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Clagnan E, Cucina M, De Nisi P, Dell'Orto M, D'Imporzano G, Kron-Morelli R, Llenas-Argelaguet L, Adani F. Effects of the application of microbiologically activated bio-based fertilizers derived from manures on tomato plants and their rhizospheric communities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22478. [PMID: 38110487 PMCID: PMC10728056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) recovered from animal manure are promising products to optimise resources recovery and generate high agricultural yields. However, their fertilization value may be limited and it is necessary to enrich BBFs with microbial consortia to enhance their fertilization value. Three specific microbial consortia were developed according to the characteristics of three different BBFs produced from manure (bio-dried solid fraction, solid fraction of digestate and biochar) to enhance plant growth and product quality. A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out with tomato plants grown with microbiologically activated BBFs applied either as N-organic fertilizers or as an organic amendment. A next generation sequencing analysis was used to characterise the development of each rhizospheric community. All the activated BBFs gave enhanced tomato yields (fresh and dry weight) compared with the non-activated treatments and similar to, or higher than, chemical fertilization. Concerning the tomato fruits' organoleptic quality, lycopene and carotenoids concentrations were improved by biological activation. Metagenomic analysis points at Trichoderma as the main driver of the positive effects, with the effects of added bacteria being negligible or limited at the early stages after fertilization. In the context of the circular economy, the activated BBFs could be used to replace synthetic fertilisers, reducing costs and environmental burdens and increasing production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Clagnan
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Department for Sustainability, Biotechnologies and Agroindustry Division, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Cucina
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM-CNR), Via Della Madonna Alta 128, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Nisi
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Dell'Orto
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliana D'Imporzano
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laia Llenas-Argelaguet
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500, Vic, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Liu Z, Li Y, Hou J, Liu T. Transboundary milRNAs: Indispensable molecules in the process of Trichoderma breve T069 mycoparasitism of Botrytis cinerea. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105599. [PMID: 37945247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of fungal microRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) being identified and reported, profiling of milRNAs in biocontrol fungi and their roles in the mycoparasitism of pathogenic fungi remains limited. Therefore, in this study, we constructed a GFP fluorescence strain to evaluate the critical period of mycoparasitism in the interaction system between T. breve T069 and B. cinerea. The results showed that the early stage of Trichoderma mycoparasitism occurred 12 h after hyphal contact and was characterized by hyphal parallelism, whereas the middle stage lasted 36 h was characterized by wrapping. The late stage of mycoparasitism occurred at 72 h was characterized by the degradation of B. cinerea mycelia. We subsequently identified the sRNAs of T. breve T069 and B. cinerea during the critical period of mycoparasitism using high-throughput sequencing. In ltR1, 45 potential milRNA targets were identified for 243 genes, and 73 milRNAs targeted 733 genes in ltR3. Additionally, to identify potential transboundary miRNAs in T. breve T069, we screened for miRNAs that were exclusively expressed and had precursor structures in the T. breve T069 genome but were absent in the B. cinerea genome. Next, we predicted the target genes of B. cinerea. Our findings showed that 14 potential transboundary milRNAs from T. breve T069 targeted 41 genes in B. cinerea. Notably, cme-MIR164a-p5_1ss17CT can target 15 genes, including Rim15 (BCIN_15g00280), Nop53 (BCIN_12g03770), Skn7 (BCIN_02g08650), and Vel3 (BCIN_03g06410), while ppe-MIR477b-p3_1ss11TC targeted polyketide synthase (BCIN_03g04360, PKS3). The target gene of PC-5p-27397_41 was a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (BCIN_01g03730, Bcnrps6). PC-3p-0029 (Tri-milR29) targeted chitin synthetase 7. These genes play crucial roles in normal mycelial growth and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of milRNAs in Trichoderma mycoparasitism of B. cinerea. This discovery provides a new strategy for the application of miRNAs in the prevention and treatment of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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Woo SL, Hermosa R, Lorito M, Monte E. Trichoderma: a multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:312-326. [PMID: 36414835 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan and opportunistic ascomycete fungal genus including species that are of interest to agriculture as direct biological control agents of phytopathogens. Trichoderma utilizes direct antagonism and competition, particularly in the rhizosphere, where it modulates the composition of and interactions with other microorganisms. In its colonization of plants, on the roots or as an endophyte, Trichoderma has evolved the capacity to communicate with the plant and produce numerous multifaceted benefits to its host. The intricacy of this plant-microorganism association has stimulated a marked interest in research on Trichoderma, ranging from its capacity as a plant growth promoter to its