1
|
McClymont H, Lambert SB, Barr I, Vardoulakis S, Bambrick H, Hu W. Internet-based Surveillance Systems and Infectious Diseases Prediction: An Updated Review of the Last 10 Years and Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024:10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y. [PMID: 39141074 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen major advances and growth in internet-based surveillance for infectious diseases through advanced computational capacity, growing adoption of smart devices, increased availability of Artificial Intelligence (AI), alongside environmental pressures including climate and land use change contributing to increased threat and spread of pandemics and emerging infectious diseases. With the increasing burden of infectious diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for developing novel technologies and integrating internet-based data approaches to improving infectious disease surveillance is greater than ever. In this systematic review, we searched the scientific literature for research on internet-based or digital surveillance for influenza, dengue fever and COVID-19 from 2013 to 2023. We have provided an overview of recent internet-based surveillance research for emerging infectious diseases (EID), describing changes in the digital landscape, with recommendations for future research directed at public health policymakers, healthcare providers, and government health departments to enhance traditional surveillance for detecting, monitoring, reporting, and responding to influenza, dengue, and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah McClymont
- Ecosystem Change and Population Health (ECAPH) Research Group, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hilary Bambrick
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- Ecosystem Change and Population Health (ECAPH) Research Group, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
- Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Townley B, Akin D, Dimaguila GL, Sawires R, Sepulveda Kattan G, King S, Bines J, Wood N, Lambert S, Buttery J. Exploring the Infectious Contribution to Intussusception Causality Using the Effects of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Australia: An Ecological Study. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 79:255-262. [PMID: 38376945 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intussusception is the primary cause of acute bowel obstruction in infants. The majority of cases <2 years of age are classed as idiopathic, with viral infection implicated as one of the causes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health measures led to significant decreases in communicable disease prevalence. During these times, reductions in intussusception frequency were greater than would be expected with our previous understanding of its infectious etiology. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, multistate, ecological study over a 12-year period. Monthly case numbers of "intussusception"-coded admissions (code K56.1; International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification) were acquired from state-wide admissions data sets from New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, representing 77.62% of the eligible Australian population. These counts within differing jurisdictional lockdowns were compared with non-lockdown periods in order to investigate a correlation between intussusception frequency and lockdown periods. RESULTS We found a negative association between intussusception frequency and lockdown periods in both eligible states. The largest reductions were seen in the <2-year age groups, with Victoria experiencing a 62.7% reduction (rate ratio, 0.37; P < .001) and New South Wales a 40.1% reduction (0.599; P = .006) during lockdown times. Controls for variations in lockdown restrictions between both regional and metropolitan areas also showed expected decreases. CONCLUSIONS Our ecological study demonstrates significant decreases in the frequency of pediatric intussusception admissions during the COVID-19 lockdown periods. The unexpected magnitude of the reductions suggests that the true proportion of infectious disease-caused idiopathic intussusception is greatly underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Townley
- Child Health Analytics and Informatics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deniz Akin
- Child Health Analytics and Informatics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerardo Luis Dimaguila
- Child Health Analytics and Informatics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rana Sawires
- Child Health Analytics and Informatics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Sepulveda Kattan
- Child Health Analytics and Informatics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian King
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Bines
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Enteric Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Lambert
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- Child Health Analytics and Informatics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McClymont H, Hu W. The effect of public health interventions on COVID-19 incidence in Queensland, Australia: a spatial cluster analysis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:460-475. [PMID: 38446488 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2324355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using SaTScan™ Geographical Information Systems (GIS), spatial cluster analysis was used to examine spatial trends and identify high-risk clusters of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) incidence in response to changing levels of public health intervention phases including international and state border closures, statewide vaccination coverage, and masking requirements. METHODS Changes in COVID-19 incidence were mapped at the statistical area 2 (SA2) level using a GIS and spatial cluster analysis was performed using SaTScan™ to identify most-likely clusters (MLCs) during intervention phases. RESULTS Over the study period, significant high-risk clusters were identified in Brisbane city (relative risk = 30.83), the southeast region (RR = 1.71) and moving to Far North Queensland (FNQ) (RR = 2.64). For masking levels, cluster locations were similar, with MLC in phase 1 in the southeast region (RR = 2.56) spreading to FNQ in phase 2 (RR = 2.22) and phase 3 (RR = 2.64). All p values <.0001. CONCLUSIONS Movement restrictions in the form of state and international border closures were highly effective in delaying the introduction of COVID-19 into Queensland, with very low levels of transmission prior to border reopening while mandatory masking may have played a role in decreasing transmission through behavioural changes. Early clusters were in highly populated regions, as restrictions eased clusters were identified in regions more likely to be rural or remote, with higher numbers of Indigenous people, lower vaccination coverage or lower socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah McClymont
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Ecosystem Change, Population Health and Early Warning (ECAPH) Research Group, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Ecosystem Change, Population Health and Early Warning (ECAPH) Research Group, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang AB, Yerkovich ST, Baines KJ, Burr L, Champion A, Chatfield MD, Eg KP, Goyal V, Marsh RL, McCallum GB, McElrea M, McPhail S, Morgan LC, Morris PS, Nathan AM, O'Farrell H, Sanchez MO, Parsons M, Schultz A, Torzillo PJ, West NP, Versteegh L, Marchant JM, Grimwood K. Erdosteine in children and adults with bronchiectasis (BETTER trial): study protocol for a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Respir Res 2024; 11:e002216. [PMID: 38719503 PMCID: PMC11086403 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bronchiectasis is a worldwide chronic lung disorder where exacerbations are common. It affects people of all ages, but especially Indigenous populations in high-income nations. Despite being a major contributor to chronic lung disease, there are no licensed therapies for bronchiectasis and there remain relatively few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in children and adults. Our RCT will address some of these unmet needs by evaluating whether the novel mucoactive agent, erdosteine, has a therapeutic role in children and adults with bronchiectasis.Our primary aim is to determine in children and adults aged 2-49 years with bronchiectasis whether regular erdosteine over a 12-month period reduces acute respiratory exacerbations compared with placebo. Our primary hypothesis is that people with bronchiectasis who regularly use erdosteine will have fewer exacerbations than those receiving placebo.Our secondary aims are to determine the effect of the trial medications on quality of life (QoL) and other clinical outcomes (exacerbation duration, time-to-next exacerbation, hospitalisations, lung function, adverse events). We will also assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We are undertaking an international multicentre, double-blind, placebo-RCT to evaluate whether 12 months of erdosteine is beneficial for children and adults with bronchiectasis. We will recruit 194 children and adults with bronchiectasis to a parallel, superiority RCT at eight sites across Australia, Malaysia and Philippines. Our primary endpoint is the rate of exacerbations over 12 months. Our main secondary outcomes are QoL, exacerbation duration, time-to-next exacerbation, hospitalisations and lung function. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC) of Children's Health Queensland (for all Australian sites), University of Malaya Medical Centre (Malaysia) and St. Luke's Medical Centre (Philippines) approved the study. We will publish the results and share the outcomes with the academic and medical community, funding and relevant patient organisations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12621000315819.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Chang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Stephanie T Yerkovich
