosowania suplementów diety.
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Paradiso L, Little DP. Authentication of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) supplements using a trnLUAA mini-barcode. Genome 2021; 64:1021-1028. [PMID: 34609923 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum), a widely distributed plant with great cultural and medicinal significance, is one of the most popular herbal dietary supplements in Europe and North America. Garlic supplements are consumed for a variety of reasons, including for their purported antihypertensive, antibacterial, and anticarcinogenic effects. The steady increase in the global herbal dietary supplement market paired with a global patchwork of regulatory frameworks makes the development of assays for authentication of these products increasingly important. A DNA mini-barcode assay was developed using the P6 loop of the plastid trnLUAA intron to positively identify A. sativum products. Analysis of 43 commercially available garlic herbal dietary supplements produced mini-barcode sequences for 33 supplements, all of which contained detectable amounts of A. sativum. The trnLUAA P6 mini-barcode can be highly useful for specimen identification, particularly for samples that may contain degraded DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Paradiso
- The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damon P Little
- The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Vilas-Boas AA, Pintado M, Oliveira ALS. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste: Toxicity and Safety Concerns. Foods 2021; 10:1564. [PMID: 34359434 PMCID: PMC8304211 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic bioactive compounds are approved in many countries for food applications, they are becoming less and less welcome by consumers. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in replacing these synthetic compounds by natural bioactive compounds. These natural compounds can be used as food additives to maintain the food quality, food safety and appeal, and as food supplements or nutraceuticals to correct nutritional deficiencies, maintain a suitable intake of nutrients, or to support physiological functions, respectively. Recent studies reveal that numerous food wastes, particularly fruit and vegetables byproducts, are a good source of bioactive compounds that can be extracted and reintroduced into the food chain as natural food additives or in food matrices for obtaining nutraceuticals and functional foods. This review addresses general questions concerning the use of fruit and vegetables byproducts as new sources of natural bioactive compounds that are being addressed to foods as natural additives and supplements. Those bioactive compounds must follow the legal requirements and evaluations to assess the risks for human health and their toxicity must be considered before being launched into the market. To overcome the potential health risk while increasing the biological activity, stability and biodistribution of the supplements' technological alternatives have been studied such as encapsulation of bioactive compounds into micro or nanoparticles or nanoemulsions. This will allow enhancing the stability and release along the gastrointestinal tract in a controlled manner into the specific tissues. This review summarizes the valorization path that a bioactive compound recovered from an agro-food waste can face from the moment their potentialities are exhibited until it reaches the final consumer and the safety and toxicity challenges, they may overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana L. S. Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (M.P.)
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Yates AA, Dwyer JT, Erdman JW, King JC, Lyle BJ, Schneeman BO, Weaver CM. Perspective: Framework for Developing Recommended Intakes of Bioactive Dietary Substances. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1087-1099. [PMID: 33962461 PMCID: PMC8321833 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary bioactives are food substances that promote health but are not essential to prevent typical deficiency conditions. Examples include lutein and zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acids, and flavonoids. When quality evidence is available, quantified intake recommendations linking dietary bioactives with specific health benefits will enable health professionals to provide evidence-based information to consumers. Without evidence-based recommendations, consumers use information from available sources that often lack standards and rigor. This article describes a framework to develop guidance based on quality evidence fully vetted for efficacy and safety by qualified experts, and designed to communicate the amounts of specific dietary bioactive compounds with identified health benefits. The 4-step Framework described here can be adapted by credible health organizations to work within their guideline development process. Standards of practice used in clinical guidelines are adapted to quantify dietary bioactive intake recommendations from foods consumed by the general public, by taking into account that side effects and trade-offs are often needed for medical treatments but are not acceptable for dietary bioactives. In quantifying dietary bioactive recommendations, this Framework establishes 4 decision-making steps: 1) characterize the bioactive, determine amounts in specific food sources, and quantify intakes; 2) evaluate safety; 3) quantify the causal relation between the specific bioactive and accepted markers of health or normal function via systematic evidence reviews; and 4) translate the evidence into a quantified bioactive intake statement. This Framework provides a working model that can be updated as new approaches are advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna T Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Tufts Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Janet C King
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Barbara J Lyle
- B Lyle, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA,Northwestern University, School of Professional Studies, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Connie M Weaver
