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Aftab N, Gupta A, Prasad P, Kushwaha HK, Kishor R, Singh V, Chandra S, Venkatesha KT, Kumar D, Kumar N, Shanker K, Gupta N, Kumar B. Exploring Genetic Diversity for High CBD Content in Cannabis Accessions in Tropical and Subtropical Regions of India. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10914-2. [PMID: 39322818 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis, also known as marijuana or hemp, has been utilized since ancient times for industrial, religious, recreational, and medical uses. However, regardless of the intended use, there are legal requirements for quantitative testing of cannabinoids across the supply chains. This investigation aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of 54 Cannabis samples collected from tropical and subtropical regions in India. The research found a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability, and genetic advance for total cannabidiol (CBD) content. The genotypic and phenotypic correlation among the morpho-chemical characters revealed strong positive correlations among most characters. Clustering and Principal component analysis identified three accessions in cluster II (CIM-CS-65, CIM-CS-189 & CIM-CS-64) with high CBD content that could be used for breeding and as sources of high CBD content in Cannabis. CIM-CS-64, with its high CBD content with 0.01%THC content, holds potential as a valuable parental line for utilization in hybridization programs and recombinant breeding. Furthermore, in accordance with the NDPC Act of 1985, CIM-CS-64 can be commercialized for medicinal purposes, making it a promising source for the development of medicinal CBD products.
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Grants
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- GAP-430 Asheesh Concentrates International LLP (ACI), Mumbai (Maharashtra) India
- Candidate Id: 132-3067-6419/2K23/1 CSIR-Direct SRF, CSIR, Govt. of India, New Delhi
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashra Aftab
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akancha Gupta
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Prasad
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar Kushwaha
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram Kishor
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vagmi Singh
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shivani Chandra
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
| | - K T Venkatesha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre-Pantnagar, US Nagar, 263149, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dipender Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Division of Crop Production and Protection, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre-Pantnagar, US Nagar, 263149, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Namita Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Birendra Kumar
- Seed Quality Lab, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Di Nunzio M, Barrot-Feixat C, Gangitano D. Characterization and evaluation of nine Cannabis sativa chloroplast SNP markers for crop type determination and biogeographical origin on European samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2024; 68:102971. [PMID: 39090851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa can be classified in two main types, according to psychotropic cannabinoid ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) content: the drug-type and the fiber-type. According to the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, most of the European Union countries consider the possession of cannabis, for personal use, a minor offense with possibility of incarceration. Despite of the model of legal supply (i.e., Spanish cannabis clubs, Netherlands coffee shops) or medical use (i.e., Italy), cannabis remains the most used and trafficked illicit plant in the European Union. Differentiating cannabis crops or tracing the biogeographical origin is crucial for law enforcement purposes. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers may assist to determine biogeographic origin and to differentiate hemp from marijuana. This research aims: to identify and to evaluate nine C. sativa cpDNA polymorphic SNP sites to differentiate crop type and to provide information about its biogeographical origin. Five SNaPshot™ assays for nine chloroplast markers were developed and conducted in marijuana samples seized in Chile, the USA-Mexico border and Spain, and hemp samples grown in Spain and in Italy. The SNapShot™ assays were tested on 122 cannabis samples, which included 16 blind samples, and were able to differentiate marijuana crop type from hemp crop type in all samples. Using phylogenetic analysis, genetic differences were observed between marijuana and hemp samples. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) supported the relationship among hemp samples, as well as for USA-Mexico border, Spanish, and Chilean marijuana samples. Genetic differences between groups based on the biogeographical origin and their crop type were observed. Increasing the number of genetic markers, including the most recently studied ones, and expanding the sample database will provide more accurate information about crop differentiation and biogeographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Nunzio
- Forensic Genetics Laboratory - Legal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carme Barrot-Feixat
- Forensic Genetics Laboratory - Legal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gangitano
- Forensic & Legal Medicine Area, Department of Sociosanitary Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Barbarić L, Bezbradica SC. A forensic application of genetic markers for distinction between drug-type and fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 353:111853. [PMID: 37863007 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic markers can represent a valuable tool for forensic purposes in discriminating between fiber-type and drug-type cannabis. The aim of this research was to evaluate developed genetic markers for tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) when applied on certified hemp (14 varieties) and forensic casework samples of four chemotypes (40 seizures). Chemotype-associated PCR-based markers did not enable reliable selective amplification despite the difference in cannabinoid composition. In order to characterize forensic samples of unknown origin, THCAS sequencing was performed. The comparison of THCAS sequences, including additional accessions, indicated high genetic similarity of hemp varieties. Confiscated samples of intermediate, THC, CBD and CBG type were clearly separated from fiber-type accessions and assigned to drug-type cluster. Despite the unknown origin, their position on the tree support the notion that they are more related to drug-type accessions than to the fiber-type. However, no clear distinction between chemotypes was found. Furthermore, 26 amino acid substitutions were revealed in THCAS that clearly separate hemp varieties and neither of them cluster with any other tested sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Barbarić