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Burr
- Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anita Champion
- Department of Pharmacy, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kah P Eg
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Malaya Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vikas Goyal
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robyn L Marsh
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gabrielle B McCallum
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Margaret McElrea
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven McPhail
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Metro South Health, Clinical Informatics Directorate, Woollongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy C Morgan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter S Morris
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Anne M Nathan
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Malaya Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hannah O'Farrell
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Marion O Sanchez
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Marianne Parsons
- Parent Advisory Group, Cough, Asthma and Airways Group, Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - André Schultz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute & Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Torzillo
- Respiratory Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University Griffith Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lesley Versteegh
- Child and Maternal Health Division and andand NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Julie M Marchant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University Griffith Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Departments of Infectious Disease and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heidtmann S, Baltaci Y, Meyer S, Zemlin M, Furtwängler R, Rissland J, Simon A. Inpatient Rsv-Management 2016-2022: Epidemiology and Adherence to A Bronchiolitis Treatment Standard at a German University Children's Hospital. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2024. [PMID: 38320581 DOI: 10.1055/a-2218-5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study analyzes the RSV season 2021/2022 in a referral children's hospital, compares the epidemiology and illness severity with RSV-infected inpatients from 2016 to 2020 and audits the adherence to our internal therapy standard for RSV bronchiolitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Inpatients with rtPCR-confirmed RSV infection (Jan. 2016 to Jan. 2022). RESULTS The audit comprises 306 RSV inpatients, on average 50 hospitalizations per year; in 03/2020, a rapid RSV Season-Offset was observed. In the winter season 2020/2021, no patient with RSV was hospitalized. Beginning in July, we noticed a rapid increase of RSV-admissions (most cases in Sept./Oct, duration until Dec. 2021; n=53). In 2021-2022, a significant larger share needed PICU admission (9.4% vs 3.2%, p=0.040). Adherence to the internal guidance was low; only 11.8% (n=36) of all patients received supportive treatment without inhalative or systemic medications, 37% of all patients received antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS This audit confirms the strong impact of public preventive measures directed against SARS-CoV-2 transmission on RSV epidemiology. Few weeks after easing public COVID-19 restrictions (summer 2021), RSV inpatient cases rapidly increased, lasting until Dec. 2021. The audit of bronchiolitis management revealed surprisingly low adherence to the internal guidance, despite a face-to-face educational session with the attending pediatricians in Oct. 2021. Low adherence resulted in an unnecessary exposure of RSV patients to systemic medications of questionable benefit including antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solvej Heidtmann
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, TeleKasper Project, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yeliz Baltaci
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, TeleKasper Project, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Meyer
- General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children̓s Hospital Homburg, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children̓s Hospital Homburg, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rhoikos Furtwängler
- Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Juergen Rissland
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Arne Simon
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Wu Z, Yan Y, Shi Y, Huang J, Du H, Du Q, Li Y, Lin Y, Liu D, Lu X. Prevalence of respiratory viruses among hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 139:6-12. [PMID: 37984762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the continuous changes in respiratory virus epidemics in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) persisting from January 2019 to December 2022 in Wuhan, China. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled children with LRTIs admitted to the Wuhan Children's Hospital. Specimens were nasopharyngeal aspirates which had been collected and detected the following microorganisms with direct immunofluorescence: influenza virus types A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus types 1-3, and adenovirus. We also analyzed demographic data and laboratory test results. RESULTS A total of 22,660 patients were enrolled. The total virus detection rate in 2019, 2021, and 2022 significantly declined gradually (36.96% vs 29.47% vs 22.62%, P value < 0.001). All the detected viruses did not follow previously observed seasonal patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children hospitalized for LRTIs were older during the COVID-19 pandemic in contrast to the pre-period, particularly notable in cases attributed to respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 infections. CONCLUSIONS This work adds to our knowledge of the epidemiology characteristics of respiratory viruses spanning the COVID-19 pandemic among children with LRTIs. The circulation of respiratory viruses changed consistently, and active LRTI surveillance in children remains critical for defining the healthcare burden of respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Yi Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China
| | - Yue Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China
| | - Jiaming Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxin Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farquharson KA, Anthony D, Menzies R, Homaira N. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease across the lifespan in Australia and New Zealand: a scoping review. Public Health 2024; 226:8-16. [PMID: 37980838 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children worldwide. RSV is increasingly associated with severe respiratory disease in people aged >65 years. The heterogeneous landscape of RSV in Australia and New Zealand makes generalisation of results from global studies to local contexts difficult. Given the changing landscape of RSV, we aimed to examine the existing literature on the burden of RSV disease and identify evidence gaps in Australia and New Zealand. STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS We designed a scoping review protocol and searched the Web of Science and Scopus databases for eligible peer-reviewed publications. Data from eligible studies were charted and summarised in tabular and narrative form. RESULTS Of the 153 eligible publications identified, 123 investigated RSV disease in a hospital setting and six in primary care. Only six studies reported the economic burden of disease, all of which estimated direct healthcare costs associated with treatment and/or hospitalisation; no studies quantified the indirect costs or costs to families. CONCLUSIONS In this scoping review, we describe the effect of RSV disease in several high-risk populations, including children and adults. An improved understanding of the RSV burden of disease, both in primary care settings and economically, within the local context will assist with the implementation of preventative strategies, including vaccination programmes. Future studies to determine the true burden of RSV-associated morbidity, mortality and economic burden across the entire patient journey and among different healthcare settings will help prioritise emerging RSV therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Farquharson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Edge Medical Communications, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - D Anthony
