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Yang T, Wei F, Guo Y, Zhu M, Hou H, Guo Z, Liu X. The increased effective connectivity from left middle occipital gyrus to right medial septum/diagonal bands in AD patients after donepezil intervention. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1362790. [PMID: 38659702 PMCID: PMC11039922 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1362790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Donepezil enhances the function of cholinergic nerves by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine, thereby improving clinical symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the neural mechanisms of how donepezil modulates the effective connectivity (EC) network of cholinergic system in AD patients remain unknown. We speculated that the effective network of the cholinergic system changes in AD patients after donepezil intervention. Methods We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and Granger causality analysis approach to explore changes in the effective connectivity network of the basal forebrain in AD patients before and after donepezil intervention. This study included 32 participants, including 16 healthy controls (HCs) and 16 AD patients. In a 3T MRI scanner, the 16 AD patients were scanned before and after the donepezil intervention. To compare EC differences between the three groups of participants, ANOVA and post-hoc t-tests analysis were employed. Results Compared to baseline status, AD patients after donepezil intervention had an increased EC from left middle occipital gyrus to right medial septum/diagonal bands. Compared to HCs, AD patients after donepezil intervention had an increased EC from right inferior frontal gyrus/orbit part to right medial septum/diagonal bands, AD patients before donepezil intervention had a reduced EC from right precuneus to right medial septum/diagonal bands. A significant positive correlation was found between EC values in right precuneus and Mini-Mental State Examination in pre-intervention AD patients (r = 0.7338, p = 0.0012). Discussion Our study showed that effective connectivity of brain regions associated with the default mode network in the cholinergic pathway was enhanced after donepezil intervention. The results of this study will help us to better understand the neural mechanisms of donepezil intervention in AD and to find clinical targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuquan Wei
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufei Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengxiao Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongtao Hou
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongwei Guo
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Structural and Functional Imaging, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Begde A, Wilcockson T, Brayne C, Hogervorst E. Visual processing speed and its association with future dementia development in a population-based prospective cohort: EPIC-Norfolk. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5016. [PMID: 38424122 PMCID: PMC10904745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual processing deficits have frequently been reported when studied in individuals with dementia, which suggests their potential utility in supporting dementia screening. The study uses EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Cohort Study data (n = 8623) to investigate the role of visual processing speed assessed by the Visual Sensitivity Test (VST) in identifying the risk of future dementia using Cox regression analyses. Individuals with lower scores on the simple and complex VST had a higher probability of a future dementia diagnosis HR1.39 (95% CI 1.12, 1.67, P < 0.01) and HR 1.56 (95% CI 1.27, 1.90, P < 0.01), respectively. Although other more commonly used cognitive dementia screening tests were better predictors of future dementia risk (HR 3.45 for HVLT and HR 2.66, for SF-EMSE), the complex VST showed greater sensitivity to variables frequently associated with dementia risk. Reduced complex visual processing speed is significantly associated with a high likelihood of a future dementia diagnosis and risk/protective factors in this cohort. Combining visual processing tests with other neuropsychological tests could improve the identification of future dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Begde
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Thomas Wilcockson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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James E, Vielle A, Cusato K, Li H, Lee B, Parween S, Howell A, Johnson NR, Chial HJ, Potter H, Vergara MN. Human iPSC-derived retinal organoids develop robust Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1340448. [PMID: 38323188 PMCID: PMC10844524 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1340448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, affects nearly 50 million people worldwide. Amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of phosphorylated Tau protein (pTau) are key histopathological features of the disease in the brain, and recent advances have also identified AD histopathology in the retina. Thus, the retina represents a central nervous system (CNS) tissue highly amenable to non-invasive diagnostic imaging that shows promise as a biomarker for early AD. Given the devastating effects of AD on patients, their families, and society, new treatment modalities that can significantly alter the disease course are urgently needed. In this study, we have developed and characterized a novel human retinal organoid (RO) model derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with familial AD due to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP). Using immunofluorescence and histological staining, we evaluated the cellular composition and AD histopathological features of AD-ROs compared to control ROs from healthy individuals. We found that AD-ROs largely resemble their healthy control counterparts in cellular composition but display increased levels of Aβ and pTau. We also present proof of principle of an assay to quantify amyloid levels in whole ROs. This in vitro model of the human AD retina constitutes a new tool for drug screening, biomarker discovery, and pathophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan James
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anne Vielle
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karen Cusato
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Helen Li
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Byoungin Lee
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shama Parween
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anna Howell
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J. Chial
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Huntington Potter
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - M. Natalia Vergara
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Wilson KA, Bar S, Dammer EB, Carrera EM, Hodge BA, Hilsabeck TAU, Bons J, Brownridge GW, Beck JN, Rose J, Granath-Panelo M, Nelson CS, Qi G, Gerencser AA, Lan J, Afenjar A, Chawla G, Brem RB, Campeau PM, Bellen HJ, Schilling B, Seyfried NT, Ellerby LM, Kapahi P. OXR1 maintains the retromer to delay brain aging under dietary restriction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:467. [PMID: 38212606 PMCID: PMC10784588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) delays aging, but the mechanism remains unclear. We identified polymorphisms in mtd, the fly homolog of OXR1, which influenced lifespan and mtd expression in response to DR. Knockdown in adulthood inhibited DR-mediated lifespan extension in female flies. We found that mtd/OXR1 expression declines with age and it interacts with the retromer, which regulates trafficking of proteins and lipids. Loss of mtd/OXR1 destabilized the retromer, causing improper protein trafficking and endolysosomal defects. Overexpression of retromer genes or pharmacological restabilization with R55 rescued lifespan and neurodegeneration in mtd-deficient flies and endolysosomal defects in fibroblasts from patients with lethal loss-of-function of OXR1 variants. Multi-omic analyses in flies and humans showed that decreased Mtd/OXR1 is associated with aging and neurological diseases. mtd/OXR1 overexpression rescued age-related visual decline and tauopathy in a fly model. Hence, OXR1 plays a conserved role in preserving retromer function and is critical for neuronal health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Wilson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sudipta Bar
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Brian A Hodge
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Tyler A U Hilsabeck
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Joanna Bons
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - Jennifer N Beck
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Jacob Rose
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | | | - Grace Qi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - Jianfeng Lan
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Guanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, The Afilliated Hospital of Guilin Medican University, Guilin, 541001, Guanxi, China
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Unité de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire, Paris, 75012, France
- Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, CRMR des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, NH91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Justine Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Amadoro G, Latina V, Stigliano E, Micera A. COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease Share Common Neurological and Ophthalmological Manifestations: A Bidirectional Risk in the Post-Pandemic Future. Cells 2023; 12:2601. [PMID: 37998336 PMCID: PMC10670749 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that a neuropathological cross-talk takes place between the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -the pandemic severe pneumonia that has had a tremendous impact on the global economy and health since three years after its outbreak in December 2019- and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia among human beings, reaching 139 million by the year 2050. Even though COVID-19 is a primary respiratory disease, its causative agent, the so-called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also endowed with high neuro-invasive potential (Neurocovid). The neurological complications of COVID-19, resulting from the direct viral entry into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and/or indirect systemic inflammation and dysregulated activation of immune response, encompass memory decline and anosmia which are typically associated with AD symptomatology. In addition, patients diagnosed with AD are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are inclined to more severe clinical outcomes. In the present review, we better elucidate the intimate connection between COVID-19 and AD by summarizing the involved risk factors/targets and the underlying biological mechanisms shared by these two disorders with a particular focus on the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, APOlipoprotein E (APOE), aging, neuroinflammation and cellular pathways associated with the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)/Amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau neuropathologies. Finally, the involvement of ophthalmological manifestations, including vitreo-retinal abnormalities and visual deficits, in both COVID-19 and AD are also discussed. Understanding the common physiopathological aspects linking COVID-19 and AD will pave the way to novel management and diagnostic/therapeutic approaches to cope with them in the post-pandemic future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Latina
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Stigliano
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Sciences, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Opwonya J, Ku B, Kim K, Lee KH, Il Kim J, Kim JU. Saccadic eye movement variables as biomarkers for cognitive decline in elderly individuals. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083172 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of Dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often considered a precursor to the development of AD dementia and other types of Dementia. Biomarkers such as amyloid beta are specific and sensitive in identifying AD and can identify individuals who have biological evidence of the disease but have no symptoms, but clinicians and researchers may not easily use them on a large scale. Ocular biomarkers, such as those obtained through eye tracking (ET) technology, have the potential as a diagnostic tool due to their accuracy, affordability, and ease of use. In this study, we show that eye movement (EM) metrics from an interleaved Pro/Anti-saccade (PS/AS) ET task can differentiate between cognitively normal (CN) and MCI subjects and that the presence of Aβ brain deposits, a biomarker of AD, significantly affects performance on these tasks. Individuals with Aβ deposits (Aβ+) performed worse than those without (Aβ-). Our findings suggest that eye-tracking measurements may be a valuable tool for detecting amyloid brain pathology and monitoring changes in cognitive function in CN and MCI individuals over time.Clinical Relevance- The PS/AS paradigm, which measures saccadic eye movements, can accurately detect subtle cognitive impairments and changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease in CN and MCI individuals. This makes it a valuable tool for identifying individuals at risk for cognitive decline and tracking changes in cognitive function over time.
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Opwonya J, Ku B, Lee KH, Kim JI, Kim JU. Eye movement changes as an indicator of mild cognitive impairment. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1171417. [PMID: 37397453 PMCID: PMC10307957 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1171417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early identification of patients at risk of dementia, alongside timely medical intervention, can prevent disease progression. Despite their potential clinical utility, the application of diagnostic tools, such as neuropsychological assessments and neuroimaging biomarkers, is hindered by their high cost and time-consuming administration, rendering them impractical for widespread implementation in the general population. We aimed to develop non-invasive and cost-effective classification models for predicting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using eye movement (EM) data. Methods We collected eye-tracking (ET) data from 594 subjects, 428 cognitively normal controls, and 166 patients with MCI while they performed prosaccade/antisaccade and go/no-go tasks. Logistic regression (LR) was used to calculate the EM metrics' odds ratios (ORs). We then used machine learning models to construct classification models using EM metrics, demographic characteristics, and brief cognitive screening test scores. Model performance was evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results LR models revealed that several EM metrics are significantly associated with increased odds of MCI, with odds ratios ranging from 1.213 to 1.621. The AUROC scores for models utilizing demographic information and either EM metrics or MMSE were 0.752 and 0.767, respectively. Combining all features, including demographic, MMSE, and EM, notably resulted in the best-performing model, which achieved an AUROC of 0.840. Conclusion Changes in EM metrics linked with MCI are associated with attentional and executive function deficits. EM metrics combined with demographics and cognitive test scores enhance MCI prediction, making it a non-invasive, cost-effective method to identify early stages of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Opwonya
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- KM Convergence Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (GARD) Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joong Il Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaeuk U. Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- KM Convergence Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Latina V, Atlante A, Malerba F, La Regina F, Balzamino BO, Micera A, Pignataro A, Stigliano E, Cavallaro S, Calissano P, Amadoro G. The Cleavage-Specific Tau 12A12mAb Exerts an Anti-Amyloidogenic Action by Modulating the Endocytic and Bioenergetic Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119683. [PMID: 37298634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond deficits in hippocampal-dependent episodic memory, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) features sensory impairment in visual cognition consistent with extensive neuropathology in the retina. 12A12 is a monoclonal cleavage specific antibody (mAb) that in vivo selectively neutralizes the AD-relevant, harmful N-terminal 20-22 kDa tau fragment(s) (i.e., NH2htau) without affecting the full-length normal protein. When systemically injected into the Tg2576 mouse model overexpressing a mutant form of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), APPK670/671L linked to early onset familial AD, this conformation-specific tau mAb successfully reduces the NH2htau accumulating both in their brain and retina and, thus, markedly alleviates the phenotype-associated signs. By means of a combined biochemical and metabolic experimental approach, we report that 12A12mAb downregulates the steady state expression levels of APP and Beta-Secretase 1 (BACE-1) and, thus, limits the Amyloid beta (Aβ) production both in the hippocampus and retina from this AD animal model. The local, antibody-mediated anti-amyloidogenic action is paralleled in vivo by coordinated modulation of the endocytic (BIN1, RIN3) and bioenergetic (glycolysis and L-Lactate) pathways. These findings indicate for the first time that similar molecular and metabolic retino-cerebral pathways are modulated in a coordinated fashion in response to 12A12mAb treatment to tackle the neurosensorial Aβ accumulation in AD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Pignataro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Stigliano
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Parka A, Volbracht C, Hall B, Bastlund JF, Nedergaard M, Laursen B, Botta P, Sotty F. Visual Evoked Potentials as an Early-Stage Biomarker in the rTg4510 Tauopathy Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:247-262. [PMID: 37005884 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Tauopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are characterized by formation of neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Early pathophysiological and functional changes related to neurofibrillary tangles formation are considered to occur prior to extensive neurodegeneration. Hyperphosphorylated tau has been detected in postmortem retinas of AD and FTD patients, and the visual pathway is an easily accessible system in a clinical setting. Hence, assessment of the visual function may offer the potential to detect consequences of early tau pathology in patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate visual function in a tauopathy mouse model in relation to tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Methods: In this study we explored the association between the visual system and functional consequences of tau pathology progression using a tauopathy rTg4510 mouse model. To this end, we recorded full-field electroretinography and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized and awake states at different ages. Results: While retinal function remained mostly intact within all the age groups investigated, we detected significant changes in amplitudes of visual evoked potential responses in young rTg4510 mice exhibiting early tau pathology prior to neurodegeneration. These functional alterations in the visual cortex were positively correlated with pathological tau levels. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that visual processing could be useful as a novel electrophysiological biomarker for early stages of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Parka
