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Muñoz-Gallego A, Torres-Peña JL, Rodríguez-Salgado M, Ortueta-Olartecoechea A, López-López C, De La Cruz J, Tejada-Palacios P. Values of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness are different in children and adults. Clin Exp Optom 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39025791 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2024.2376199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE The detection of abnormal values of peripapillary nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is important for detecting optic nerve disease in children. BACKGROUND To evaluate the level of agreement between the adult reference database supplied with an OCT device and the present paediatric study database for the measurement of pRNFL thickness in children. This study also aimed to provide reference values for pRNFL thickness according to the spherical equivalent in the paediatric population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. One hundred and twenty-six healthy children were included, who had undergone a full ophthalmological examination including cycloplegic refraction and examination of pRNFL thickness using the Topcon 3D OCT 2000 device (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Values equal to or below the fifth percentile (≤p5) and above the 95th percentile (>p95) were considered abnormal. Observed agreement and specific agreement were investigated between OCT measurements classified with paediatric and adult reference values for normality. RESULTS Values ≤ p5 in the adult database were recorded for 2 of the 30 values (6.6%) of the pRNFL values by quadrants ≤p5 in the paediatric database and 17 of the 88 (19.3%) values by sectors ≤p5. For values >p95 in the adult database, 88% by quadrants and 72% by sectors would have been classified as being within the normal range using the paediatric database. CONCLUSION The use of adult reference values currently available in OCT devices can lead to classification errors concerning the normal range of pRNFL thickness in a large proportion of paediatric patients. The use of normative paediatric databases, such as the one discussed in this study, should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Javier De La Cruz
- Research Institute (imas12), Madrid University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Jørgensen APM, Kulmala M, Austeng D, Evensen KAI, Kajantie E, Majander A, Morken TS. Foveal thickness and its association with visual acuity in adults born preterm with very low birth weight: A two-country birth cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38809004 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore foveal and parafoveal thickness in adults born preterm with very low birth weight (VLBW) and its association with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and gestational age (GA) compared to adults born at term. METHODS In a joint study of the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults (Finland) and the NTNU Low Birth Weight Life study (Norway), 106 VLBW and 143 term-born controls were examined with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and BCVA at age 31-43 years. Thickness of retinal layers was segmented in the foveal and parafoveal areas of the macula. RESULTS The total retinal thickness in the foveal area was thicker in VLBW adults compared with controls; mean (SD): 292.5 μm (28.2) and 272.4 μm (20.2); p < 0.001, and thinner in the parafoveal areas of the macula. These findings could be explained by a thicker inner retinal layer in the foveal area found in VLBW adults compared with controls (mean difference 20.4 μm; CI: 15.0 to 25.9), where a thicker fovea was associated with lower GA, but not BCVA. CONCLUSION Adults born preterm with VLBW had a thicker retina in the foveal area than controls and this was associated with GA, but not with BCVA. These changes seem to be related to a thicker inner retinal layer in VLBW adults. The findings imply that signs of macular underdevelopment are still present in adulthood, but not necessarily related to reduced visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P M Jørgensen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maarit Kulmala
- Public Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki/Oulu, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dordi Austeng
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Anne I Evensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Children's Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Public Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki/Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinical Medicine Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Majander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tora Sund Morken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Ingvaldsen SH, Moljord K, Grøtting A, Omland PM, Dammann O, Austeng D, Morken TS. Retinal structure and visual pathway function at school age in children born extremely preterm: a population-based study. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:296. [PMID: 37393251 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born extremely preterm (gestational age < 28 weeks) show reduced visual function even without any cerebral or ophthalmological neonatal diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to assess the retinal structure with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual function with pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (PR-VEPs) in a geographically defined population-based cohort of school-aged children born extremely preterm. Moreover, we aimed to explore the association between measures of retinal structure and visual pathway function in this cohort. METHODS All children born extremely preterm from 2006-2011 (n = 65) in Central Norway were invited to participate. Thirty-six children (55%) with a median age of 13 years (range = 10-16) were examined with OCT, OCT-angiography (OCT-A), and PR-VEPs. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and circularity, central macular vascular density, and flow were measured on OCT-A images. Central retinal thickness, circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and inner plexiform ganglion cell layer (IPGCL) thickness were measured on OCT images. The N70-P100 peak-to-peak amplitude and N70 and P100 latencies were assessed from PR-VEPs. RESULTS Participants displayed abnormal retinal structure and P100 latencies (≥ 2 SD) compared to reference populations. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between P100 latency in large checks and RNFL (r = -.54, p = .003) and IPGCL (r = -.41, p = .003) thickness. The FAZ was smaller (p = .003), macular vascular density (p = .006) and flow were higher (p = .004), and RNFL (p = .006) and IPGCL (p = .014) were thinner in participants with ROP (n = 7). CONCLUSION Children born extremely preterm without preterm brain injury sequelae have signs of persistent immaturity of retinal vasculature and neuroretinal layers. Thinner neuroretinal layers are associated with delayed P100 latency, prompting further exploration of the visual pathway development in preterms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Hegna Ingvaldsen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kyrre Moljord
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnstein Grøtting
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Petter Moe Omland
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olaf Dammann
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dordi Austeng