- Sanofi Vaccines ANZ, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Menzies
- Sanofi Vaccines ANZ, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Homaira
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Respiratory Department, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu R, Zhang J, Mo L. Analysis of respiratory virus detection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Virol J 2023; 20:253. [PMID: 37919789 PMCID: PMC10623845 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is now understood that the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated containment measures have influenced the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses. This study aimed to characterize respiratory virus infections in pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in East China both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We collected nasal secretions from 9782 pediatric ARI patients admitted to Shaoxing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital between January 2018 and December 2022. We analyzed and compared changes in viral detection rates, epidemiological features, and clinical characteristics. RESULTS A total of 1633 strains from 7 common respiratory viruses were identified, with an overall positive rate of 16.35% (n = 821/5021) in 2018-2019 and 17.06% (n = 812/4761) in 2020-2022. Compared to 2018-2019, the positive rate for RSV significantly increased in 2020-2022, while detection rates for ADV, PIV-2, PIV-3, and flu-B showed reductions (P < 0.05). The RSV-positive rate experienced a more significant increase in winter compared to other seasons both before and during COVID-19 (P < 0.05), whereas PIV-3 predominantly circulated in spring and summer before COVID-19. CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, marked variations in age distribution and seasonality of respiratory virus infections were observed among hospitalized children with ARIs in East China. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented during the pandemic yielded a limited impact on common respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoya Wu
- Nursing department, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 305 East Street, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 305 East Street, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Mo
- Nursing department, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 305 East Street, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Z, Xiong Y, Long J, Li T, Fu X, Yang S, Tian D, Zhao Y, Qi L. Resurgence of influenza during COVID-19 in Chongqing, China: A retrospective analysis. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29249. [PMID: 38009822 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the trends of influenza and the impact of public health and social measures (PHSMs) implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period in Chongqing, China. Data from the China Influenza Surveillance Information System from January 2017 to June 2022 were extracted. Epidemiological characteristics (influenza-like illness [ILI] and ILI%) and virological characteristics (influenza positive rate and circulating (sub)types) of influenza were described and compared between the pre-COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 period. Our survey showed that the implementation of PHSMs during the COVID-19 period had a positive impact on reducing influenza transmission. However, influenza activity resurged in 2021-2022 as the PHSMs were eased. Children under 5 years old constituted the highest proportion of ILI cases. The overall influenza positive rate was 23.70%, with a higher rate observed during the pre-COVID-19 period (31.55%) compared to the COVID-19 period (13.68%). Influenza virus subtypes co-circulated and the predominant subtype varied each year, with influenza A subtypes predominated in 2018/2019, while influenza B/Victoria lineage dominated in 2020/2021. PHSMs are effective measures to mitigate the spread of influenza. The findings underscore the need for bolstering monitoring systems, advocating influenza vaccination, and implementing practical PHSMs to strengthen prevention and control measures against influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhourong Li
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dechao Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Systems Biology, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Qi
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dalmau M, Ware R, Field E, Sanguineti E, Si D, Lambert S. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on chlamydia and gonorrhoea notifications and testing in Queensland, Australia: an interrupted time series analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2023; 99:447-454. [PMID: 36823113 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2022-055656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate trends in testing and notifications of chlamydia and gonorrhoea during the COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland, Australia. METHODS Statewide disease notification and testing data between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2021 were modelled using interrupted time series. A segmented regression model estimated the pre-pandemic trend and observed effect of the COVID-19 pandemic response on weekly chlamydia notifications, monthly gonorrhoea notifications and monthly testing figures. The intervention time point was 29 March 2020, when key COVID-19 public health restrictions were introduced. RESULTS There were 158 064 chlamydia and 33 404 gonorrhoea notifications and 2 107 057 combined chlamydia and gonorrhoea tests across the 72-month study period. All three studied outcomes were increasing prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Immediate declines were observed for all studied outcomes. Directly after COVID-19 restrictions were introduced, declines were observed for all chlamydia notifications (mean decrease 48.4 notifications/week, 95% CI -77.1 to -19.6), gonorrhoea notifications among males (mean decrease 39.1 notifications/month, 95% CI -73.9 to -4.3) and combined testing (mean decrease 4262 tests/month, 95% CI -6646 to -1877). The immediate decline was more pronounced among males for both conditions. By the end of the study period, only monthly gonorrhoea notifications showed a continuing decline (mean decrease 3.3 notifications/month, p<0.001). CONCLUSION There is a difference between the immediate and sustained impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reported chlamydia and gonorrhoea notifications and testing in Queensland, Australia. This prompts considerations for disease surveillance and management in future pandemics. Possible explanations for our findings are an interruption or change to healthcare services during the pandemic, reduced or changed sexual practices or changed disease transmission patterns due to international travel restrictions. As pandemic priorities shift, STIs remain an important public health priority to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Dalmau
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robert Ware
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Field
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Emma Sanguineti
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Damin Si
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Lambert
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eccleston C, Marsden E, Craswell A, Sweeny A, Howell N, Wallis M, Crilly J. Impact of COVID-19 state-wide lockdown on older adult presentations to Queensland emergency departments. Emerg Med Australas 2023; 35:799-808. [PMID: 37160322 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of the COVID-19 state-wide lockdown on ED presentations for older adults in Queensland, Australia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study pertaining to adults aged 70+ years who presented to Queensland public hospital EDs across three separate time periods; 11 March to 30 June 2018 and 2019 (pre-pandemic average), 2020 (COVID-19 state-wide lockdown) and 2021 (post-state-wide lockdown). The primary outcome was change in presentation rates to ED. Secondary outcomes included change in triage category rates, length of stay (LOS), diagnosis and disposition. RESULTS There was 380 854 older adult presentations. During the COVID-19 state-wide lockdown, ED presentation rates decreased by 12.5% (incidence rate ratio 0.875 [95% confidence interval 0.867-0.883]). All triage category presentation rates decreased, as did ED LOS and reasons for presentation, except sepsis and disorders of the nervous system. In the post-state-wide lockdown period a 22% (incidence rate ratio 1.22 [95% confidence interval 1.21-1.23]) increase in the presentation rate was observed and presentations in all triage categories increased. ED LOS increased to longer than pre-pandemic (P < 0.001). Respiratory presentations increased by 346%. Patients who 'did not wait' increased by 212% and ED mortality rose by 42% compared to during the lockdown. CONCLUSION There was a significant decrease in presentation rates to EDs during the COVID-19 state-wide lockdown for the older population, followed by an increase in presentation rates, longer ED LOS, and an increased ED mortality rate, in the post-state-wide lockdown period. It is important to ensure older adults continue to seek appropriate, timely medical care, during a pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassanne Eccleston