ability to prime local and systemic defence responses against biotic and abiotic stresses and to activate transcriptional memory affecting plant responses to future stresses. This Review discusses the ecophysiology and diversity of Trichoderma and the complexity of its relationships in the agroecosystem, highlighting its potential as a direct and indirect biological control agent, biostimulant and biofertilizer, which are useful multipurpose properties for agricultural applications. We also highlight how the present legislative framework might accommodate the demonstrated evidence of Trichoderma proficiency as a plant-beneficial microorganism contributing towards eco-sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Lu M, Wen T, Guo M, Li Q, Peng X, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhang C. Regulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Levels after the Development of Phallus rubrovolvatus Rot Disease Due to Trichoderma koningii Mycoparasitism. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050525. [PMID: 37233236 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phallus rubrovolvatus is a unique mushroom used for medicinal and dietary purposes in China. In recent years, however, the rot disease of P. rubrovolvatus has seriously affected its yield and quality, becoming an economically important threat. In this study, samples of symptomatic tissues were collected, isolated, and identified from five major P. rubrovolvatus production regions in Guizhou Province, China. Based on combined analyses of phylogenies (ITS and EF1-α), morphological characteristics and Koch's postulates, Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma koningii were identified as the pathogenic fungal species. Among these, T. koningii exhibited stronger pathogenicity than the other strains; thus, T. koningii was used as the test strain in the follow-up experiments. Upon co-culturing T. koningii with P. rubrovolvatus, the hyphae of the two species were intertwined, and the color of the P. rubrovolvatus hyphae changed from white to red. Moreover, T. koningii hyphae were wrapped around P. rubrovolvatus hyphae, leading to their shortening and convolution and ultimately inhibiting their growth due to wrinkling; T. koningii penetrated the entire basidiocarp tissue of P. rubrovolvatus, causing serious damage to the host basidiocarp cells. Further analyses revealed that T. koningii infection resulted in the swelling of basidiocarps and significantly enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes, such as malondialdehyde, manganese peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. These findings offer theoretical support for further research on the infection mechanisms of pathogenic fungi and the prevention of diseases caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingchi Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Guizhou Jinchandashan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nayong 553300, China
| | - Qihua Li
- Guizhou Jinsun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhijin 552100, China
| | - Xingcan Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhenghua Lu
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Jinsun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhijin 552100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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van Zijll de Jong E, Kandula J, Rostás M, Kandula D, Hampton J, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Fungistatic Activity Mediated by Volatile Organic Compounds Is Isolate-Dependent in Trichoderma sp. " atroviride B". J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020238. [PMID: 36836354 PMCID: PMC9965825 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. produce multiple bioactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While the bioactivity of VOCs from different Trichoderma species is well documented, information on intraspecific variation is limited. The fungistatic activity of VOCs emitted by 59 Trichoderma sp. "atroviride B" isolates against the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was investigated. Eight isolates representing the two extremes of bioactivity against R. solani were also assessed against Alternaria radicina, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. VOCs profiles of these eight isolates were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify a correlation between specific VOCs and bioactivity, and 11 VOCs were evaluated for bioactivity against the pathogens. Bioactivity against R. solani varied among the fifty-nine isolates, with five being strongly antagonistic. All eight selected isolates inhibited the growth of all four pathogens, with bioactivity being lowest against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In total, 32 VOCs were detected, with individual isolates producing between 19 and 28 VOCs. There was a significant direct correlation between VOC number/quantity and bioactivity against R. solani. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was the most abundant VOC produced, but 15 other VOCs were also correlated with bioactivity. All 11 VOCs tested inhibited R. solani growth, some by >50%. Some of the VOCs also inhibited the growth of the other pathogens by >50%. This study demonstrates significant intraspecific differences in VOC profiles and fungistatic activity supporting the existence of biological diversity within Trichoderma isolates from the same species, a factor in many cases ignored during the development of biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline van Zijll de Jong
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Linnaeus Laboratory Ltd., Gisborne 4010, New Zealand
| | - Janaki Kandula
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diwakar Kandula
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - John Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.M.-M.)
