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Chen Y, Li H, Kong T, Shan L, Hao L, Wang F. The low ratio of ghrelin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid might be beneficial to sleep. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 233:173672. [PMID: 37944671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin is physiologically important for maintaining sleep rhythm. Cigarette smoking has been demonstrated to significantly increase the risk of insufficient sleep by regulating ghrelin at the central and peripheral levels. No research has been published to study the relationship between active smoking and sleep via ghrelin level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS A total of 139 Chinese males were recruited and divided into active smokers (n = 77) and non-smokers (n = 62). The levels of CSF and plasma ghrelin were measured. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep. RESULTS Non-smokers had lower PSQI scores (1.71 ± 1.93) than active smokers (3.70 ± 1.78). Non-smokers have significantly lower plasma ghrelin levels and lower plasma/CSF ghrelin ratio but higher CSF ghrelin than active smokers. Among non-smokers, plasma ghrelin levels were not correlated with PSQI scores (all p > 0.05), CSF ghrelin levels were positively correlated with PSQI scores (r = 0.309, p = 0.019), and the plasma/CSF ghrelin ratio was negatively correlated with PSQI scores (r = -0.346, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to reveal the relationship between cigarette smoking, high CSF ghrelin levels and insufficient sleep, suggesting that maintaining a normal plasma/CSF ghrelin ratio may be the physiological mechanism of healthy sleep, and the insufficient sleep population must quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Medical Neurobiology Lab, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830063, China
| | - Ligang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lei Hao
- Medical Neurobiology Lab, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China.
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2
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Prokopidis K, Witard OC. Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia. Nutr Res Rev 2022; 35:197-206. [PMID: 34027849 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review provides mechanistic insight into the biological link between smoking and/or chronic excess alcohol consumption, and increased risk of developing sarcopenia. Although the combination of excessive alcohol consumption and smoking is often associated with ectopic adipose deposition, this review is focused on the context of a reduced caloric intake (leading to energy deficit) that also may ensue due to either lifestyle habit. Smoking is a primary cause of periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that both induce swallowing difficulties, inhibit taste and mastication, and are associated with increased risk of muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Smoking may contribute to physical inactivity, energy deficit via reduced caloric intake, and increased systemic inflammation, all of which are factors known to suppress muscle protein synthesis rates. Moreover, chronic excess alcohol consumption may result in gut microbiota dysbiosis and autophagy-induced hyperammonemia, initiating the up-regulation of muscle protein breakdown and down-regulation of muscle protein synthesis via activation of myostatin, AMPK and REDD1, and deactivation of IGF-1. Future research is warranted to explore the link between oral healthcare management and personalised nutrition counselling in light of potential detrimental consequences of chronic smoking on musculoskeletal health outcomes in older adults. Experimental studies should investigate the impact of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on the gut-brain axis, and explore biomarkers of smoking-induced oral disease progression. The implementation of behavioural change interventions and health policies regarding smoking and alcohol intake habits may mitigate the clinical and financial burden of sarcopenia on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, White City, London, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Kondo Y, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Kaji A, Sakai R, Inoue R, Kashiwagi S, Mizushima K, Uchiyama K, Takagi T, Naito Y, Fukui M. Effects of Smoking on the Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224800. [PMID: 36432487 PMCID: PMC9695173 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking affects eating habits; however, few studies on smoking and the gut microbiota have reported the effects of diet in detail. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between smoking and the gut microbiota, considering the impact of smoking on dietary intake. Dietary habits and the composition of the gut microbiota were assessed in 195 men with type 2 diabetes (164 non-current smokers and 31 current smokers) using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of fecal samples. The data were compared according to the current smoking status of the participants. Current smokers had high alcohol and sugar/sweetener intake and low fruit intake. The proportion of the Coprococcus genus was higher among current smokers. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for current smoking, age, exercise habits, alcohol intake, sugar and sweetener intake, and fruit intake showed that smoking was associated with the proportion of the Coprococcus genus. Current smoking was associated with both dietary intake and composition of the gut microbiota. Although dietary intake should be considered when investigating the association between smoking and the gut microbiota, the results suggest that the direct effect of smoking is more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kondo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi 570-8540, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5505; Fax: +81-75-252-3721
| | - Ayumi Kaji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan
