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Illenberger JM, Flores-Ramirez FJ, Pascasio G, Franco M, Mendonsa B, Martin-Fardon R. Pivotal role of orexin signaling in the posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus during the stress-induced reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. J Psychopharmacol 2024:2698811241260989. [PMID: 38888086 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241260989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orexin (OX) system has received increasing interest as a potential target for treating substance use disorder. OX transmission in the posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (pPVT), an area activated by highly salient stimuli that are both reinforcing and aversive, mediates cue- and stress-induced reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior. Oral administration of suvorexant (SUV), a dual OX receptor (OXR) antagonist (DORA), selectively reduced conditioned reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior and stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior in dependent rats. AIMS This study tested whether OXR blockade in the pPVT with SUV reduces oxycodone or sweetened condensed milk (SCM) seeking elicited by conditioned cues or stress. METHODS Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg, i.v., 8 h/day) or SCM (0.1 ml, 2:1 dilution [v/v], 30 min/day). After extinction, we tested the ability of intra-pPVT SUV (15 µg/0.5 µl) to prevent reinstatement of oxycodone or SCM seeking elicited by conditioned cues or footshock stress. RESULTS The rats acquired oxycodone and SCM self-administration, and oxycodone intake correlated with signs of physical opioid withdrawal, confirming dependence. Following extinction, the presentation of conditioned cues or footshock elicited reinstatement of oxycodone- and SCM-seeking behavior. Intra-pPVT SUV blocked stress-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking but not conditioned reinstatement of oxycodone or SCM seeking or stress-induced reinstatement of SCM seeking. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that OXR signaling in the pPVT is critical for stress-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, further corroborating OXRs as treatment targets for opioid use disorder.
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Luján MÁ, Young-Morrison R, Aroni S, Katona I, Melis M, Cheer J. Dynamic Overrepresentation of Accumbal Cues in Food- and Opioid-Seeking Rats after Prenatal THC Exposure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592839. [PMID: 38766015 PMCID: PMC11100737 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of cannabis use during pregnancy has raised significant medical concerns, primarily related to the presence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which readily crosses the placenta and impacts fetal brain development. Previous research has identified midbrain dopaminergic neuronal alterations related to maternal THC consumption. However, the enduring consequences that prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) has on striatum-based processing during voluntary reward pursuit have not been specifically determined. Here, we characterize PCE rats during food (palatable pellets) or opioid (remifentanyl)-maintained reward seeking. We find that the supra motivational phenotype of PCE rats is independent of value-based processing and is instead related to augmented reinforcing efficiency of opioid rewards. Our findings reveal that in utero THC exposure leads to increased cue-evoked dopamine release responses and an overrepresentation of cue-aligned, effort-driven striatal patterns of encoding. Recapitulating findings in humans, drug-related neurobiological adaptations of PCE were more pronounced in males, who similarly showed increased vulnerability for relapse. Collectively, these findings indicate that prenatal THC exposure in male rats engenders a pronounced neurodevelopmental susceptibility to addiction-like disorders later in life.
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Quave CB, Vasquez AM, Aquino-Miranda G, Bora EP, Chidomere CL, Zhang XO, Engelke DS, Do-Monte FH. Neural signatures of opioid-induced risk-taking behavior in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578828. [PMID: 38370807 PMCID: PMC10871263 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder occurs alongside impaired risk-related decision-making, but the underlying neural correlates are unclear. We developed a novel approach-avoidance conflict model using a modified conditioned place preference paradigm to study neural signals of risky opioid seeking in the prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in executive decision making. Upon establishment of morphine conditioned place preference, rats underwent a subsequent conflict test in which fear-inducing cat odor was introduced in the previously drug-paired side of the apparatus. While the saline control group avoided the cat odor side, the morphine group maintained preference for the paired side despite the presence of cat odor. K-means clustering identified two subsets of morphine-treated rats that exhibited either persistent drug seeking (Risk-Takers) or increased avoidance (Risk-Avoiders) during conflict. Single-unit recordings from the prelimbic cortex (PL) revealed decreased neuronal firing rates upon acute morphine exposure in both Risk-Takers and Risk-Avoiders, but this firing rate suppression was absent after repeated administration. Risk-Avoiders also displayed distinct post-morphine excitation in PL which persisted across conditioning. During the preference test, subpopulations of PL neurons in all groups were either excited or inhibited when rats entered the paired side. Interestingly, while this inhibitory signal was lost during the subsequent conflict test in both saline and Risk-Avoider groups, these inhibitory responses persisted in Risk-Takers. Our results suggest that loss of PL inhibition after opioid conditioning is associated with the formation of contextual reward memory. Furthermore, persistent PL inhibitory signaling in the drug-associated context during conflict may underlie increased risk taking following opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cana B. Quave
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andres M. Vasquez
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Guillermo Aquino-Miranda
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esha P. Bora
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chinenye L. Chidomere
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xu O. Zhang
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Douglas S. Engelke
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabricio H. Do-Monte
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Illenberger JM, Flores-Ramirez FJ, Pascasio G, Matzeu A, Martin-Fardon R. Daily treatment with the dual orexin receptor antagonist DORA-12 during oxycodone abstinence decreases oxycodone conditioned reinstatement. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109685. [PMID: 37579870 PMCID: PMC10529002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic opioid use disturbs circadian rhythm and sleep, encouraging opioid use and relapse. The orexin (OX) system is recruited by opioids and regulates physiological processes including sleep. Dual OX receptor antagonists (DORAs), developed for insomnia treatment, may relieve withdrawal-associated sleep disturbances. This study investigated whether DORA-12, a recently developed DORA, reduces physiological activity disturbances during oxycodone abstinence and consequently prevents oxycodone-seeking behavior. Male and female Wistar rats were trained to intravenously self-administer oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg, 21 sessions; 8 h/session) in the presence of a contextual/discriminative stimulus (SD). The rats were subsequently housed individually (22 h/day) to monitor activity, food and water intake. They received DORA-12 (0-30 mg/kg, p.o.) after undergoing daily 1-h extinction training (14 days). After extinction, the rats were tested for oxycodone-seeking behavior elicited by the SD. Hypothalamus sections were processed to assess oxycodone- or DORA-12-associated changes to the OX cell number. In males, oxycodone-associated increases in activity during the light-phase, reinstatement, and decreases in the number of OX cells observed in the vehicle-treated group were not observed with DORA-12-treatment. Oxycodone-associated increases in light-phase food and water intake were not observed by day 14 of 3 mg/kg DORA-12-treatment and dark-phase water intake was increased across treatment days. In females, OX cell number was unaffected by oxycodone or DORA-12. Three and 30 mg/kg DORA-12 increased females' day 7 dark-phase activity and decreased reinstatement. Thirty mg/kg DORA-12 reduced oxycodone-associated increases in light-phase food and water intake. The results suggest that DORA-12 improves oxycodone-induced disruptions to physiological activities and reduces relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Illenberger
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | | | - Glenn Pascasio
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessandra Matzeu
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rémi Martin-Fardon
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Cristino L, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. Targeting the orexin/hypocretin system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: from animal to clinical studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101066. [PMID: 37015302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two different G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has gained the interest of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of different pathological conditions. Considering previous basic science research, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant, was the first orexin agent to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat insomnia. In this review, we discuss and update the main preclinical and human studies involving the orexin system with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This system constitutes a nice example of how basic scientific research driven by curiosity can be the best route to the generation of new and powerful pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Nazari-Serenjeh F, Azizbeigi R, Rashvand M, Mesgar S, Amirteymori H, Haghparast A. Distinct roles for orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the methamphetamine-seeking behavior in the rats. Life Sci 2023; 312:121262. [PMID: 36470538 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of the relapsing properties of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (Meth), there is no established pharmacotherapy for Meth addiction. The orexinergic system is a promising target for treating psychostimulant use disorders and relapse. However, to the best of our knowledge, no investigation regarding the role of orexin receptors in the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus has been conducted in the extinction and reinstatement of Meth-seeking behavior. Two stainless-steel guide cannulae were bilaterally implanted into the DG of the rats' brains. The unbiased conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure was conducted to induce Meth conditioning. Following the five days Meth injections (1 mg/kg; sc), animals received intra-DG microinjection of SB334867 or TCS OX2 29, as orexin 1 (OX1) or orexin 2 (OX2) receptor antagonists, respectively (without Meth administration) during extinction phase to elucidate the role of orexin receptors in the latency of the extinction period in the Meth-conditioned rats. To evaluate the role of orexin receptors in the DG region in the reinstatement of Meth-seeking behavior, the extinguished rats received SB334867 or TCS OX2 29 before injecting a priming dose of Meth (0.25 mg/kg; sc). The results indicated two distinct roles for the OX1 and OX2 receptors in the DG region. TCS OX2 29 attenuated the extinction latency, and SB334867 considerably reduced the reinstatement of Meth-seeking behavior in this region. Therefore, the DG region's orexinergic system might be a potential therapeutic target for psychostimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronak Azizbeigi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mina Rashvand
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Mesgar
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Amirteymori
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Illenberger JM, Flores-Ramirez FJ, Matzeu A, Mason BJ, Martin-Fardon R. Suvorexant, an FDA-approved dual orexin receptor antagonist, reduces oxycodone self-administration and conditioned reinstatement in male and female rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1127735. [PMID: 37180716 PMCID: PMC10172671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1127735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Department of Health and Human Services reports that prescription pain reliever (e.g., oxycodone) misuse was initiated by 4,400 Americans each day in 2019. Amid the opioid crisis, effective strategies to prevent and treat prescription opioid use disorder (OUD) are pressing. In preclinical models, the orexin system is recruited by drugs of abuse, and blockade of orexin receptors (OX receptors) prevents drug-seeking behavior. The present study sought to determine whether repurposing suvorexant (SUV), a dual OX receptor antagonist marketed for the treatment of insomnia, can treat two features of prescription OUD: exaggerated consumption and relapse. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg, i. v., 8 h/day) in the presence of a contextual/discriminative stimulus (SD) and the ability of SUV (0-20 mg/kg, p. o.) to decrease oxycodone self-administration was tested. After self-administration testing, the rats underwent extinction training, after which we tested the ability of SUV (0 and 20 mg/kg, p. o.) to prevent reinstatement of oxycodone seeking elicited by the SD. Results: The rats acquired oxycodone self-administration and intake was correlated with the signs of physical opioid withdrawal. Additionally, females self-administered approximately twice as much oxycodone as males. Although SUV had no overall effect on oxycodone self-administration, scrutiny of the 8-h time-course revealed that 20 mg/kg SUV decreased oxycodone self-administration during the first hour in males and females. The oxycodone SD elicited strong reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior that was significantly more robust in females. Suvorexant blocked oxycodone seeking in males and reduced it in females. Conclusions: These results support the targeting of OX receptors for the treatment for prescription OUD and repurposing SUV as pharmacotherapy for OUD.