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.M.-M.)
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Klein M, Stewart JD, Porter SS, Weedon JT, Kiers ET. Evolution of manipulative microbial behaviors in the rhizosphere. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1521-1536. [PMID: 36330300 PMCID: PMC9624083 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere has been called "one of the most complex ecosystems on earth" because it is a hotspot for interactions among millions of microbial cells. Many of these are microbes are also participating in a dynamic interplay with host plant tissues, signaling pathways, and metabolites. Historically, breeders have employed a plant-centric perspective when trying to harness the potential of microbiome-derived benefits to improve productivity and resilience of economically important plants. This is potentially problematic because: (i) the evolution of the microbes themselves is often ignored, and (ii) it assumes that the fitness of interacting plants and microbes is strictly aligned. In contrast, a microbe-centric perspective recognizes that putatively beneficial microbes are still under selection to increase their own fitness, even if there are costs to the host. This can lead to the evolution of sophisticated, potentially subtle, ways for microbes to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts, as well as other microbes in the rhizosphere. We illustrate this idea with a review of cases where rhizosphere microbes have been demonstrated to directly manipulate host root growth, architecture and exudation, host nutrient uptake systems, and host immunity and defense. We also discuss indirect effects, whereby fitness outcomes for the plant are a consequence of ecological interactions between rhizosphere microbes. If these consequences are positive for the plant, they can potentially be misconstrued as traits that have evolved to promote host growth, even if they are a result of selection for unrelated functions. The ubiquity of both direct microbial manipulation of hosts and context-dependent, variable indirect effects leads us to argue that an evolutionary perspective on rhizosphere microbial ecology will become increasingly important as we continue to engineer microbial communities for crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Justin D. Stewart
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stephanie S. Porter
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityVancouverWashingtonUSA
| | - James T. Weedon
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Zhou J, Gube M, Holz M, Song B, Shan I, Shi L, Kuzyakov Y, Dippold MA, Pausch J. Ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal rhizosphere fungi increase root-derived C input to soil and modify enzyme activities: A 14 C pulse labelling of Picea abies seedlings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3122-3133. [PMID: 35909089 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Consequences of interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) and non-mycorrhizal rhizosphere fungi (NMRF) for plant carbon (C) allocation belowground and nutrient cycling in soil remain unknown. To address this topic, we performed a mesocosm study with Norway spruce seedlings [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst] inoculated with EcMF, NMRF, or a mixture of both (MIX). 14 CO2 pulse labelling of spruce was applied to trace and visualize the 14 C incorporation into roots, rhizohyphosphere and hyphosphere. Activities and localization of enzymes involved in the C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling were visualized using zymography. Spruce seedlings inoculated with EcMF and NMRF allocated more C to soils (EcMF: 10.7%; NMRF: 3.5% of total recovered C) compared to uninoculated control seedlings. The 14 C activity in the hyphosphere was highest for EcMF and lowest for NMRF. In the presence of both, NMRF and EcMF (MIX), the 14 C activity was 64% lower compared with EcMF inoculation alone. This suggests a suppressed C allocation via EcMF likely due to the competition between EcMF and NMRF for N and P. Furthermore, we observed 57% and 49% higher chitinase and leucine-aminopeptidase activities in the rhizohyphosphere of EcMF compared to the uninoculated control, respectively. In contrast, β-glucosidase activity (14.3 nmol cm-2 h-1 ) was highest in NMRF likely because NMRF consumed rhizodeposits efficiently. This was further supported by that enzyme stoichiometry in soil with EcMF shifted to a higher investment of nutrient acquisition enzymes (e.g., chitinase, leucine-aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase) compared to NMRF inoculation, where investment in β-glucosidase increased. In conclusion, the alleviation of EcMF from C limitation promotes higher activities of enzymes involved in the N and P cycle to cover the nutrient demand of EcMF and host seedlings. In contrast, C limitation of NMRF probably led to a shift in investment towards higher activities of enzymes involved in the C cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Science, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias Gube
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maire Holz
- Group of Isotope Biogeochemistry and Gas Fluxes, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Bin Song
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Immo Shan