| | - Saori Kashiwagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department for Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Driva S, Korkontzelou A, Tonstad S, Tentolouris N, Katsaounou P. The Effect of Smoking Cessation on Body Weight and Other Metabolic Parameters with Focus on People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013222. [PMID: 36293800 PMCID: PMC9603007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Smokers with diabetes mellitus substantially lower their risks of microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications, in particular cardiovascular disease, by quitting smoking. However, subsequent post-smoking-cessation weight gain may attenuate some of the beneficial effects of smoking cessation and discourage attempts to quit. Weight gain can temporarily exacerbate diabetes and deteriorate glycemic control and metabolic profile. The molecular mechanisms by which quitting smoking leads to weight gain are largely associated with the removal of nicotine's effects on the central nervous system. This review addresses mechanisms of post-smoking-cessation weight gain, by reviewing the effects of nicotine on appetite, food intake, eating behaviour, energy expenditure, fat oxidation and appetite-regulating peptides. We also highlight correlations between post-cessation weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes, consequences of weight gain in people with type 2 diabetes and the role of pharmacotherapies, which combine treatment of nicotine addiction and promotion of weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatina Driva
- Diabetes Centre, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aliki Korkontzelou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- First Department of Critical Care, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- Diabetes Centre, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- First Department of Critical Care, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece
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5
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Kroemer NB, Opel N, Teckentrup V, Li M, Grotegerd D, Meinert S, Lemke H, Kircher T, Nenadić I, Krug A, Jansen A, Sommer J, Steinsträter O, Small DM, Dannlowski U, Walter M. Functional Connectivity of the Nucleus Accumbens and Changes in Appetite in Patients With Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:993-1003. [PMID: 36001327 PMCID: PMC9403857 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a substantial burden on health, including changes in appetite and body weight. Heterogeneity of depressive symptoms has hampered the identification of biomarkers that robustly generalize to most patients, thus calling for symptom-based mapping. Objective To define the functional architecture of the reward circuit subserving increases vs decreases in appetite and body weight in patients with MDD by specifying their contributions and influence on disease biomarkers using resting-state functional connectivity (FC). Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were taken from the Marburg-Münster FOR 2107 Affective Disorder Cohort Study (MACS), collected between September 2014 and November 2016. Cross-sectional data of patients with MDD (n = 407) and healthy control participants (n = 400) were analyzed from March 2018 to June 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Changes in appetite during the depressive episode and their association with FC were examined using fMRI. By taking the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as seed of the reward circuit, associations with opposing changes in appetite were mapped, and a sparse symptom-specific elastic-net model was built with 10-fold cross-validation. Results Among 407 patients with MDD, 249 (61.2%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 36.79 (13.4) years. Reduced NAcc-based FC to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the hippocampus was associated with reduced appetite (vmPFC: bootstrap r = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02-0.23; hippocampus: bootstrap r = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.26). In contrast, reduced NAcc-based FC to the insular ingestive cortex was associated with increased appetite (bootstrap r = -0.14; 95% CI, -0.24 to -0.04). Critically, the cross-validated elastic-net model reflected changes in appetite based on NAcc FC and explained variance increased with increasing symptom severity (all patients: bootstrap r = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.16-0.31; patients with Beck Depression Inventory score of 28 or greater: bootstrap r = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.25-0.58). In contrast, NAcc FC did not classify diagnosis (MDD vs healthy control). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, NAcc-based FC reflected important individual differences in appetite and body weight in patients with depression that can be leveraged for personalized prediction. However, classification of diagnosis using NAcc-based FC did not exceed chance levels. Such symptom-specific associations emphasize the need to map biomarkers onto more confined facets of psychopathology to improve the classification and treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils B. Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Vanessa Teckentrup
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah Lemke
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Steinsträter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dana M. Small