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Giannotti G, Mottarlini F, Heinsbroek JA, Mandel MR, James MH, Peters J. Oxytocin and orexin systems bidirectionally regulate the ability of opioid cues to bias reward seeking. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:432. [PMID: 36195606 PMCID: PMC9532415 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As opioid-related fatalities continue to rise, the need for novel opioid use disorder (OUD) treatments could not be more urgent. Two separate hypothalamic neuropeptide systems have shown promise in preclinical OUD models. The oxytocin system, originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), may protect against OUD severity. By contrast, the orexin system, originating in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), may exacerbate OUD severity. Thus, activating the oxytocin system or inhibiting the orexin system are potential therapeutic strategies. The specific role of these systems with regard to specific OUD outcomes, however, is not fully understood. Here, we probed the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological interventions targeting the orexin or oxytocin system on two distinct metrics of OUD severity in rats-heroin choice (versus choice for natural reward, i.e., food) and cued reward seeking. Using a preclinical model that generates approximately equal choice between heroin and food reward, we examined the impact of exogenously administered oxytocin, an oxytocin receptor antagonist (L-368,899), and a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) on opioid choice. Whereas these agents did not alter heroin choice when rewards (heroin and food) were available, oxytocin and DORA-12 each significantly reduced heroin seeking in the presence of competing reward cues when no rewards were available. In addition, the number of LH orexin neurons and PVN oxytocin neurons correlated with specific behavioral economic variables indicative of heroin versus food motivation. These data identify a novel bidirectional role of the oxytocin and orexin systems in the ability of opioid-related cues to bias reward seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giannotti
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Francesca Mottarlini
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jasper A. Heinsbroek
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Mitchel R. Mandel
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Morgan H. James
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Jamie Peters
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Mathieson E, Irving C, Koberna S, Nicholson M, Otto MW, Kantak KM. Role of preexisting inhibitory control deficits vs. drug use history in mediating insensitivity to aversive consequences in a rat model of polysubstance use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2377-2394. [PMID: 35391547 PMCID: PMC8989405 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The nature and predictors of insensitivity to aversive consequences of heroin + cocaine polysubstance use are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES Translational methods incorporating a tightly controlled animal model of drug self-administration and measures of inhibitory control and avoidance behavior might be helpful for clarifying this issue. METHODS The key approach for distinguishing potential contributions of pre-existing inhibitory control deficits vs. drug use history in meditating insensitivity to aversive consequences was comparison of two rat strains: Wistar (WIS/Crl), an outbred strain, and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR/NCrl), an inbred strain shown previously to exhibit heightened cocaine and heroin self-administration and poor inhibitory control relative to WIS/Crl. RESULTS In separate tasks, SHR/NCrl displayed greater impulsive action and compulsive-like behavior than WIS/Crl prior to drug exposure. Under two different schedules of drug delivery, SHR/NCrl self-administered more cocaine than WIS/Crl, but self-administered a similar amount of heroin + cocaine as WIS/Crl. When half the session cycles were punished by random foot shock, SHR/NCrl initially were less sensitive to punishment than WIS/Crl when self-administering cocaine, but were similarly insensitive to punishment when self-administering heroin + cocaine. Based on correlation analyses, only trait impulsivity predicted avoidance capacity in rats self-administering cocaine and receiving yoked-saline. In contrast, only amount of drug use predicted avoidance capacity in rats self-administering heroin + cocaine. Additionally, baseline drug seeking and taking predicted punishment insensitivity in rats self-administering cocaine or heroin + cocaine. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings revealed in this animal model, human laboratory research concerning the nature and predictors of insensitivity to aversive consequences in heroin and cocaine polysubstance vs. monosubstance users is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elon Mathieson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Carolyn Irving
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sarah Koberna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Megan Nicholson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael W Otto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hormonal milieu drives economic demand for cocaine in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1484-1492. [PMID: 35338254 PMCID: PMC9205886 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There are substantial sex differences in drug abuse, and a key feature of cocaine addiction is pathologically high motivation for drug. We investigated the role of ovarian hormones on cocaine demand in female rats using a within-session threshold behavioral economics (BE) procedure, which allows us to compare motivation for drug across hormonal states and sex while controlling for differences in dose and intake. This approach quantifies demand elasticity (α) and free consumption (Q0, consumption at null effort) to determine motivation for cocaine. Overall, female rats showed greater motivation for cocaine compared to males. However, this difference was cycle phase-dependent - motivation for cocaine when females were in proestrus was lower compared to the same animals across cycle phases, and overall similar to that of males. Hormonal cycle phase accounted for 70% of the within-subject variance in demand elasticity, obscuring other individual differences in female demand. High serum progesterone (P4; e.g., in proestrus) predicted decreased cocaine motivation (high demand elasticity), whereas serum estradiol (E2) correlated to greater intake at null effort (Q0). However, individual differences were revealed across OVX females, who displayed a range of demand elasticity, as seen in males. E2 replacement in OVX females increased motivation for cocaine, whereas P4 replacement decreased motivation. We also found that as few as 4 weeks of cocaine self-administration accelerated estropause in female rats as young as 12 weeks old. By 13 weeks of self-administration, proestrus epochs were no longer observed, and cocaine demand was potentiated by persistent estrus in all females. Thus, P4 signaling is a key modulator of cocaine demand in females that may underlie previously observed sex differences in addiction phenotypes.