- Forensic Science Centre "Ivan Vučetić", Ministry of the Interior, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Matros A, Menz P, Gill AR, Santoscoy A, Dawson T, Seiffert U, Burton RA. Non-invasive assessment of cultivar and sex of Cannabis sativa L. by means of hyperspectral measurement. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:258-274. [PMID: 37822731 PMCID: PMC10564378 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a versatile crop attracting increasing attention for food, fiber, and medical uses. As a dioecious species, males and females are visually indistinguishable during early growth. For seed or cannabinoid production, a higher number of female plants is economically advantageous. Currently, sex determination is labor-intensive and costly. Instead, we used rapid and non-destructive hyperspectral measurement, an emerging means of assessing plant physiological status, to reliably differentiate males and females. One industrial hemp (low tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) cultivar was pre-grown in trays before transfer to the field in control soil. Reflectance spectra were acquired from leaves during flowering and machine learning algorithms applied allowed sex classification, which was best using a radial basis function (RBF) network. Eight industrial hemp (low THC) cultivars were field grown on fertilized and control soil. Reflectance spectra were acquired from leaves at early development when the plants of all cultivars had developed between four and six leaf pairs and in three cases only flower buds were visible (start of flowering). Machine learning algorithms were applied, allowing sex classification, differentiation of cultivars and fertilizer regime, again with best results for RBF networks. Differentiating nutrient status and varietal identity is feasible with high prediction accuracy. Sex classification was error-free at flowering but less accurate (between 60% and 87%) when using spectra from leaves at early growth stages. This was influenced by both cultivar and soil conditions, reflecting developmental differences between cultivars related to nutritional status. Hyperspectral measurement combined with machine learning algorithms is valuable for non-invasive assessment of C. sativa cultivar and sex. This approach can potentially improve regulatory security and productivity of cannabis farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matros
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Compolytics GmbHBarlebenSaxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Patrick Menz
- Biosystems EngineeringFraunhofer IFFMagdeburgGermany
| | - Alison R. Gill
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Tim Dawson
- Australian Hemp Seed CompanyGawlerSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Biosystems EngineeringFraunhofer IFFMagdeburgGermany
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideUrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Compolytics GmbHBarlebenSaxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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Lin J, Yun K, Sun Q, Xiang P, Wu L, Yang S, Dun J, Fu S, Chen H. How to sample a seizure plant: the role of the visualization spatial distribution analysis of Lophophora williamsii as an example. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 8:140-151. [PMID: 37621449 PMCID: PMC10445667 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds in plants are often unevenly distributed, and determining the best sampling locations to obtain the most representative results is technically challenging. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) can provide the basis for formulating sampling guideline. For a succulent plant sample, ensuring the authenticity and in situ nature of the spatial distribution analysis results during MSI analysis also needs to be thoroughly considered. In this study, we developed a well-established and reliable MALDI-MSI method based on preservation methods, slice conditions, auxiliary matrices, and MALDI parameters to detect and visualize the spatial distribution of mescaline in situ in Lophophora williamsii. The MALDI-MSI results were validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Low-temperature storage at -80°C and drying of "bookmarks" were the appropriate storage methods for succulent plant samples and their flower samples, and cutting into 40 μm thick sections at -20°C using gelatin as the embedding medium is the appropriate sectioning method. The use of DCTB (trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile) as an auxiliary matrix and a laser intensity of 45 are favourable MALDI parameter conditions for mescaline analysis. The region of interest semi-quantitative analysis revealed that mescaline is concentrated in the epidermal tissues of L. williamsii as well as in the meristematic tissues of the crown. The study findings not only help to provide a basis for determining the best sampling locations for mescaline in L. williamsii, but they also provide a reference for the optimization of storage and preparation conditions for raw plant organs before MALDI detection. Key Points An accurate in situ MSI method for fresh water-rich succulent plants was obtained based on multi-parameter comparative experiments.Spatial imaging analysis of mescaline in Lophophora williamsii was performed using the above method.Based on the above results and previous results, a sampling proposal for forensic medicine practice is tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Lin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiran Sun
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong, China
