1
|
Kleniewska P, Pawliczak R. Can probiotics be used in the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma? Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00618-0. [PMID: 38951480 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is a lifelong condition with varying degrees of severity and susceptibility to symptom control. Recent studies have examined the effects of individual genus, species, and strains of probiotic microorganisms on the course of asthma. The present review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on the use of probiotic microorganisms, mainly bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, in asthma prevention and treatment. Recent data from clinical trials and mouse models of allergic asthma indicate that probiotics have therapeutic potential in this condition. Animal studies indicate that probiotic microorganisms demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity, attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and reduce airway mucus secretion. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials found that combining multi-strain probiotics with prebiotics yielded promising outcomes in the treatment of clinical manifestations of asthma. It appears that probiotic supplementation is safe and significantly reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations, as well as improved forced expiratory volume and peak expiratory flow parameters, and greater attenuation of inflammation. Due to the small number of available clinical trials, and the use of a wide range of probiotic microorganisms and assessment methods, it is not possible to draw clear conclusions regarding the use of probiotics as asthma treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kleniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, Łódź, 90-752, Poland.
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, Łódź, 90-752, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bai L, Gao X, Guo Y, Gong J, Li Y, Huang H, Liu X. Prediction of shared gene signatures and biological mechanisms between polycystic ovary syndrome and asthma: Based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 165:155-168. [PMID: 38055328 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several clinical studies have shown an association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and asthma; however, the molecular link between these conditions remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a reanalysis and repurposing of existing databases in order to depict the common key genes, related signaling pathways, and similarity of the immune microenvironment between PCOS and asthma. METHODS PCOS and asthma data sets were downloaded, and common signal pathways were identified by using gene set enrichment analysis. Identified common susceptibility genes were explored by intersecting the weighted gene coexpression network analysis module genes for both diseases. Then, we performed protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of the common susceptibility genes. Finally, we analyzed the immune environment of PCOS and asthma. RESULTS We identified five hub genes, namely, MMP9, CDC42, CD44, CD19, and BCL2L1, and uncovered that these five hub genes showed a tendency to be upregulated in both PCOS and asthma and possessed good diagnostic ability. In addition, we revealed that both PCOS and asthma were significantly enriched in the FcεRI-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, we found that both PCOS and asthma exhibited infiltration of similar types of immune cells, such as monocytes, suggesting that the two diseases have similar pathological features. CONCLUSION PCOS and asthma share common causative genes with a similar immune environment. Taken together, we uncovered previously unsuspected traits for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of PCOS and asthma in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxing Gong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU056), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zacarías-Fluck MF, Soucek L, Whitfield JR. MYC: there is more to it than cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1342872. [PMID: 38510176 PMCID: PMC10952043 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1342872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor involved in multiple cellular processes. While its mechanism of action and targets are not completely elucidated, it has a fundamental role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, ribogenesis, and bone and vascular development. Over 4 decades of research and some 10,000 publications linking it to tumorigenesis (by searching PubMed for "MYC oncogene") have led to MYC becoming a most-wanted target for the treatment of cancer, where many of MYC's physiological functions become co-opted for tumour initiation and maintenance. In this context, an abundance of reviews describes strategies for potentially targeting MYC in the oncology field. However, its multiple roles in different aspects of cellular biology suggest that it may also play a role in many additional diseases, and other publications are indeed linking MYC to pathologies beyond cancer. Here, we review these physiological functions and the current literature linking MYC to non-oncological diseases. The intense efforts towards developing MYC inhibitors as a cancer therapy will potentially have huge implications for the treatment of other diseases. In addition, with a complementary approach, we discuss some diseases and conditions where MYC appears to play a protective role and hence its increased expression or activation could be therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano F. Zacarías-Fluck
- Models of Cancer Therapies Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Soucek
- Models of Cancer Therapies Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Peptomyc S.L., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan R. Whitfield