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11
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Levis SC, Birnie MT, Bolton JL, Perrone CR, Montesinos JS, Baram TZ, Mahler SV. Enduring disruption of reward and stress circuit activities by early-life adversity in male rats. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:251. [PMID: 35705547 PMCID: PMC9200783 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, early-life adversity (ELA) such as trauma, poverty, and chaotic environment is linked to increased risk of later-life emotional disorders including depression and substance abuse. These disorders involve underlying disruption of reward circuits and likely vary by sex. Accordingly, we previously found that ELA leads to anhedonia for natural rewards and cocaine in male rodents, whereas in females ELA instead increases vulnerability to addiction-like use of opioid drugs and palatable food. While these findings suggest that ELA-induced disruption of reward circuitry may differ between the sexes, the specific circuit nodes that are influenced by ELA in either sex remain poorly understood. Here, in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, we ask how ELA impacts opioid addiction-relevant behaviors that we previously tested after ELA in females. We probe potential circuit mechanisms in males by assessing opioid-associated neuronal activation in stress and reward circuit nodes including nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and paraventricular thalamus. We find that ELA diminishes opioid-seeking behaviors in males, and alters heroin-induced activation of NAc, PFC, and amygdala, suggesting a potential circuit-based mechanism. These studies demonstrate that ELA leads to behavioral and neurobiological disruptions consistent with anhedonia in male rodents, unlike the increased opioid seeking we previously saw in females. Our findings, taken together with our prior work, suggest that men and women could face qualitatively different mental health consequences of ELA, which may be essential for individually tailoring future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Levis
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew T Birnie
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina R Perrone
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Johanna S Montesinos
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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12
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Chang SE, Krueger LD, Flagel SB. Investigating individual differences in opioid-taking and opioid-seeking behavior in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1065-1080. [PMID: 34981179 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the behavioral and neurobiological factors that render some individuals more susceptible than others to opioid addiction will be critical in combatting the opioid crisis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to determine if behavioral traits associated with an increased likelihood to take and seek cocaine are the same traits that render one more susceptible to opioid-taking and opioid-seeking behavior. Individual differences in the acquisition of remifentanil self-administration and subsequent cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil-seeking behavior were investigated using two animal models: the high-responder (HR)/low-responder (LR) and sign-tracker (ST)/goal-tracker (GT) models. Relative to LR rats, HR rats show increased novelty-induced locomotion or "sensation-seeking" behavior, and are more likely to acquire cocaine-taking behavior and do so at a faster rate. Relative to GT rats, ST rats attribute greater incentive motivational value to reward cues and are more likely to exhibit reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. RESULTS In contrast to previous work using cocaine, we did not observe individual differences with respect to the acquisition of remifentanil self-administration- or cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil-seeking behavior within the context of either the HR/LR or ST/GT model. Thus, neither the sensation-seeking trait nor the propensity to attribute incentive motivational value to reward cues predicts remifentanil-taking or remifentanil-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that different traits may confer the initiation of opioid- vs. cocaine-taking behavior, and the propensity to relapse to opioid- vs. cocaine-seeking. Additional studies are needed to identify which neurobehavioral constructs confer liability to opioid use and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Chang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren D Krueger
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Office of Comparative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shelly B Flagel
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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13
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Changes of Entropy Index and Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism in the Maintenance of Remifentanil Anesthesia and Their Predictive Value for Postoperative Hyperalgesia. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1080858. [PMID: 35309843 PMCID: PMC8933107 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1080858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the changes of entropy index and cerebral oxygen metabolism in the maintenance of remifentanil anesthesia and the predictive value of postoperative hyperalgesia. Methods A total of 266 patients undergoing general anesthesia in our hospital from January 2020 to October 2021 were selected, and remifentanil was used to maintain anesthesia. The state entropy, reaction entropy, and cerebral oxygen metabolism indexes (cerebral oxygen uptake rate (CERO2), arterial-venous blood oxygen difference (Da-jvO2)) of patients before induction of anesthesia, 15 minutes during the operation, and at the end of the operation were compared. The influencing factors of postoperative hyperalgesia were analyzed. The logistic regression model of postoperative hyperalgesia was established, and the value of entropy index and cerebral oxygen metabolism in predicting postoperative hyperalgesia was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results The state entropy, response entropy, and CERO2 at 30 min during the operation and at the end of the operation were lower than those before the induction of anesthesia, and Da-jvO2 was higher than that before the induction of anesthesia (P < 0.001). At the end of the operation, the state entropy, reaction entropy, and CERO2 were higher than 30 minutes during the operation, and Da-jvO2 was lower than 30 minutes during the operation (P < 0.001). The dosage of remifentanil, reaction entropy, and CERO2 at the end of the operation entered the logistic model. The AUC value of the reaction entropy and CERO2 combined to predict postoperative hyperalgesia at the end of the operation was 0.851 greater than the reaction entropy at the end of the operation (χ2 = 3.847, P = 0.036), CERO2 (χ2 = 2.589, P = 0.010) single index predictive value. Conclusion The entropy index and cerebral oxygen metabolism in general anesthesia patients change with the progress and discontinuation of remifentanil maintenance anesthesia, and the combination of the two has a high predictive power in postoperative hyperalgesia risk assessment. When the reaction entropy > 54.23, CERO2 > 34.14%, or the total dosage of remifentanil ≥ 30 μg/kg at the end of the operation, we should be highly vigilant of the occurrence of postoperative hyperalgesia and postoperative analgesia management should be strengthened.
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14
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Pantazis CB, James MH, O’Connor S, Shin N, Aston-Jones G. Orexin-1 receptor signaling in ventral tegmental area mediates cue-driven demand for cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:741-751. [PMID: 34635803 PMCID: PMC8782853 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-associated sensory cues increase motivation for drug and the orexin system is importantly involved in this stimulus-enhanced motivation. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a major target by which orexin signaling modulates reward behaviors, but it is unknown whether this circuit is necessary for cue-driven motivation for cocaine. Here, we investigated the role of VTA orexin signaling in cue-driven motivation for cocaine using a behavioral economics (BE) paradigm. We found that infusion of the orexin-1 receptor (Ox1R) antagonist SB-334867 (SB) into VTA prior to BE testing reduced motivation when animals were trained to self-administer cocaine with discrete cues and tested on BE with those cues. SB had no effect when animals were trained to self-administer cocaine without cues or tested on BE without cues, indicating that learning to associate cues with drug delivery during self-administration training was necessary for cues to recruit orexin signaling in VTA. These effects were specific to VTA, as injections of SB immediately dorsal had no effect. Moreover, intra-VTA SB did not have an impact on locomotor activity, or low- or high-effort consumption of sucrose. Finally, we microinjected a novel retrograde adeno-associated virus (AAVretro) containing an orexin-specific short hairpin RNA (OxshRNA) into VTA to knock down orexin in the hypothalamus-VTA circuit. These injections significantly reduced orexin expression in lateral hypothalamus (LH) and decreased cue-driven motivation. These studies demonstrate a role for orexin signaling in VTA, specifically when cues predict drug reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Pantazis
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Morgan H. James
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ USA ,grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Unviversity, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Shayna O’Connor
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Noah Shin
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ USA ,grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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15
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Matzeu A, Martin-Fardon R. Understanding the Role of Orexin Neuropeptides in Drug Addiction: Preclinical Studies and Translational Value. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:787595. [PMID: 35126069 PMCID: PMC8811192 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.787595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides that participate in the regulation of energy metabolism, homeostasis, sleep, feeding, stress responses, arousal, and reward. Particularly relevant to the scope of the present review is the involvement of the orexin system in brain mechanisms that regulate motivation, especially highly motivated behavior, arousal, and stress, making it an ideal target for studying addiction and discovering treatments. Drug abuse and misuse are thought to induce maladaptive changes in the orexin system, and these changes might promote and maintain uncontrolled drug intake and contribute to relapse. Dysfunctional changes in this neuropeptidergic system that are caused by drug use might also be responsible for alterations of feeding behavior and the sleep-wake cycle that are commonly disrupted in subjects with substance use disorder. Drug addiction has often been associated with an increase in activity of the orexin system, suggesting that orexin receptor antagonists may be a promising pharmacological treatment for substance use disorder. Substantial evidence has shown that single orexin receptor antagonists that are specific to either orexin receptor 1 or 2 can be beneficial against drug intake and relapse. Interest in the efficacy of dual orexin receptor antagonists, which were primarily developed to treat insomnia, has grown in the field of drug addiction. Treatments that target the orexin system may be a promising strategy to reduce drug intake, mitigate relapse vulnerability, and restore “normal” physiological functions, including feeding and sleep. The present review discusses preclinical and clinical evidence of the involvement of orexins in drug addiction and possible beneficial pharmacotherapeutic effects of orexin receptor antagonists to treat substance use disorder.
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16
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Brown RM, Dayas C, James M, Smith RJ. New directions in modelling dysregulated reward seeking for food and drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:1037-1048. [PMID: 34736883 PMCID: PMC8816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral models are central to behavioral neuroscience. To study the neural mechanisms of maladaptive behaviors (including binge eating and drug addiction), it is essential to develop and utilize appropriate animal models that specifically focus on dysregulated reward seeking. Both food and cocaine are typically consumed in a regulated manner by rodents, motivated by reward and homeostatic mechanisms. However, both food and cocaine seeking can become dysregulated, resulting in binge-like consumption and compulsive patterns of intake. The speakers in this symposium for the 2021 International Behavioral Neuroscience Meeting utilize behavioral models of dysregulated reward-seeking to investigate the neural mechanisms of binge-like consumption, enhanced cue-driven reward seeking, excessive motivation, and continued use despite negative consequences. In this review, we outline examples of maladaptive patterns of intake and explore recent animal models that drive behavior to become dysregulated, including stress exposure and intermittent access to rewards. Lastly, we explore select behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated reward-seeking for both food and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3052, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3052, Australia.,Correspondence: Morgan James, Department of Psychiatry, 683 Hoes Ln West, Office 164, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 USA, Ph: +1 732 235 4767, , Robyn M Brown, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical Building (B181), Level 8, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010 Australia, Ph: +61401007008,
| | - Christopher Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,Correspondence: Morgan James, Department of Psychiatry, 683 Hoes Ln West, Office 164, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 USA, Ph: +1 732 235 4767, , Robyn M Brown, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical Building (B181), Level 8, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010 Australia, Ph: +61401007008,
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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17
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On the early life origins of vulnerability to opioid addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4409-4416. [PMID: 31822817 PMCID: PMC7282971 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The origins and neural bases of the current opioid addiction epidemic are unclear. Genetics plays a major role in addiction vulnerability, but cannot account for the recent exponential rise in opioid abuse, so environmental factors must contribute. Individuals with history of early life adversity (ELA) are disproportionately prone to opioid addiction, yet whether ELA interacts with factors such as increased access to opioids to directly influence brain development and function, and cause opioid addiction vulnerability, is unknown. We simulated ELA in female rats and this led to a striking opioid addiction-like phenotype. This was characterized by resistance to extinction, increased relapse-like behavior, and, as in addicted humans, major increases in opioid economic demand. By contrast, seeking of a less salient natural reward was unaffected by ELA, whereas demand for highly palatable treats was augmented. These discoveries provide novel insights into the origins and nature of reward circuit malfunction that may set the stage for addiction.