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Research, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Latina V, De Introna M, Caligiuri C, Loviglio A, Florio R, La Regina F, Pignataro A, Ammassari-Teule M, Calissano P, Amadoro G. Immunotherapy with Cleavage-Specific 12A12mAb Reduces the Tau Cleavage in Visual Cortex and Improves Visuo-Spatial Recognition Memory in Tg2576 AD Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020509. [PMID: 36839831 PMCID: PMC9965010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau-targeted immunotherapy is a promising approach for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Beyond cognitive decline, AD features visual deficits consistent with the manifestation of Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the eyes and higher visual centers, both in animal models and affected subjects. We reported that 12A12-a monoclonal cleavage-specific antibody (mAb) which in vivo neutralizes the neurotoxic, N-terminal 20-22 kDa tau fragment(s)-significantly reduces the retinal accumulation in Tg(HuAPP695Swe)2576 mice of both tau and APP/Aβ pathologies correlated with local inflammation and synaptic deterioration. Here, we report the occurrence of N-terminal tau cleavage in the primary visual cortex (V1 area) and the beneficial effect of 12A12mAb treatment on phenotype-associated visuo-spatial deficits in this AD animal model. We found out that non-invasive administration of 12 A12mAb markedly reduced the pathological accumulation of both truncated tau and Aβ in the V1 area, correlated to significant improvement in visual recognition memory performance along with local increase in two direct readouts of cortical synaptic plasticity, including the dendritic spine density and the expression level of activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein Arc/Arg3.1. Translation of these findings to clinical therapeutic interventions could offer an innovative tau-directed opportunity to delay or halt the visual impairments occurring during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita De Introna
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Caligiuri
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Loviglio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Florio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Pignataro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Martine Ammassari-Teule
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49255252
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11
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Harris G, Rickard JJS, Butt G, Kelleher L, Blanch RJ, Cooper J, Oppenheimer PG. Review: Emerging Eye-Based Diagnostic Technologies for Traumatic Brain Injury. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 16:530-559. [PMID: 35320105 PMCID: PMC9888755 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2022.3161352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of ocular manifestations of neurodegenerative disorders, Oculomics, is a growing field of investigation for early diagnostics, enabling structural and chemical biomarkers to be monitored overtime to predict prognosis. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a cascade of events harmful to the brain, which can lead to neurodegeneration. TBI, termed the "silent epidemic" is becoming a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. There is currently no effective diagnostic tool for TBI, and yet, early-intervention is known to considerably shorten hospital stays, improve outcomes, fasten neurological recovery and lower mortality rates, highlighting the unmet need for techniques capable of rapid and accurate point-of-care diagnostics, implemented in the earliest stages. This review focuses on the latest advances in the main neuropathophysiological responses and the achievements and shortfalls of TBI diagnostic methods. Validated and emerging TBI-indicative biomarkers are outlined and linked to ocular neuro-disorders. Methods detecting structural and chemical ocular responses to TBI are categorised along with prospective chemical and physical sensing techniques. Particular attention is drawn to the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive sensing of neurological molecular signatures in the ocular projections of the brain, laying the platform for the first tangible path towards alternative point-of-care diagnostic technologies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Harris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
| | - Jonathan James Stanley Rickard
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
- Department of Physics, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCB3 0HECambridgeU.K.
| | - Gibran Butt
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
| | - Liam Kelleher
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
| | - Richard James Blanch
- Department of Military Surgery and TraumaRoyal Centre for Defence MedicineB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustcBirminghamU.K.
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowG12 8LTGlasgowU.K.
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational MedicineB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
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12
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Xia X, Qin Q, Peng Y, Wang M, Yin Y, Tang Y. Retinal Examinations Provides Early Warning of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1341-1357. [PMID: 36245377 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease have difficulty maintaining independent living abilities as the disease progresses, causing an increased burden of care on family caregivers and the healthcare system and related financial strain. This patient group is expected to continue to expand as life expectancy climbs. Current diagnostics for Alzheimer's disease are complex, unaffordable, and invasive without regard to diagnosis quality at early stages, which urgently calls for more technical improvements for diagnosis specificity. Optical coherence tomography or tomographic angiography has been shown to identify retinal thickness loss and lower vascular density present earlier than symptom onset in these patients. The retina is an extension of the central nervous system and shares anatomic and functional similarities with the brain. Ophthalmological examinations can be an efficient tool to offer a window into cerebral pathology with the merit of easy operation. In this review, we summarized the latest observations on retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease and discussed the feasibility of retinal imaging in diagnostic prediction, as well as limitations in current retinal examinations for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yankun Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsi Yin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Papageorgiou E, Tsirelis D, Lazari K, Siokas V, Dardiotis E, Tsironi EE. Visual disorders and driving ability in persons with dementia: A mini review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:932820. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.932820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundImpaired driving ability in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with a decline in cognitive processes and a deterioration of their basic sensory visual functions. Although a variety of ocular abnormalities have been described in patients with AD, little is known about the impact of those visual disorders on their driving performance.AimAim of this mini-review is to provide an update on the driving ability of patients with dementia and summarize the primary visual disorders affecting their driving behavior.MethodsDatabases were screened for studies investigating dementia, associated visual abnormalities and driving ability.ResultsThere is consistent evidence that dementia affects driving ability. Patients with dementia present with a variety of visual disorders, such as visual acuity reduction, visual field defects, impaired contrast sensitivity, decline in color vision and age-related pathological changes, that may have a negative impact on their driving ability. However, there is a paucity in studies describing the impact of oculovisual decline on the driving ability of AD subjects. A bidirectional association between cognitive and visual impairment (VI) has been described.ConclusionGiven the bidirectional association between VI and dementia, vision screening and cognitive assessment of the older driver should aim to identify at-risk individuals and employ timely strategies for treatment of both cognitive and ocular problems. Future studies should characterize the basic visual sensory status of AD patients participating in driving studies, and investigate the impact of vision abnormalities on their driving performance.