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tora Sund Morken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Jammal HM, Al-Omari R, Khader Y. Normative Data of Macular Thickness Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Healthy Jordanian Children. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:3571-3580. [PMID: 36274676 PMCID: PMC9582505 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s386946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report normative values of macular thickness and volume by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in the eyes of healthy Jordanian children aged 6–16 years and assess the correlation of macular parameters with age, sex, and refractive error. Patients and Methods This observational study included 144 eyes of 144 healthy children. All children underwent comprehensive ocular examination and cycloplegic refraction. Average macular thickness, macular volume, central subfield thickness (CST), and macular thickness for all the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) quadrants were obtained using Primus SD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Results The study group consisted of 68 boys and 76 girls with a mean age (SD) of 10.8 (3.0) years. The mean (SD) spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was 0.56 (1.73) diopters (range: −4.75 to 4.75). The mean of macular average thickness was 277.2±12.5 μm, and the mean of the central subfield thickness was 246.7±16.8 μm. In multivariate analysis, all macular parameters except the central subfield thickness (CST) correlated positively with the SER. Boys had significantly higher CST than girls (p=0.008). None of the macular parameters were correlated with age. Conclusion Normative data of macular thickness for healthy Jordanian children were established for sex and age groups using SD-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham M Jammal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,Correspondence: Hisham M Jammal, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1099, Irbid, 21110, Jordan, Tel +962-2-7201000, Fax + 962-2-7095123, Email
| | - Rami Al-Omari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Ortueta-Olartecoechea A, Torres-Peña JL, Muñoz-Gallego A, López-López C, Vázquez Román S, Tejada-Palacios P. Prematurity: A medical history of obligatory consideration when assessing the retinal ganglion cell complex. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2022; 97:S2173-5794(22)00123-2. [PMID: 36075825 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Premature children birth and survival is becoming more frequent due to the improvement in obstetric and neonatal care. This makes it increasingly common to find patients with history of preterm birth in ophthalmology clinics, both in pediatric and adult ages. Premature birth can lead to ocular structural changes, being possible to affect the ganglion cell complex (GCC), among other structures, which can be studied using optical coherence tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS To carry out a bibliographic review of the studies that analyze GCC in patients with a history of prematurity compared with patients born at term. RESULTS Several studies that analyze GCC in patients with a history of prematurity are referenced and their results are studied. CONCLUSIONS In our clinical practice, knowing the history of prematurity is fundamental in the assessment of GCC measured by optical coherence tomography, since this layer is different in the patients with a history of prematurity compared to patients born at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ortueta-Olartecoechea
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Torres-Peña
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Muñoz-Gallego
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C López-López
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Vázquez Román
- Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Tejada-Palacios
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Macular thickness by SD-OCT in children and adolescents. Retina 2022; 42:1599-1607. [PMID: 35384933 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the distribution of macular and cube thickness as well as their normal range in the students aged 9-15 years and to investigate their associated demographic and biometric factors. METHODS The present study was based on the data of the second phase of Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study, conducted in 2018. After measurements of visual acuity, Biometry, subjective and cycloplegic refraction, retinal examination was done using the Zeiss Cirrus HD 4000 OCT. RESULTS The data of 5043 right eyes were analyzed after applying the exclusion criteria. The central macular thickness was 239±19.35 µm. The mean cube volume and cube thickness was 9.94±0.44 and 278±12.20, respectively. According to multiple linear regression analysis, the central macular thickness was significantly lower in girls (coefficient (β): -9.18; p<0.001) and rural students (β: 3.86; p<0.001) and had a direct association with axial length (β: 5.19; p<0.001), lens thickness (β: 5.33; p=0.003), and mean keratometry (β:2.41; p<0.001). The cube volume was lower in girls (β: -0.13; p<0.001) and rural area (β: 0.05; p<0.001). CONCLUSION Macular thickness was slightly higher in Iranian children. Gender, living place, axial length, lens thickness, and mean keratometry were the main associated factors with macular thickness.
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Wolf P, Larsson E, Åkerblom H. Normative data and repeatability for macular ganglion cell layer thickness in healthy Swedish children using swept source optical coherence tomography. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35260114 PMCID: PMC8905780 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherent tomography (OCT) technology is evolving with improved resolution and accuracy in segmentation between different cell layers in the retina. The ganglion cell layer in the macula region is a window to see what is happening in the visual pathways and a macula OCT is an examination that most children tolerate. This makes updated normative data necessary since variables may differ between different OCT devices and normative data for children is often not presented. The aim of this study was to develop normative data for macular ganglion cell layer thickness in children, measured with swept source OCT, and investigate the repeatability between measurements. METHODS Healthy Swedish children between 4 and 16 years old, with normal refraction, spherical equivalent mean:1.13 (sd:0.66) dioptre and normal visual acuity Logmar, mean: 0,015 (sd:0,05), were examined with swept source OCT. Macula OCT was performed three times in both eyes and the different retinal layers were evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-eight children were screened for inclusion. Fifty-five children were included in the study, 24 boys and 31 girls. Mean age was 8.9 years. Results from right eyes was analysed. The mean average thickness of macular ganglion cell layer thickness, retinal nerve fibre layer/ganglion cell layer boundary to inner plexiform layer/inner nuclear layer boundary, was 68.0 μm (sd:4.0, range:58-77). There was no correlation with sex or age. Fifty-three children manage to complete two, and 41 children three acceptable measurement and the mean coefficient of variation was low. CONCLUSION The ganglion cell layer thickness differs according to which OCT device that is used, and the population examined. This makes normative data essential to accurately interpret results. Swept source OCT of the macula have excellent repeatability and the examination well tolerated in most children making it an investigation useful for diagnosing and following diseases in the optic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Eva Larsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Åkerblom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden. .,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Center for Clinical research, Region Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden.