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18
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Zlebnik NE, Holtz NA, Lepak VC, Saykao AT, Zhang Y, Carroll ME. Age-specific treatment effects of orexin/hypocretin-receptor antagonism on methamphetamine-seeking behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 224:108719. [PMID: 33940327 PMCID: PMC8180489 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide methamphetamine (METH) use has increased significantly over the last 10 years, and in the US, METH dependence has sky-rocketed among individuals with opioid use disorder. Of significant concern, METH use is gaining popularity among groups with susceptibility to developing severe substance use disorders, such as women and adolescents. Nevertheless, there is no established pharmacotherapy for METH addiction. Emerging evidence has identified the orexin/hypocretin system as an important modulator of reward-driven behavior and a potential target for the treatment of drug addiction and relapse. However, to date, there have been no investigations into the therapeutic efficacy of orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonists for METH-motivated behavior in adolescents or adults. In the present study, we examined the effects of selective antagonists of the orexin-1 (SB-334867, 20 mg/kg) and orexin-2 (TCS-OX2-29, 20 mg/kg) receptors on the reinstatement of METH seeking in both adolescent and adult male and female rats. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer METH (0.05 mg/kg/inf, iv) during two 2-h sessions/day for 5 days. Following 20 sessions of extinction over 10 days, a within-subjects design was used to test for METH seeking precipitated by METH (1 mg/kg, ip) or METH cues after systemic pretreatment with SB-334867 or TCS-OX2-29. RESULTS SB-334867 reduced cue-induced reinstatement in males and females, regardless of age. Additionally, METH-induced METH seeking was attenuated by SB-334867 in adolescents and by TCS-OX2-29 in adults. CONCLUSION Selective orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonists have significant therapeutic potential for diminishing METH-seeking behavior, although their treatment efficacy may be influenced by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Zlebnik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Present address: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Natalie E. Zlebnik, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, , Tel: +1-410-706-2440
| | - Nathan A. Holtz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Present address: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Victoria C. Lepak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy T. Saykao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marilyn E. Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Douton JE, Augusto C, Stoltzfus B, Carkaci-Salli N, Vrana KE, Grigson PS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, reduces reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:265-277. [PMID: 33229892 PMCID: PMC8119287 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) causes the death of nearly 130 Americans daily. It is evident that new avenues for treatment are needed. To this end, studies have reported that 'satiety' agents such as the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, exendin-4 (Ex-4), decreases responding for addictive drugs such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and oxycodone, but no work has been done with heroin. In this study, we used a reward devaluation model in which rats avoid ingesting a saccharin solution that predicts drug availability to test the effects of 2.4 μg/kg Ex-4 on responding for a natural reward cue (i.e., saccharin) and on cue- and drug-induced heroin seeking. The results showed that treatment with Ex-4 during the 16-day abstinence period and on the test day decreased cue-induced heroin seeking. Drug-induced heroin seeking also was reduced by Ex-4, but only when using a 1 h, but not a 6 h, pretreatment time. Treatment with Ex-4 did not alter intake of the saccharin cue when the drug was on board, but a history of treatment with Ex-4 increased acceptance of the saccharin cue in later extinction trials. Finally, treatment with Ex-4 did not alter body weight, but was associated with increased Orexin 1 receptor (OX1) mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens shell. Taken together, these findings are the first to show that treatment with a GLP-1R agonist can reduce both cue-induced seeking and drug-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. As such, a GLP-1R agonist may serve as an effective treatment for OUD in humans.
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20
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Fragale JE, James MH, Avila JA, Spaeth AM, Aurora RN, Langleben D, Aston-Jones G. The Insomnia-Addiction Positive Feedback Loop: Role of the Orexin System. FRONTIERS OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 45:117-127. [PMID: 34052815 PMCID: PMC8324012 DOI: 10.1159/000514965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant sleep impairments often accompany substance use disorders (SUDs). Sleep disturbances in SUD patients are associated with poor clinical outcomes and treatment adherence, emphasizing the importance of normalizing sleep when treating SUDs. Orexins (hypocretins) are neuropeptides exclusively produced by neurons in the posterior hypothalamus that regulate various behavioral and physiological processes, including sleep-wakefulness and motivated drug taking. Given its dual role in sleep and addiction, the orexin system represents a promising therapeutic target for treating SUDs and their comorbid sleep deficits. Here, we review the literature on the role of the orexin system in sleep and drug addiction and discuss the therapeutic potential of orexin receptor antagonists for SUDs. We argue that orexin receptor antagonists may be effective therapeutics for treating addiction because they target orexin's regulation of sleep (top-down) and motivation (bottom-up) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Fragale
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jorge A Avila
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea M Spaeth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - R Nisha Aurora
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Langleben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Fragale JE, James MH, Aston‐Jones G. Intermittent self-administration of fentanyl induces a multifaceted addiction state associated with persistent changes in the orexin system. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12946. [PMID: 32798290 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (hypocretin) system plays a critical role in motivated drug taking. Cocaine self-administration with the intermittent access (IntA) procedure produces a robust addiction-like state that is orexin-dependent. Here, we sought to determine the role of the orexin system in opioid addiction using IntA self-administration of fentanyl. Different groups of male rats were either given continuous access in 1-h period (short access [ShA]), 6-h period (long access [LgA]), or IntA (5 min of access separated by 25 min of no access for 6 h) to fentanyl for 14 days. IntA produced a greater escalation of fentanyl intake, increased motivation for fentanyl on a behavioral economics task, persistent drug seeking during abstinence, and stronger cue-induced reinstatement compared with rats given ShA or LgA. We found that addiction behaviors induced by IntA to fentanyl were reversed by the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867. IntA to fentanyl was also associated with a persistent increase in the number of orexin neurons. Together, these results indicate that the IntA model is a useful tool in the study of opioid addiction and that the orexin system is critical for the maintenance of addiction behaviors induced by IntA self-administration of fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Fragale
- Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Piscataway New Jersey USA
| | - Morgan H. James
- Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Piscataway New Jersey USA
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Gary Aston‐Jones
- Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Piscataway New Jersey USA
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22
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Drug addiction co-morbidity with alcohol: Neurobiological insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 157:409-472. [PMID: 33648675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder that consists of a three-stage cycle of binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages involve, respectively, neuroadaptations in brain circuits involved in incentive salience and habit formation, stress surfeit and reward deficit, and executive function. Much research on addiction focuses on the neurobiology underlying single drug use. However, alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be co-morbid with substance use disorder (SUD), called dual dependence. The limited epidemiological data on dual dependence indicates that there is a large population of individuals suffering from addiction who are dependent on more than one drug and/or alcohol, yet dual dependence remains understudied in addiction research. Here, we review neurobiological data on neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that are known to contribute to addiction pathology and how the involvement of these systems is consistent or divergent across drug classes. In particular, we highlight the dopamine, opioid, corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, hypocretin/orexin, glucocorticoid, neuroimmune signaling, endocannabinoid, glutamate, and GABA systems. We also discuss the limited research on these systems in dual dependence. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the use of multiple drugs can produce neuroadaptations that are distinct from single drug use. Further investigation into the neurobiology of dual dependence is necessary to develop effective treatments for addiction to multiple drugs.