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14
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Li K, Wang Q, Wang L, Huang Y. Cognitive dysfunctions in high myopia: An overview of potential neural morpho-functional mechanisms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1022944. [PMID: 36408499 PMCID: PMC9669364 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1022944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia and cognitive impairment (CIM) carry high levels of mortality. Visual impairment (VI) is linked with CIM risk. High myopia (HM) is a chronic disease frequently leading to irreversible blindness. Current opinion has shifted from retinal injury as the cause of HM to the condition being considered an eye-brain disease. However, the pathogenesis of this disease and the manner in which neural structures are damaged are poorly understood. This review comprehensively discusses the relationship between HM, the central nervous system, and CIM, together with the novel concept of three visual pathways, and possible research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Xu Q, Zou K, Deng Z, Zhou J, Dang X, Zhu S, Liu L, Fang C. A Study of Dementia Prediction Models Based on Machine Learning with Survey Data of Community-Dwelling Elderly People in China. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:669-679. [PMID: 35912742 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For community-dwelling elderly individuals without enough clinical data, it is important to develop a method to predict their dementia risk and identify risk factors for the formulation of reasonable public health policies to prevent dementia. OBJECTIVE A community elderly survey data was used to establish machine learning prediction models for dementia and analyze the risk factors. METHODS In a cluster-sample community survey of 9,387 elderly people in 5 subdistricts of Wuxi City, data on sociodemographics and neuropsychological self-rating scales for depression, anxiety, and cognition evaluation were collected. Machine learning models were developed to predict their dementia risk and identify risk factors. RESULTS The random forest model (AUC = 0.686) had slightly better dementia prediction performance than logistic regression model (AUC = 0.677) and neural network model (AUC = 0.664). The sociodemographic data and psychological evaluation revealed that depression (OR = 3.933, 95% CI = 2.995-5.166); anxiety (OR = 2.352, 95% CI = 1.577-3.509); multiple physical diseases (OR = 2.486, 95% CI = 1.882-3.284 for three or above); "disability, poverty or no family member" (OR = 1.859, 95% CI = 1.337-2.585) and "empty nester" (OR = 1.339, 95% CI = 1.125-1.595) in special family status; "no spouse now" (OR = 1.567, 95% CI = 1.118-2.197); age older than 80 years (OR = 1.645, 95% CI = 1.335-2.026); and female (OR = 1.214, 95% CI = 1.048-1.405) were risk factors for suspected dementia, while a higher education level (OR = 0.365, 95% CI = 0.245-0.546 for college or above) was a protective factor. CONCLUSION The machine learning models using sociodemographic and psychological evaluation data from community surveys can be used as references for the prevention and control of dementia in large-scale community populations and the formulation of public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi MentalHealth Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi MentalHealth Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao'an Deng
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi MentalHealth Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Haidong First People'sHospital, Haidong, Qinghai, China
| | - Xinghong Dang
- Department of Psychiatry, Haidong First People'sHospital, Haidong, Qinghai, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Haidong First People'sHospital, Haidong, Qinghai, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi MentalHealth Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxia Fang
- Combined TCM &Western Medicine Department, Wuxi Mental Health Center, NanjingMedical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Opwonya J, Wang C, Jang KM, Lee K, Kim JI, Kim JU. Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements and Cognitive Impairment in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:871432. [PMID: 35478701 PMCID: PMC9038187 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.871432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may occur due to several forms of neurodegenerative diseases and non-degenerative conditions and is associated with cognitive impairment that does not affect everyday activities. For a timely diagnosis of MCI to prevent progression to dementia, a screening tool of fast, low-cost and easy access is needed. Recent research on eye movement hints it a potential application for the MCI screening. However, the precise extent of cognitive function decline and eye-movement control alterations in patients with MCI is still unclear. Objective This study examined executive control deficits and saccade behavioral changes in patients with MCI using comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and interleaved saccade paradigms. Methods Patients with MCI (n = 79) and age-matched cognitively healthy controls (HC) (n = 170) completed four saccadic eye-movement paradigms: prosaccade (PS)/antisaccade (AS), Go/No-go, and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results The findings revealed significantly longer latency in patients with MCI than in HC during the PS task. Additionally, patients with MCI had a lower proportion of correct responses and a marked increase in inhibition errors for both PS/AS and Go/No-go tasks. Furthermore, when patients with MCI made errors, they failed to self-correct many of these inhibition errors. In addition to the increase in inhibition errors and uncorrected inhibition errors, patients with MCI demonstrated a trend toward increased correction latencies. We also showed a relationship between neuropsychological scores and correct and error saccade responses. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that, similar to patients with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), patients with MCI generate a high proportion of erroneous saccades toward the prepotent target and fail to self-correct many of these errors, which is consistent with an impairment of inhibitory control and error monitoring. Significance The interleaved PS/AS and Go/No-go paradigms are sensitive and objective at detecting subtle cognitive deficits and saccade changes in MCI, indicating that these saccadic eye movement paradigms have clinical potential as a screening tool for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Opwonya
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- KM Convergence Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Changwon Wang
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mi Jang
- Medical Data Precision Measurement Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kunho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (GARD) Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joong Il Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Joong Il Kim,
| | - Jaeuk U. Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- KM Convergence Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Jaeuk U. Kim,
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Kim S, Nam Y, Kim HS, Jung H, Jeon SG, Hong SB, Moon M. Alteration of Neural Pathways and Its Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040845. [PMID: 35453595 PMCID: PMC9025507 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by cognitive and behavioral symptoms. These AD-related manifestations result from the alteration of neural circuitry by aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are neurotoxic. From a neuroscience perspective, identifying neural circuits that integrate various inputs and outputs to determine behaviors can provide insight into the principles of behavior. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the alterations in the neural circuits associated with AD-related behavioral and psychological symptoms. Interestingly, it is well known that the alteration of neural circuitry is prominent in the brains of patients with AD. Here, we selected specific regions in the AD brain that are associated with AD-related behavioral and psychological symptoms, and reviewed studies of healthy and altered efferent pathways to the target regions. Moreover, we propose that specific neural circuits that are altered in the AD brain can be potential targets for AD treatment. Furthermore, we provide therapeutic implications for targeting neuronal circuits through various therapeutic approaches and the appropriate timing of treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Hyeon soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Haram Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (H.s.K.); (H.J.); (S.G.J.); (S.B.H.)