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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White O, Roeder N, Blum K, Eiden RD, Thanos PK. Prenatal Effects of Nicotine on Obesity Risks: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159477. [PMID: 35954830 PMCID: PMC9368674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine usage by mothers throughout pregnancy has been observed to relate to numerous deleterious effects in children, especially relating to obesity. Children who have prenatally been exposed to nicotine tend to have lower birth weights, with an elevated risk of becoming overweight throughout development and into their adolescent and adult life. There are numerous theories as to how this occurs: catch-up growth theory, thrifty phenotype theory, neurotransmitter or endocrine imbalances theory, and a more recent examination on the genetic factors relating to obesity risk. In addition to the negative effect on bodyweight and BMI, individuals with obesity may also suffer from numerous comorbidities involving metabolic disease. These may include type 1 and 2 diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and liver disease. Predisposition for obesity with nicotine usage may also be associated with genetic risk alleles for obesity, such as the DRD2 A1 variant. This is important for prenatally nicotine-exposed individuals as an opportunity to provide early prevention and intervention of obesity-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia White
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-881-7520
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Potretzke S, Lemieux A, Nakajima M, al'Absi M. Circulating ghrelin changes as a biomarker of the stress response and craving in abstinent smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173423. [PMID: 35750154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There has been growing interest in the role of ghrelin in stress and addiction. Ghrelin regulates central reward mechanisms by mediating the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Stress also induces neurophysiological activations related to drug reward. However, the extent to which psychosocial stress is associated with changes in ghrelin levels has not been tested in individuals with nicotine dependency undergoing withdrawal, a condition known to induce stress-like symptoms. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of stress-induced ghrelin, craving, and smoking lapse. METHODS Thirty-six smokers attended a laboratory session that included acute stress tasks during the initial phase of quitting. Self-report measures and biochemical samples were collected for the assessment of smoking status. Blood samples for the measurement of ghrelin and self-report measures of craving were collected multiple times throughout the session RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance controlling for gender found a significant main effect of sampling time and lapse group (p < 0.05). Ghrelin levels significantly increased over the pre-stress and post-stress periods (ps < 0.001), suggesting a delayed stress response. Those who lapsed during the study had higher ghrelin levels than those who were able to successfully abstain. A ghrelin stress response was calculated and a significant association was found between this response and craving, which changed across time points (ps < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that ghrelin is sensitive to acute manipulation of stress and that there is potential usefulness for ghrelin as a marker of stress, craving, and smoking lapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Potretzke
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 9997239, USA
| | - Andrine Lemieux
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Motohiro Nakajima
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA.
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Sustkova-Fiserova M, Charalambous C, Khryakova A, Certilina A, Lapka M, Šlamberová R. The Role of Ghrelin/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:761. [PMID: 35054944 PMCID: PMC8776007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin's/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin's/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sustkova-Fiserova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Chrysostomos Charalambous
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Khryakova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Alina Certilina
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Marek Lapka
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Romana Šlamberová
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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9
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A population-based investigation of the association between alcohol intake and serum total ghrelin concentrations among cigarette-smoking, non-alcohol-dependent male individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108835. [PMID: 34214881 PMCID: PMC8355123 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin plays significant roles in regulating appetite, food intake, and metabolism. Furthermore, the ghrelin system is increasingly being studied in relation to alcohol seeking behaviors. To this end, it is important to understand the possible effects of alcohol intake on the ghrelin system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between alcohol drinking and circulating ghrelin levels in a large sample of cigarette-smoking, non-alcohol-dependent male individuals. METHODS We utilized data from two nested case-control studies (study A, n = 807; study B, n = 976) based within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) trial. Data on alcohol consumption (grams of pure alcohol consumed per day) were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Blood samples were also collected (after 12 h of fasting), and serum concentrations of total ghrelin were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Dichotomous comparison between alcohol drinkers (>0 g/day of alcohol intake) and non-drinkers (0 g/day of alcohol intake) found higher total ghrelin levels among individuals who drank alcohol than those who did not, with statistically significant results in study A [F (1, 798) = 4.32, P = 0.03] and less robust results in study B [F (1, 966) = 2.62, P = 0.10], controlling for a list of factors that may influence ghrelin levels and/or differ between drinkers and non-drinkers. Bivariate correlational analysis among drinkers found no association between the quantity of daily alcohol intake and blood total ghrelin concentrations. CONCLUSION These results indicate elevated ghrelin levels among alcohol drinkers and provide additional/relevant information on the complex interaction between alcohol use and the ghrelin system.