- Weaver & Associates Consulting, LLC, Colorado Springs, CO, USA,Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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16
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Ichim MC, Booker A. Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666850. [PMID: 33935790 PMCID: PMC8082499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical methods are the most important and widely used traditional plant identification techniques recommended by national and international pharmacopoeias. We have reviewed the successful use of different chemical methods for the botanical authentication of 2,386 commercial herbal products, sold in 37 countries spread over six continents. The majority of the analyzed products were reported to be authentic (73%) but more than a quarter proved to be adulterated (27%). At a national level, the number of products and the adulteration proportions varied very widely. Yet, the adulteration reported for the four countries, from which more than 100 commercial products were purchased and their botanical ingredients chemically authenticated, was 37% (United Kingdom), 31% (Italy), 27% (United States), and 21% (China). Simple or hyphenated chemical analytical techniques have identified the total absence of labeled botanical ingredients, substitution with closely related or unrelated species, the use of biological filler material, and the hidden presence of regulated, forbidden or allergenic species. Additionally, affecting the safety and efficacy of the commercial herbal products, other low quality aspects were reported: considerable variability of the labeled metabolic profile and/or phytochemical content, significant product-to-product variation of botanical ingredients or even between batches by the same manufacturer, and misleading quality and quantity label claims. Choosing an appropriate chemical technique can be the only possibility for assessing the botanical authenticity of samples which have lost their diagnostic microscopic characteristics or were processed so that DNA cannot be adequately recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Kruger J, Taylor JRN, Ferruzzi MG, Debelo H. What is food-to-food fortification? A working definition and framework for evaluation of efficiency and implementation of best practices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3618-3658. [PMID: 33337067 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Food-to-food fortification (FtFF) is an emerging food-based strategy that can complement current strategies in the ongoing fight against micronutrient deficiencies, but it has not been defined or characterized. This review has proposed a working definition of FtFF. Comparison with other main food-based strategies clearly differentiates FtFF as an emerging strategy with the potential to address multiple micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously, with little dietary change required by consumers. A review of literature revealed that despite the limited number of studies (in vitro and in vivo), the diversity of food-based fortificants investigated and some contradictory data, there are promising fortificants, which have the potential to improve the amount of bioavailable iron, zinc, and provitamin A from starchy staple foods. These fortificants are typically fruits and vegetables, with high mineral as well as ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents. However, as the observed improvements in micronutrient bioavailability and status are relatively small, measuring the positive outcomes is more likely to be impactful only if the FtFF products are consumed as regular staples. Considering best practices in implementation of FtFF, raw material authentication and ingredient documentation are critical, especially as the contents of target micronutrients and bioavailability modulators as well as the microbiological quality of the plant-based fortificants can vary substantially. Also, as there are only few developed supply chains for plant-based fortificants, procurement of consistent materials may be problematic. This, however, provides the opportunity for value chain development, which can contribute towards the economic growth of communities, or hybrid approaches that leverage traditional premixes to standardize product micronutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John R N Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Hawi Debelo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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18
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Białek PhD DSc A, Białek PhD M, Lepionka PhD T, Tober E, Czauderna PhD M. The Quality Determination of Selected Commercial Online Purchased Edible Pomegranate Seed Oils With New Argentometric Liquid Chromatography Method. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:351-371. [PMID: 32476512 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1770394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The number of online-purchased dietary supplements of diversified origin is exponentially increasing. Pomegranate seed oils (PSOs)-the main dietary source of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA)-are available as dietary supplements via the Internet. PSO samples (n = 24) were purchased from Internet shops in Poland and China. Chromatographic techniques (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy [GC-MS] for fatty acids [FAs], liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for tocopherols, and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for conjugated FAs) were used. The GC-MS method enabled the quantification of 45 FAs, which indicates its superiority to previously used methods. Argentometric liquid chromatography with pre-column mild alkaline hydrolysis for analysis of structural isomers of CLnA does not need preliminary derivatization into volatile compounds, which ensures the absence of artifacts and enables the analysis of the entire conjugated FA profile. PSO differed with tocopherols and FA profile. Some PSOs contained negligible amounts of CLnA, and because of that they did not meet the criteria of valuable, unadulterated nutraceuticals. Obtained results indicate that online purchased PSO shipped from distant places of origin could have been stored in inadequate conditions (temperature, humidity), which caused i.a. deterioration of oxidative quality. Unregulated online availability of dietary supplements of low oxidative quality and nutritive value as well as their intake may be a risk rather than a benefit for consumers. Argentometric liquid chromatography can be a simple, selective, and sensitive tool for screening of dietary supplements containing conjugated FAs and should be considered as an essential way of quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek PhD DSc