- Models of Cancer Therapies Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jha A, Alam M, Kashyap T, Nath N, Kumari A, Pramanik KK, Nagini S, Mishra R. Crosstalk between PD-L1 and Jak2-Stat3/ MAPK-AP1 signaling promotes oral cancer progression, invasion and therapy resistance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110894. [PMID: 37678027 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1)is an antitumor immunity molecule and a great target to cure oral cancer; nonetheless, the limited success can be attributed to many complex pathways and tumor-related interferences. METHODS In the present study, 150 human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue samples, including 17 adjacent normals, 56 primary tumors, 47 invasive tumors, and 30 therapy-resistant (RT) samples, were included. The parental/cisplatin-resistant (CisR-SCC4/9) cells were utilized for overexpression (Jak1-3 wild type and catalytically inactive), knockdown (PD-L1 siRNA), targeting MAPK/PI3K/Jak-Stat pathways (SMIs) and checking microsomes. The expression of PD-L1, transcription factors (TFs), signaling pathways, survival/apoptosis, therapy resistance, and invasiveness-related molecules/their activity were determined by RT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, Gelatin Zymography, and MTT assay. RESULTS Advanced OSCC tumors (invasive and drug-resistance), CisR-SCC4/9 cells, and secretory exosomes (CisR-SCC4/9) were found with increased PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 mRNA/protein showed a positive correlation with different TFs (AP1 > Stat3 > c-myc > NFκB) in tumor samples. The PD-L1 expression was more influenced by Jak-Stat/ MAPK-AP1 pathways over PI3K. The ectopic expression of Jak1-3 suggests Jak2 inducted PD-L1 level over Jak1/Jak3. Finally, PD-L1 directly supports survival (Bcl-xL, Bax, cleaved caspase-3), invasion (MMP2/9), and drug-resistance (ALDH-1A1/-3A1) program in OSCC through its link with several molecules. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 was regulated mainly by the Jak2-Stat3/ MAPK-AP1 pathway, and besides the routine immunological functions, it supports OSCC survival, invasion, and therapy resistance. PD-L1 can be used as an indicator of severity and can be targeted along with Jak2-Stat3/ MAPK-AP1 for a better outcome OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Jha
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manzar Alam
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Tanushree Kashyap
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nidhi Nath
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Anjali Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kamdeo K Pramanik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui G, Shimba A, Jin J, Hojo N, Asahi T, Abe S, Ejima A, Okada S, Ohira K, Kato R, Tani-ichi S, Yamada R, Ebihara T, Shiroguchi K, Ikuta K. CD45 alleviates airway inflammation and lung fibrosis by limiting expansion and activation of ILC2s. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215941120. [PMID: 37639581 PMCID: PMC10483638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215941120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are critical for the immune response against parasite infection and tissue homeostasis and involved in the pathogenesis of allergy and inflammatory diseases. Although multiple molecules positively regulating ILC2 development and activation have been extensively investigated, the factors limiting their population size and response remain poorly studied. Here, we found that CD45, a membrane-bound tyrosine phosphatase essential for T cell development, negatively regulated ILC2s in a cell-intrinsic manner. ILC2s in CD45-deficient mice exhibited enhanced proliferation and maturation in the bone marrow and hyperactivated phenotypes in the lung with high glycolytic capacity. Furthermore, CD45 signaling suppressed the type 2 inflammatory response by lung ILC2s and alleviated airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, the interaction with galectin-9 influenced CD45 signaling in ILC2s. These results demonstrate that CD45 is a cell-intrinsic negative regulator of ILC2s and prevents lung inflammation and fibrosis via ILC2s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Jianshi Jin
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka565-0874, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hojo
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka565-0874, Japan
| | - Takuma Asahi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Aki Ejima
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinri Okada
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Keizo Ohira
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kato
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Shizue Tani-ichi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Medical Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita010-8543, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka565-0874, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Robb CT, Zhou Y, Felton JM, Zhang B, Goepp M, Jheeta P, Smyth DJ, Duffin R, Vermeren S, Breyer R, Narumiya S, McSorley HJ, Maizels RM, Schwarze JKJ, Rossi AG, Yao C. Metabolic regulation by prostaglandin E 2 impairs lung group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses. Allergy 2023; 78:714-730. [PMID: 36181709 PMCID: PMC10952163 DOI: 10.1111/all.15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in asthma pathogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is associated with reduced signaling via EP2, a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ). However, the respective roles for the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 (both share same downstream signaling) in the regulation of lung ILC2 responses has yet been deciphered. METHODS The roles of PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 on ILC2-mediated lung inflammation were investigated using genetically modified mouse lines and pharmacological approaches in IL-33-induced lung allergy model. The effects of PGE2 receptors and downstream signals on ILC2 metabolic activation and effector function were examined