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Marsden
- RADAR Metro North, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison Craswell
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Sweeny
- Emergency Department, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi Howell
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marianne Wallis
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Redfern A, van der Zalm MM, Lishman J, Goussard P, Smit L, Dagan R, Barday M, Mare M, Claassen M, Van Zyl G, Rabie H, Verhagen LM. Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Acute Respiratory Illnesses in South African Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:672-678. [PMID: 37171967 PMCID: PMC10348638 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) show higher morbidity and mortality in children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, whether SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinct from other causes of ARI in this regard is unclear. We describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of South African children with SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 ARIs. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study including 0-13 years old children admitted to Tygerberg Hospital between May and December 2020 with an ARI. Routine clinical data were collected by the attending clinicians. All children underwent SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction testing. For severity of disease, the need for respiratory support and duration of support was considered. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to determine the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity. RESULTS Data for 176 children were available, 38 (22%) children were SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction positive and 138 (78%) were negative. SARS-CoV-2 positive children were more likely to be female (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.18-6.07), had lower weight-for-age Z score (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.93), presented more frequently with fever (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.54-8.24) and less often with cough (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.11-0.66). SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with significantly longer duration of oxygen treatment (median 8 vs. 3 days; OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20). Overall, 66% of children had viral coinfection, with no significant difference between the groups. In total, 18% of SARS-CoV-2 positive children were readmitted within 3 months for a respiratory reason, compared with 15% SARS-CoV-2 negative children ( P = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that ARIs from SARS-CoV-2 cannot be easily differentiated, but were associated with a higher morbidity compared with ARIs from other causes. Overall outcomes were good. The long-term implications of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in young children in low- and middle-income countries require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Redfern
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke M. van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Juanita Lishman
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pierre Goussard
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezl Smit
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mikhail Barday
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Minette Mare
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Claassen
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert Van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lilly M. Verhagen
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng H, Cai M, Li S, Chen X, Xu X, Xie W, Xiong Y, Long X. Epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza under implementation of zero-COVID-19 strategy in China. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1158-1166. [PMID: 37269694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory viral diseases have posed a persistent threat to public health due to their high transmissibility. Influenza virus and SARS-Cov-2 are both respiratory viruses that have caused global pandemics. A zero-COVID-19 strategy is a public health policy imposed to stop community transmission of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected. In this study, we aim to examine the epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza in the past five years before and after the emergence of COVID-19 in China and observe the possible impact of the strategy on influenza. METHODS Data from two data sources were retrospectively analyzed. A comparison on influenza incidence rate between Hubei and Zhejiang provinces was conducted based on data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Then a descriptive and comparative analysis on seasonal influenza based on data from Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University and Hangzhou Ninth People`s Hospital before and after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted. RESULTS From 2010-2017, both provinces experienced relatively low influenza activity until the 1st week of 2018, when they reached peak incidence rates of 78.16/100000PY, 34.05/100000PY respectively. Since then, influenza showed an obvious seasonality in Hubei and Zhejiang until the onset of COVID-19. During 2020 and 2021, there was a dramatic decline in influenza activity compared to 2018 and 2019. However, influenza activity seemed to rebound at the beginning of 2022 and surged in summer, with positive rates of 20.52% and 31.53% in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University and Hangzhou Ninth People`s Hospital respectively as of the time writing this article. CONCLUSIONS Our results reinforce the hypothesis that zero-COVID-19 strategy may impact the epidemiological pattern of influenza. Under the complex pandemic situation, implementation of NPIs could be a beneficial strategy containing not only COVID-19 but also influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Center of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Cai
- Department of Dermatology,Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of infectious diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianqun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of infectious diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghua Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Principi N, Autore G, Ramundo G, Esposito S. Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051160. [PMID: 37243246 DOI: 10.3390/v15051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To face the COVID-19 outbreak, a wide range of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) aimed at limiting the spread of the virus in communities, such as mask-wearing, hand hygiene, social distancing, travel restrictions, and school closures, were introduced in most countries. Thereafter, a significant reduction of new asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 cases occurred, although there were differences between countries according to the type and duration of the NPIs. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by significant variations in the global incidence of diseases due to the most common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses and some bacteria. In this narrative review, the epidemiology of the most common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic is detailed. Moreover, factors that could have had a role in modifying the traditional circulation of respiratory pathogens are discussed. A literature analysis shows that NPIs were the most important cause of the general reduction in the incidence of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in the first year of the pandemic, although the different sensitivity of each virus to NPIs, the type and duration of measures used, as well as the interference among viruses may have played a role in modulating viral circulation. Reasons for the increase in the incidences of Streptococcus pneumoniae and group A Streptococcus infections seem strictly linked to immunity debt and the role played by NPIs in reducing viral infections and limiting bacterial superimposed infections. These results highlight the importance of NPIs during pandemics, the need to monitor the circulation of infectious agents that cause diseases similar to those caused by pandemic agents, and the need to make efforts to improve coverage with available vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Autore
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Greta Ramundo