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Białek PhD
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lepionka PhD
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Food and Nutrition, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Tober
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Marian Czauderna PhD
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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19
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20
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Avila C, Breakspear I, Hawrelak J, Salmond S, Evans S. A systematic review and quality assessment of case reports of adverse events for borage (Borago officinalis), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) and comfrey (Symphytum officinale). Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104519. [PMID: 32105669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Symphytum officinale (comfrey), Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) and Borago officinalis (borage) have long histories of therapeutic use, but their safety has been questioned due to the presence of unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). The evidence base underlying these concerns relies in part on case reports. This systematic review assesses these case reports for their reliability to inform this debate. METHOD Study selection was restricted to case reports describing possible pyrrolizidine alkaloid related harm and ingestion of comfrey, coltsfoot or borage. An extensive search of academic databases was conducted. Papers meeting the criteria were critically appraised. RESULTS The search resulted in 11 appropriate case reports, none of which involved borage. Nine reports were assessed for causality and indicated some degree of association between the material ingested and the adverse event. Lack of unequivocal identification of the species ingested compromised attribution and was a significant source of uncertainty. Three levels of identity confusions were found; misidentification or substitution at the level of the whole herb; omission of appropriate botanical identification and attribution of a specific PA to either comfrey or coltsfoot when it is a constituent found in other plants of established toxicity. CONCLUSION These cases are an unreliable body of evidence on which to draw conclusions about the safety of the oral consumption of Symphytum officinale and Tussilago farfara. Toxicological studies based on oral ingestion of phytochemically-complex preparations of these herbs may be the most accurate methodology for assessing clinical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Hawrelak
- University of Tasmania, Australia; Australian Research Centre for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Prinsloo G, Steffens F, Vervoort J, Rietjens IM. Risk assessment of herbal supplements containing ingredients that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:567-579. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1686456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Prinsloo
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francois Steffens
- Department of Consumer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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22
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Peacock M, Badea M, Bruno F, Timotijevic L, Laccisaglia M, Hodgkins C, Raats M, Egan B. Herbal supplements in the print media: communicating benefits and risks. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:196. [PMID: 31375101 PMCID: PMC6679444 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise in use of food supplements based on botanical ingredients (herbal supplements) is depicted as part of a trend empowering consumers to manage their day-to-day health needs, which presupposes access to clear and accurate information to make effective choices. Evidence regarding herbal supplement efficacy is extremely variable so recent regulations eliminating unsubstantiated claims about potential effects leave producers able to provide very little information about their products. Medical practitioners are rarely educated about herbal supplements and most users learn about them via word-of-mouth, allowing dangerous misconceptions to thrive, chief among them the assumption that natural products are inherently safe. Print media is prolific among the information channels still able to freely discuss herbal supplements. METHOD This study thematically analyses how 76 newspaper/magazine articles from the UK, Romania and Italy portray the potential risks and benefits of herbal supplements. RESULTS Most articles referenced both risks and benefits and were factually accurate but often lacked context and impartiality. More telling was how the risks and benefits were framed in service of a chosen narrative, the paucity of authoritative information allowing journalists leeway to recontextualise herbal supplements in ways that serviced the goals and values of their specific publications and readerships. CONCLUSION Providing sufficient information to empower consumers should not be the responsibility of print media, instead an accessible source of objective information is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Peacock
- Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University of Brasov, Bdul Eroilor Nr 29, 500039 Brasov, Romania
| | - Flavia Bruno
- Centre of Studies in Drug Communication, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, MI Italy
| | - Lada Timotijevic
- Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Martina Laccisaglia