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23
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Powell GL, Namba MD, Vannan A, Bonadonna JP, Carlson A, Mendoza R, Chen PJ, Luetdke RR, Blass BE, Neisewander JL. The Long-Acting D3 Partial Agonist MC-25-41 Attenuates Motivation for Cocaine in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071076. [PMID: 32708461 PMCID: PMC7408535 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is a prime target for developing treatments for cocaine use disorders (CUDs). In this study, we conducted a pre-clinical investigation of the therapeutic potential of a long-acting, D3 receptor partial agonist, MC-25-41. Male rats were pre-treated with MC-25-41 (vehicle, 1.0, 3.0, 5.6, or 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)) five minutes prior to tests of cocaine or sucrose intake on either a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement or a variable interval 60 s multiple schedule consisting of 4, 15-min components with sucrose or cocaine available in alternating components. A separate cohort of rats was tested on a within-session, dose-reduction procedure to determine the effects of MC-25-41 on demand for cocaine using a behavioral economics analysis. Finally, rats were tested for effects of MC-25-41 on spontaneous and cocaine-induced locomotion. MC-25-41 failed to alter locomotion, but reduced reinforcement rates for both cocaine and sucrose on the low-effort, multiple schedule. However, on the higher-effort, progressive ratio schedule of cocaine reinforcement, MC-25-41 reduced infusions, and active lever presses at doses that did not alter sucrose intake. The behavioral economics analysis showed that MC-25-41 also increased cocaine demand elasticity compared to vehicle, indicating a reduction in consumption as price increases. Together, these results suggest that similar to other D3-selective antagonists and partial agonists, MC-25-41 reduces motivation for cocaine under conditions of high cost but has the added advantage of a long half-life (>10 h). These findings suggest that MC-25-41 may be a suitable pre-clinical lead compound for development of medications to treat CUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Powell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Mark D. Namba
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Annika Vannan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - John Paul Bonadonna
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrew Carlson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Rachel Mendoza
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.-J.C.); (B.E.B.)
| | - Robert R. Luetdke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Benjamin E. Blass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (P.-J.C.); (B.E.B.)
| | - Janet L. Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; (G.L.P.); (M.D.N.); (A.V.); (J.P.B.); (A.C.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Freeman LR, Bentzley BS, James MH, Aston-Jones G. Sex Differences in Demand for Highly Palatable Foods: Role of the Orexin System. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:54-63. [PMID: 32496559 PMCID: PMC7816693 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of eating disorders, including binge eating disorder, is significantly higher in women. These findings are mirrored by preclinical studies, which indicate that female rats have a higher preference for palatable food and show greater binge-like eating compared with male rats. METHODS Here, we describe a novel within-session behavioral-economic paradigm that allows for the simultaneous measurement of the intake at null cost (Q0) and normalized demand elasticity (α) of 3 types of palatable food (low fat, high fat, and chocolate sucrose pellets) via demand curve analysis. In light of evidence that the orexin (hypocretin) system is critically involved in reward and feeding behaviors, we also examined the role of orexin function in sex differences of economic demand for palatable foods. RESULTS The novel within-session behavioral-economic approach revealed that female rats have higher intake (demand) than males for all palatable foods at low cost (normalized to body weight) but no difference in intake at higher prices, indicating sex-dependent differences in the hedonic, but not motivational, aspects of palatable food. Immediately following behavioral-economic testing, we observed more orexin-expressing neurons and Fos expression (measure of recent neural activation) in these neurons in female rats compared with male rats. Moreover, the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB334867 reduced both low- and high-cost intake for palatable food in both male and female rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of higher demand at low prices for palatable food in females and indicate that these behavioral differences may be associated with sexual dimorphism in orexin system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea R Freeman
- Department of Biology, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Brandon S Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey,Correspondence: Gary Aston-Jones, PhD, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854 ()
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Targeting the Orexin System for Prescription Opioid Use Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040226. [PMID: 32290110 PMCID: PMC7225970 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prescription opioids are potent analgesics that are used for clinical pain management. However, the nonmedical use of these medications has emerged as a major concern because of dramatic increases in abuse and overdose. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent prescription opioid use disorder are urgently needed. The orexin system has been implicated in the regulation of motivation, arousal, and stress, making this system a promising target for the treatment of substance use disorder. This review discusses recent preclinical studies that suggest that orexin receptor blockade could be beneficial for the treatment of prescription opioid use disorder.
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Han Y, Yuan K, Zheng Y, Lu L. Orexin Receptor Antagonists as Emerging Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:432-448. [PMID: 31782044 PMCID: PMC7142186 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins comprise two neuropeptides produced by orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and are released by extensive projections of these neurons throughout the central nervous system. Orexins bind and activate their associated G protein-coupled orexin type 1 receptors (OX1Rs) and OX2Rs and act on numerous physiological processes, such as sleep-wake regulation, feeding, reward, emotion, and motivation. Research on the development of orexin receptor antagonists has dramatically increased with the approval of suvorexant for the treatment of primary insomnia. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the involvement of the orexin system in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, and drug addiction. We discuss the actions of orexin receptor antagonists, including selective OX1R antagonists (SORA1s), selective OX2R antagonists (SORA2s), and dual OX1/2R antagonists (DORAs), in the treatment of these disorders based on both preclinical and clinical evidence. SORA2s and DORAs have more pronounced efficacy in the treatment of sleep disorders, whereas SORA1s may be promising for the treatment of anxiety and drug addiction. We also discuss potential challenges and opportunities for the application of orexin receptor antagonists to clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- National Institute of Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongbo Zheng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute of Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Mohammadkhani A, James MH, Pantazis CB, Aston-Jones G. Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on motivation for the fast acting opioid remifentanil. Brain Res 2020; 1731:146461. [PMID: 31526801 PMCID: PMC7069781 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (hypocretin) system is multifaceted, and regulates sleep-wake cycles, nociception, endocrine function and reward-seeking behavior. We have established an important role for this system in motivation for drugs of abuse. The orexin-1 receptor (Ox1R) antagonist SB334867 (SB) reduces seeking of drug reward under conditions of high motivation. There is some evidence that the effects of systemic SB on reward seeking persist beyond the pharmacological availability of the drug, however the time course of these effects is not well characterized, nor is it known whether similar persistent effects are observed following intraparenchymal injections. Here, we used a behavioral economics paradigm, which allows for repeated testing of drug motivation across consecutive days, to examine the persistent effects of acute systemic and local treatment with SB on motivation for the short-acting μ-opioid receptor agonistremifentanil. Systemic injections of SB immediately prior to behavioral testing reduced motivation for remifentanil; this effect was sustained on a subsequent test at 24 h, but not on a third test at 48 h. When injected into ventral pallidum (VP) the effects of SB were more persistent, with reduced motivation observed for up to 48 h. We next made SB injections into VP 24 h prior to behavioral testing; this produced effects that persisted for at least 72 h post-treatment. Cued reinstatement of extinguished remifentanil seeking was also attenuated by pretreatment with SB 24 h earlier. These data indicate that the effects of SB on opioid seeking behavior persist beyond the bioavailability of the compound. These observations have important ramifications for the future clinical use of orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mohammadkhani
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), PO Box 1954851167, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline B Pantazis
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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28
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Recent perspectives on orexin/hypocretin promotion of addiction-related behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108013. [PMID: 32092435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin plays a broad and important role in physiological functions ranging from addiction, stress, and anxiety to sleep, energy metabolism, and homeostatic regulation. A number of recent reviews addressing the importance of orexin for different addictive behaviors, especially the contribution of orexin-1-receptors (Ox1Rs) in responding for intoxicants in higher-motivation individuals and situations, and orexin-2-receptor (Ox2Rs) in stress-related aspects of addictive responding. This may parallel the importance of more lateral orexin neurons in the hypothalamus for reward and more medial for stress and arousal. However, there is clearly also some crossover, which may reflect, in part, where positive and negative conditioning (reward- and relief-seeking) are both present concurrently in established addiction, and also where orexin signaling can differ in subregions of a particular brain region. Here, we attempt to examine and synthesize some of the most recent work addressing orexin functions in addiction, including a particular role for Ox1Rs for driving responding in higher-motivation individuals and under higher levels of effort. While there are some commonalities across addictive substances addressed here (alcohol, cocaine, opiates), there are also some differences, which may relate to several factors including the speed of intoxication with a given substance. Together, recent findings have shed important insight and clues into what a more unified role of Ox1Rs might entail, and critical areas for future work. In addition, these many studies support the development of Ox1R blockers for use in humans to counteract addiction and other disorders of motivation. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Abstract
This paper is the fortieth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2017 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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30
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Hammerslag LR, Hofford RS, Kang Q, Kryscio RJ, Beckmann JS, Bardo MT. Changes in fentanyl demand following naltrexone, morphine, and buprenorphine in male rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 207:107804. [PMID: 31862556 PMCID: PMC6981050 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) exhibit high levels of economic demand for opioids, with high levels of consumption and relative insensitivity to changes in price. Because the medications used to treat OUD in medication-assisted therapy (MAT) act as antagonists or agonists at μ opioid receptors, they may alter the relationship between price and opioid intake. METHODS This study examined demand for a commonly abused synthetic prescription opioid, fentanyl, in male rats following s.c. pre-treatment with naltrexone (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), morphine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) or buprenorphine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg). We normalized demand curves to intake at the lowest price and estimated effects on elasticity (sensitivity to changes in price). Rats were first trained to earn fentanyl (5 μg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio schedule, then they underwent daily training under a threshold procedure designed to produce within-session demand curve estimates. Rats received 14 threshold sessions before undergoing a series of tests encompassing each drug, at each dose. RESULTS Elasticity was increased by pretreatment with naltrexone, morphine or buprenorphine. Morphine also decreased initial intake, when the price for fentanyl was lowest. In contrast, initial intake was increased by naltrexone (according to an inverted-U shaped curve). The effects of naltrexone did not persist after the test session, but morphine and buprenorphine continued affecting demand elasticity 24 h or 48 h after the test, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that fentanyl demand is sensitive to blockade or activation of opioid receptors by the drug classes used for MAT in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R. Hammerslag