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lingling Shi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory For Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Agro-Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Science, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences Faculty of Sciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Department of Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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9
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Di Lelio I, Coppola M, Comite E, Molisso D, Lorito M, Woo SL, Pennacchio F, Rao R, Digilio MC. Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678830. [PMID: 34177994 PMCID: PMC8221184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Comite
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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Sood M, Kapoor D, Kumar V, Sheteiwy MS, Ramakrishnan M, Landi M, Araniti F, Sharma A. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060762. [PMID: 32570799 PMCID: PMC7355703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of Trichoderma at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sood
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India;
| | - Mohamed S. Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
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11
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Skiada V, Avramidou M, Bonfante P, Genre A, Papadopoulou KK. An endophytic Fusarium-legume association is partially dependent on the common symbiotic signalling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1429-1444. [PMID: 31997356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legumes interact with a wide range of microbes in their root systems, ranging from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal glomeromycetes trigger a so-called common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), including the induction of nuclear calcium spiking in the root epidermis. By combining gene expression analysis, mutant phenotypic screening and analysis of nuclear calcium elevations, we demonstrate that recognition of an endophytic Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) in model legumes is initiated via perception of chitooligosaccharidic molecules and is, at least partially, CSSP-dependent. FsK induced the expression of Lysin-motif receptors for chitin-based molecules, CSSP members and CSSP-dependent genes in Lotus japonicus. In LysM and CSSP mutant/RNAi lines, root penetration and fungal intraradical progression was either stimulated or limited, whereas FsK exudates triggered CSSP-dependent nuclear calcium spiking, in epidermal cells of Medicago truncatula root organ cultures. Our results corroborate CSSP being involved in the perception of signals from other microbes beyond the restricted group of symbiotic interactions sensu stricto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Skiada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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12
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13
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Sarkar D, Rovenich H, Jeena G, Nizam S, Tissier A, Balcke GU, Mahdi LK, Bonkowski M, Langen G, Zuccaro A. The inconspicuous gatekeeper: endophytic Serendipita vermifera acts as extended plant protection barrier in the rhizosphere. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:886-901. [PMID: 31074884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In nature, beneficial and pathogenic fungi often simultaneously colonise plants. Despite substantial efforts to understand the composition of natural plant-microbe communities, the mechanisms driving such multipartite interactions remain largely unknown. Here we address how the interaction between the beneficial root endophyte Serendipita vermifera and the pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana affects fungal behaviour and determines barley host responses using a gnotobiotic soil-based split-root system. Fungal confrontation in soil resulted in induction of B. sorokiniana genes involved in secondary metabolism and a significant repression of genes encoding putative effectors. In S. vermifera, genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes were strongly induced. This antagonistic response was not activated during the tripartite interaction in barley roots. Instead, we observed a specific induction of S. vermifera genes involved in detoxification and redox homeostasis. Pathogen infection but not endophyte colonisation resulted in substantial host transcriptional reprogramming and activation of defence. In the presence of S. vermifera, pathogen infection and disease symptoms were significantly reduced despite no marked alterations of the plant transcriptional response. The activation of stress response genes and concomitant repression of putative effector gene expression in B. sorokiniana during confrontation with the endophyte suggest a reduction of the pathogen's virulence potential before host plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debika Sarkar
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ganga Jeena
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shadab Nizam
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd U Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lisa K Mahdi