- Centre of Studies in Drug Communication, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, MI Italy
| | - Charo Hodgkins
- Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Monique Raats
- Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
| | - Bernadette Egan
- Food, Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
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23
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Aithal GP. Of Potions, Poisons, Polygonum, and Pre-emptive Polymorphism. Hepatology 2019; 70:8-10. [PMID: 31155733 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Lenssen KGM, Bast A, de Boer A. International Perspectives on Substantiating the Efficacy of Herbal Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Through Evidence on Traditional Use. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:910-922. [PMID: 33337009 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of botanicals in medicines can be substantiated with evidence on traditional use, whereas in foodstuffs, this is often not possible. In Europe, for example, the evaluation and subsequent authorization of health claims on herbal dietary supplements (HDS) have been put on hold by the European Commission. This study aims to analyze the role of evidence on traditional use in international legal frameworks of foods and pharmaceuticals. Both legal sources as well as scientific studies offering insights into these regulatory frameworks were included into the analysis. The international approach toward evidence on traditional use for substantiating efficacy of botanicals varies highly. For herbal medicines, substantiating efficacy with evidence on traditional use is possible in all studied jurisdictions, except for Japan and the United States. HDS efficacy can only be substantiated with evidence on traditional use in India and New Zealand, although the enforcing authorities do not describe which data are required. Australia and Canada regulate botanicals in a separate "borderline" category from foods and pharmaceuticals. Both jurisdictions allow for substantiating efficacy with evidence on traditional use. This study's second objective was to assess the applicability of the international approaches in the European legal framework, in light of the ongoing political debate regarding the use of traditional evidence. Implementation of the analyzed international approaches would require major revisions of the current European legal framework. This review of international approaches might, however, aid in deciding upon future approaches for substantiating health claims with evidence on traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin G M Lenssen
- Food Claims Centre Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht Univ., Venlo, The Netherlands.,Univ. College Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht Univ., Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Univ. College Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht Univ., Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Alie de Boer
- Food Claims Centre Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht Univ., Venlo, The Netherlands.,Univ. College Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht Univ., Venlo, The Netherlands
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25
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Białek M, Białek A, Lepionka T, Paśko P, Galanty A, Tokarz A, Czauderna M. Punica granatum
(Pomegranate) Seed Oil and
Momordica charantia
(Bitter Melon) Extract Affect the Lipid's Profile and Oxidative Stability of Femoral Muscles of Rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Białek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of SciencesInstytucka 305‐110JabłonnaPoland
| | - Agnieszka Białek
- Department of BromatologyMedical University of WarsawBanacha 102‐097WarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz Lepionka
- Department of BromatologyMedical University of WarsawBanacha 102‐097WarsawPoland
- Laboratory of HygieneFood and NutritionMilitary Institute of Hygiene and EpidemiologyKozielska 401‐001WarsawPoland
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and NutritionMedical CollegeJagiellonian UniversityMedyczna 930‐688KrakówPoland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of PharmacognosyMedical CollegeJagiellonian UniversityMedyczna 930‐688KrakówPoland
| | - Andrzej Tokarz
- Department of BromatologyMedical University of WarsawBanacha 102‐097WarsawPoland
| | - Marian Czauderna
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of SciencesInstytucka 305‐110JabłonnaPoland
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26
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Levels of methyleugenol and eugenol in instant herbal beverages available on the Indonesian market and related risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:467-478. [PMID: 30721739 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence and accompanying risks of methyleugenol and eugenol in herbal beverages available on the Indonesian market were evaluated. Methyleugenol was detected in 49 out of 114 samples, at levels amounting to 2.6-443.7 μg/g, while 4 samples contained eugenol at 21.4-101.2 μg/g. The EDI resulting from drinking these preparations amounted to 0.1-51.2 μg/kg bw/day and 1.1-3.3 μg/kg bw/day, respectively for samples targeted at adults and children. A BMDL10 value of 22.2 mg/kg bw/day for methyleugenol was defined using literature data and model averaging. MOE values were below 10,000 for 46 samples (40.4%), indicating a priority for risk management when assuming daily lifelong consumption, while the EDI for 4 samples containing eugenol did not exceed the ADI of 2.5 mg/kg bw thus did not raise a concern for human health. Using Haber's rule to correct for less than lifetime exposure, consumption of methyleugenol via these beverages would be of low concern when consumed for less than 2 weeks/year during a lifetime. This conclusion holds for herbal beverages collected by targeted sampling, not for all herbal beverages on the Indonesian market. The study provides data that can support establishment of a maximum permitted level (MPL) for methyleugenol in herbal beverages in Indonesia.