using in vitro cell cultures. RESULTS Deficiency of EP2 rather than EP4 augments IL-33-induced mouse lung ILC2 responses and eosinophilic inflammation in vivo. In contrast, exogenous agonism of EP4 and EP2 or inhibition of phosphodiesterase markedly restricts IL-33-induced lung ILC2 responses. Mechanistically, PGE2 directly suppresses IL-33-dependent ILC2 activation through the EP2/EP4-cAMP pathway, which downregulates STAT5 and MYC pathway gene expression and ILC2 energy metabolism. Blocking glycolysis diminishes IL-33-dependent ILC2 responses in mice where endogenous PG synthesis or EP2 signaling is blocked but not in mice with intact PGE2 -EP2 signaling. CONCLUSION We have defined a mechanism for optimal suppression of mouse lung ILC2 responses by endogenous PGE2 -EP2 signaling which underpins the clinical findings of defective EP2 signaling in patients with NERD. Our findings also indicate that exogenously targeting the PGE2 -EP4-cAMP and energy metabolic pathways may provide novel opportunities for treating the ILC2-initiated lung inflammation in asthma and NERD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calum T. Robb
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jennifer M. Felton
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Birong Zhang
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Marie Goepp
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Privjyot Jheeta
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Danielle J. Smyth
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesWellcome Trust Building, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Richard M. Breyer
- Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Health AuthorityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesWellcome Trust Building, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jürgen K. J. Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye L, Shi S, Chen W. Innate immunity in pancreatic cancer: Lineage tracing and function. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081919. [PMID: 36726981 PMCID: PMC9884680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, patients with gastrointestinal tumors can benefit from immunotherapy, but not patients with pancreatic cancer. While this lack of benefit has been attributed to lower T-cell infiltration in pancreatic cancer, other studies have demonstrated the presence of numerous T cells in pancreatic cancer, suggesting another mechanism for the poor efficacy of immunotherapy. Single-cell RNA sequencing studies on the pancreatic cancer immune microenvironment have demonstrated the predominance of innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and innate immune lymphoid cells). Therefore, in-depth research on the source and function of innate immune lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer could guide pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saimeng Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China,Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wei Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Panda SK, Kim DH, Desai P, Rodrigues PF, Sudan R, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Van Dyken SJ, Colonna M. SLC7A8 is a key amino acids supplier for the metabolic programs that sustain homeostasis and activation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2215528119. [PMID: 36343258 PMCID: PMC9674248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215528119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are innate counterparts of T helper 2 (Th2) cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to injuries through rapid interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 secretion. ILC2s depend on availability of arginine and branched-chain amino acids for sustaining cellular fitness, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in both steady state and upon activation. However, the contribution of amino acid transporters to ILC2 functions is not known. Here, we found that ILC2s selectively express Slc7a8, encoding a transporter for arginine and large amino acids. Slc7a8 was expressed in ILC2s in a tissue-specific manner in steady state and was further increased upon activation. Genetic ablation of Slc7a8 in lymphocytes reduced the frequency of ILC2s, suppressed IL-5 and IL-13 production upon stimulation, and impaired type 2 immune responses to helminth infection. Consistent with this, Slc7a8-deficient ILC2s also failed to induce cytokine production and recruit eosinophils in a model of allergic lung inflammation. Mechanistically, reduced amino acid availability due to Slc7a8 deficiency led to compromised mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, as well as impaired activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and c-Myc signaling pathways. These findings identify Slc7a8 as a key supplier of amino acids for the metabolic programs underpinning fitness and activation of ILC2s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Panda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Patrick F. Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Raki Sudan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen X, Wang X, Yang Y, Fang C, Liu J, Liang X, Yang Y. A20 Enhances the Expression of the Proto-Oncogene C-Myc by Downregulating TRAF6 Ubiquitination after ALV-A Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102210. [PMID: 36298765 PMCID: PMC9607361 DOI: 10.3390/v14102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hens infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV-A) experience stunted growth, immunosuppression, and potentially, lymphoma development. According to past research, A20 can both promote and inhibit tumor growth. In this study, DF-1 cells were infected with ALV-A rHB2015012, and Gp85 expression was measured at various time points. A recombinant plasmid encoding the chicken A20 gene and short hairpin RNA targeting chicken A20 (A20-shRNA) was constructed and transfected into DF-1 cells to determine the effect on ALV-A replication. The potential signaling pathways of A20 were