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Hokkinen K, Kaarniranta K, Jämsen E, Lampela P, Hartikainen S, Tolppanen A. Incidence of cataract surgeries in people with and without Alzheimer's disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:68-73. [PMID: 33988311 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the incidence of cataract surgeries in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and to compare it with that in people without AD. METHODS The MEDALZ-study includes community-dwelling Finnish persons who received clinically verified AD diagnoses (n = 70718) during 2005-2011 and a matched comparison cohort without AD (n = 70718). The cataract surgeries were identified from the Care Register for Healthcare (1996-2015) using NOMESCO surgical procedure codes CJE (10,15,20,25,99), CJF (00,10,20,30,40,45,50,55,99) and CJG (00,05,10,15,20,25,99). The incidence rates for surgeries per 100 person-years were calculated from 10 years before to 3 years after the index date (date of AD diagnosis from the Special Reimbursement Register). RESULTS 25 763 cataract procedures were performed on persons with AD and 26 254 on persons without AD during the follow-up. The incidence of surgery increased similarly in both groups before the index date of AD diagnosis, and the rate of surgery was similar in people with and without AD (3.5 and 3.3/100 person-years, respectively). The incidence diminished steeply in the AD group already one year after the index date, whereas the slow increase continued in the non-AD group. After the index date, the rates were 3.7 and 4.7/100 person-years in people with and without AD. CONCLUSION The diminishing surgery rate very soon after AD diagnosis is concerning. The stigma of AD diagnosis may lead to fewer referrals to surgery, although these patients are expected to benefit from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hokkinen
- Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Esa Jämsen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Gerontology Research Centre GEREC Tampere University, and Centre of Geriatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Pasi Lampela
- Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland, and Finnish Student Health Service Kuopio Finland
| | - Sirpa Hartikainen
- Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Anna‐Maija Tolppanen
- Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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19
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Zhong W, Wu A, Berglund K, Gu X, Jiang M, Talati J, Zhao J, Wei L, Yu SP. Pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease by deficiency of NMDA receptor subunit GluN3A. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:222-239. [PMID: 34151525 PMCID: PMC8685302 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+ hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) conceives Ca2+ dyshomeostasis as a common mechanism of AD; the cause of Ca2+ dysregulation, however, is obscure. Meanwhile, hyperactivities of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), the primary mediator of Ca2+ influx, are reported in AD. GluN3A (NR3A) is an NMDAR inhibitory subunit. We hypothesize that GluN3A is critical for sustained Ca2+ homeostasis and its deficiency is pathogenic for AD. Cellular, molecular, and functional changes were examined in adult/aging GluN3A knockout (KO) mice. The GluN3A KO mouse brain displayed age-dependent moderate but persistent neuronal hyperactivity, elevated intracellular Ca2+ , neuroinflammation, impaired synaptic integrity/plasticity, and neuronal loss. GluN3A KO mice developed olfactory dysfunction followed by psychological/cognitive deficits prior to amyloid-β/tau pathology. Memantine at preclinical stage prevented/attenuated AD syndromes. AD patients' brains show reduced GluN3A expression. We propose that chronic "degenerative excitotoxicity" leads to sporadic AD, while GluN3A represents a primary pathogenic factor, an early biomarker, and an amyloid-independent therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Anika Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Michael Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jay Talati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jingjie Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Department of Veteran’s Affair, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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20
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Almario G, Piñero DP. Impact of Alzheimer's Disease in Ocular Motility and Visual Perception: A Narrative Review. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 37:436-446. [PMID: 34779338 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.2002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease generating a progressive neuronal loss as well as cognitive deficiencies. This disease can be accompanied by ocular manifestations, including alterations in ocular motility and visual perception. The aim of the current review article was to collect all the information about these alterations and to analyze if there is scientific evidence supporting the potential use of these changes as biomarkers of the disease. METHODS A bibliographic search was performed using two different databases, Pubmed and Google Scholar, as well as a search of material in non-peer reviewed journals about Alzheimer's and Neurology. A total of 227 articles were found in the initial search, but only 76 were included considering their relevance according to the purpose of the reviewResults: This narrative review describes the findings obtained in this area to this date, confirming that deficiencies in saccades is the most common condition among AD patients. Furthermore, other visual alterations have also been reported in these patients, including a compromise of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, fluctuations of colour vision, stereopsis impairment and visual field losses. Likewise, other complex visuo-spatial and visuo-perceptual impairments can be present. More studies are still needed to understand better what type of changes occurs in ocular alignment, binocularity, and fixation pattern in AD patients. CONCLUSIONS AD is associated to visual perception and ocular motility alterations. All the scientific information found in this review should be considered as a guide for designing future studies and to define adequate clinical protocols for the visual evaluation of patients with AD, considering the cognitive limitations that are normally present in this type of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Almario
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Punto Óptico, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, Alicante, Spain
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21
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Kim LN, Cordato D, McDougall A, Fraser C. Pilot Study: The Queen Square Screening Test for Visual Deficits in Dementia. Neuroophthalmology 2021; 45:380-385. [PMID: 34720268 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2021.1947324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Queen Square Screening Test for Visual Deficits (QS test) screens for changes in visual processing. Our pilot study aimed to review the applicability of the QS test in individuals with dementia compared with those with normal cognition. Participants with major and minor neurocognitive disorder scored 50/71 (n=12) and 61/71 (n=10) respectively on the QS test, compared to 65/71 for age-matched healthy controls (n=11). The QS test score correlated with cognitive impairment as measured using the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (r = 0.74). The QS test is an affordable and easy bedside screening test for visual processing changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Kim
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dennis Cordato
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Neurology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Alan McDougall
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Neurology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Clare Fraser