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hofford
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Qiwen Kang
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Richard J. Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Joshua S. Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Michael T. Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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31
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Job MO, Katz JL. A behavioral economic analysis of the effects of rimcazole on reinforcing effects of cocaine injection and food presentation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3601-3612. [PMID: 31399853 PMCID: PMC6895418 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Rimcazole, a σ-receptor antagonist with affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT), decreases rates of cocaine self-administration at doses lower than those that affect food-reinforced responding. As response rates are multiply determined, behavioral-economic analyses were used to provide measures of the reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine and food after rimcazole treatment. Further, effects of combinations of the DAT inhibitor, methylphenidate, and σ-receptor antagonists (BD1008, BD1063) were compared to those of rimcazole to assess mechanism of rimcazole effects. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press with food reinforcement (one or three 20-mg sucrose pellets) or cocaine injection (0.1 or 0.32 mg/kg) under fixed-ratio (FR) 5-response schedules. Drugs or vehicle were administered (i.p.) 5-min before sessions in which FR value was increased from 5 to 80. Economic demand functions were generated from effects of FR value (price) on intake (consumption), with the parameters of demand, consumption at no cost (Q0) and sensitivity to price (essential value, EV), derived. RESULTS Rimcazole dose-dependently decreased Q0 and EV at both cocaine doses/injection. In contrast, rimcazole had no effect on these parameters at either food amount. Combinations of methylphenidate and the σ-receptor antagonists decreased Q0 at the lower cocaine dose/injection but had no effect on EV; these treatments were ineffective on both economic parameters at the higher cocaine dose/injection and at either food amount. CONCLUSIONS Though the drug combinations only replicated rimcazole's effects incompletely, the present results suggest a specific decrease in the reinforcing effects of cocaine due to dual DAT σ-receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Job
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Orexin-1 Receptor Signaling in Ventral Pallidum Regulates Motivation for the Opioid Remifentanil. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9831-9840. [PMID: 31641055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0255-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling at the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) is important for motivated drug taking. Using a within-session behavioral economics (BE) procedure, we previously found that pharmacologic blockade of the OxR1 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity) for the potent and short-acting opioid remifentanil and reduced low-effort remifentanil consumption. However, the mechanism through which orexin regulates remifentanil demand is currently unknown. Previous work implicated OxR1 signaling within ventral pallidum (VP) as a potential target. VP is densely innervated by orexin fibers and is known to regulate opioid reward. Accordingly, this study sought to determine the role of VP OxR1 signaling in remifentanil demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking in male rats. Intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 (SB) decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity; α) for remifentanil without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort. Baseline α values predicted the degree of cue-induced remifentanil seeking, and microinjection of SB into VP attenuated this behavior without affecting extinction responding. Baseline α values also predicted SB efficacy, such that SB was most effective in attenuating reinstatement behavior in highly motivated rats. Together, these findings support a selective role for VP OxR1 signaling in motivation for the opioid remifentanil. Our findings also highlight the utility of BE in predicting relapse propensity and efficacy of treatment with OxR1 antagonists.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Abuse of opioids has risen rapidly and continues to be a major health crisis. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying opioid addiction. Here, we investigate the role of orexin-1 receptor signaling (OxR1) within ventral pallidum (VP) in remifentanil demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. Using a within-session behavioral economics procedure, we show that intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity) without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort. We also found that SB microinjected intra-VP attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. Together, our results support a role for VP OxR1 signaling in opioid reward.
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The role of orexin-1 receptor signaling in demand for the opioid fentanyl. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1690-1697. [PMID: 31112988 PMCID: PMC6785092 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system is a potential treatment target for drug addiction. Orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) antagonism reduces demand for cocaine and remifentanil, indicating that orexin-based therapies may reduce demand for many classes of abused drugs. However, pharmacokinetics vary greatly among opioids and it is unclear if OxR1 antagonism would reduce demand for all opioids, particularly ones with high abuse liability. Here, we established a behavioral economics (BE) procedure to assess the effects of OxR1 antagonism on demand for the highly abused opioid fentanyl. We also investigated the utility of our procedure to predict OxR1 antagonism efficacy and relapse propensity. Demand parameters α (demand elasticity or price sensitivity of consumption, an inverse measure of drug motivation) and Qo (drug consumption at null cost) were assessed. The OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 (SB) decreased motivation (increased α) for fentanyl without affecting Qo. Baseline α values predicted SB efficacy, such that SB was most effective at reducing motivation (increasing α) in highly motivated rats. Baseline α values predicted the amount of cued reinstatement of fentanyl seeking; this reinstatement behavior was attenuated by SB administration. These results highlight the promise of the orexin system as a treatment target for opioid addiction and emphasize the usefulness of BE procedures in the study of opioid abuse.
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Wang W, Zhou Q, Yuan C. Influence of (ATP)-Binding Cassette Transporter Subfamily B Member 1 (ABCB1) Gene Polymorphism on the Efficacy of Remifentanil. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:5258-5262. [PMID: 31346154 PMCID: PMC6647927 DOI: 10.12659/msm.914921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) gene polymorphism on the efficacy of Remifentanil. Material/Methods A total of 276 patients undergoing elective surgeries were included to collect general clinical information and detect the polymorphism of ABCB1 rs1045642 using the TaqMan-MGB probe, and they were divided into 3 groups – a genotype AA group, a genotype AG group, and a genotype GG group – based on different genotypes of ABCB1 rs1045642. Results The comparisons showed that there were no differences in sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking status, or ASA class among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The genotype GG group had higher consumption of Remifentanil than the genotype AA group (P<0.05), but the genotype AG group was not different from the genotype AA and GG groups (P>0.05). Comparison of the surgery duration revealed no difference among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The analepsia time, autonomous respiratory recovery time, and orientation recovery time in the genotype GG group were longer than in the genotype AA group (P<0.05), but the genotype AG group was not different from the genotype AA and GG groups (P>0.05). There were no differences in adverse reactions among the 3 groups (P>0.05). Conclusions ABCB1 gene polymorphism can affect the clinical efficacy of Remifentanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zoucheng People's Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Changxiu Yuan
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Wiskerke J, James MH, Aston-Jones G. The orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 reduces motivation, but not inhibitory control, in a rat stop signal task. Brain Res 2019; 1731:146222. [PMID: 31002819 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable clinical interest in the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin for its ability to regulate motivation and reward as well as arousal and wakefulness. For instance, antagonists for the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) are thought to hold great promise for treating drug addiction and disorders associated with overeating, as these compounds repeatedly have been found to suppress seeking of various drugs of abuse as well as highly palatable foods in preclinical models. Given the hypothesized role of OxR1 signaling in cue-driven motivation, an outstanding question is whether pharmacologically blocking this receptor affects cognitive functioning. Response inhibition - the ability to cancel ongoing behavior - is one aspect of cognitive control that may be particularly relevant. Response inhibition deficits are commonly associated with a range of psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases, including substance use disorders and obesity. Moreover, OxR1 signaling recently has been implicated in waiting impulsivity, another aspect of inhibitory control. Here, we investigated the effects of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 on response inhibition in a rat version of the stop-signal reaction time task. Results show that acutely blocking OxR1 had minimal effects on response inhibition or attentional functioning. In contrast, this manipulation reduced motivation to perform the task and earn food rewards, consistent with other recent findings. These results add to the growing body of literature implicating OxR1 in the regulation of motivation and suggest that effects of pharmacological compounds such as SB-334867 on drug-seeking behavior are not related to effects on response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Wiskerke
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Present address: Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Xian A, Wang C, Guo N, Wang Z, Yang L, Gao J, Yang L. Application of remifentanil combined with propofol in the diagnosis of colon cancer with awakening painless digestive endoscopy. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1589-1594. [PMID: 30675217 PMCID: PMC6341660 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic effect of remifentanil combined with propofol in awakening painless endoscopy was analyzed. Retrospective analysis of 120 cases of colon cancer were treated in Dongying People's Hospital from June 2015 to December 2017. All of them were treated by awakening painless digestive endoscopy, divided into 60 cases in observation group (combined with remifentanil and propofol anesthesia), and 60 cases in control group (combined intravenous anesthesia of finanib and propofol). The data were respectively recorded at time-points of oxygen inhalation, intubation for 10 min, awakening time, waking time, and the time-points for each represented as the time-points of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and recorded the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR), and compared the awakening effect and the occurrence of adverse reaction. There was no significant difference in the DBP index between the two groups at time-point T1 (P>0.05). The time-points of T2, T3, T4 and T5 were significantly different from the observation group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in RR index between the two groups and between the same groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the awakening time and consciousness recovering of the observation group is lower (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions after awakening operation between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The local pain rate in the observation group after the awakening operation was lower than the control group. The combined use of trace remifentanil and small dose propofol in the awakening painless digestive endoscopy can make the patients with colon cancer more stable when they are in the awakening state, so as to improve the safety of awakening painless digestive endoscopy. It is worth promoting in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Xian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Chunbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Ni Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Zaixing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangrao, Dongying, Shandong 257300, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Longjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