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10
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Schwartz A, Bellissimo N. Nicotine and energy balance: A review examining the effect of nicotine on hormonal appetite regulation and energy expenditure. Appetite 2021; 164:105260. [PMID: 33848592 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has been shown to decrease appetite, food intake (FI) and body weight, but the mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine research on the effects of nicotine on energy balance by exploring physiological mechanisms and hormone regulation related to FI, subjective appetite and energy expenditure (EE). We searched PubMed and MEDLINE, and included articles investigating the effects of nicotine on central appetite regulation, FI, leptin, peptide-YY (PYY), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), adiponectin, cholecystokinin (CCK), orexin, and EE. A total of 65 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and review. Our findings suggest that the decrease in appetite and FI may be attributed to nicotinic alterations of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) but the effect of nicotine on FI remains unclear. Furthermore, nicotine increases resting EE (REE) and physical activity EE (PAEE) in both smokers and non-smokers; and these increases may be a result of the catecholaminergic effect of nicotine. Decreases in body weight and appetite experienced by nicotine users results from increased EE and changes in the central hypothalamic regulation of appetite. There is not enough evidence to implicate a relationship between peripheral hormones and changes in appetite or FI after nicotine use. Although nicotine increases REE and PAEE, the effect of nicotine on other components of EE warrants further research. We conclude that further research evaluating the effect of nicotine on appetite hormones, FI and EE in humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Enzenbach C, Witte V, Villringer A, Kluge M. Higher fasting ghrelin serum levels in active smokers than in former and never-smokers. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:748-756. [PMID: 31552785 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1671610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide hormone, promotes drug reward and is suspected to play a role in nicotine dependence. However, there is little data on whether ghrelin levels are associated with active and/or former smoking. The relationship between ghrelin serum levels and smoking status in a population-based sample of individuals was studied. METHODS Total ghrelin was determined after an overnight fast in 1519 subjects participating in a population-based cohort study ('LIFE-Adult'). Tobacco consumption was assessed using both the questionnaire and interview. Generalised linear models with gamma distribution and log-link function were performed to analyse the association of total serum ghrelin with smoking status and the association between serum ghrelin and the amount of tobacco consumed in active smokers. RESULTS Ghrelin levels were positively associated with active, but not former smoking (OR = 1.095; p = .002). This association was not moderated by sex (interaction of 'active smoking' and sex: p = .346). Ghrelin levels were not associated with the amount of tobacco consumed in active smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that total ghrelin serum levels are positively associated with active smoking. No association was found for former smokers. A unique feature of the study is the large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Enzenbach
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Al Massadi O, Nogueiras R, Dieguez C, Girault JA. Ghrelin and food reward. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:131-138. [PMID: 30615902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food intake is tightly regulated by homeostatic and reward mechanisms and the adequate function of both is necessary for the proper maintenance of energy balance. Ghrelin impacts on these two levels to induce feeding. In this review, we present the actions of ghrelin in food reward, including their dependence on other relevant modulators implicated in the motivational aspects of feeding, including dopamine, opioid peptides, and endocannabinoids. We also describe the interaction between brain areas involved in homeostatic regulation of feeding and the reward system, with a special emphasis on the role of arcuate nucleus melanocortins and lateral hypothalamus orexins in ghrelin function. Finally, we briefly discuss the actions of ghrelin in food reward in obesity. We propose that new insights into the mechanism of action of ghrelin in the rewarding and motivational control of food intake will help to understand food-related disorders including obesity and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Massadi
- Inserm UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Sciences and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Sciences and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
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13
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Kroemer NB, Veldhuizen MG, Delvy R, Patel BP, O'Malley SS, Small DM. Sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1089-1102. [PMID: 30093174 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are becoming increasingly popular. The popularity of fruit flavors among e-cigarette users suggests that sweet taste may contribute to e-cigarette appeal. We therefore tested whether sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Using a conditioning paradigm adapted to study e-cigarettes, we tested whether exposure to flavored e-cigarettes containing nicotine plus sweet taste would be more reinforcing than unsweetened e-cigarettes. Sixteen light cigarette smokers smoked 4 distinctly colored e-cigarettes containing sweetened and unsweetened flavors with or without nicotine for 2 days each. Brain response was then assessed to the sight and smell of the 4 exposed e-cigarettes using fMRI. After exposure, sweet-paired flavors were wanted (p = .024) and tended to be liked (p = .053) more than nicotine-paired flavors. Moreover, sweet taste supra-additively increased liking for nicotine-paired flavors in individuals who did not show increased liking for nicotine alone (r = -.67, p = .005). Accordingly, cues predicting sweet compared to non-sweet flavors elicited a stronger response in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc, pSVC = .050) and the magnitude of response to the sight (pSVC = .022) and smell (pSVC = .017) of the e-cigarettes correlated with changes in liking. By contrast, the sight and smell of cues predicting nicotine alone failed to elicit NAcc response. However, the sight and smell of e-cigarettes paired with sweet+nicotine (pSVC = .035) produced supra-additive NAcc responses. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of nicotine in e-cigarettes resulting in heightened brain cue-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Roberta Delvy