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Rehan S, Giroud N, Al-Yawer F, Wittich W, Phillips N. Visual Performance and Cortical Atrophy in Vision-Related Brain Regions Differ Between Older Adults with (or at Risk for) Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1125-1148. [PMID: 34397410 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual impairment is associated with deficits in cognitive function and risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to characterize the degree of visual impairment and explore the association thereof with cortical atrophy in brain regions associated with visual processing in individuals with (or at risk for) AD. METHODS Using the Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) dataset, we analyzed vision and brain imaging data from three diagnostic groups: individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD; N = 35), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 74), and mild AD (N = 30). We used ANCOVAs to determine whether performance on reading acuity and contrast sensitivity tests differed across diagnostic groups. Hierarchical regression analyses were applied to determine whether visual performance predicted gray matter volume for vision-related regions of interest above and beyond group membership. RESULTS The AD group performed significantly worse on reading acuity (F(2,138) = 4.12, p < 0.01, ω 2 = 0.04) compared to the SCD group and on contrast sensitivity (F(2,138) = 7.6, p < 0.01, ω 2 = 0.09) compared to the SCD and MCI groups, which did not differ from each other. Visual performance was associated with volume in some vision-related structures beyond clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate poor visual performance in AD and that both group membership and visual performance are predictors of cortical pathology, consistent with the idea that atrophy in visual areas and pathways contributes to the functional vision deficits observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rehan
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Research in Human Development>, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Giroud
- Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Faisal Al-Yawer
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Research in Human Development>, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Walter Wittich
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Research in Human Development>, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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23
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Shang X, Zhu Z, Wang W, He M. Associations of Vision Impairment and Eye Diseases With Memory Decline Over 4 Years in China and the United States. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 228:16-26. [PMID: 33773983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether vision impairment and eye diseases are independently associated with memory decline in older adults. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS We included 8,315 participants aged 50-94 years in China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from China and 8,939 participants aged 50-95 years in Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from the United States in our analysis. RESULTS During 4.0 years' follow-up, the composite memory decreased by 0.16 points in CHARLS. During 3.9 years' follow-up, the composite memory decreased by 0.51 in HRS. Distance vision impairment was inversely associated with an annual change in composite memory (β [95% CI]: -0.07 [-0.12, -0.01]) and immediate memory (-0.04 [-0.07, -0.02]) in CHARLS, and the corresponding values in HRS were -0.19 (-0.34, -0.05) and -0.07 (-0.13, -0.00), respectively. Near vision impairment was inversely associated with an annual change in delayed memory in CHARLS and composite memory, immediate memory, and delayed memory in HRS. In HRS, the association between distance vision impairment and memory decline was observed in individuals aged <65 years (β [95% CI]: -0.54 [-0.78, -0.30]) but not in those aged ≥65 years (-0.01 [-0.20, 0.18]). Cataract surgery or glaucoma was not significantly associated with memory decline in either CHARLS or HRS. CONCLUSION Distance vision impairment was independently associated with an accelerated rate of memory decline in both China and the United States. Near vision impairment was predictive of decline in delayed memory in China and of decline in composite, immediate, and delayed memory in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Shang
- From the Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- From the Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingguang He
- From the Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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24
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Donix M, Wittig D, Hermann W, Haussmann R, Dittmer M, Bienert F, Buthut M, Jacobi L, Werner A, Linn J, Ziemssen T, Brandt MD. Relation of retinal and hippocampal thickness in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02035. [PMID: 33448670 PMCID: PMC8119792 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating retinal thickness may complement existing biological markers for dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. Although retinal thinning is predictive for cognitive decline, it remains to be investigated if and how this feature aligns with neurodegeneration elsewhere in the brain, specifically in early disease stages. METHODS Using optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, we examined retinal thickness as well as hippocampal structure in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls. RESULTS The groups did not differ in hippocampal and retinal thickness measures. However, we detected a correlation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and hippocampal thickness in healthy people but not in cognitively impaired patients. The ratio of hippocampus to retina thickness was significantly smaller in patients with mild cognitive impairment and correlated positively with cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Different temporal trajectories of neurodegeneration may disrupt transregional brain structure associations in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Donix
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Dierk Wittig
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Haussmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Dittmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Bienert
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Buthut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Liane Jacobi
- Department of Neurology, Sächsisches Krankenhaus Arnsdorf, Arnsdorf, Germany
| | - Annett Werner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Linn
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz D Brandt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Kuo S, Chio C, Yeh C, Ma J, Liu W, Lin M, Lin K, Chang C. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium attenuates the retinal pathology in amyloid-β-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease: Underlying mechanisms. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13340. [PMID: 33783931 PMCID: PMC8135003 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid‐beta (Aβ) oligomer is known to contribute to the pathophysiology of age‐related macular degeneration. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the in vivo and in vitro effects of Aβ1‐42 application on retinal morphology in rats. Our in vivo studies revealed that intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ1‐42 oligomer caused dysmorphological changes in both retinal ganglion cells and retinal pigment epithelium. In addition, in vitro studies revealed that ARPE‐19 cells following Aβ1‐42 oligomer application had decreased viability along with apoptosis and decreased expression of the tight junction proteins, increased expression of both phosphor‐AKT and phosphor‐GSK3β and decreased expression of both SIRT1 and β‐catenin. Application of conditioned medium (CM) obtained from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) protected against Aβ1‐42 oligomer‐induced retinal pathology in both rats and ARPE‐19 cells. In order to explore the potential role of peptides secreted from the MSCs, we applied mass spectrometry to compare the peptidomics profiles of the MSC‐CM. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and String analysis were performed to explore the differentially expressed peptides by predicting the functions of their precursor proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that 3‐8 out of 155–163 proteins in the MSC‐CM maybe associated with SIRT1/pAKT/pGSK3β/β‐catenin, tight junction proteins, and apoptosis pathway. In particular, the secretomes information on the MSC‐CM may be helpful for the prevention and treatment of retinal pathology in age‐related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Chun Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Optometry Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chung‐Ching Chio
- Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chao‐Hung Yeh