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shanlin Fu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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The B1080/B1192 molecular marker identifies hemp plants with functional THCA synthase and total THC content above legal limit. Gene 2023; 858:147198. [PMID: 36641078 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In Cannabis sativa L. the presence of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) above legal limit is a challenging issue that still restricts the industrial exploitation of this promising crop. In recent years, the interest of entrepreneurs and growers who see hemp as a dynamic and profitable crop was joined by the growing knowledge on C. sativa genetics and genomics, accelerated by the application of high throughput tools. Despite the renewed interest in the species, much remains to be clarified, especially about the long-standing problem of THCA in hemp inflorescences, which could even result in the seizure of the whole harvest. Although several hypotheses have been formulated on the accumulation of this metabolite in industrial varieties, none is conclusive yet. In this work, individuals of a population of the hemp cultivar 'FINOLA' obtained from commercial seeds were investigated for total THC level and examined at molecular level. A marker linked to THCA synthase was found at a high incidence in both male and female plants, suggesting a considerable genetic variability within the seed batch. Full-length sequences encoding for putatively functional THCA synthases were isolated for the first time from the genome of both female and male plants of an industrial hemp variety and, using transcriptional analysis, the THCA synthase expression was quantified in mature inflorescences of individuals identified by the marker. Biochemical analyses finally demonstrated for these plants a 100% association between the predicted and actual chemotype.
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Gloerfelt-Tarp F, Hewavitharana AK, Mieog J, Palmer WM, Fraser F, Ansari O, Kretzschmar T. Using a global diversity panel of Cannabis sativa L. to develop a near InfraRed-based chemometric application for cannabinoid quantification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2253. [PMID: 36755037 PMCID: PMC9908977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
C. sativa has gained renewed interest as a cash crop for food, fibre and medicinal markets. Irrespective of the final product, rigorous quantitative testing for cannabinoids, the regulated biologically active constituents of C. sativa, is a legal prerequisite across the supply chains. Currently, the medicinal cannabis and industrial hemp industries depend on costly chromatographic analysis for cannabinoid quantification, limiting production, research and development. Combined with chemometrics, Near-InfraRed spectroscopy (NIRS) has potential as a rapid, accurate and economical alternative method for cannabinoid analysis. Using chromatographic data on 12 therapeutically relevant cannabinoids together with spectral output from a diffuse reflectance NIRS device, predictive chemometric models were built for major and minor cannabinoids using dried, homogenised C. sativa inflorescences from a diverse panel of 84 accessions. Coefficients of determination (r2) of the validation models for 10 of the 12 cannabinoids ranged from 0.8 to 0.95, with models for major cannabinoids showing best performance. NIRS was able to discriminate between neutral and acidic forms of cannabinoids as well as between C3-alkyl and C5-alkyl cannabinoids. The results show that NIRS, when used in conjunction with chemometrics, is a promising method to quantify cannabinoids in raw materials with good predictive results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jos Mieog
- Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - William M Palmer
- Research Division, Rapid Phenotyping (Hone), Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Felicity Fraser
- Research Division, Rapid Phenotyping (Hone), Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Omid Ansari
- Ecofibre Ltd, Virginia, QLD, 4014, Australia.,Hemp GenTech, Fig Tree Pocket, QLD, 4069, Australia
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Al-Harrasi A, Behl T, Upadhyay T, Chigurupati S, Bhatt S, Sehgal A, Bhatia S, Singh S, Sharma N, Vijayabalan S, Palanimuthu VR, Das S, Kaur R, Aleya L, Bungau S. Targeting natural products against SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42404-42432. [PMID: 35362883 PMCID: PMC8972763 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus; the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Natural products, secondary metabolites show positive leads with antiviral and immunotherapy treatments using genomic studies in silico docking. In addition, it includes the action of a mechanism targeting the SARS-CoV-2. In this literature, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral movement of the NT-VRL-1 unique terpene definition to Human coronavirus (HCoV-229E). The effects of 19 hydrolysable tannins on the SARS-CoV-2 were therefore theoretically reviewed and analyzed utilising the molecular operating surroundings for their C-Like protease 3CLpro catalytic dyad residues Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (MOE 09). Pedunculagin, tercatan, and castalin were detected as interacting strongly with SARS-receptor Cov-2's binding site and catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41). SARS-CoV-2 methods of subunit S1 (ACE2) inhibit the interaction of the receiver with the s-protein once a drug molecule is coupled to the s-protein and prevent it from infecting the target cells in alkaloids. Our review strongly demonstrates the evidence that natural compounds and their derivatives can be used against the human coronavirus and serves as an area of research for future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Tanuj Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shvetank Bhatt
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shantini Vijayabalan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vasanth Raj Palanimuthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suprava Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Sionov RV, Steinberg D. Anti-Microbial Activity of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in the Light of Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030631. [PMID: 35327432 PMCID: PMC8945038 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of various infectious diseases, especially those associated with biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic materials. There is an urgent need for new treatment protocols that can also target biofilm-embedded bacteria. Many secondary metabolites of plants possess anti-bacterial activities, and especially the phytocannabinoids of the Cannabis sativa L. varieties have reached a renaissance and attracted much attention for their anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities at concentrations below the cytotoxic threshold on normal mammalian cells. Accordingly, many synthetic cannabinoids have been designed with the intention to increase the specificity and selectivity of the compounds. The structurally unrelated endocannabinoids have also been found to have anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities. Recent data suggest for a mutual communication between the endocannabinoid system and the gut microbiota. The present review focuses on the anti-microbial activities of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids integrated with some selected issues of their many physiological and pharmacological activities.