explored using bioinformatics prediction, co-immunoprecipitation, and other techniques. The results demonstrate that A20 and ALV-A promoted each other after ALV-A infection of DF-1 cells, upregulated A20, inhibited TRAF6 ubiquitination, and promoted STAT3 phosphorylation. The phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3) promoted the expression of proto-oncogene c-myc, which may lead to tumorigenesis. This study will help to further understand the tumorigenic process of ALV-A and provide a reference for preventing and controlling ALV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Current Understanding of Asthma Pathogenesis and Biomarkers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172764. [PMID: 36078171 PMCID: PMC9454904 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous lung disease with variable phenotypes (clinical presentations) and distinctive endotypes (mechanisms). Over the last decade, considerable efforts have been made to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma. Aberrant T helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation is the most important pathological process for asthma, which is mediated by Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-5, IL-4, and IL-13. Approximately 50% of mild-to-moderate asthma and a large portion of severe asthma is induced by Th2-dependent inflammation. Th2-low asthma can be mediated by non-Th2 cytokines, including IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α. There is emerging evidence to demonstrate that inflammation-independent processes also contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Protein kinases, adapter protein, microRNAs, ORMDL3, and gasdermin B are newly identified molecules that drive asthma progression, independent of inflammation. Eosinophils, IgE, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and periostin are practical biomarkers for Th2-high asthma. Sputum neutrophils are easily used to diagnose Th2-low asthma. Despite progress, more studies are needed to delineate complex endotypes of asthma and to identify new and practical biomarkers for better diagnosis, classification, and treatment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Butler D, Ambite I, Wan MLY, Tran TH, Wullt B, Svanborg C. Immunomodulation therapy offers new molecular strategies to treat UTI. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:419-437. [PMID: 35732832 PMCID: PMC9214477 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innovative solutions are needed for the treatment of bacterial infections, and a range of antibacterial molecules have been explored as alternatives to antibiotics. A different approach is to investigate the immune system of the host for new ways of making the antibacterial defence more efficient. However, the immune system has a dual role as protector and cause of disease: in addition to being protective, increasing evidence shows that innate immune responses can become excessive and cause acute symptoms and tissue pathology during infection. This role of innate immunity in disease suggests that the immune system should be targeted therapeutically, to inhibit over-reactivity. The ultimate goal is to develop therapies that selectively attenuate destructive immune response cascades, while augmenting the protective antimicrobial defence but such treatment options have remained underexplored, owing to the molecular proximity of the protective and destructive effects of the immune response. The concept of innate immunomodulation therapy has been developed successfully in urinary tract infections, based on detailed studies of innate immune activation and disease pathogenesis. Effective, disease-specific, immunomodulatory strategies have been developed by targeting specific immune response regulators including key transcription factors. In acute pyelonephritis, targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 using small interfering RNA or treatment with antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin was protective and, in acute cystitis, targeting overactive effector molecules such as IL-1β, MMP7, COX2, cAMP and the pain-sensing receptor NK1R has been successful in vivo. Furthermore, other UTI treatment strategies, such as inhibiting bacterial adhesion and vaccination, have also shown promise. Hyperactivation of innate immunity is a disease determinant in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Modulation of innate immunity has promise as a therapy for UTIs. In this Review, the authors discuss potential mechanisms and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in UTIs. Excessive innate immune responses to infection cause symptoms and pathology in acute pyelonephritis and acute cystitis. Innate immunomodulation therapy is, therefore, a realistic option for treating these conditions. Targeting excessive innate immune responses at the level of transcription has been successful in animal models. Innate immunomodulation therapy reduces excessive inflammation and tissue pathology and accelerates bacterial clearance from infected kidneys and bladders in mice. Innate immunomodulation therapy also accelerates the clearance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Ambite