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Ruiz Caro Larrea JM, Cabrejas Martínez L, Alonso Peralta MA, Mahíllo Fernández I, Jiménez-Alfaro Morote I. Agreement and differences between macular values in children using two types of spectral optical coherence tomography. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2021; 96:462-469. [PMID: 34479702 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the degree of agreement and differences between macular parameters according to sex, age, laterality, ethnicity and type of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in paediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, transversal, and comparative study. OCT Spectralis and OCT Cirrus were used to obtain the macular values of both eyes in 100 patients between 5 and 15 years without ocular pathology. Due to the similarity between the values of both eyes, in the final sample we only considered the right eyes (OD) (n = 100). RESULTS The average central macular thickness (CMT) was 244.2 μm with Cirrus and 261.7 μm with Spectralis. The degree of agreement for the GMC was moderate (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient: 0.66) and from low to very low in the other quadrants. The GMC values of both systems were significantly higher in men than in women (P < .05). The macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNC), ganglion cell layer (GCC), the inner plexiform layer (IPLC), and the inner nuclear layer (INFL) had significantly higher values in men than in women (P < .01). There were no statistically significant differences in the GMC by age and laterality, however it was significantly higher in ethnic European children than in ethnic Latin American children; Cirrus (P = .042) and Spectralis (P = .033). CONCLUSIONS Macular parameters obtained by OCT Spectralis and OCT Cirrus should not be interchangeable in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ruiz Caro Larrea
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Cabrejas Martínez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Alonso Peralta
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Mahíllo Fernández
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Banc A, Ungureanu MI. Normative data for optical coherence tomography in children: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:714-738. [PMID: 32929184 PMCID: PMC8027201 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to systematically review the reported data of normal optical coherence tomography (OCT) results in the paediatric population. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases, using the keywords "optical coherence tomography"; "normative data" or "healthy eyes"; "children" or "paediatric population". Studies with at least 50 participants were included, irrespective of the OCT equipment employed. We excluded the OCT angiography studies or the studies investigating the choroidal thickness. Seventy-four studies were included in the final analysis and information on study design, number of participants, demographic characteristics, type of OCT equipment, OCT parameters and results was collected. Due to the high variability of OCT instruments and parameters used, a meta-analysis was not feasible. We report the normative values for the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and the macular retinal thickness for each ETDRS quadrant, as provided by the studies included in the present analysis. We also report the influence of ethnicity, age, gender, eye laterality, ISNT rule, spherical equivalent, and axial length on OCT results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Banc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Marius I Ungureanu
- Department of Public Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ruiz Caro Larrea JM, Cabrejas Martínez L, Alonso Peralta MA, Mahíllo Fernández I, Jiménez-Alfaro Morote I. Agreement and differences between macular values in children using two types of spectral optical coherence tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMID: 33376024 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the degree of agreement and differences between macular parameters according to sex, age, laterality, ethnicity and type of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in paediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, transversal, and comparative study. OCT Spectralis and OCT Cirrus were used to obtain the macular values of both eyes in 100 patients between 5 and 15years without ocular pathology. Due to the similarity between the values of both eyes, in the final sample we only considered the right eyes (OD) (n=100). RESULTS The average central macular thickness (CMT) was 244.2μm with Cirrus and 261.7μm with Spectralis. The degree of agreement for the GMC was moderate (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.66) and from low to very low in the other quadrants. The GMC values of both systems were significantly higher in men than in women (P<.05). The macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNC), ganglion cell layer (GCC), the inner plexiform layer (IPLC), and the inner nuclear layer (INFL) had significantly higher values in men than in women (P<.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the GMC by age and laterality, however it was significantly higher in ethnic European children than in ethnic Latin American children; Cirrus (P=.042) and Spectralis (P=.033). CONCLUSIONS Macular parameters obtained by OCT Spectralis and OCT Cirrus should not be interchangeable in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ruiz Caro Larrea
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España.