- Department of Optometry Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology Tainan Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Jui‐Ti Ma
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Pin Liu
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Mao‐Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Kao‐Chang Lin
- Department of Holistic Care Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Neurology Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
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26
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Chibhabha F, Yang Y, Ying K, Jia F, Zhang Q, Ullah S, Liang Z, Xie M, Li F. Non-invasive optical imaging of retinal Aβ plaques using curcumin loaded polymeric micelles in APP swe/PS1 ΔE9 transgenic mice for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:7438-7452. [PMID: 32662804 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by impaired memory and progressive cognitive decline. Despite the advances in AD research, an effective method to timely diagnose AD has remained elusive, and until now, most AD patients receive the available symptomatic treatments late. Although the pathological hallmarks of AD have been traditionally described in the brain, recent studies have shown similar pathological changes in the retina which is developmentally an extension of the forebrain. Interestingly, retinal beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation preceded that of the brain in a transgenic mouse model of AD. In the quest of finding an early reliable biomarker for AD, researchers have targeted the optical imaging of retinal Aβ plaques as a method of diagnosing AD. One promising polyphenol compound that has found application in this area is curcumin due to its natural binding affinity to Aβ fibrils and oligomers while giving out a strong fluorescence signal. However, the clinical applications of curcumin have been difficult due to problems related to its bioavailability and retention in the body since it is a hydrophobic molecule. To address these limitations, we herein report the development of anionic and water-soluble DSPE-PEG2000 curcumin polymeric micelles (also referred to as curcumin micelles) that can label both brain and retinal Aβ plaques ex vivo. Following their intravitreal injection in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse model of AD, green-labeled retinal deposits were optically imaged live using a rodent retinal microscope. Furthermore, these micelles had excellent intraocular biocompatibility, low hemolytic ratio, and were safe for use in two key retinal cell lines (ARPE-19 and 661W cells). Taken together, these findings provide an alternative insight into the optical imaging of Aβ plaques for the diagnosis of AD using the eyes. More importantly, this study can be translated to humans in the future to improve on early diagnosis and timely management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Chibhabha
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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27
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Latina V, Giacovazzo G, Cordella F, Balzamino BO, Micera A, Varano M, Marchetti C, Malerba F, Florio R, Ercole BB, La Regina F, Atlante A, Coccurello R, Di Angelantonio S, Calissano P, Amadoro G. Systemic delivery of a specific antibody targeting the pathological N-terminal truncated tau peptide reduces retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 33750467 PMCID: PMC7942014 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina and optic nerve are sites of extra-cerebral manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are detected in eyes from AD patients and transgenic animals in correlation with inflammation, reduction of synapses, visual deficits, loss of retinal cells and nerve fiber. However, neither the pathological relevance of other post-translational tau modifications-such as truncation with generation of toxic fragments-nor the potential neuroprotective action induced by their in vivo clearance have been investigated in the context of AD retinal degeneration. We have recently developed a monoclonal tau antibody (12A12mAb) which selectively targets the neurotoxic 20-22 kDa NH2-derived peptide generated from pathological truncation at the N-terminal domain of tau without cross-reacting with its full-length normal protein. Previous studies have shown that 12A12mAb, when intravenously (i.v.)-injected into 6-month-old Tg2576 animals, markedly improves their AD-like, behavioural and neuropathological syndrome. By taking advantage of this well-established tau-directed immunization regimen, we found that 12A12mAb administration also exerts a beneficial action on biochemical, morphological and metabolic parameters (i.e. APP/Aβ processing, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic proteins, microtubule stability, mitochondria-based energy production, neuronal death) associated with ocular injury in the AD phenotype. These findings prospect translational implications in the AD field by: (1) showing for the first time that cleavage of tau takes part in several pathological changes occurring in vivo in affected retinas and vitreous bodies and that its deleterious effects are successfully antagonized by administration of the specific 12A12mAb; (2) shedding further insights on the tight connections between neurosensory retina and brain, in particular following tau-based immunotherapy. In our view, the parallel response we detected in this preclinical animal model, both in the eye and in the hippocampus, following i.v. 12A12mAb injection opens novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for the clinical management of cerebral and extracerebral AD signs in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Varano
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchetti
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Florio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Bruni Ercole
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Complex System (ISC)-CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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28
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Effect of Acupuncture Stimulation of Hegu (LI4) and Taichong (LR3) on the Resting-State Networks in Alzheimer's Disease: Beyond the Default Mode Network. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8876873. [PMID: 33747074 PMCID: PMC7960059 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8876873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported that acupuncture could treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the potential mechanisms remaining unclear. The aim of the study is to explore the effect of the combination stimulus of Hegu (LI4) and Taichong (LR3) on the resting-state brain networks in AD, beyond the default network (DMN). Twenty-eight subjects including 14 AD patients and 14 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age, gender, and educational level were recruited in this study. After the baseline resting-state MRI scans, the manual acupuncture stimulation was performed for 3 minutes, and then, another 10 minutes of resting-state fMRI scans was acquired. In addition to the DMN, five other resting-state networks were identified by independent component analysis (ICA), including left frontal parietal network (lFPN), right frontal parietal network (rFPN), visual network (VN), sensorimotor network (SMN), and auditory network (AN). And the impaired connectivity in the lFPN, rFPN, SMN, and VN was found in AD patients compared with those in HCs. After acupuncture, significantly decreased connectivity in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) of rFPN (P = 0.007) was identified in AD patients. However, reduced connectivity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (P = 0.047) and left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (P = 0.041) of lFPN and some regions of the SMN (the left inferior parietal lobula (P = 0.004), left postcentral gyrus (PoCG) (P = 0.001), right PoCG (P = 0.032), and right MFG (P = 0.010)) and the right MOG of VN (P = 0.003) was indicated in HCs. In addition, after controlling for the effect of acupuncture on HCs, the functional connectivity of the right cerebellum crus I, left IFG, and left angular gyrus (AG) of lFPN showed to be decreased, while the left MFG of IFPN and the right lingual gyrus of VN increased in AD patients. These findings might have some reference values for the interpretation of the combination stimulus of Hegu (LI4) and Taichong (LR3) in AD patients, which could deepen our understanding of the potential mechanisms of acupuncture on AD.