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA
| | - Barkha P Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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14
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Hu T, Yang Z, Li MD. Pharmacological Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of Tobacco Smoking Effects on Food Intake and Weight Control. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:453-466. [PMID: 30054897 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beyond promoting smoking initiation and preventing smokers from quitting, nicotine can reduce food intake and body weight and thus is viewed as desirable by some smokers, especially many women. During the last several decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inverse correlation between smoking and body weight have been investigated extensively in both animals and humans. Nicotine's weight effects appear to result especially from the drug's stimulation of α3β4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Further, α7- and α4β2-containing nAChRs have been implicated in weight control by nicotine. This review summarizes current understanding of the regulatory effects of nicotine on food intake and body weight according to the findings from pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and feeding studies on these appetite-regulating molecules, such as α3β4, α7, and α4β2 nAChRs; neuropeptide Y (NPY); POMC; melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); agouti-related peptide (AgRP); leptin, ghrelin, and protein YY (PYY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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15
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Yannakoulia M, Anastasiou C, Zachari K, Sidiropoulou M, Katsaounou P, Tenta R. Acute effect of smoking and smoking abstinence on energy intake and appetite-related hormones blood concentrations. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Hellrung L, Dietrich A, Hollmann M, Pleger B, Kalberlah C, Roggenhofer E, Villringer A, Horstmann A. Intermittent compared to continuous real-time fMRI neurofeedback boosts control over amygdala activation. Neuroimage 2017; 166:198-208. [PMID: 29100939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback is a feasible tool to learn the volitional regulation of brain activity. So far, most studies provide continuous feedback information that is presented upon every volume acquisition. Although this maximizes the temporal resolution of feedback information, it may be accompanied by some disadvantages. Participants can be distracted from the regulation task due to (1) the intrinsic delay of the hemodynamic response and associated feedback and (2) limited cognitive resources available to simultaneously evaluate feedback information and stay engaged with the task. Here, we systematically investigate differences between groups presented with different variants of feedback (continuous vs. intermittent) and a control group receiving no feedback on their ability to regulate amygdala activity using positive memories and feelings. In contrast to the feedback groups, no learning effect was observed in the group without any feedback presentation. The group receiving intermittent feedback exhibited better amygdala regulation performance when compared with the group receiving continuous feedback. Behavioural measurements show that these effects were reflected in differences in task engagement. Overall, we not only demonstrate that the presentation of feedback is a prerequisite to learn volitional control of amygdala activity but also that intermittent feedback is superior to continuous feedback presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maurice Hollmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Kalberlah
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Roggenhofer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neuroscience Clinique's, University Hospital Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Clinics for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany; Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University and Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Zallar LJ, Farokhnia M, Tunstall BJ, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. The Role of the Ghrelin System in Drug Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:89-119. [PMID: 29056157 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, a significant volume of research has implicated the appetitive hormone ghrelin in the mechanisms underlying drug use and addiction. From a neuroscientific standpoint, ghrelin modulates both reward and stress pathways, two key drivers of substance use behaviors. Previous investigations support a connection between the ghrelin system and alcohol, stimulants, and tobacco use in both animals and humans, while the research on opioids and cannabis is scarce. In general, upregulation of the ghrelin system seems to enhance craving for drugs as well as substances use. On the other hand, acute and chronic exposure to drugs of abuse influences the ghrelin system at different levels. This chapter summarizes the literature on the relationship between the ghrelin system and substance-related behaviors. We also review recent work investigating the ghrelin system as a potential pharmacological target for treating substance use disorders and discuss the need for additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia J Zallar
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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18
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The impact of gut hormones on the neural circuit of appetite and satiety: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:457-475. [PMID: 28669754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut-axis is an interdependent system affecting neural functions and controlling our eating behaviour. In recent decades, neuroimaging techniques have facilitated its investigation. We systematically looked into functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies investigating how key molecules such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, glucose and insulin influence the function of brain regions regulating appetite and satiety. Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects). Our systematic review suggests that the plasma level of ghrelin, the gut hormone promoting appetite, is positively correlated with activation in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and insula and negatively correlated with activation in subcortical areas such as the hypothalamus. In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain regions conversely. Our study integrates previous investigations of the gut-brain matrix during food-intake and homeostatic regulation and may be of use for future meta-analyses of brain-gut interactions.