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moscovich DP, Averbuch D, Kerem E, Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Berkun Y, Brooks R, Reiff S, Meir MB, Wolf D, Breuer O. Pediatric respiratory admissions and related viral infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023. [PMID: 37097057 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the incidence of respiratory viral infections. Our aim was to assess changes in pediatric admissions due to respiratory diseases and associated respiratory viral infections. METHODS An observational study including all respiratory admissions to the pediatric departments from January 2015 to August 2021. We compared respiratory admission percentage, respiratory viral panel results and clinical characteristics of these admissions between two study periods, January 2015 to February 2020 (pre-COVID-19 era) and March 2020 to August 2021 (COVID-19 era). RESULTS A total of 8774 respiratory admissions were included, 7157 pre-COVID-19 era and 1617 COVID-19 era. Relative to all pediatric admissions, there was a 17% decrease in respiratory admission percentage during the COVID-19 era (p < 0.001) and a 31% and 22% decreased in the admission percentages due to bronchiolitis (p < 0.001) and pneumonia (p < 0.001), respectively. However, admission percentages for asthma, wheezing illness, complicated pneumonia, and stridor remained the same. There was a significant decrease in the detection of a respiratory viral pathogen associated with these respiratory admissions (p < 0.001). This was related to a significant decrease in the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (37% vs. 27%, p < 0.001) and influenza (5% vs. 0.3%, p < 0.001), but not other respiratory viruses. An alteration in the circulation pattern of most respiratory viruses, was observed. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in the prevalence of RSV and influenza was associated with a significant decrease in admissions for bronchiolitis and pediatric pneumonia. This may allow us to estimate the significance of preventive measures for RSV and influenza on pediatric respiratory admissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Peer Moscovich
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Diana Averbuch
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Kerem
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Malena Cohen-Cymberknoh
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yackov Berkun
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rebecca Brooks
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimon Reiff
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maskit Bar Meir
- Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases Division, Shaare Zedek Medical and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Breuer
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Strike LT, Hansell NK, Chuang KH, Miller JL, de Zubicaray GI, Thompson PM, McMahon KL, Wright MJ. The Queensland Twin Adolescent Brain Project, a longitudinal study of adolescent brain development. Sci Data 2023; 10:195. [PMID: 37031232 PMCID: PMC10082846 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the Queensland Twin Adolescent Brain (QTAB) dataset and provide a detailed methodology and technical validation to facilitate data usage. The QTAB dataset comprises multimodal neuroimaging, as well as cognitive and mental health data collected in adolescent twins over two sessions (session 1: N = 422, age 9-14 years; session 2: N = 304, 10-16 years). The MRI protocol consisted of T1-weighted (MP2RAGE), T2-weighted, FLAIR, high-resolution TSE, SWI, resting-state fMRI, DWI, and ASL scans. Two fMRI tasks were added in session 2: an emotional conflict task and a passive movie-watching task. Outside of the scanner, we assessed cognitive function using standardised tests. We also obtained self-reports of symptoms for anxiety and depression, perceived stress, sleepiness, pubertal development measures, and risk and protective factors. We additionally collected several biological samples for genomic and metagenomic analysis. The QTAB project was established to promote health-related research in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan T Strike
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, 4006, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica L Miller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jarju S, Senghore E, Brotherton H, Affleck L, Saidykhan A, Jallow S, Krubally E, Sinjanka E, Ndene MN, Bajo F, Sanyang MM, Saidy B, Bah A, Mohammed NI, Forrest K, Clarke E, Dalessandro U, Sesay AK, Usuf E, Cerami C, Roca A, Kampmann B, de Silva TI. Circulation of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia. Gates Open Res 2023; 6:148. [PMID: 36726685 PMCID: PMC9883272 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14155.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In many countries, non-pharmaceutical interventions to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission resulted in significant reductions in other respiratory viruses. However, similar data from Africa are limited. We explored the extent to which viruses such as influenza and rhinovirus co-circulated with SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Between April 2020 and March 2022, respiratory viruses were detected using RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs from 1397 participants with influenza-like illness. An assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 and a viral multiplex RT-PCR assay was used as previously described to detect influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus, seasonal coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63) and human rhinovirus. Results: Overall virus positivity was 44.2%, with prevalence higher in children <5 years (80%) compared to children aged 5-17 years (53.1%), adults aged 18-50 (39.5%) and >50 years (39.9%), p<0.0001. After SARS-CoV-2 (18.3%), rhinoviruses (10.5%) and influenza viruses (5.5%) were the most prevalent. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was lower in children <5 (4.3%) and 5-17 years (12.7%) than in adults aged 18-50 (19.3%) and >50 years (24.3%), p<0.0001. In contrast, rhinoviruses were most prevalent in children <5 years (28.7%), followed by children aged 5-17 (15.8%), adults aged 18-50 (8.3%) and >50 years (6.3%), p<0.0001. Four SARS-CoV-2 waves occurred, with 36.1%-52.4% SARS-CoV-2 positivity during peak months. Influenza infections were observed in both 2020 and 2021 during the rainy season as expected (peak positivity 16.4%-23.5%). Peaks of rhinovirus were asynchronous to the months when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza peaked. Conclusion: Our data show that many respiratory viruses continued to circulate during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia, including human rhinoviruses, despite the presence of NPIs during the early stages of the pandemic, and influenza peaks during expected months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Elina Senghore
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Helen Brotherton
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Lucy Affleck
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Saidykhan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Samba Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Krubally
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Edrisa Sinjanka
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Morris Ngor Ndene
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Fabakary Bajo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Musa M Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Binta Saidy
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Bah
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Nuredin I Mohammed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Karen Forrest
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ed Clarke
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Umberto Dalessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Carla Cerami
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Anna Roca
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- 4. Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:195-210. [PMID: 36253478 PMCID: PMC9574826 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused substantial global morbidity and deaths, leading governments to turn to non-pharmaceutical interventions to slow down the spread of infection and lessen the burden on health care systems. These policies have evolved over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, including after the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, with regional and country-level differences in their ongoing use. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with changes in respiratory virus infections worldwide, which have differed between virus types. Reductions in respiratory virus infections, including by influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus, were most notable at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and continued in varying degrees through subsequent waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The decreases in community infection burden have resulted in reduced hospitalizations and deaths associated with non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections. Respiratory virus evolution relies on the maintaining of a diverse genetic pool, but evidence of genetic bottlenecking brought on by case reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced genetic diversity of some respiratory viruses, including influenza virus. By describing the differences in these changes between viral species across different geographies over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may better understand the complex factors involved in community co-circulation of respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Chow