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Gigopulu O, Geskovski N, Stefkov G, Stoilkovska Gjorgievska V, Slaveska Spirevska I, Huck CW, Makreski P. A unique approach for in-situ monitoring of the THCA decarboxylation reaction in solid state. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120471. [PMID: 34655978 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The decarboxylation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) plays pivotal role in the potency of medical cannabis and its extracts. Our present work aims to draw attention to mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to in-situ monitor and decipher the THCA decarboxylation reaction in the solid state. The initial TG/DTG curves of THCA, for a first time, outlined the solid-solid decarboxylation dynamics, defined the endpoint of the process and the temperature of the maximal conversion rate, which aided in the design of the further IR experiment. Temperature controlled IR spectroscopy experiments were performed on both THCA standard and cannabis flower by providing detailed band assignment and conducting spectra-structure correlations, based on the concept of functional groups vibrations. Moreover, a multivariate statistical analysis was employed to address the spectral regions of utmost importance for the THCA → THC interconversion process. The principal component analysis model was reduced to two PCs, where PC1 explained 94.76% and 98.21% of the total spectral variations in the THCA standard and in the plant sample, respectively. The PC1 plot score of the THCA standard, as a function of the temperature, neatly complemented to the TG/DTG curves and enabled determination of rate constants for the decarboxylation reaction undertaken on several selected temperatures. The predictive capability of MIR was further demonstrated with PLS (R2X = 0.99, R2Y = 0.994 and Q2 = 0.992) using thermally treated flower samples that covered broad range of THCA/THC content. Consequently, a progress in elucidation of kinetic models of THCA decarboxylation in terms of fitting the experimental data for both, solid state standard substance and a plant flower, was achieved. The results open the horizon to promote an appropriate process analytical technology (PAT) in the outgrowing medical cannabis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gigopulu
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nikola Geskovski
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
| | - Gjoshe Stefkov
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacognosy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Veronika Stoilkovska Gjorgievska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacognosy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petre Makreski
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
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11
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Stefkov G, Cvetkovikj Karanfilova I, Stoilkovska Gjorgievska V, Trajkovska A, Geskovski N, Karapandzova M, Kulevanova S. Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products-A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:975. [PMID: 35164240 PMCID: PMC8838193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980-2021). The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjoshe Stefkov
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ivana Cvetkovikj Karanfilova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Veronika Stoilkovska Gjorgievska
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ana Trajkovska
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Marija Karapandzova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Svetlana Kulevanova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
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12
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Immune Responses Are Differentially Regulated by Root, Stem, Leaf, and Flower Extracts of Female and Male CBD Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Plants. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has many applications, including the production of textiles, agricultural extracts, nutritional products, and botanicals enriched with cannabinoids and full-spectrum terpenes naturally present in the plant. In this study, the dynamics of distribution and accumulation of 10 main cannabinoids in hemp were quantified. Hemp bioactive compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. While all tissues of hemp showed moderate anti-inflammatory properties, female flowers demonstrated the highest activity. CBD showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity with suppression of nitric oxide production at 2 μg/mL and the reduced expressions of the pro-inflammatory genes COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α at as low as 2 ng/mL. The topical hemp inflorescences (1–50 μg/mL) and CBD alone (20–200 ng/mL) also improved mitochondrial respiration. These data contribute to the future development of agricultural and plant management techniques to produce hemp with specific metabolite profiles to selectively support immune health.