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19
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Lemieux AM, al'Absi M. Changes in circulating peptide YY and ghrelin are associated with early smoking relapse. Biol Psychol 2017; 131:43-48. [PMID: 28300626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) during ad libitum smoking have been associated with decreased reported craving (ghrelin) and increased positive affect (PYY), and higher baseline ghrelin levels predicted subsequent increased risk of smoking relapse. The current study assessed PYY and ghrelin during ad libitum smoking and again after the initial 48h of a smoking cessation attempt. The data compared smokers who abstained for 28days (n=37), smokers who relapsed (n=54), and nonsmokers (n=37). Plasma samples and subjective measures assessing craving and mood were collected at the beginning of each session. Results showed that relapsers experienced greater levels of distress (ps <0.01). While nonsmokers and abstainers showed no change in ghrelin across the initial 48h, relapsers declined (p <0.01). With PYY, relapsers increased (p <0.05) across the early abstinent phase. PYY and ghrelin may be useful predictors of relapse, specifically in reference to early withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrine M Lemieux
- Duluth Medical Research Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Duluth Medical Research Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
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20
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Kroemer NB, Burrasch C, Hellrung L. To work or not to work: Neural representation of cost and benefit of instrumental action. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 229:125-157. [PMID: 27926436 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By definition, instrumental actions are performed in order to obtain certain goals. Nevertheless, the attainment of goals typically implies obstacles, and response vigor is known to reflect an integration of subjective benefit and cost. Whereas several brain regions have been associated with cost/benefit ratio decision-making, trial-by-trial fluctuations in motivation are not well understood. We review recent evidence supporting the motivational implications of signal fluctuations in the mesocorticolimbic system. As an extension of "set-point" theories of instrumental action, we propose that response vigor is determined by a rapid integration of brain signals that reflect value and cost on a trial-by-trial basis giving rise to an online estimate of utility. Critically, we posit that fluctuations in key nodes of the network can predict deviations in response vigor and that variability in instrumental behavior can be accounted for by models devised from optimal control theory, which incorporate the effortful control of noise. Notwithstanding, the post hoc analysis of signaling dynamics has caveats that can effectively be addressed in future research with the help of two novel fMRI imaging techniques. First, adaptive fMRI paradigms can be used to establish a time-order relationship, which is a prerequisite for causality, by using observed signal fluctuations as triggers for stimulus presentation. Second, real-time fMRI neurofeedback can be employed to induce predefined brain states that may facilitate benefit or cost aspects of instrumental actions. Ultimately, understanding temporal dynamics in brain networks subserving response vigor holds the promise for targeted interventions that could help to readjust the motivational balance of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kroemer
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - C Burrasch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - L Hellrung
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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21
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Fuel not fun: Reinterpreting attenuated brain responses to reward in obesity. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:37-45. [PMID: 27085908 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a well-established literature linking obesity to altered dopamine signaling and brain response to food-related stimuli. Neuroimaging studies frequently report enhanced responses in dopaminergic regions during food anticipation and decreased responses during reward receipt. This has been interpreted as reflecting anticipatory "reward surfeit", and consummatory "reward deficiency". In particular, attenuated response in the dorsal striatum to primary food rewards is proposed to reflect anhedonia, which leads to overeating in an attempt to compensate for the reward deficit. In this paper, we propose an alternative view. We consider brain response to food-related stimuli in a reinforcement-learning framework, which can be employed to separate the contributions of reward sensitivity and reward-related learning that are typically entangled in the brain response to reward. Consequently, we posit that decreased striatal responses to milkshake receipt reflect reduced reward-related learning rather than reward deficiency or anhedonia because reduced reward sensitivity would translate uniformly into reduced anticipatory and consummatory responses to reward. By re-conceptualizing reward deficiency as a shift in learning about subjective value of rewards, we attempt to reconcile neuroimaging findings with the putative role of dopamine in effort, energy expenditure and exploration and suggest that attenuated brain responses to energy dense foods reflect the "fuel", not the fun entailed by the reward.