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jarju S, Senghore E, Brotherton H, Affleck L, Saidykhan A, Jallow S, Krubally E, Sinjanka E, Ndene MN, Bajo F, Sanyang MM, Saidy B, Bah A, Mohammed NI, Forrest K, Clarke E, Dalessandro U, Sesay AK, Usuf E, Cerami C, Roca A, Kampmann B, de Silva TI. Circulation of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia. Gates Open Res 2023; 6:148. [PMID: 36726685 PMCID: PMC9883272 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14155.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In many countries, non-pharmaceutical interventions to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission resulted in significant reductions in other respiratory viruses. However, similar data from Africa are limited. We explored the extent to which viruses such as influenza and rhinovirus co-circulated with SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Between April 2020 and March 2022, respiratory viruses were detected using RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs from 1397 participants with influenza-like illness. An assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 and a viral multiplex RT-PCR assay was used as previously described to detect influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus, seasonal coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63) and human rhinovirus. Results: Overall virus positivity was 44.2%, with prevalence higher in children <5 years (80%) compared to children aged 5-17 years (53.1%), adults aged 18-50 (39.5%) and >50 years (39.9%), p<0.0001. After SARS-CoV-2 (18.3%), rhinoviruses (10.5%) and influenza viruses (5.5%) were the most prevalent. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was lower in children <5 (4.3%) and 5-17 years (12.7%) than in adults aged 18-50 (19.3%) and >50 years (24.3%), p<0.0001. In contrast, rhinoviruses were most prevalent in children <5 years (28.7%), followed by children aged 5-17 (15.8%), adults aged 18-50 (8.3%) and >50 years (6.3%), p<0.0001. Four SARS-CoV-2 waves occurred, with 36.1%-52.4% SARS-CoV-2 positivity during peak months. Influenza infections were observed in both 2020 and 2021 during the rainy season as expected (peak positivity 16.4%-23.5%). Peaks of rhinovirus were asynchronous to the months when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza peaked. Conclusion: Our data show that many respiratory viruses continued to circulate during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia, including human rhinoviruses, despite the presence of NPIs during the early stages of the pandemic, and influenza peaks during expected months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Elina Senghore
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Helen Brotherton
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Lucy Affleck
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Saidykhan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Samba Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Krubally
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Edrisa Sinjanka
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Morris Ngor Ndene
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Fabakary Bajo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Musa M Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Binta Saidy
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Bah
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Nuredin I Mohammed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Karen Forrest
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ed Clarke
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Umberto Dalessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Carla Cerami
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Anna Roca
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- 4. Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chuang YC, Lin KP, Wang LA, Yeh TK, Liu PY. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Narrative Review. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:661-675. [PMID: 36743336 PMCID: PMC9897071 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s396434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory viruses. It not only affects young children but also the elderly and immunocompromised patients. After the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, a dramatic reduction in RSV activity was found, which coincided with the implementation of public health and social measures (PHSMs). However, the correlation is more complicated than we initially thought. After PHSMs were gradually lifted, a seasonality shift and a delayed RSV outbreak with greater number of infected patients were found in numerous countries, such as Israel, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, France, United States, and Japan. Several hypotheses and possible reasons explaining the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV were mentioned. Since RSV vaccinations are still under investigation, administration of palivizumab should be considered in high-risk patients. In the post-COVID-19 era, greater attention should be paid to a further resurgence of RSV. In this narrative review, we conducted a thorough review of the current knowledge on the epidemiology of RSV during the COVID-19 era, the out-of-season outbreak of RSV, and the data on co-infection with RSV and SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-An Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Kuang Yeh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Genomic Center for Infectious Diseases, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Genomic Center for Infectious Diseases, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Ph.D. in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Correspondence: Po-Yu Liu, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Blvd., Xitun Dist, Taichung City, 407219, Taiwan, Tel +886 4 2359 2525, Email
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jarju S, Senghore E, Brotherton H, Affleck L, Saidykhan A, Jallow S, Krubally E, Sinjanka E, Ndene MN, Bajo F, Sanyang MM, Saidy B, Bah A, Mohammed NI, Forrest K, Clarke E, Dalessandro U, Sesay AK, Usuf E, Cerami C, Roca A, Kampmann B, de Silva TI. Circulation of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia. Gates Open Res 2022; 6:148. [PMID: 36726685 PMCID: PMC9883272 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14155.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In many countries, non-pharmaceutical interventions to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission resulted in significant reductions in other respiratory viruses. However, similar data from Africa are limited. We explored the extent to which viruses such as influenza and rhinovirus co-circulated with SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Between April 2020 and March 2022, respiratory viruses were detected using RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs from 1397 participants with influenza-like illness. An assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 and a viral multiplex RT-PCR assay was used as previously described to detect influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus, seasonal coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63) and human rhinovirus. Results: Overall virus positivity was 44.2%, with prevalence higher in children <5 years (80%) compared to children aged 5-17 years (53.1%), adults aged 18-50 (39.5%) and >50 years (39.9%), p<0.0001. After SARS-CoV-2 (18.3%), rhinoviruses (10.5%) and influenza viruses (5.5%) were the most prevalent. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was lower in children <5 (4.3%) and 5-17 years (12.7%) than in adults aged 18-50 (19.3%) and >50 years (24.3%), p<0.0001. In contrast, rhinoviruses were most prevalent in children <5 years (28.7%), followed by children aged 5-17 (15.8%), adults aged 18-50 (8.3%) and >50 years (6.3%), p<0.0001. Four SARS-CoV-2 waves occurred, with 36.1%-52.4% SARS-CoV-2 positivity during peak months. Influenza infections were observed in both 2020 and 2021 during the rainy season as expected (peak positivity 16.4%-23.5%). Peaks of rhinovirus were asynchronous to the months when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza peaked. Conclusion: Our data show that many respiratory viruses continued to circulate during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia, including human rhinoviruses, despite the presence of NPIs during the early stages of the pandemic, and influenza peaks during expected months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Elina Senghore
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Helen Brotherton
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Lucy Affleck
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Saidykhan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Samba Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Krubally
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Edrisa Sinjanka
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Morris Ngor Ndene
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Fabakary Bajo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Musa M Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Binta Saidy
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Bah