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Wullt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ye L, Jin K, Liao Z, Xiao Z, Xu H, Lin X, Li H, Li T, Zhang W, Han X, Wang W, Gao H, Liu L, Wu W, Yu X. Hypoxia-reprogrammed regulatory group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote immunosuppression in pancreatic cancer. EBioMedicine 2022; 79:104016. [PMID: 35483273 PMCID: PMC9117270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we uncovered a patient subgroup with highly malignant pancreatic cancer with serum markers CEA+/CA125+/CA19-9 ≥ 1000 U/mL (triple-positive, TP). However, the underlying immunosuppressive mechanism in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of this subgroup is still unknown. METHODS Human tissues were analyzed by flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. Mouse pancreatic ILC2s were expanded in vivo and used for RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and chemotaxis assays. FINDINGS Through microarray data, we identified the accumulation of the hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway in these TP patients. Via flow and mass cytometry, we discovered that a special subset of ILC2s were highly infiltrated in TP patients. Under the hypoxia microenvironment, ILC2s were found undergo a transition to a IL10+ regulatory phenotype, we named ILCregs which was correlated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. Further, neoadjuvant chemotherapy could ameliorate hypoxic tumor microenvironments so that significantly reverse the regulatory phenotype of ILCregs. Moreover, most tumor ILC2 were CD103-, which indicated its circulatory origin. The expression of Ccr2 was significantly upregulated on mouse ILCregs, and these cells selectively migrated to CCL2. INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that the hypoxia microenvironment creates an immunosuppressive TIME by inducing ILCregs from a population of circulating group 2 ILCs in TP PDAC patients. FUNDING This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20374, 82173091, and 81701630).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huaxiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuhu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuan Han
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heli Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Su Y, Zhao Y, Hu X, Zhao G, He J, Wan S, Lü M, Cui H. Demethylzeylasteral inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion through FBXW7/c-Myc axis in gastric cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:467-480. [PMID: 34766156 PMCID: PMC8554662 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most familiar malignancy in the digestive system. Demethylzeylasteral (Dem), a natural functional monomer extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, shows anti‐tumor effects in a variety of cancers, including GC, however, with the underlying mechanism poorly understood. In our study, we show that Dem inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells, which are mediated by down‐regulating c‐Myc protein levels. Mechanistically, Dem reduces the stability of c‐Myc by up‐regulating FBXW7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, in xenograft tumor model experiment, Dem also inhibits GC, which depends on suppressing c‐Myc expression. Finally, Dem enhances GC cell chemosensitivity to the combination treatment of 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐Fu) and doxorubicin (DOX) in vitro. Together, Dem exerts anti‐neoplastic activities through destabilizing and suppressing c‐Myc, establishing a theory foundation for using it in future treatment of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Yongyue Su
- Department of Orthopaedic 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army Kunming China
| | - Yuzu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Gaichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Sicheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Muhan Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass sciences Southwest University Chongqing China.,Department of Gastroenterology The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China.,Cancer Centre Medical Research Institute Southwest University Chongqing China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Agache I, Eguiluz‐Gracia I, Cojanu C, Laculiceanu A, Giacco S, Zemelka‐Wiacek M, Kosowska A, Akdis CA, Jutel M. Advances and highlights in asthma in 2021. Allergy 2021; 76:3390-3407. [PMID: 34392546 DOI: 10.1111/all.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Last year brought a significant advance in asthma management, unyielding to the pressure of the pandemics. Novel key findings in asthma pathogenesis focus on the resident cell compartment, epigenetics and the innate immune system. The precision immunology unbiased approach was supplemented with novel tools and greatly facilitated by the use of artificial intelligence. Several randomised clinical trials and good quality real-world evidence shed new light on asthma treatment and supported the revision of several asthma guidelines (GINA, Expert Panel Report 3, ERS/ATS guidelines on severe asthma) and the conception of new ones (EAACI Guidelines for the use of biologicals in severe asthma). Integrating asthma management within the broader context of Planetary Health has been put forward. In this review, recently published articles and clinical trials are summarised and discussed with the goal to provide clinicians and researchers with a concise update on asthma research from a translational perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine Transylvania University Brasov Romania
| | - Ibon Eguiluz‐Gracia
- Allergy Unit IBIMA‐Regional University Hospital of MalagaUMA, RETICS ARADyALBIONAND Malaga Spain
| | | | | | - Stefano Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | | | - Anna Kosowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland
- All‐MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Poland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland