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Reiner DJ, Fredriksson I, Lofaro OM, Bossert JM, Shaham Y. Relapse to opioid seeking in rat models: behavior, pharmacology and circuits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:465-477. [PMID: 30293087 PMCID: PMC6333846 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lifetime relapse rates remain a major obstacle in addressing the current opioid crisis. Relapse to opioid use can be modeled in rodent studies where drug self-administration is followed by a period of abstinence and a subsequent test for drug seeking. Abstinence can be achieved through extinction training, forced abstinence, or voluntary abstinence. Voluntary abstinence can be accomplished by introducing adverse consequences of continued drug self-administration (e.g., punishment or electric barrier) or by introducing an alternative nondrug reward in a discrete choice procedure (drug versus palatable food or social interaction). In this review, we first discuss pharmacological and circuit mechanisms of opioid seeking, as assessed in the classical extinction-reinstatement model, where reinstatement is induced by reexposure to the self-administered drug (drug priming), discrete cues, discriminative cues, drug-associated contexts, different forms of stress, or withdrawal states. Next, we discuss pharmacological and circuit mechanisms of relapse after forced or voluntary abstinence, including the phenomenon of "incubation of heroin craving" (the time-dependent increases in heroin seeking during abstinence). We conclude by discussing future directions of preclinical relapse-related studies using opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Reiner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP-NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ida Fredriksson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP-NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Olivia M. Lofaro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP-NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, IRP-NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Sex differences in incentive-sensitization produced by intermittent access cocaine self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:625-639. [PMID: 30368583 PMCID: PMC6401254 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Intermittent Access (IntA) cocaine self-administration, which models intermittent patterns of cocaine use in humans during the transition to addiction, is especially effective in producing incentive-sensitization and other addiction-like behavior in male rats. However, female rats show more robust psychomotor sensitization than males, and following initial use, women develop problematic patterns of drug use more readily than men. We hypothesized, therefore, that female rats might be more susceptible to the incentive-sensitization produced by IntA experience. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in motivation for cocaine, using a behavioral economic indicator of cocaine demand ("elasticity" of demand curves), and other addiction-like behavior, as a function of IntA cocaine self-administration experience in male and female rats. RESULTS IntA experience produced a progressive increase in motivation for cocaine in both males and females, as indicated by a decrease in the elasticity of cocaine demand curves, and this persisted undiminished following 14 days of abstinence. However, IntA produced a more rapid and greater increase in motivation for cocaine (incentive-sensitization) in females than males. Females also consumed more cocaine than males, although this did not predict changes in motivation. On the other hand, there were no sex differences in the preferred level of cocaine consumption when cost was low (Q0), nor in cocaine- or cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS The observation that females are more susceptible to incentive-sensitization when intermittently exposed to cocaine may provide a mechanism for the more rapid development of problematic drug use in females ("telescoping effect") reported in clinical studies.
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Nevárez N, de Lecea L. Recent advances in understanding the roles of hypocretin/orexin in arousal, affect, and motivation. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30254737 PMCID: PMC6127742 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15097.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts) are two alternatively spliced neuropeptides (Hcrt1/Ox-A and Hcrt2/Ox-B) that are synthesized exclusively in the hypothalamus. Data collected in the 20 years since their discovery have supported the view that the Hcrts play a broad role in the control of arousal with a particularly important role in the maintenance of wakefulness and sleep-to-wake transitions. While this latter point has received an overwhelming amount of research attention, a growing literature has begun to broaden our understanding of the many diverse roles that the Hcrts play in physiology and behavior. Here, we review recent advances in the neurobiology of Hcrt in three sections. We begin by surveying findings on Hcrt function within normal sleep/wake states as well as situations of aberrant sleep (that is, narcolepsy). In the second section, we discuss research establishing a role for Hcrt in mood and affect (that is, anxiety, stress, and motivation). Finally, in the third section, we briefly discuss future directions for the field and place an emphasis on analytical modeling of Hcrt neural activity. We hope that the data discussed here provide a broad overview of recent progress in the field and make clear the diversity of roles played by these neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Nevárez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Moorman DE. The hypocretin/orexin system as a target for excessive motivation in alcohol use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1663-1680. [PMID: 29508004 PMCID: PMC5949267 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin (ORX) system has been repeatedly demonstrated to regulate motivation for drugs of abuse, including alcohol. In particular, ORX seems to be critically involved in highly motivated behaviors, as is observed in high-seeking individuals in a population, in the seeking of highly palatable substances, and in models of dependence. It seems logical that this system could be considered as a potential target for treatment for addiction, particularly alcohol addiction, as ORX pharmacological manipulations significantly reduce drinking. However, the ORX system also plays a role in a wide range of other behaviors, emotions, and physiological functions and is disrupted in a number of non-dependence-associated disorders. It is therefore important to consider how the ORX system might be optimally targeted for potential treatment for alcohol use disorders either in combination with or separate from its role in other functions or diseases. This review will focus on the role of ORX in alcohol-associated behaviors and whether and how this system could be targeted to treat alcohol use disorders while avoiding impacts on other ORX-relevant functions. A brief overview of the ORX system will be followed by a discussion of some of the factors that makes it particularly intriguing as a target for alcohol addiction treatment, a consideration of some potential challenges associated with targeting this system and, finally, some future directions to optimize new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 528 Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Spiegler KM, Fortress AM, Pang KCH. Differential use of danger and safety signals in an animal model of anxiety vulnerability: The behavioral economics of avoidance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:195-204. [PMID: 29175308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differential processing of danger and safety signals may underlie symptoms of anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. One symptom common to these disorders is pathological avoidance. The present study examined whether danger and safety signals influence avoidance differently in anxiety-vulnerable Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. SD and WKY rats were tested in a novel progressive ratio avoidance task with and without danger or safety signals. Two components of reinforcement, hedonic value and motivation, were determined by fitting an exponentiated demand equation to the data. Hedonic value of avoidance did not differ between SD and WKY rats, but WKY rats had greater motivation to avoid than SD rats. Removal of the safety signal reduced motivation to avoid in SD, but not WKY, rats. Removal of the danger signal did not alter avoidance in either strain. When danger and safety signals were presented simultaneously, WKY rats responded to the danger signals, whereas SD rats responded to the safety signal. The results provide evidence that 1) safety signals enhance motivation to avoid in SD rats, 2) both danger and safety signals influence motivation in WKY rats, and 3) danger signals take precedence over safety signals when presented simultaneously in WKY rats. Thus, anxiety vulnerability is associated with preferential use of danger signals to motivate avoidance. The differential use of danger and safety signals has important implications for the etiology and treatment of pathological avoidance in anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Spiegler
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ashley M Fortress
- NeuroBehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- NeuroBehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Science, United States.
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Bossé GD, Peterson RT. Development of an opioid self-administration assay to study drug seeking in zebrafish. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:158-166. [PMID: 28811180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an excellent tool to study mental health disorders, due to its physiological and genetic similarity to humans, ease of genetic manipulation, and feasibility of small molecule screening. Zebrafish have been shown to exhibit characteristics of addiction to drugs of abuse in non-contingent assays, including conditioned place preference, but contingent assays have been limited to a single assay for alcohol consumption. Using inexpensive electronic, mechanical, and optical components, we developed an automated opioid self-administration assay for zebrafish, enabling us to measure drug seeking and gain insight into the underlying biological pathways. Zebrafish trained in the assay for five days exhibited robust self-administration, which was dependent on the function of the μ-opioid receptor. In addition, a progressive ratio protocol was used to test conditioned animals for motivation. Furthermore, conditioned fish continued to seek the drug despite an adverse consequence and showed signs of stress and anxiety upon withdrawal of the drug. Finally, we validated our assay by confirming that self-administration in zebrafish is dependent on several of the same molecular pathways as in other animal models. Given the ease and throughput of this assay, it will enable identification of important biological pathways regulating drug seeking and could lead to the development of new therapeutic molecules to treat addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Bossé
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Cocaine Potency at the Dopamine Transporter Tracks Discrete Motivational States During Cocaine Self-Administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1893-1904. [PMID: 28139678 PMCID: PMC5520781 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the dopamine transporter (DAT) is the primary site of action for cocaine, and the dopamine system is known to mediate the reinforcing effects of cocaine, the dopaminergic variations underlying individual differences in cocaine self-administration behaviors are not fully understood. Recent advances in the application of economic principles to operant tasks in rodents have allowed for the within-subject, within-session determination of both consummatory and appetitive responding for reinforcers. Here we combined a behavioral economics approach with cocaine self-administration and ex vivo voltammetric recording of dopamine signaling in the core of the nucleus accumbens of rats to determine the relationship between dopamine signaling and discrete aspects of cocaine taking and seeking. We found neither dopamine release or uptake tracked individual differences in cocaine consumption or the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. Cocaine potency at the DAT was correlated with reinforcing efficacy, but was not related to cocaine consumption. Further, we introduce a novel analysis that determines perseverative responding within the same procedure, and find that cocaine potency at the DAT also tracks differences in perseverative responding. Together, we demonstrate that cocaine effects at the DAT determine the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine, and perseverative responding for sub-threshold doses of cocaine that do not maintain responding when presented in isolation. Surprisingly, we find that variations in cocaine potency do not account for differences in cocaine consumption, suggesting that satiation for cocaine is determined by other targets or mechanisms. Finally, we outline a novel approach for relating drug-target interactions and potency to discrete motivational states during a single self-administration session.