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27
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Adams RE, Brickel JA, Bhat VS. Chemical-specific maximum allowable levels for pesticide residues in dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:511-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Finding the bad actor: Challenges in identifying toxic constituents in botanical dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:431-438. [PMID: 30582954 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Botanical-derived dietary supplements have widespread use in the general population. The complex and variable nature of botanical ingredients and reports of adverse responses have led to concern for negative human health impacts following consumption of these products. Toxicity testing of the vast number of available products, formulations, and combinations is not feasible due to the time and resource intensive nature of comprehensive testing. Methods are needed to assess the safety of a large number of products via more efficient frameworks. Identification of toxicologically-active constituents is one approach being used, with many advantages toward product regulation. Bioassay-guided fractionation (BGF) is the leading approach used to identify biologically-active constituents. Most BGF studies with botanicals focus on identifying pharmacologically-active constituents for drug discovery or botanical efficacy research. Here, we explore BGF in a toxicological context, drawing from both efficacy and poisonous plant research. Limitations of BGF, including loss of mixture activity and bias toward abundant constituents, and recent advancements in the field (e.g., biochemometrics) are discussed from a toxicological perspective. Identification of active constituents will allow better monitoring of market products for known toxicologically-active constituents, as well as surveying human exposure, two important steps to ensuring the safety of botanical dietary supplements.
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29
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Rietjens IMCM. Special issue on food borne botanical genotoxic carcinogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:708. [PMID: 30171971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Luiz de Oliveira J, Ramos Campos EV, Fraceto LF. Recent Developments and Challenges for Nanoscale Formulation of Botanical Pesticides for Use in Sustainable Agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8898-8913. [PMID: 30075067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of substances of natural origin, such as botanical pesticides, has emerged as a preferred alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides, the excessive use of which has raised a lot of concern over safety to human/animal health and the environment. Recent developments in nanotechnology have opened up a new avenue for the development of more efficient formulations that can overcome many of the obstacles generally faced in their use in the field, such as loss of activity because of degradation, instability, volatilization, and so on. This Review discusses the key developments in this area, as well as the challenges in relation to nanoscale formulation of botanical pesticides. It presents an appraisal of the recent scientific research, along with an account of the products that have already reached the market. While it acknowledges the great potential of nanotechnology-derived formulations of botanical pesticides for increasing agricultural productivity and reducing health and the environmental impacts, it also highlights the technological challenges that must be addressed to enable adoption of the technology for wider use in agri-food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhones Luiz de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Três de Março 511 , Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba , São Paulo 18087-180 , Brazil
| | - Estefânia Vangelie Ramos Campos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Três de Março 511 , Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba , São Paulo 18087-180 , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology , Avenida Três de Março 511 , Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba , São Paulo 18087-180 , Brazil
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31
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Shipkowski KA, Betz JM, Birnbaum LS, Bucher JR, Coates PM, Hopp DC, MacKay D, Oketch-Rabah H, Walker NJ, Welch C, Rider CV. Naturally complex: Perspectives and challenges associated with Botanical Dietary Supplement Safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:963-971. [PMID: 29626579 PMCID: PMC6087675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use of botanical dietary supplements by consumers in the United States, there is a need for appropriate research and data to support safety assessments. Complexity and variability, both natural and introduced, of botanical dietary supplements make research on these products difficult. Botanical dietary supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), as amended by the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). They are regulated as a category of food, which differs from the regulation of pharmaceutical products. Both manufacturers and the FDA are faced with the challenge of determining the best approaches for evaluating and monitoring the safety of botanical products. High quality botanicals research requires accurate identification and characterization of the material being studied. Inconsistent results in efficacy studies of botanical dietary supplements have led to efforts to improve the rigor and reproducibility of research in the field. Addressing the challenges associated with botanical dietary supplement safety is a global effort requiring coordination between numerous stakeholders, including researchers, suppliers, manufacturers, and regulators, all of whom play a role in ensuring that high quality products are available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Shipkowski
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ICF International, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Coates
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Craig Hopp
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Duffy MacKay
- Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cara Welch
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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32
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Roytman MM, Poerzgen P, Navarro V. Botanicals and Hepatotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:458-469. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Risk assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic alkenylbenzenes in botanical containing products present on the Chinese market. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:344-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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