| | - L Cabrejas Martínez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - M A Alonso Peralta
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - I Mahíllo Fernández
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
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Del-Prado-Sánchez C, Seijas-Leal O, Gili-Manzanaro P, Ferreiro-López J, Yangüela-Rodilla J, Arias-Puente A. Choroidal, macular and ganglion cell layer thickness assessment in Caucasian children measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:3372-3378. [PMID: 33092392 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120965486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), macular ganglion cell layer (GCL-IPL) and central macular thickness (CMT) in Caucasian children, and to analyze these optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters depending on the spherical equivalent (SE). METHODS Cross-sectional study of SFCT, GCL-IPL, and CMT in Caucasian children, analyzed with spectral-domain OCT Cirrus 5000 and Enhanced-depth imaging technique. Correlation between these three OCT parameters, age, sex, and spherical equivalent was analyzed. The eyes were classified into three groups: group 1 included eyes with SE < 0, group 2 included eyes with SE between 0 and +2.00, and group 3 eyes with SE > +2.00. RESULTS Hundred ninety-eight eyes of 121 subjects were studied. The mean age was 9.22 years (range 3-16); 61.1% were female. The mean SFCT was 351.04 ± 84.08 µm, being 310.04 ± 82.84µm in group 1 (n = 62), 373.14 ± 83.16 µm in group 2 (n = 71) and 365.18 ± 73.16 µm in group 3 (n = 65); statistically significant differences were found between groups 2 and 3, compared with group 1. GCL-IPL thickness was significantly thinner (p < 0.001) in group 1, compared with group 3. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding CMT. Correlation with age, and sex was not found. CONCLUSIONS SFCT and GCL-IPL thickness were significantly thinner (p < 0.001) in myopic children when compared with a non-myopic pediatric population. However, it seems that there is not a correlation among the three OCT parameters studied, age and sex, when they are analyzed depending on refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Seijas-Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gili-Manzanaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ferreiro-López
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Arias-Puente
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Measurement of macular thickness with optical coherence tomography: impact of using a paediatric reference database and analysis of interocular symmetry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:533-545. [PMID: 32860574 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Optical coherence tomography (OCT) software is used to classify abnormality of macular thickness by colour category based on reference data from adult series. We assessed the impact of using paediatric reference thickness values for macular thickness instead of adult reference values. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Primary and tertiary healthcare setting. Out of 140 healthy participants aged 5 to 18 years, 126 were eligible, 83% from European origin. Following a dilated eye examination and cycloplegic refraction, participants underwent macular scanning with OCT (Topcon 3D OCT-2000). Macular thickness paediatric reference values were recorded by spherical equivalent (SE) and sex, and the specific agreement between paediatric and adult reference values below or equal to percentile 5 and above percentile 95 was estimated. The absolute interocular differences for all macular parameters were determined. RESULTS Multivariate regression analysis confirmed statistically independent positive associations between SE and average thickness, total volume, and temporal and inferior outer quadrants (all p values ≤ 0.003). The analysis also revealed higher values in males for average thickness, central thickness, and all inner macula quadrants (all p values ≤ 0.039). The use of the adult database only detected 49% of the extreme values (≤ p5 and > p95) in our paediatric sample. The 95th percentile limits for absolute interocular differences for all macular parameters ranged from 12 to 17 μm. CONCLUSIONS OCT-based macular reference values for paediatric SE and sex improve detection of children with abnormal macular thicknesses. Interocular differences exceeding standard references for macular parameters should be considered for further examinations.
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Arnljots U, Nilsson M, Hed Myrberg I, Åden U, Hellgren K. Profile of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in healthy 6.5 year- old Swedish children. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:329. [PMID: 32787847 PMCID: PMC7425168 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose was to study the macular ganglion cell- inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in healthy 6.5 year- old Swedish children using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and to study topography symmetry within eyes and between eye pairs. Methods A total of 181 eyes of 92 healthy children (39 girls, 53 boys) aged 6.5 and serving as a term-born control group in the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study (EXPRESS), were examined with Cirrus HD-OCT. Main outcome measures were average and minimum values of GC-IPL thickness of the device’s predefined macular sectors. Single sectors, combined sectors defined as superior and inferior hemispheres and temporal and nasal sectors were evaluated. Intra-individual GC-IPL thickness between eye pairs was analyzed. Visual acuity, refraction and general cognition were assessed and correlated to GC-IPL outcome. Results Eighty-five children completed the OCT examination and 155 out of 181 scans (86%) were analyzed. The mean average GC-IPL thickness was 85.9 μm (± 5.3; 5th and 95th percentiles were 76.0 and 94.6 μm). The mean minimum GC-IPL thickness was 83.6 μm (± 4.9; 5th and 95th percentiles were 75.4 and 92.3 μm). The difference in thickness between nasal and temporal sectors and between superior and inferior hemisphere sectors were less than 2 μm. The difference between average GC-IPL thickness and minimum GC-IPL thickness was 2.3 μm (± 1.9; 5th and 95th percentiles were 0.0 and 6.0 μm). The difference between the thickest and thinnest sector within eye was 6.4 μm (± 2.2; 5th and 95th percentiles were 3.0 and 10.0 μm). There was a moderate correlation in the difference between the nasal combined and the temporal combined sectors within eye pairs (p < 0.0001, Spearman’s ρ 0.58). The average GC-IPL thickness was weakly positively correlated with SE (spherical equivalent; combined sphere and ½ cylinder) (p = 0.031, Spearman’s ρ 0.23). Conclusions This study provides normative GC-IPL thickness values for healthy 6.5 year- old Swedish children. The GC-IPL thickness variations within eyes and within eye pairs are generally small. It could therefore be assumed that larger variations are sensitive markers of focal GC-IPL thinning due to damage to the primary visual pathways in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Arnljots