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Nuredin I Mohammed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Karen Forrest
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ed Clarke
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Umberto Dalessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Carla Cerami
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Anna Roca
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- 4. Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hatoun J, Correa ET, Vernacchio L. COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Changes in Pediatric Seasonal Respiratory Infections. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188700. [PMID: 35918801 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hatoun
- Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's, Wellesley, Massachusetts.,Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Louis Vernacchio
- Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's, Wellesley, Massachusetts.,Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Collateral Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on Respiratory Virus Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020–2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051071. [PMID: 35632810 PMCID: PMC9146684 DOI: 10.3390/v14051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many countries have implemented public health and social measures (PHSMs) to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the PHSMs are targeted at SARS-CoV-2 transmission control, they directly or indirectly impact the epidemiology of different respiratory viral diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the collateral impact of PHSMs used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses, including influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on changes in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and detection rates of the respiratory viruses during COVID-19 pandemic, lasting from 2020–2021, published between December 2019 and March 2022 in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. We identified an overall decrease of 23–94% in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and a decrease of 0–98% in the detection of the viruses. Our study suggests that the PHSMs implemented during COVID-19 pandemic reduced the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and transmission of respiratory viruses. At the time of this study, and as governments relax PHSMs, public health authorities should prepare for a probable increase in the burden of respiratory viral diseases.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang AB, Morgan LC, Duncan EL, Chatfield MD, Schultz A, Leo PJ, McCallum GB, McInerney-Leo AM, McPhail SM, Zhao Y, Kruljac C, Smith-Vaughan HC, Morris PS, Marchant JM, Yerkovich ST, Cook AL, Wurzel D, Versteegh L, O'Farrell H, McElrea MS, Fletcher S, D'Antoine H, Stroil-Salama E, Robinson PJ, Grimwood K. Reducing exacerbations in children and adults with primary ciliary dyskinesia using erdosteine and/or azithromycin therapy (REPEAT trial): study protocol for a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, 2×2 partial factorial, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Respir Res 2022; 9:9/1/e001236. [PMID: 35534039 PMCID: PMC9086630 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, progressive, inherited ciliopathic disorder, which is incurable and frequently complicated by the development of bronchiectasis. There are few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving children and adults with PCD and thus evidence of efficacy for interventions are usually extrapolated from people with cystic fibrosis. Our planned RCT seeks to address some of these unmet needs by employing a currently prescribed (but unapproved for long-term use in PCD) macrolide antibiotic (azithromycin) and a novel mucolytic agent (erdosteine). The primary aim of our RCT is to determine whether regular oral azithromycin and erdosteine over a 12-month period reduces acute respiratory exacerbations among children and adults with PCD. Our primary hypothesis is that: people with PCD who regularly use oral azithromycin and/or erdosteine will have fewer exacerbations than those receiving the corresponding placebo medications. Our secondary aims are to determine the effect of the trial medications on PCD-specific quality-of-life (QoL) and other clinical outcomes (lung function, time-to-next exacerbation, hospitalisations) and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage and antimicrobial resistance. Methods and analysis We are currently undertaking a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy RCT to evaluate whether 12 months of azithromycin and/or erdosteine is beneficial for children and adults with PCD. We plan to recruit 104 children and adults with PCD to a parallel, 2×2 partial factorial superiority RCT at five sites across Australia. Our primary endpoint is the rate of exacerbations over 12 months. Our main secondary outcomes are QoL, lung function and nasopharyngeal carriage by respiratory bacterial pathogens and their associated azithromycin resistance. Ethics and dissemination Our RCT is conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice and the Australian legislation and National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for ethical conduct of Research, including that for First Nations Australians. Trial registration number ACTRN12619000564156.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Chang
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia .,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy C Morgan
- Department of Health and Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma L Duncan
- School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Australian Translational Genomics Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark D Chatfield
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - André Schultz
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Leo
- Australian Translational Genomics Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabrielle B McCallum
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven M McPhail
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuejen Zhao
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Health Gains Planning, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Heidi C Smith-Vaughan
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Peter S Morris
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Julie M Marchant
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie T Yerkovich
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne L Cook
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Wurzel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley Versteegh
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Hannah O'Farrell
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margaret S McElrea
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sabine Fletcher
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather D'Antoine
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Enna Stroil-Salama
- Lung Foundation of Australia, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Brisbane South Palliative Care Collaborative, Metro South, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phil J Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Departments of Infectious Disease and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jarju S, Senghore E, Brotherton H, Saidykhan A, Jallow S, Krubally E, Sinjanka E, Ndene MN, Bajo F, Sanyang MM, Saidy B, Bah A, Mohammed NI, Forrest K, Clarke E, Dalessandro U, Sesay AK, Usuf E, Cerami C, Roca A, Kampmann B, de Silva TI. Circulation of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia. Gates Open Res 2022. [PMID: 36726685 DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/tsf78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In many countries, non-pharmaceutical interventions to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission resulted in significant reductions in other respiratory viruses. However, similar data from Africa are limited. We explored the extent to which viruses such as influenza and rhinovirus co-circulated with SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Between April 2020 and March 2022, respiratory viruses were detected using RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs from 1397 participants with influenza-like illness. An assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 and a viral multiplex RT-PCR assay was used as previously described to detect influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus, seasonal coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63) and human rhinovirus. Results: Overall virus positivity was 44.2%, with prevalence higher in children <5 years (80%) compared to children aged 5-17 years (53.1%), adults aged 18-50 (39.5%) and >50 years (39.9%), p<0.0001. After SARS-CoV-2 (18.3%), rhinoviruses (10.5%) and influenza viruses (5.5%) were the most prevalent. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was lower in children <5 (4.3%) and 5-17 years (12.7%) than in adults aged 18-50 (19.3%) and >50 years (24.3%), p<0.0001. In contrast, rhinoviruses were most prevalent in children <5 years (28.7%), followed by children aged 5-17 (15.8%), adults aged 18-50 (8.3%) and >50 years (6.3%), p<0.0001. Four SARS-CoV-2 waves occurred, with 36.1%-52.4% SARS-CoV-2 positivity during peak months. Influenza infections were observed in both 2020 and 2021 during the rainy season as expected (peak positivity 16.4%-23.5%). Peaks of rhinovirus were asynchronous to the months when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza peaked. Conclusion: Our data show that many respiratory viruses continued to circulate during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Gambia, including human rhinoviruses, despite the presence of NPIs during the early stages of the pandemic, and influenza peaks during expected months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Elina Senghore