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22
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Antonio AMM, Fagan P, Hamamura FD, Lagua IJN, Liu J, Park DJ, Pokhrel P, Herzog TA, Pagano I, Cassel K, Sy A, Jorgensen D, Lynch T, Kawamoto C, Boushey CJ, Franke A, Clanton MS, Moolchan ET, Alexander LA. Menthol cigarette smoking and obesity in young adult daily smokers in Hawaii. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:946-52. [PMID: 26844173 PMCID: PMC4721282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates 1) the relationship between menthol cigarette smoking and obesity and 2) the association of body mass index with the nicotine metabolite ratio among menthol and non-menthol daily smokers aged 18–35 (n = 175). A brief survey on smoking and measures of height and weight, carbon monoxide, and saliva samples were collected from participants from May to December 2013 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Multiple regression was used to estimate differences in body mass index among menthol and non-menthol smokers and the association of menthol smoking with obesity. We calculated the log of the nicotine metabolite ratio to examine differences in the nicotine metabolite ratio among normal, overweight, and obese smokers. Sixty-eight percent of smokers used menthol cigarettes. Results showed that 62% of normal, 54% of overweight, and 91% of obese smokers used menthol cigarettes (p = .000). The mean body mass index was significantly higher among menthol compared with non-menthol smokers (29.4 versus 24.5, p = .000). After controlling for gender, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and race/ethnicity, menthol smokers were more than 3 times as likely as non-menthol smokers to be obese (p = .04). The nicotine metabolite ratio was significantly lower for overweight menthol smokers compared with non-menthol smokers (.16 versus .26, p = .02) in the unadjusted model, but was not significant after adjusting for the covariates. Consistent with prior studies, our data show that menthol smokers are more likely to be obese compared with non-menthol smokers. Future studies are needed to determine how flavored tobacco products influence obesity among smokers. Young adult menthol smokers had a higher body mass index than non-menthol smokers. Nearly 91% of young adult obese daily smokers used menthol cigarettes. Daily menthol smokers were 3 times as likely to be obese than non-menthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Marie M Antonio
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Pebbles Fagan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Faith D Hamamura
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Ian Joseph N Lagua
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jenny Liu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Devin J Park
- University of Washington, Box 357630, H375 Health Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195-7630, USA
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Thaddeus A Herzog
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Ian Pagano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Kevin Cassel
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Angela Sy
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, 2528 McCarthy Mall, Webster Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Dorothy Jorgensen
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Tania Lynch
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Crissy Kawamoto
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Carol J Boushey
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Adrian Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Mark S Clanton
- TMF Health Quality Institute, 5918 W Courtyard Drive, Austin, TX 78730, USA
| | | | - Linda A Alexander
- University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 151 Bowman Hall 343, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Labarthe A, Fiquet O, Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Lanfumey L, Ramoz N, Grouselle D, Epelbaum J, Tolle V. Ghrelin-Derived Peptides: A Link between Appetite/Reward, GH Axis, and Psychiatric Disorders? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:163. [PMID: 25386163 PMCID: PMC4209873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are often associated with metabolic and hormonal alterations, including obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome as well as modifications in several biological rhythms including appetite, stress, sleep-wake cycles, and secretion of their corresponding endocrine regulators. Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate appetite and adapt the metabolism in response to nutritional, hedonic, and emotional dysfunctions, at the interface between endocrine, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders, ghrelin plays a unique role as the only one increasing appetite. The secretion of ghrelin is altered in several psychiatric disorders (anorexia, schizophrenia) as well as in metabolic disorders (obesity) and in animal models in response to emotional triggers (psychological stress …) but the relationship between these modifications and the physiopathology of psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Recently, a large literature showed that this key metabolic/endocrine regulator is involved in stress and reward-oriented behaviors and regulates anxiety and mood. In addition, preproghrelin is a complex prohormone but the roles of the other ghrelin-derived peptides, thought to act as functional ghrelin antagonists, are largely unknown. Altered ghrelin secretion and/or signaling in psychiatric diseases are thought to participate in altered appetite, hedonic response and reward. Whether this can contribute to the mechanism responsible for the development of the disease or can help to minimize some symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is discussed in the present review. We will thus describe (1) the biological actions of ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides on food and drugs reward, anxiety and depression, and the physiological consequences of ghrelin invalidation on these parameters, (2) how ghrelin and ghrelin-derived peptides are regulated in animal models of psychiatric diseases and in human psychiatric disorders in relation with the GH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Labarthe
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, L’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Tolle, UMR-S 894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 2 ter rue d’Alésia, Paris 75014, France e-mail:
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