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Unit of Optometry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Åden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hellgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jnawali A, Mirhajianmoghadam H, Musial G, Porter J, Ostrin LA. The optic nerve head, lamina cribrosa, and nerve fiber layer in non-myopic and myopic children. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108041. [PMID: 32353426 PMCID: PMC7282968 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the optic nerve head, lamina cribrosa, retina, and choroid in school age children using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to assess these structural parameters in relation to age, axial length, and refractive error. Healthy children, ages 11.15 ± 2.62 years (range 6-15 years, n = 53), underwent cycloplegic autorefraction, biometry, and SD-OCT imaging in both eyes. Images were analyzed using custom written programs in MATLAB, after adjustment for lateral magnification. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, retinal and choroidal thicknesses, Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) area, minimum rim width (MRW), and anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) were determined and analyzed with age, axial length, and refraction. Results show that axial length increased and refractive error became more myopic with increasing age (R2 = 0.25, β = 0.18, P < 0.0001 and R2 = 0.27, β = -0.37, P < 0.0001, respectively). Minimum foveal thickness and central 1 mm retinal thickness increased with increasing age (R2 = 0.15, β = 2.38, P < 0.01 and R2 = 0.11, β = 3.16, P < 0.05, respectively). Age-adjusted raw values for peripapillary RNFL thickness decreased with increasing axial length (R2 = 0.11, β = -3.18, P < 0.05); however, this relationship was not present when image magnification was corrected (R2 = 0.07, β = 2.72, P = 0.09). BMO area increased with myopic refractive error (R2 = 0.16, β = -0.10, P < 0.01). Age-adjusted vertical cup-to-disc ratio decreased with increasing axial length and myopic refractive error (R2 = 0.12, β = -0.05, P < 0.05 and R2 = 0.11, β = 0.03, P = 0.05, respectively). Mean MRW, mean ALCSD, and peripapillary choroidal thickness were not associated with age, axial length, or refraction. Mean MRW was significantly thinner in eyes with deeper ALCS (R2 = 0.41, β = -0.83, P < 0.0001). These findings provide normal values for retinal and optic nerve head parameters in school age children, and also suggest that ocular remodeling occurs in some structures in school age children with normal eye growth and during early stages of myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Jnawali
- University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | | | - Gwen Musial
- University of Houston Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4800 Calhoun, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jason Porter
- University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun, Houston, TX, 77004, USA.
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Muñoz-Gallego A, De la Cruz J, Rodríguez-Salgado M, Torres-Peña JL, Sambricio J, Ortueta-Olartecoechea A, Tejada-Palacios P. Interobserver reproducibility and interocular symmetry of the macular ganglion cell complex: assessment in healthy children using optical coherence tomography. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:197. [PMID: 32448232 PMCID: PMC7245936 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of interobserver reproducibility and interocular symmetry using optical coherence tomography (OCT)–based measurements of the macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) in healthy children facilitates interpretation of OCT data. We assessed the interobserver reproducibility and interocular symmetry of GCC and evaluated candidate determinants. Methods This was a cross-sectional study performed in a primary and tertiary health-care setting. A total of 126 healthy participants aged 5 to 18 years were eligible. GCC scans were performed by 4 operators using the Topcon 3D OCT-2000 device. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to estimate reproducibility and symmetry. Cut-off points for symmetry were defined as the 95th percentile of the absolute interocular difference for 6 GCC parameters. Percentile distributions of interocular difference were generated based on age and difference in absolute interocular spherical equivalent (SE). Results The reproducibility ICC ranged from 0.96 to 0.98 for all 6 GCC parameters. Cut-off points for interocular symmetry of the superior and inferior quadrants and total macular retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (mRNFL) and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness were 3.5, 4.5, 3.0, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.5 μm respectively. A positive association was observed between the absolute interocular difference of SE and superior and total mRNFL symmetry values (p = 0.047 and p = 0.040, respectively). Conclusions OCT measurements of GCC in healthy children show excellent reproducibility. Interocular differences in SE should be assessed when mRNFL differences exceed the 95% cut-off. These findings can contribute to establish reference values for interocular symmetry in paediatric GCC parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Muñoz-Gallego
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier De la Cruz
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Healthcare Research Institute (IMAS12), Servicio Madrileño de Salud (SERMAS-H12O), CAA-6D. Avda. de Códoba s/n, E-28041, Madrid, Spain. .,Spanish Network for Research in Mother&Child Health and Development (RED SAMID RD16/0022/0011), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - José L Torres-Peña
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sambricio
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Tejada-Palacios