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Trichoderma harzianum favours the access of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to non-host Brassicaceae roots and increases plant productivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11650. [PMID: 31406170 PMCID: PMC6690897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Brassicaceae includes plants that are non-host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) and the economically important crop plant Brassica napus (rapeseed). It is well known that Trichoderma species have the ability to colonize the rhizosphere of Brassicaceae plants, promoting growth and development as well as stimulating systemic defenses. The aim of the present work is to ascertain that Brassicaceae plants increase productivity when AMF and Trichoderma are combinedly applied, and how such an effect can be ruled. This simultaneous application of a Trichoderma harzianum biocontrol strain and an AMF formulation produces a significant increase in the colonization by Trichoderma and the presence of AMF in arabidopsis and rapeseed roots, such colonization accompanied by improved productivity in both Brassicaceae species. Expression profiling of defense-related marker genes suggests that the phytohormone salicylic acid plays a key role in the modulation of the root colonization process when both fungi are jointly applied.
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15
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Guo Y, Ghirardo A, Weber B, Schnitzler JP, Benz JP, Rosenkranz M. Trichoderma Species Differ in Their Volatile Profiles and in Antagonism Toward Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria bicolor. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31105677 PMCID: PMC6499108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are economically important due to their plant growth- and performance-promoting effects, such as improved nutrient supply, mycoparasitism of plant-pathogens and priming of plant defense. Due to their mycotrophic lifestyle, however, they might also be antagonistic to other plant-beneficial fungi, such as mycorrhiza-forming species. Trichoderma spp. release a high diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which likely play a decisive role in the inter-species communication. It has been shown that Trichoderma VOCs can inhibit growth of some plant pathogens, but their inhibition potentials during early interactions with mutualistic fungi remain unknown. Laccaria bicolor is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus which in symbiotic relationship is well known to facilitate plant performance. Here, we investigated the VOC profiles of three strains of Trichoderma species, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma Hamatum, and Trichoderma velutinum, as well as L. bicolor by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). We further examined the fungal performance and the VOC emission profiles during confrontation of the Trichoderma species with L. bicolor in different co-cultivation scenarios. The VOC profiles of the three Trichoderma species were highly species-dependent. T. harzianum was the strongest VOC emitter with the most diverse compound pattern, followed by T. hamatum and T. velutinum. Co-cultivation of Trichoderma spp. and L. bicolor altered the VOC emission patterns dramatically in some scenarios. The co-cultivations also revealed contact degree-dependent inhibition of one of the fungal partners. Trichoderma growth was at least partially inhibited when sharing the same headspace with L. bicolor. In direct contact between both mycelia, however, L. bicolor growth was impaired, indicating that Trichoderma and L. bicolor apply different effectors when defending their territory. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that all examined individual fungal species in axenic cultures, as well as their co-cultivations were characterized by a distinct VOC emission pattern. The results underline the importance of VOCs in fungal interactions and reveal unexpected adjustability of the VOC emissions according to the specific biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Skiada V, Faccio A, Kavroulakis N, Genre A, Bonfante P, Papadopoulou KK. Colonization of legumes by an endophytic Fusarium solani strain FsK reveals common features to symbionts or pathogens. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 127:60-74. [PMID: 30872027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant cellular responses to endophytic filamentous fungi are scarcely reported, with the majority of described colonization processes in plant-fungal interactions referring to either pathogens or true symbionts. Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) is a root endophyte of Solanum lycopersicum, which protects against root and foliar pathogens. Here, we investigate the association of FsK with two legumes (Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula) and report on colonization patterns and plant responses during the establishment of the interaction. L. japonicus plants colonized by FsK complete their life cycle and exhibit no apparent growth defects under normal conditions. We followed the growth of FsK within root-inoculated plants spatiotemporally and showed the capability of the endophyte to migrate to the stem. In a bipartite system comprising of the endophyte and either whole plants or root organ cultures, we studied the plant sub-cellular responses to FsK recognition, using optical, confocal and transmission electron microscopy. A polarized reorganization of the root cell occurs: endoplasmic reticulum/cytoplasm accumulation and nuclear placement at contact sites, occasional development of papillae underneath hyphopodia and membranous material rearrangements towards penetrating hyphae. Fungal hyphae proliferate within the vascular bundle of the plant. Plant cell death is involved in fungal colonization of the root. Our data suggest that the establishment of FsK within legume tissues requires fungal growth adaptations and plant cell-autonomous responses, known to occur during both symbiotic and pathogenic plant-fungal interactions. We highlight the overlooked plasticity of endophytic fungi upon plant colonization, and introduce a novel plant-endophyte association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Skiada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa 41500, Greece.