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13
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Fulvio F, Paris R, Montanari M, Citti C, Cilento V, Bassolino L, Moschella A, Alberti I, Pecchioni N, Cannazza G, Mandolino G. Analysis of Sequence Variability and Transcriptional Profile of Cannabinoid synthase Genes in Cannabis sativa L. Chemotypes with a Focus on Cannabichromenic acid synthase. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1857. [PMID: 34579390 PMCID: PMC8466818 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been long cultivated for its narcotic potential due to the accumulation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in female inflorescences, but nowadays its production for fiber, seeds, edible oil and bioactive compounds has spread throughout the world. However, some hemp varieties still accumulate traces of residual THCA close to the 0.20% limit set by European Union, despite the functional gene encoding for THCA synthase (THCAS) is lacking. Even if some hypotheses have been produced, studies are often in disagreement especially on the role of the cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS). In this work a set of European Cannabis genotypes, representative of all chemotypes, were investigated from a chemical and molecular point of view. Highly specific primer pairs were developed to allow an accurate distinction of different cannabinoid synthases genes. In addition to their use as markers to detect the presence of CBCAS at genomic level, they allowed the analysis of transcriptional profiles in hemp or marijuana plants. While the high level of transcription of THCAS and cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) clearly reflects the chemical phenotype of the plants, the low but stable transcriptional level of CBCAS in all genotypes suggests that these genes are active and might contribute to the final amount of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fulvio
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Massimo Montanari
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Cinzia Citti
- CNR NANOTEC—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cilento
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Laura Bassolino
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Anna Moschella
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Ilaria Alberti
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via G. Amendola 82, 45100 Rovigo, Italy;
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, S.S. 673 Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- CNR NANOTEC—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandolino
- CREA—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (M.M.); (V.C.); (L.B.); (A.M.); (G.M.)
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14
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Cirrincione M, Saladini B, Brighenti V, Salamone S, Mandrioli R, Pollastro F, Pellati F, Protti M, Mercolini L. Discriminating different Cannabis sativa L. chemotypes using attenuated total reflectance - infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy: A proof of concept. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114270. [PMID: 34332310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An original, innovative, high-throughput method based on attenuated total reflectance - Fourier's transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been developed for the proof-of-concept discrimination of fibre-type from drug-type Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences. The cannabis sample is placed on the instrument plate and analysed without any previous sample pretreatment step. In this way, a complete analysis lasts just a few seconds, the time needed to record an ATR-FTIR spectrum. The method was calibrated and cross-validated using data provided by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the different cannabis samples and carried out the statistical assays for quantitation. During cross-validation, complete agreement was obtained between ATR-FTIR and LC-MS/MS identification of the cannabis chemotype. Moreover, the method has proved to be capable of quantifying with excellent accuracy (75-103 % vs. LC-MS/MS) seven neutral and acidic cannabinoids (THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBN) in inflorescences from different sources. The extreme feasibility and speed of execution make this ATR-FTIR method highly attractive as a proof-of-concept for a possible application to quality controls during pharmaceutical product manufacturing, as well as on-the-street cannabis controls and user counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cirrincione
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Saladini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences (DSV), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Pieracci Y, Ascrizzi R, Terreni V, Pistelli L, Flamini G, Bassolino L, Fulvio F, Montanari M, Paris R. Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes. Molecules 2021; 26:4080. [PMID: 34279420 PMCID: PMC8271456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an annual species cultivated since antiquity for different purposes. While, in the past, hemp inflorescences were considered crop residues, at present, they are regarded as valuable raw materials with different applications, among which extraction of the essential oil (EO) has gained increasing interest in many fields. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the yield and the chemical composition of the EO obtained by hydrodistillation from eleven hemp genotypes, cultivated in the same location for two consecutive growing seasons. The composition of the EOs was analyzed by GC-MS, and then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Sesquiterpenes represented the main class of compounds in all the EOs, both in their hydrocarbon and oxygenated forms, with relative abundances ranging from 47.1 to 78.5%; the only exception was the Felina 32 sample collected in 2019, in which cannabinoids predominated. Cannabinoids were the second most abundant class of compounds, of which cannabidiol was the main one, with relative abundances between 11.8 and 51.5%. The statistical distribution of the samples, performed on the complete chemical composition of the EOs, evidenced a partition based on the year of cultivation, rather than on the genotype, with the exception of Uso-31. Regarding the extraction yield, a significant variation was evidenced among both the genotypes and the years of cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Pieracci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Terreni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health" (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health" (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Bassolino