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Healthcare Research Institute (IMAS12), Servicio Madrileño de Salud (SERMAS-H12O), CAA-6D. Avda. de Códoba s/n, E-28041, Madrid, Spain.,Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Aslan MG, Uzun F, Fındık H, Kaçar M, Okutucu M, Hocaoğlu Ç. Pupillometry measurement and its relationship to retinal structural changes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:1309-1317. [PMID: 32236704 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to assess the pupillometry measurements of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and to investigate their correlations with macular and RNFL thickness parameters by comparing the values with a healthy control group. METHODS Newly diagnosed ADHD patients in a child and adolescent clinic of a tertiary hospital were consulted in an ophthalmology clinic. All participants had undergone a standard ophthalmological examination including refractometry, best corrected visual acuity, color vision, anterior segment biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, pupillometry, and OCT. All results were compared with a healthy control group at the same age. RESULTS The study group consisted of 32 patients and there were 43 children in the control group. Mean pupillary velocities of ADHD patients and control group were 0.60 ± 0.11 mm/s and 0.63 ± 0.11 mm/s, and 0.49 ± 0.12 mm/s and 0.50 ± 0.10 mm/s, for right and left eyes, respectively. The difference was statistically significant for both eyes (p < 0.05). Mean RNFL thickness measurements of the study group were 90.69 ± 8.58 μm and 89.63 ± 8.14 μm for right and left eyes, respectively and those were 87.35 ± 7.67 μm and 88.77 ± 7.44 μm, respectively in the healthy group. Correlation between right pupillary velocity and RNFL thickness was statistically significant (r = 0.339, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Higher pupillary velocity values were observed in both eyes of children with ADHD and that was positively correlated with RNFL measurements of their right eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gökhan Aslan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Feyzahan Uzun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Fındık
- Department of Ophthalmology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaçar
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
| | - Murat Okutucu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
| | - Çiçek Hocaoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
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Muñoz-Gallego A, Rodríguez-Salgado M, de la Cruz J, López-López C, Cañas-Zamarra I, Tejada-Palacios P. Paediatric optical coherence tomography normative databases: A real need. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 94:591-597. [PMID: 31685301 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an essential tool in paediatric ophthalmology. However, none of the currently available OCT devices include any kind of normative database for the paediatric population, which can lead to important interpretation errors. OBJECTIVE To review the paediatric OCT normative databases. MATERIAL AND METHODS The applications and implications of the use of paediatric OCT normative databases are reviewed. RESULTS The paediatric normative databases that have been published so far in scientific literature with different OCT devices for Spanish and European population are presented. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge and interpretation of paediatric OCT normative databases in our daily clinical practice is crucial in order for the correct interpretation of OCT thickness maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muñoz-Gallego
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | | | - J de la Cruz
- Instituto de investigación i+12. ISCIII, SAMID, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - C López-López
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - I Cañas-Zamarra
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - P Tejada-Palacios
- Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España; Instituto de investigación i+12. ISCIII, SAMID, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
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18
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Sioufi K, Say EAT, Ferenczy SC, Leahey AM, Shields CL. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FINDINGS OF DEEP CAPILLARY PLEXUS MICROISCHEMIA AFTER INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY FOR RETINOBLASTOMA. Retina 2019; 39:371-378. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Muñoz-Gallego A, De la Cruz J, Rodríguez-Salgado M, Torres-Peña JL, de-Lucas-Viejo B, Ortueta-Olartecoechea A, Tejada-Palacios P. Assessment of macular ganglion cell complex using optical coherence tomography: Impact of a paediatric reference database in clinical practice. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:490-497. [PMID: 30353628 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Optical coherence tomography software classifies abnormality of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness and macular retinal nerve fibre layer thickness based on adult series. BACKGROUND We assessed the impact of using paediatric reference macular ganglion cell complex values instead of adult reference values. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. Primary and tertiary health-care setting. PARTICIPANTS Out of 140 healthy participants aged 5 to 18 years, 90% were eligible. METHODS Following a dilated eye examination and cycloplegic refraction, participants underwent optical coherence tomography ganglion cell scans (Topcon 3D OCT-2000; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Right eye measurements for superior, inferior, and total layer thickness and spherical equivalent were reported, together with age, sex and origin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Paediatric reference values by age and spherical equivalent were produced, and the specific agreement between paediatric and adult ganglion cell complex reference values below or equal to percentile 5 was estimated. RESULTS The multivariate analysis confirmed a positive association between spherical equivalent and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness, and between age and macular retinal nerve fibre layer (five out of six regression coefficients P values were ≤ 0.03). Specific agreement was 25% for ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness and > 80% for macular retinal nerve fibre layer. Adult-based software identified low ganglion cell values in one in seven children compared to paediatric reference values (0.8% vs 5.5%, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The availability of optical coherence tomography ganglion cell complex reference values for paediatric age and spherical equivalent groups can be used to improve detection of children with low cell layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Muñoz-Gallego
- Ophthalmology Department, Madrid University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain.,Madrid University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier De la Cruz
- Research Institute (imas12), Madrid University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Mother & Child Health, and Development Research Network SAMID, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José L Torres-Peña
- Ophthalmology Department, Madrid University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Tejada-Palacios