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Nektarios Kavroulakis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Institute for Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Agrokipio-Souda, 73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa 41500, Greece.
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17
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De Palma M, Salzano M, Villano C, Aversano R, Lorito M, Ruocco M, Docimo T, Piccinelli AL, D’Agostino N, Tucci M. Transcriptome reprogramming, epigenetic modifications and alternative splicing orchestrate the tomato root response to the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:5. [PMID: 30603091 PMCID: PMC6312540 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial interactions of rhizosphere microorganisms are widely exploited for plant biofertilization and mitigation of biotic and abiotic constraints. To provide new insights into the onset of the roots-beneficial microorganisms interplay, we characterised the transcriptomes expressed in tomato roots at 24, 48 and 72 h post inoculation with the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum T22 and analysed the epigenetic and post-trascriptional regulation mechanisms. We detected 1243 tomato transcripts that were differentially expressed between Trichoderma-interacting and control roots and 83 T. harzianum transcripts that were differentially expressed between the three experimental time points. Interaction with Trichoderma triggered a transcriptional response mainly ascribable to signal recognition and transduction, stress response, transcriptional regulation and transport. In tomato roots, salicylic acid, and not jasmonate, appears to have a prominent role in orchestrating the interplay with this beneficial strain. Differential regulation of many nutrient transporter genes indicated a strong effect on plant nutrition processes, which, together with the possible modifications in root architecture triggered by ethylene/indole-3-acetic acid signalling at 72 h post inoculation may concur to the well-described growth-promotion ability of this strain. Alongside, T. harzianum-induced defence priming and stress tolerance may be mediated by the induction of reactive oxygen species, detoxification and defence genes. A deeper insight into gene expression and regulation control provided first evidences for the involvement of cytosine methylation and alternative splicing mechanisms in the plant-Trichoderma interaction. A model is proposed that integrates the plant transcriptomic responses in the roots, where interaction between the plant and beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Palma
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Salzano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Teresa Docimo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | | | - Nunzio D’Agostino
- CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
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18
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Lombardi N, Vitale S, Turrà D, Reverberi M, Fanelli C, Vinale F, Marra R, Ruocco M, Pascale A, d'Errico G, Woo SL, Lorito M. Root Exudates of Stressed Plants Stimulate and Attract Trichoderma Soil Fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:982-994. [PMID: 29547355 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots release complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, including compounds that affect the activity and modify the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. In this work, we investigated the initial phase of the interaction between tomato and an effective biocontrol strain of Trichoderma harzianum (T22). We found that root exudates (RE), obtained from plants grown in a split-root system and exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors (wounding, salt, pathogen attack), were able to stimulate the growth and act as chemoattractants of the biocontrol fungus. On the other hand, some of the treatments did not result in an enhanced chemotropism on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, indicating a mechanism that may be selective for nonpathogenic microbes. The involvement of peroxidases and oxylipins, both known to be released by roots in response to stress, was demonstrated by using RE fractions containing these molecules or their commercial purified analogs, testing the effect of an inhibitor, and characterizing the complex pattern of these metabolites released by tomato roots both locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lombardi
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Stefania Vitale
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Vinale
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Roberta Marra
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Alberto Pascale
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giada d'Errico