- All‐MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fung ITH, Zhang Y, Shin DS, Sankar P, Sun X, D'Souza SS, Song R, Kuentzel ML, Chittur SV, Zuloaga KL, Yang Q. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are numerically and functionally deficient in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:152. [PMID: 34229727 PMCID: PMC8261980 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain incompletely understood. Our recent study indicates that tissue-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) accumulate in the brain barriers of aged mice and that their activation alleviates aging-associated cognitive decline. The regulation and function of ILC2 in AD, however, remain unknown. Methods In this study, we examined the numbers and functional capability of ILC2 from the triple transgenic AD mice (3xTg-AD) and control wild-type mice. We investigated the effects of treatment with IL-5, a cytokine produced by ILC2, on the cognitive function of 3xTg-AD mice. Results We demonstrate that brain-associated ILC2 are numerically and functionally defective in the triple transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD). The numbers of brain-associated ILC2 were greatly reduced in 7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice of both sexes, compared to those in age- and sex-matched control wild-type mice. The remaining ILC2 in 3xTg-AD mice failed to efficiently produce the type 2 cytokine IL-5 but gained the capability to express a number of proinflammatory genes. Administration of IL-5, a cytokine produced by ILC2, transiently improved spatial recognition and learning in 3xTg-AD mice. Conclusion Our results collectively indicate that numerical and functional deficiency of ILC2 might contribute to the cognitive impairment of 3xTg-AD mice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02202-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ting Hin Fung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yuanyue Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Damian S Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Poornima Sankar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Xiangwan Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Shanti S D'Souza
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Renjie Song
- Biochemistry & Immunology Core Facility at Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marcy L Kuentzel
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany-SUNY, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Sridar V Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany-SUNY, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sahiner UM, Layhadi JA, Golebski K, István Komlósi Z, Peng Y, Sekerel B, Durham SR, Brough H, Morita H, Akdis M, Turner P, Nadeau K, Spits H, Akdis C, Shamji MH. Innate lymphoid cells: The missing part of a puzzle in food allergy. Allergy 2021; 76:2002-2016. [PMID: 33583026 DOI: 10.1111/all.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is an increasingly prevalent disease driven by uncontrolled type 2 immune response. Currently, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that initiate and promote the immune response to dietary allergens is limited. Patients with food allergy are commonly sensitized through the skin in their early life, later on developing allergy symptoms within the gastrointestinal tract. Food allergy results from a dysregulated type 2 response to food allergens, characterized by enhanced levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 with infiltration of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. Recent studies raised a possible role for the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in driving food allergy. Unlike lymphocytes, ILCs lack They represent a group of lymphocytes that lack specific antigen receptors. ILCs contribute to immune responses not only by releasing cytokines and other mediators but also by responding to cytokines produced by activated cells in their local microenvironment. Due to their localization at barrier surfaces of the airways, gut, and skin, ILCs form a link between the innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarizes recent evidence on how skin and gastrointestinal mucosal immune system contribute to both homeostasis and the development of food allergy, as well as the involvement of ILCs toward inflammatory processes and regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umit M Sahiner
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College London, London, UK.,School of Medicine Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Janice A Layhadi
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Korneliusz Golebski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yaqi Peng
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Bulent Sekerel
- School of Medicine Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Brough
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guys and St Thomas, NHS Trust, London, UK.,Paediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Heath, School of Life Course Sciences, London, UK.,Paediatric Allergy Group, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Paul Turner
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cezmi Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng H, Zhang Y, Pan J, Liu N, Qin Y, Qiu L, Liu M, Wang T. The Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:586078. [PMID: 34177881 PMCID: PMC8220221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.586078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are significant diseases that affect many patients worldwide. In the past few decades, the incidence of allergic diseases has increased significantly due to environmental changes and social development, which has posed a substantial public health burden and even led to premature death. The understanding of the mechanism underlying allergic diseases has been substantially advanced, and the occurrence of allergic diseases and changes in the immune system state are known to be correlated. With the identification and in-depth understanding of innate lymphoid cells, researchers have gradually revealed that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play important roles in many allergic diseases. However, our current studies of ILC2s are limited, and their status in allergic diseases remains unclear. This article provides an overview of the common phenotypes and activation pathways of ILC2s in different allergic diseases as well as potential research directions to improve the understanding of their roles in different allergic diseases and ultimately find new treatments for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachuang Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qiu