- Ophthalmology Department, Madrid University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute (imas12), Madrid University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid, Spain.,Madrid University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Introduction: For many years, amblyopia was regarded as a disorder of the visual system in which an organic cause could not be identified. Optical Coherence Tomography opens new horizons in understanding the etiopathology of amblyopia and seems to highlight morphologic anomalies in the retina of the amblyopic eye. Purpose: The objective of this paper is to analyze the macular thickness, optic nerve changes, and choroidal thickness found in patients diagnosed with amblyopia based on trials reported in the literature. Material and methods: This study analyzes 30 clinical trials regarding amblyopia evaluation with Optical Coherence Tomography. The research articles analyzed were published between 2006 - 2016 and were identified on PubMed database. Results: 19 research studies focused on macular and nerve optic changes, 7 on choroidal changes and 6 on retinal changes after occlusion. The results were discussed according to the type of amblyopia, alteration of macular thickness, optic nerve changes, ganglion cell layer changes, and alteration of choroidal thickness. Conclusions: The results are of great variability, and it seems that macula and choroid involvement is more frequently suggested compared with optic nerve involvement. Abbreviations: OCT = Optical Coherence Tomography, RNFL = Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, GCC = Ganglion Cell Complex, ACD = Anterior Chamber Depth, BCVA = Best Corrected Visual Acuity
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Avram
- Ophthalmology Department, Medlife Băneasa Hyperclinic, Bucharest, Romania
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21
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CENTRAL MACULAR THICKNESS IN 6.5-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN BORN EXTREMELY PRETERM IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH GESTATIONAL AGE EVEN WHEN ADJUSTED FOR RISK FACTORS. Retina 2017; 37:2281-2288. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Molnar AEC, Andréasson SO, Larsson EKB, Åkerblom HM, Holmström GE. Reduction of Rod and Cone Function in 6.5-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Preterm. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:854-861. [PMID: 28662245 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance The function of rods and cones in children born extremely preterm has not yet been fully investigated. Objective To compare retinal function via full-field electroretinographic (ffERG) recordings in 6.5-year-old children born extremely preterm with children born at term. Design, Setting, and Participants A subcohort study was conducted from July 1, 2010, to January 15, 2014, of the national Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study, including preterm children (<27 weeks' gestational age) and children born at term, at 6.5 years of age and living in the Uppsala health care region in Sweden. Full-field electroretinography was performed binocularly, using DTL electrodes and electroretinographic (ERG) protocols with flash strengths of 0.009, 0.17, 3.0, and 12.0 candelas (cd)/s/m2, together with 30-Hz flicker and 3.0 cd/s/m2 single-cone flash. Main Outcomes and Measures The ffERG recordings were analyzed, and their associations with gestational age and retinopathy of prematurity were examined. Results Adequate ffERG recordings were obtained from 52 preterm children (19 girls and 33 boys; mean [SD] age at examination, 6.6 [0.1] years) and 45 children born at term (22 girls and 23 boys; mean [SD] age at examination, 6.6 [0.1] years). Lower amplitudes of the combined rod and cone responses (the a-wave of the dark-adapted ERG protocol of 3.0 cd/s/m2: mean difference, -48.9 μV [95% CI, -80.0 to -17.9 μV]; P=.003; the a-wave of the dark-adapted ERG protocol of 12.0 cd/s/m2: mean difference, -55.7 μV [95% CI, -92.5 to -18.8 μV]; P = .004), as well as of the isolated cone response (30-Hz flicker ERG: mean difference, -12.1 μV [95% CI, -22.5 to -1.6 μV]; P = .03), were found in the preterm group in comparison with the group born at term. The implicit time of the combined rod and cone responses (the a-wave of the dark-adapted ERG protocol of 12.0 cd/s/m2) was longer (mean difference, 1.2 milliseconds [95% CI, 0.3-2.0 milliseconds]; P = .01) in the preterm group, as were the isolated cone responses (30-Hz flicker ERG: mean difference, 1.2 milliseconds [95% CI, 0.5-1.8 milliseconds]; P < .001), than in the group born at term. No association was found between the ffERG recordings and gestational age or retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm group. Conclusions and Relevance Both rod function and cone function were reduced in children born extremely preterm when compared with children born at term. There was no association with retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm group, which suggests that being born extremely preterm may be one of the main reasons for a general retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E C Molnar
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Eva K B Larsson
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna M Åkerblom
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd E Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Repeatability of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness measurements using spectral-domain OCT in branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1727-1735. [PMID: 28601911 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the repeatability of thickness measurements of the central macula, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) before and after treatment of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS We analyzed patients with BRVO who visited our retinal clinic. The repeatability of the thickness measurements were compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (COV) of affected versus normal fellow eyes. RESULTS The average thicknesses of the central macula, RNFL, and GC-IPL were 371.28 μm, 105.60 μm, and 61.88 μm, respectively, in affected eyes with macular edema before treatment, and the ICCs were 0.978, 0.919, and 0.705, respectively. The average thicknesses were 244.98 μm, 96.70 μm, and 82.70 μm, respectively, in affected eyes without macular edema after treatment, and the ICCs were 0.999, 0.975, and 0.928, respectively. After resolution of macular edema, the average thickness of the GC-IPL increased, whereas that of the central macula and RNFL significantly decreased (P < 0.05); all of the ICCs increased compared to pretreatment values. In normal fellow eyes, the average thicknesses were 250.98 μm, 93.50 μm, and 83.84 μm, respectively, and the ICCs were 0.996, 0.995, and 0.994, respectively. CONCLUSIONS After treatment of macular edema, the repeatability and thickness of the GC-IPL increased, along with reduction in the central macular thickness. This resulted from auto-segmentation errors following macular contour changes and unstable gazes of the patients due to decreased visual acuities in BRVO with macular edema.