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Sheridan L Woo
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 5 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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19
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Fiorentino N, Ventorino V, Woo SL, Pepe O, De Rosa A, Gioia L, Romano I, Lombardi N, Napolitano M, Colla G, Rouphael Y. Trichoderma-Based Biostimulants Modulate Rhizosphere Microbial Populations and Improve N Uptake Efficiency, Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Leafy Vegetables. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:743. [PMID: 29922317 PMCID: PMC5996573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial inoculants such as Trichoderma-based products are receiving great interest among researchers and agricultural producers for their potential to improve crop productivity, nutritional quality as well as resistance to plant pathogens/pests and numerous environmental stresses. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effects of Trichoderma-based biostimulants under suboptimal, optimal and supraoptimal levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization in two leafy vegetables: Iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.). The yield, nutritional characteristics, N uptake and mineral composition were analyzed for each vegetable crop after inoculation with Trichoderma strains T. virens (GV41) or T. harzianum (T22), and results were compared to non-inoculated plants. In addition, the effect of the Trichoderma-based biostimulants on microbes associated with the rhizosphere in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic composition and concentration using DGGE was also evaluated. Trichoderma-based biostimulants, in particular GV41, positively increased lettuce and rocket yield in the unfertilized plots. The highest marketable lettuce fresh yield was recorded with either of the biostimulant inoculations when plants were supplied with optimal levels of N. The inoculation of rocket with GV41, and to a lesser degree with T22, elicited an increase in total ascorbic acid under both optimal and high N conditions. T. virens GV41 increased N-use efficiency of lettuce, and favored the uptake of native N present in the soil of both lettuce and rocket. The positive effect of biostimulants on nutrient uptake and crop growth was species-dependent, being more marked with lettuce. The best biostimulation effects from the Trichoderma treatments were observed in both crops when grown under low N availability. The Trichoderma inoculation strongly influenced the composition of eukaryotic populations in the rhizosphere, in particularly exerting different effects with low N levels in comparison to the N fertilized plots. Overall, inoculations with Trichoderma may be considered as a viable strategy to manage the nutrient content of leafy horticulture crops cultivated in low fertility soils, and assist vegetable growers in reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers, developing sustainable management practices to optimize N use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Fiorentino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- CIRAM-Interdepartmental Center for Environmental Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ventorino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Olimpia Pepe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Armando De Rosa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Laura Gioia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Ida Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Mauro Napolitano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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20
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Rouphael Y, Colla G. Synergistic Biostimulatory Action: Designing the Next Generation of Plant Biostimulants for Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1655. [PMID: 30483300 PMCID: PMC6243119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, interest in plant biostimulants (PBs) has been on the rise compelled by the growing interest of scientists, extension specialists, private industry, and growers in integrating these products in the array of environmentally friendly tools that secure improved crop performance and yield stability. Based on the new EU regulation PBs are defined through claimed agronomic effects, such as improvement of nutrient use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stressors and crop quality. This definition entails diverse organic and inorganic substances and/or microorganisms such as humic acids, protein hydrolysates, seaweed extracts, mycorrhizal fungi, and N-fixing bacteria. The current mini-review provides an overview of the direct (stimulatory on C and N metabolism) and indirect (enhancing nutrient uptake and modulating root morphology) mechanisms by which microbial and non-microbial PBs improve nutrient efficiency, plant performance, and physiological status, resilience to environmental stressors and stimulate plant microbiomes. The scientific advances underlying synergistic and additive effects of microbial and non-microbial PBs are compiled and discussed for the first time. The review identifies several perspectives for future research between the scientific community and private industry to design and develop a second generation of PBs products (biostimulant 2.0) with specific biostimulatory action to render agriculture more sustainable and resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- *Correspondence: Youssef Rouphael, ;