- Journal Press of Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dalloul Z, Best M, Chenuet P, Dalloul I, Le Noir S, Togbé D, Gador M, Ryffel B, Fj Quesniaux V, El Makhour Y, Boyer F, Aldigier JC, Cook-Moreau J, Fazilleau N, Cogné M. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein inhibition of IgG/IgE production in murine B cells is counter-balanced by a strong Th2 bias. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1280. [PMID: 34136216 PMCID: PMC8164936 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Inhibitors of bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins are a new and growing class of anti-cancer drugs, which decrease oncogene expression by targeting superenhancers. Antibody production is another physiological process relying on superenhancers, and it remains to be clarified whether potential immunomodulatory properties of BET inhibitors might impact humoral immunity and allergy. Methods We thus evaluated humoral immune responses and their Th2 context in vitro and in vivo in mice following treatment with the classical BET-inhibitor JQ1. We quantified immunoglobulin (Ig) and antibody production by B cells either stimulated in vitro or obtained from immunised mice. JQ1 effects on class switching and activation-induced deaminase loading were determined, together with modifications of B, T follicular helper (Tfh) and T helper 2 (Th2) populations. JQ1 was finally tested in B-cell-dependent models of immune disorders. Results Bromodomain and extra terminal domain inhibition reduced class switching, Ig expression on B cells and antibody secretion and was correlated with decreased numbers of Tfh cells. However, JQ1 strongly increased the proportion of GATA3+ Th2 cells and the secretion of corresponding cytokines. In a mouse allergic model of lung inflammation, JQ1 did not affect eosinophil infiltration or mucus production but enhanced Th2 cytokine production and aggravated clinical manifestations. Conclusion Altogether, BET inhibition thus interweaves intrinsic negative effects on B cells with a parallel complex reshaping of T-cell polarisation which can increase type 2 cytokines and eventually promote B-cell-dependent immunopathology. These opposite and potentially hazardous immunomodulatory effects raise concerns for clinical use of BET inhibitors in patients with immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Dalloul
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France
| | - Marie Best
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases CNRS U5051, Inserm U1291 University of Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Pauline Chenuet
- INEM - UMR7355 CNRS Orléans France.,ArtImmune SAS Orléans France
| | - Iman Dalloul
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France
| | - Sandrine Le Noir
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France
| | - Dieudonnée Togbé
- INEM - UMR7355 CNRS Orléans France.,ArtImmune SAS Orléans France
| | - Mylène Gador
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases CNRS U5051, Inserm U1291 University of Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | | | | | - Yolla El Makhour
- Faculty of Sciences Immunology Unit MICSU and Lebanese University Beirut Lebanon
| | - François Boyer
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France
| | - Jean-Claude Aldigier
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases CNRS U5051, Inserm U1291 University of Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Control of the B cell Response & Lymphoproliferation CNRS UMR 7276 INSERM U1262 Limoges University Limoges France.,INSERM U 1236 University of Rennes 1 Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Madden SK, de Araujo AD, Gerhardt M, Fairlie DP, Mason JM. Taking the Myc out of cancer: toward therapeutic strategies to directly inhibit c-Myc. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:3. [PMID: 33397405 PMCID: PMC7780693 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Myc is a transcription factor that is constitutively and aberrantly expressed in over 70% of human cancers. Its direct inhibition has been shown to trigger rapid tumor regression in mice with only mild and fully reversible side effects, suggesting this to be a viable therapeutic strategy. Here we reassess the challenges of directly targeting c-Myc, evaluate lessons learned from current inhibitors, and explore how future strategies such as miniaturisation of Omomyc and targeting E-box binding could facilitate translation of c-Myc inhibitors into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Madden
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Aline Dantas de Araujo
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology and ARC 1066 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mara Gerhardt
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology and ARC 1066 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jody M Mason
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laulajainen‐Hongisto A, Lyly A, Hanif T, Dhaygude K, Kankainen M, Renkonen R, Donner K, Mattila P, Jartti T, Bousquet J, Kauppi P, Toppila‐Salmi S. Genomics of asthma, allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis: novel concepts and relevance in airway mucosa. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:45. [PMID: 33133517 PMCID: PMC7592594 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed several airway disease-associated risk loci. Their role in the onset of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), however, is not yet fully understood. The aim of this review is to evaluate the airway relevance of loci and genes identified in GWAS studies. GWASs were searched from databases, and a list of loci associating significantly (p < 10-8) with asthma, AR and CRS was created. This yielded a total of 267 significantly asthma/AR-associated loci from 31 GWASs. No significant CRS -associated loci were found in this search. A total of 170 protein coding genes were connected to these loci. Of these, 76/170 (44%) showed bronchial epithelial protein expression in stained microscopic figures of Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and 61/170 (36%) had a literature report of having airway epithelial function. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analyses were performed, and 19 functional protein categories were found as significantly (p < 0.05) enriched among these genes. These were related to cytokine production, cell activation and adaptive immune response, and all were strongly connected in network analysis. We also identified 15 protein pathways that were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in these genes, related to T-helper cell differentiation, virus infection, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and asthma. A third of GWAS-level risk loci genes of asthma or AR seemed to have airway epithelial functions according to our database and literature searches. In addition, many of the risk loci genes were immunity related. Some risk loci genes also related to metabolism, neuro-musculoskeletal or other functions. Functions overlapped and formed a strong network in our pathway analyses and are worth future studies of biomarker and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Laulajainen‐Hongisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalP.O.Box 263Kasarmikatu 11‐1300029 HUSHelsinkiFinland
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyInstitute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Annina Lyly
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalP.O.Box 263Kasarmikatu 11‐1300029 HUSHelsinkiFinland
- Skin and Allergy HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Matti Kankainen
- HUS Diagnostic CenterHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Hematology Research Unit HelsinkiDepartment of HematologyHelsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Haartman InstituteUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Diagnostic CenterHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kati Donner
- Hematology Research Unit HelsinkiDepartment of HematologyHelsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer CenterHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pirkko Mattila
- Haartman InstituteUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Hematology Research Unit HelsinkiDepartment of HematologyHelsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer CenterHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Université MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- MACVIA‐FranceMontpellierFrance
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität Zu BerlinBerlin Institute of HealthComprehensive Allergy CenterDepartment of Dermatology and AllergyCharité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Paula Kauppi
- Skin and Allergy HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanna Toppila‐Salmi
- Skin and Allergy HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Haartman InstituteUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Akdis CA, Arkwright PD, Brüggen MC, Busse W, Gadina M, Guttman‐Yassky E, Kabashima K, Mitamura Y, Vian L, Wu J, Palomares O. Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs. Allergy 2020; 75:1582-1605. [PMID: 32319104 DOI: 10.1111/all.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been extensive progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation and immune regulation in allergic diseases of the skin and lungs during the last few years. Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are typical diseases of type 2 immune responses. interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are essential cytokines of epithelial cells that are activated by allergens, pollutants, viruses, bacteria, and toxins that derive type 2 responses. Th2 cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILC) produce and secrete type 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. IL-4 and IL-13 activate B cells to class-switch to IgE and also play a role in T-cell and eosinophil migration to allergic inflammatory tissues. IL-13 contributes to maturation, activation, nitric oxide production and differentiation of epithelia, production of mucus as well as smooth muscle contraction, and extracellular matrix generation. IL-4 and IL-13 open tight junction barrier and cause barrier leakiness in the skin and lungs. IL-5 acts on activation, recruitment, and survival of eosinophils. IL-9 contributes to general allergic phenotype by enhancing all of the aspects, such as IgE and eosinophilia. Type 2 ILC contribute to inflammation in AD and asthma by enhancing the activity of Th2 cells, eosinophils, and their cytokines. Currently, five biologics are licensed to suppress type 2 inflammation via IgE, IL-5 and its receptor, and IL-4 receptor alpha. Some patients with severe atopic disease have little evidence of type 2 hyperactivity and do not respond to biologics which target this pathway. Studies in responder and nonresponder patients demonstrate the complexity of these diseases. In addition, primary immune deficiency diseases related to T-cell maturation, regulatory T-cell development, and T-cell signaling, such as Omenn syndrome, severe combined immune deficiencies, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, and DOCK8, STAT3, and CARD11 deficiencies, help in our understanding of the importance and redundancy of various type 2 immune components. The present review aims to highlight recent advances in type 2 immunity and discuss the cellular sources, targets, and roles of type 2 mechanisms in asthma and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Peter D. Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - William Busse
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section Office of Science and Technology National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease NIH Bethesda MD USA
| | - Emma Guttman‐Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS) Singapore Singapore
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Laura Vian
- Translational Immunology Section Office of Science and Technology National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease NIH Bethesda MD USA
| | - Jianni Wu
- Department of Dermatology, and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|