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Helen Brotherton
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Saidykhan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Samba Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Edrissa Krubally
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Edrisa Sinjanka
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Morris Ngor Ndene
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Fabakary Bajo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Musa M Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Binta Saidy
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Alasana Bah
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Nuredin I Mohammed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Karen Forrest
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Ed Clarke
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Umberto Dalessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Carla Cerami
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
| | - Anna Roca
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, P.O.BOX 273, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- 4. Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Terliesner N, Unterwalder N, Edelmann A, Corman V, Knaust A, Rosenfeld L, Gratopp A, Ringe H, Martin L, von Bernuth H, Mall MA, Kallinich T. Viral infections in hospitalized children in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic: Association with non-pharmaceutical interventions. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:935483. [PMID: 36034546 PMCID: PMC9403271 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.935483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) during the COVID-19 pandemic aimed at prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission also influenced transmission of viruses other than SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the burden of common viral respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in children admitted to Berlin University Children's Hospital (BCH) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at different levels of public NPI measures. METHODS In this retrospective study, we analyzed the frequency of detection of common human respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses from January 2016 through January 2022 in all patients admitted to BCH. We compared virus detection before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at different levels of public NPI measures. RESULTS The frequency of detection of seasonal enveloped and non-enveloped viruses [Boca-, Corona-, Influenza-, Metapneumo-, Parainfluenza-, Rota-, and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV)] was diminished during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas detection rates of non-seasonal viruses (Rhino-/Entero-, and Adenoviruses) were stable during the pandemic. After withdrawal of major NPI measures, we observed an out of season surge of the detection rates of Boca-, Corona-, Parainfluenzaviruses, and RSV. In contrast, no increased detection frequency was observed for Influenza-, Metapneumo-, and Rotaviruses as of January 2022. CONCLUSION Corona-, Boca-, Parainfluenzaviruses, and RSV returned as frequently detected pathogens after withdrawal of major NPI measures. The out of season rise might be attributed to an "immune-debt" due to missing contact to viral antigens resulting in waning of population immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Terliesner
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Victor Corman
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Leonard Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Gratopp
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ringe
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Martin
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Labor Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chang AB, Toombs M, Chatfield MD, Mitchell R, Fong SM, Binks MJ, Smith-Vaughan H, Pizzutto SJ, Lust K, Morris PS, Marchant JM, Yerkovich ST, O'Farrell H, Torzillo PJ, Maclennan C, Simon D, Unger HW, Ellepola H, Odendahl J, Marshall HS, Swamy GK, Grimwood K. Study Protocol for Preventing Early-Onset Pneumonia in Young Children Through Maternal Immunisation: A Multi-Centre Randomised Controlled Trial (PneuMatters). Front Pediatr 2021; 9:781168. [PMID: 35111703 PMCID: PMC8802227 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.781168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preventing and/or reducing acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in young children will lead to substantial short and long-term clinical benefits. While immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduces paediatric ALRIs, its efficacy for reducing infant ALRIs following maternal immunisation has not been studied. Compared to other PCVs, the 10-valent pneumococcal-Haemophilus influenzae Protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) is unique as it includes target antigens from two common lower airway pathogens, pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and protein D, which is a conserved H. influenzae outer membrane lipoprotein. Aims: The primary aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to determine whether vaccinating pregnant women with PHiD-CV (compared to controls) reduces ALRIs in their infants' first year of life. Our secondary aims are to evaluate the impact of maternal PHiD-CV vaccination on different ALRI definitions and, in a subgroup, the infants' nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci and H. influenzae, and their immune responses to pneumococcal vaccine type serotypes and protein D. Methods: We are undertaking a parallel, multicentre, superiority RCT (1:1 allocation) at four sites across two countries (Australia, Malaysia). Healthy pregnant Australian First Nation or Malaysian women aged 17-40 years with singleton pregnancies between 27+6 and 34+6 weeks gestation are randomly assigned to receive either a single dose of PHiD-CV or usual care. Treatment allocation is concealed. Study outcome assessors are blinded to treatment arms. Our primary outcome is the rate of medically attended ALRIs by 12-months of age. Blood and nasopharyngeal swabs are collected from infants at birth, and at ages 6- and 12-months (in a subset). Our planned sample size (n = 292) provides 88% power (includes 10% anticipated loss to follow-up). Discussion: Results from this RCT potentially leads to prevention of early and recurrent ALRIs and thus preservation of lung health during the infant's vulnerable period when lung growth is maximum. The multicentre nature of our study increases the generalisability of its future findings and is complemented by assessing the microbiological and immunological outcomes in a subset of infants. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374381, identifier: ACTRN12618000150246.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Chang
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree Toombs
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark D Chatfield
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Remai Mitchell
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siew M Fong
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Likas, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Michael J Binks
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Heidi Smith-Vaughan
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Susan J Pizzutto
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Karin Lust
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Women's and Newborn Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter S Morris
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Julie M Marchant
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie T Yerkovich
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah O'Farrell
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Torzillo
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn Maclennan
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
| | - Holger W Unger
- Child Health Division and NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Paediatric Bronchiectasis (AusBREATHE), Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
| | - Hasthika Ellepola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Logan Hospital, Meadowbrook, QLD, Australia
| | - Jens Odendahl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Logan Hospital, Meadowbrook, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen S Marshall
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Department of Infectious Disease and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|