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Who lives in a fungus? The diversity, origins and functions of fungal endobacteria living in Mucoromycota. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1727-1735. [PMID: 28387771 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial interactions with plants and animals have been examined for many years; differently, only with the new millennium the study of bacterial-fungal interactions blossomed, becoming a new field of microbiology with relevance to microbial ecology, human health and biotechnology. Bacteria and fungi interact at different levels and bacterial endosymbionts, which dwell inside fungal cells, provide the most intimate example. Bacterial endosymbionts mostly occur in fungi of the phylum Mucoromycota and include Betaproteobacteria (Burkhoderia-related) and Mollicutes (Mycoplasma-related). Based on phylogenomics and estimations of divergence time, we hypothesized two different scenarios for the origin of these interactions (early vs late bacterial invasion). Sequencing of the genomes of fungal endobacteria revealed a significant reduction in genome size, particularly in endosymbionts of Glomeromycotina, as expected by their uncultivability and host dependency. Similar to endobacteria of insects, the endobacteria of fungi show a range of behaviours from mutualism to antagonism. Emerging results suggest that some benefits given by the endobacteria to their plant-associated fungal host may propagate to the interacting plant, giving rise to a three-level inter-domain interaction.
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Johansen RB, Johnston P, Mieczkowski P, Perry GL, Robeson MS, Burns BR, Vilgalys R. A native and an invasive dune grass share similar, patchily distributed, root-associated fungal communities. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Iffis B, St-Arnaud M, Hijri M. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, plant identity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community determine assemblages of the AMF spore-associated microbes. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2689-704. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Iffis
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal; 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Marc St-Arnaud
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal; 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal; 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
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De Palma M, D'Agostino N, Proietti S, Bertini L, Lorito M, Ruocco M, Caruso C, Chiusano ML, Tucci M. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization analysis provides new insights into the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) response to the plant probiotic microorganism Trichoderma longibrachiatum MK1. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 190:79-94. [PMID: 26705844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species include widespread rhizosphere-colonising fungi that may establish an opportunistic interaction with the plant, resulting in growth promotion and/or increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this reason, Trichoderma-based formulations are largely used in agriculture to improve yield while reducing the application of agro-chemicals. By using the Suppression Subtractive Hybridization method, we identified molecular mechanisms activated during the in vitro interaction between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and the selected strain MK1 of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, and which may participate in the stimulation of plant growth and systemic resistance. Screening and sequence analysis of the subtractive library resulted in forty unique transcripts. Their annotation in functional categories revealed enrichment in cell defence/stress and primary metabolism categories, while secondary metabolism and transport were less represented. Increased transcription of genes involved in defence, cell wall reinforcement and signalling of reactive oxygen species suggests that improved plant pathogen resistance induced by T. longibrachiatum MK1 in tomato may occur through stimulation of the above mechanisms. The array of activated defence-related genes indicates that different signalling pathways, beside the jasmonate/ethylene-dependent one, collaborate to fine-tune the plant response. Our results also suggest that the growth stimulation effect of MK1 on tomato may involve a set of genes controlling protein synthesis and turnover as well as energy metabolism and photosynthesis. Transcriptional profiling of several defence-related genes at different time points of the tomato-Trichoderma interaction, and after subsequent inoculation with the pathogen Botrytis cinerea, provided novel information on genes that may specifically modulate the tomato response to T. longibrachiatum, B. cinerea or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Palma
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Nunzio D'Agostino
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per l'orticoltura, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano (SA), Italy
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Carla Caruso
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria L Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
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