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Fulvio
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Montanari
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- CREA-Research Center for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
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16
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Geskovski N, Stefkov G, Gigopulu O, Stefov S, Huck CW, Makreski P. Mid-infrared spectroscopy as process analytical technology tool for estimation of THC and CBD content in Cannabis flowers and extracts. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119422. [PMID: 33477086 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most notable Cannabis components with pharmacological activity and their content in the plant flowers and extracts are considered as critical quality parameters. The new Medical Cannabis industry needs to adopt the quality standards of the pharmaceutical industry, however, the variability of phytocannabinoids content in the plant material often exerts an issue in the inconsistency of the finished product quality parameters. Sampling problems and sample representativeness is a major limitation in the end-point testing, particularly when the expected variation of the product quality parameters is high. Therefore, there is an obvious need for the introduction of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for continuous monitoring of the critical quality parameters throughout the production processes. Infrared spectroscopy is a promising analytical technique that is consistent with the PAT requirements and its implementation depends on the advances in instrumentation and chemometrics that will facilitate the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the technique. Our present work aims in highlighting the potential of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as PAT in the quantification of the main phytocannabinoids (THC and CBD), considered as critical quality/material parameters in the production of Cannabis plant and extract. A detailed assignment of the bands related to the molecules of interest (THC, CBD) was performed, the spectral features of the decarboxylation of native flowers were identified, and the specified bands for the acid forms (THCA, CBDA) were assigned and thoroughly explained. Further, multivariate models were constructed for the prediction of both THC and CBD content in extract and flower samples from various origins, and their prediction ability was tested on a separate sample set. Savitskzy-Golay smoothing and the second derivative of the native MIR spectra (1800-400 cm-1 region) resulted in best-fit parameters. The PLS models presented satisfactory R2Y and RMSEP of 0.95 and 3.79% for THC, 0.99 and 1.44% for CBD in the Cannabis extract samples, respectively. Similar statistical indicators were noted for the Partial least-squares (PLS) models for THC and CBD prediction of decarboxylated Cannabis flowers (R2Y and RMSEP were 0.99 and 2.32% for THC, 0.99 and 1.33% for CBD respectively). The VIP plots of all models demonstrated that the THC and CBD distinctive band regions bared the highest importance for predicting the content of the molecules of interest in the respected PLS models. The complexity of the sample (plant tissue or plant extract), the variability of the samples regarding their origin and horticultural maturity, as well as the non-uniformity of the plant material and the flower-ATR crystal contact (in the case of Cannabis flowers) were governing the accuracy descriptors. Taking into account the presented results, ATR-MIR should be considered as a promising PAT tool for THC and CBD content estimation, in terms of critical material and quality parameters for Cannabis flowers and extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
| | - Gjose Stefkov
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Olga Gigopulu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petre Makreski
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
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17
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Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Iwata YT. Rapid identification of drug-type and fiber-type cannabis by allele specific duplex PCR. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 318:110634. [PMID: 33278699 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is classified into two types: drug-type cannabis, which is abused worldwide, and fiber-type cannabis, which is used for industrial purposes. The two types are a result of differences in the sequences of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) and cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) genes. In the present study, we aimed to establish a PCR-based method to distinguish between drug-type and fiber-type cannabis by detecting the differences in the sequences of THCAS and CBDAS. We constructed a single-plex PCR targeting active THCAS, and observed drug-type cannabis-specific amplification when using 10pg to 1ng of DNA; however, amplification was also observed in fiber-type cannabis when the DNA content reached 10ng. Similarly, single-plex PCR targeting active CBDAS showed fiber-type cannabis-specific amplification in 100pg of DNA, as well as in >1ng of drug-type cannabis DNA. Therefore, when an allele-specific duplex PCR system was constructed, in which both primer sets were mixed at an appropriate ratio, unintended nonspecific amplification was suppressed and amplicons of different sizes were observed between the drug-type and fiber-type cannabis, using DNA samples in the range of 1pg to 10ng. When the constructed duplex PCR was performed on DNA extracted from various cannabis seed samples, it was possible to distinguish between the drug-type and the fiber-type as well as detect a hybrid-type with both active THCAS and active CBDAS and a special type with neither. The identification method developed in the present study can quickly and accurately distinguish between drug-type and fiber-type cannabis, and is expected to be used for various purposes such as the detection of genetic contamination of industrial hemp as well as forensic examination of cannabis-related cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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