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von Hanno T, Lade AC, Mathiesen EB, Peto T, Njølstad I, Bertelsen G. Macular thickness in healthy eyes of adults (N = 4508) and relation to sex, age and refraction: the Tromsø Eye Study (2007-2008). Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:262-269. [PMID: 27989016 PMCID: PMC5412929 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To provide sex‐stratified normative data on retinal thickness and study the relationship with sex, age and refractive status. Methods Population‐based study including 2617 women and 1891 men, aged 38–87 (mean 61 ± 8) years, without diabetes, glaucoma and retinal diseases, and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) within ±6 dioptres. Retinal thickness was measured with optical coherence tomography (spectral domain Cirrus HD‐OCT). Results Women had thinner retina than men. Retinal thickness was significantly associated with refraction, where mean change in retinal thickness per 1 D increase in SER was −1.3 (0.2) μm in the fovea, 0.7 (0.1) μm in the pericentral ring and 1.4 (0.1) μm in the peripheral ring. In the fovea, there was a non‐monotonic curved relationship between retinal thickness and age in both sexes with a maximum at about 60 years (p < 0.001). In the pericentral ring, the mean reduction in retinal thickness per 10‐year increase was 2.7 (0.3) μm in women and 4.0 (0.4) μm in men and corresponding results in the peripheral ring were 2.3 (0.3) μm in women and 2.6 (0.4) μm in men. In both regions, there was evidence for a nonlinear pattern with an increased rate of change with higher age. There was a significant interaction between sex and age for retinal thickness of the pericentral ring (p = 0.041). Conclusion Women had thinner retina than men, and thickness varied with refractive status. Retinal thickness was associated with age in all macular regions, and the rate of change in retinal thickness varied at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese von Hanno
- Brain and Circulation Research Group; Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology; Nordland Hospital; Bodø Norway
| | - Anette C. Lade
- Department of Rehabilitation; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ellisiv B. Mathiesen
- Brain and Circulation Research Group; Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre of Public Health; Queen's University; Belfast UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Research Group of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases; Department of Community Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Geir Bertelsen
- Research Group of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases; Department of Community Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
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Ahn J, Yun IS, Yoo HG, Choi JJ, Lee M. Developing new automated alternation flicker using optic disc photography for the detection of glaucoma progression. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:119-126. [PMID: 27662466 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo evaluate a progression-detecting algorithm for a new automated matched alternation flicker (AMAF) in glaucoma patients.MethodsOpen-angle glaucoma patients with a baseline mean deviation of visual field (VF) test>-6 dB were included in this longitudinal and retrospective study. Functional progression was detected by two VF progression criteria and structural progression by both AMAF and conventional comparison methods using optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) photography. Progression-detecting performances of AMAF and the conventional method were evaluated by an agreement between functional and structural progression criteria. RNFL thickness changes measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were compared between progressing and stable eyes determined by each method.ResultsAmong 103 eyes, 47 (45.6%), 21 (20.4%), and 32 (31.1%) eyes were evaluated as glaucoma progression using AMAF, the conventional method, and guided progression analysis (GPA) of the VF test, respectively. The AMAF showed better agreement than the conventional method, using GPA of the VF test (κ=0.337; P<0.001 and κ=0.124; P=0.191, respectively). The rates of RNFL thickness decay using OCT were significantly different between the progressing and stable eyes when progression was determined by AMAF (-3.49±2.86 μm per year vs -1.83±3.22 μm per year; P=0.007) but not by the conventional method (-3.24±2.42 μm per year vs -2.42±3.33 μm per year; P=0.290).ConclusionsThe AMAF was better than the conventional comparison method in discriminating structural changes during glaucoma progression, and showed a moderate agreement with functional progression criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - I S Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - H G Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - J-J Choi
- Department of Digital Media, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - M Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, DMC Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Macular function measured by binocular mfERG and compared with macular structure in healthy children. Doc Ophthalmol 2015; 131:169-76. [PMID: 26476926 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-015-9513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To create normative data in children from binocular multifocal ERG (mfERG) recordings and compare results with the macular thickness. METHODS Forty-nine 5- to 15-year-old healthy, full-term children were examined with Espion Multifocal System, using DTL electrodes. The stimulus matrix consisted of 37 hexagonal elements. Amplitudes, implicit times and response densities (presented in three rings) of the first-order component P1 were analyzed. Measurements of macular thickness were performed with spectral-domain Cirrus OCT. RESULTS There were no significant differences between right and left eyes regarding mfERG recordings. Median P1 implicit times of Rings 1-3 of the 46 right eyes were 30.0, 30.0 and 30.8 ms and response densities 20.5, 10.9 and 7.6 nV/deg(2), respectively. Implicit time was longer in boys than in girls (p = 0.009, 0.039, 0.005 in Rings 1-3) and was correlated with age (r s = 0.417, 0.316, 0.274 in Rings 1-3). Implicit time in Ring 1 correlated significantly with the inner circle of the OCT measurements (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION Binocular mfERG with DTL electrodes is a reliable test of the central macular function in children and correlates with macular structure. As previously not shown, there was a significant difference in implicit time between boys and girls.
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