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Oxytocin Acts in Nucleus Accumbens to Attenuate Methamphetamine Seeking and Demand. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:949-958. [PMID: 28110822 PMCID: PMC5432412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that oxytocin, an endogenous peptide well known for its role in social behaviors, childbirth, and lactation, is a promising addiction pharmacotherapy. We employed a within-session behavioral-economic (BE) procedure in rats to examine oxytocin as a pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine (meth) addiction. The BE paradigm was modeled after BE procedures used to assess motivation for drugs in humans with addiction. The same BE variables assessed across species have been shown to predict later relapse behavior. Thus, the translational potential of preclinical BE studies is particularly strong. METHODS We tested the effects of systemic and microinfused oxytocin on demand for self-administered intravenous meth and reinstatement of extinguished meth seeking in male and female rats using a BE paradigm. Correlations between meth demand and meth seeking were assessed. RESULTS Female rats showed greater demand (i.e., motivation) for meth compared with male rats. In both male and female rats, meth demand predicted reinstatement of meth seeking, and systemic oxytocin decreased demand for meth and attenuated reinstatement to meth seeking. Oxytocin was most effective at decreasing meth demand and seeking in rats with the strongest motivation for drug. Finally, these effects of systemic oxytocin were mediated by actions in the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin decreases meth demand and seeking in both sexes, and these effects depend on oxytocin signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Overall, these data indicate that development of oxytocin-based therapies may be a promising treatment approach for meth addiction in humans.
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Fragale JEC, Beck KD, Pang KCH. Use of the Exponential and Exponentiated Demand Equations to Assess the Behavioral Economics of Negative Reinforcement. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:77. [PMID: 28270744 PMCID: PMC5318419 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal motivation and hedonic assessment of aversive stimuli are symptoms of anxiety and depression. Symptoms influenced by motivation and anhedonia predict treatment success or resistance. Therefore, a translational approach to the study of negatively motivated behaviors is needed. We describe a novel use of behavioral economics demand curve analysis to investigate negative reinforcement in animals that separates hedonic assessment of footshock termination (i.e., relief) from motivation to escape footshock. In outbred Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, relief increased as shock intensity increased. Likewise, motivation to escape footshock increased as shock intensity increased. To demonstrate the applicability to anxiety disorders, hedonic and motivational components of negative reinforcement were investigated in anxiety vulnerable Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. WKY rats demonstrated increased motivation for shock cessation with no difference in relief as compared to control SD rats, consistent with a negative bias for motivation in anxiety vulnerability. Moreover, motivation was positively correlated with relief in SD, but not in WKY. This study is the first to assess the hedonic and motivational components of negative reinforcement using behavioral economic analysis. This procedure can be used to investigate positive and negative reinforcement in humans and animals to gain a better understanding of the importance of motivated behavior in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E C Fragale
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin D Beck
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA; Neurobehavioral Research Lab, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center-New Jersey Health Care SystemEast Orange, NJ, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA; Neurobehavioral Research Lab, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center-New Jersey Health Care SystemEast Orange, NJ, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesNewark, NJ, USA
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46
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James MH, Mahler SV, Moorman DE, Aston-Jones G. A Decade of Orexin/Hypocretin and Addiction: Where Are We Now? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:247-281. [PMID: 28012090 PMCID: PMC5799809 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One decade ago, our laboratory provided the first direct evidence linking orexin/hypocretin signaling with drug seeking by showing that activation of these neurons promotes conditioned morphine-seeking behavior. In the years since, contributions from many investigators have revealed roles for orexins in addiction for all drugs of abuse tested, but only under select circumstances. We recently proposed that orexins play a fundamentally unified role in coordinating "motivational activation" under numerous behavioral conditions, and here we unpack this hypothesis as it applies to drug addiction. We describe evidence collected over the past 10 years that elaborates the role of orexin in drug seeking under circumstances where high levels of effort are required to obtain the drug, or when motivation for drug reward is augmented by the presence of external stimuli like drug-associated cues/contexts or stressors. Evidence from studies using traditional self-administration and reinstatement models, as well as behavioral economic analyses of drug demand elasticity, clearly delineates a role for orexin in modulating motivational, rather than the primary reinforcing aspects of drug reward. We also discuss the anatomical interconnectedness of the orexin system with wider motivation and reward circuits, with a particular focus on how orexin modulates prefrontal and other glutamatergic inputs onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Last, we look ahead to the next decade of the research in this area, highlighting the recent FDA approval of the dual orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant (Belsomra®) for the treatment of insomnia as a promising sign of the potential clinical utility of orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 2337, Australia
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92967, USA
| | - David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Orexin/hypocretin-1 receptor antagonism reduces ethanol self-administration and reinstatement selectively in highly-motivated rats. Brain Res 2016; 1654:34-42. [PMID: 27771284 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The orexin/hypocretin (ORX) system regulates motivation for natural rewards and drugs of abuse such as alcohol. ORX receptor antagonists, most commonly OX1R antagonists including SB-334867 (SB), decrease alcohol drinking, self-administration and reinstatement in both genetically-bred alcohol-preferring and outbred strains of rats. Importantly, levels of alcohol seeking and drinking in outbred rats are variable, as they are in humans. We have shown that OX1R antagonism selectively decreases homecage alcohol drinking in high-, but not low-alcohol-preferring rats. It is unknown, however, whether this effect is selective to homecage drinking or whether it also applies to alcohol seeking paradigms such as self-administration and reinstatement following extinction, in which motivation is high in the absence of alcohol. Here we trained Sprague Dawley rats to self-administer 20% ethanol paired with a light-tone cue on an FR3 regimen. Rats were then extinguished and subjected to cue-induced reinstatement. Rats were segregated into high- and low-ethanol-responding groups (HR and LR) based on self-administration levels. During self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement, rats were given SB or vehicle prior to ethanol seeking. In both conditions, OX1R antagonism decreased responding selectively in HR, but not LR rats. There were no non-specific effects of SB treatment on arousal or general behavior. These data indicate that ORX signaling at the OX1R receptor specifically regulates high levels of motivation for alcohol, even in the absence of direct alcohol reinforcement. This implicates the ORX system in the pathological motivation underlying alcohol abuse and alcoholism and demonstrates that the OX1R may be an important target for treating alcohol abuse.
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48
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Hofford RS, Beckmann JS, Bardo MT. Rearing environment differentially modulates cocaine self-administration after opioid pretreatment: A behavioral economic analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:89-94. [PMID: 27511893 PMCID: PMC5037017 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that previous experiences during development, especially if stressful, can alter an organism's response to opioids later in life. Given the previous literature on opioid modulation of cocaine self-administration, the current study raised rats in either an enriched condition (EC) or isolated condition (IC) and employed behavioral economics to study the effects of naltrexone and morphine on cocaine self-administration. METHODS EC and IC rats were trained to lever press for cocaine using a within-session demand procedure. This procedure measured cocaine consumption under changing cocaine price by decreasing the dose of cocaine earned throughout a session. Rats were able to self-administer cocaine on a FR1; every 10min the cocaine dose was systematically decreased (0.75-0.003mg/kg/infusion cocaine). After reaching stability on this procedure, rats were randomly pretreated with 0, 0.3, 1, or 3mg/kg naltrexone once every 3days, followed by random pretreatments of 0, 0.3, 1, or 3mg/kg morphine once every 3days. Economic demand functions were fit to each rat's cocaine consumption from each pretreatment, and appropriate mathematical parameters were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS Naltrexone decreased the essential value of cocaine in IC rats only. However, morphine decreased the essential value of cocaine and the consumption of cocaine at zero price in both EC and IC rats. CONCLUSION These results indicate that environmental experiences during development should be considered when determining the efficacy of opioid drugs, especially for the treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Hofford
- Corresponding author: ; 741 S. Limestone, 448 C BBSRB, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
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