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29
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Vu TA, Fenwick EK, Gan ATL, Man REK, Tan BKJ, Gupta P, Ho KC, Reyes-Ortiz CA, Trompet S, Gussekloo J, O'Brien JM, Mueller-Schotte S, Wong TY, Tham YC, Cheng CY, Lee ATC, Rait G, Swenor BK, Varadaraj V, Brenowitz WD, Medeiros FA, Naël V, Narasimhalu K, Chen CLH, Lamoureux EL. The Bidirectional Relationship between Vision and Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2021; 128:981-992. [PMID: 33333104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TOPIC Visual impairment (VI) and cognitive impairment (CIM) are prevalent age-related conditions that impose substantial burden on the society. Findings on the hypothesized bidirectional association of VI and CIM remains equivocal. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine this bidirectional relationship. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sixty percent risk of CIM has not been well elucidated in the literature. A bidirectional relationship between VI and CIM may support the development of strategies for early detection and management of risk factors for both conditions in older people. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central registers were searched systematically for observational studies, published from inception until April 6, 2020, in adults 40 years of age or older reporting objectively measured VI and CIM assessment using clinically validated cognitive screening tests or diagnostic evaluation. Meta-analyses on cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between VI and CIM outcomes (any CIM assessed using screening tests and clinically diagnosed dementia) were examined. Random effect models were used to generate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also examined study quality, publication bias, and heterogeneity. RESULTS Forty studies were included (n = 47 913 570). Meta-analyses confirmed that persons with VI were more likely to have CIM, with significantly higher odds of: (1) any CIM (cross-sectional: OR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.84-3.07]; longitudinal: OR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.46-1.89]) and (2) clinically diagnosed dementia (cross-sectional: OR, 2.43 [95% CI, 1.48-4.01]; longitudinal: OR, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.37-3.21]) compared with persons without VI. Significant heterogeneity was explained partially by differences in age, sex, and follow-up duration. Also, some evidence suggested that individuals with CIM, relative to cognitively intact persons, were more likely to have VI, with most articles (8/9 [89%]) reporting significantly positive associations; however, meta-analyses on this association could not be conducted because of insufficient data. DISCUSSION Overall, our work suggests that VI is a risk factor of CIM, although further work is needed to confirm the association of CIM as a risk factor for VI. Strategies for early detection and management of both conditions in older people may minimize individual clinical and public health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Anh Vu
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Eva K Fenwick
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alfred T L Gan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ryan E K Man
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Benjamin K J Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kam Chun Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; School of Optometry and Visual Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carlos A Reyes-Ortiz
- Institute of Public Health, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Agricultural and Mechanical University, Florida
| | - Stella Trompet
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joan M O'Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sigrid Mueller-Schotte
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Allen T C Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Greta Rait
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnielin K Swenor
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Varshini Varadaraj
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Willa D Brenowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Felipe A Medeiros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Virginie Naël
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kaavya Narasimhalu
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute (Singapore General Hospital Campus), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Christopher L H Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Center, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ecosse L Lamoureux
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Wang S, Rao J, Yue Y, Xue C, Hu G, Qi W, Ma W, Ge H, Zhang F, Zhang X, Chen J. Altered Frequency-Dependent Brain Activation and White Matter Integrity Associated With Cognition in Characterizing Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Stages. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:625232. [PMID: 33664660 PMCID: PMC7921321 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.625232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are regarded to be at high risk of converting to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) can reflect functional deterioration while diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is capable of detecting white matter integrity. Our study aimed to investigate the structural and functional alterations to further reveal convergence and divergence among SCD, naMCI, and aMCI and how these contribute to cognitive deterioration. Methods We analyzed ALFF under slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) and slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) bands and white matter fiber integrity among normal controls (CN), SCD, naMCI, and aMCI groups. Correlation analyses were further utilized among paired DTI alteration, ALFF deterioration, and cognitive decline. Results For ALFF calculation, ascended ALFF values were detected in the lingual gyrus (LING) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) within SCD and naMCI patients, respectively. Descended ALFF values were presented mainly in the LING, SFG, middle frontal gyrus, and precuneus in aMCI patients compared to CN, SCD, and naMCI groups. For DTI analyses, white matter alterations were detected within the uncinate fasciculus (UF) in aMCI patients and within the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in naMCI patients. SCD patients presented alterations in both fasciculi. Correlation analyses revealed that the majority of these structural and functional alterations were associated with complicated cognitive decline. Besides, UF alterations were correlated with ALFF deterioration in the SFG within aMCI patients. Conclusions SCD shares structurally and functionally deteriorative characteristics with aMCI and naMCI, and tends to convert to either of them. Furthermore, abnormalities in white matter fibers may be the structural basis of abnormal brain activation in preclinical AD stages. Combined together, it suggests that structural and functional integration may characterize the preclinical AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Rao
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanjie Hu
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhang Qi
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenying Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Ge
- Institute of Brain Functional Imaging, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chalkias E, Topouzis F, Tegos T, Tsolaki M. The Contribution of Ocular Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease versus Other Types of Dementia and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:493-504. [PMID: 33554918 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With dementia becoming increasingly prevalent, there is a pressing need to become better equipped with accurate diagnostic tools that will favorably influence its course via prompt and specific intervention. The overlap in clinical manifestation, imaging, and even pathological findings between different dementia syndromes is one of the most prominent challenges today even for expert physicians. Since cerebral microvasculature and the retina share common characteristics, the idea of identifying potential ocular biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis is not a novel one. Initial efforts included studying less quantifiable parameters such as aspects of visual function, extraocular movements, and funduscopic findings. However, the really exciting prospect of a non-invasive, safe, fast, reproducible, and quantifiable method of pinpointing novel biomarkers has emerged with the advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and, more recently, OCT angiography (OCTA). The possibility of analyzing multiple parameters of retinal as well as retinal microvasculature variables in vivo represents a promising opportunity to investigate whether specific findings can be linked to certain subtypes of dementia and aid in their earlier diagnosis. The existing literature on the contribution of the eye in characterizing dementia, with a special interest in OCT and OCTA parameters will be reviewed and compared, and we will explicitly focus our effort in advancing our understanding and knowledge of relevant biomarkers to facilitate future research in the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease and common forms of cognitive impairment, including vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Chalkias
- A' Ophthalmology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotis Topouzis
- A' Ophthalmology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Tegos
- 1st Neurology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Neurology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
Safe driving demands the coordination of multiple sensory and cognitive functions, such as vision and attention. Patients with neurologic or ophthalmic disease are exposed to selective pathophysiologic insults to driving-critical systems, placing them at a higher risk for unsafe driving and restricted driving privileges. Here, we evaluate how vision and attention contribute to unsafe driving across different patient populations. In ophthalmic disease, we focus on macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and cataract; in neurologic disease, we focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Unsafe driving is generally associated with impaired vision and attention in ophthalmic and neurologic patients, respectively. Furthermore, patients with ophthalmic disease experience some degree of impairment in attention. Similarly, patients with neurologic disease experience some degree of impairment in vision. While numerous studies have demonstrated a relationship between impaired vision and unsafe driving in neurologic disease, there remains a dearth of knowledge regarding the relationship between impaired attention and unsafe driving in ophthalmic disease. In summary, this chapter confirms-and offers opportunities for future research into-the contribution of vision and attention to safe driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepta A Ghate
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Matthew Rizzo
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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Liu D, Dai SX, He K, Li GH, Liu J, Liu LG, Huang JF, Xu L, Li WX. Identification of hub ubiquitin ligase genes affecting Alzheimer's disease by analyzing transcriptome data from multiple brain regions. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211001146. [PMID: 33754896 PMCID: PMC10454942 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays crucial roles in numerous cellular functions. Dysfunction of the UPS shows certain correlations with the pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to explore the different impairments of the UPS in multiple brain regions and identify hub ubiquitin ligase (E3) genes in AD. The brain transcriptome, blood transcriptome and proteome data of AD were downloaded from a public database. The UPS genes were collected from the Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Conjugation Database. The hub E3 genes were defined as the differentially expressed E3 genes shared by more than three brain regions. E3Miner and UbiBrowser were used to predict the substrate of hub E3. This study shows varied impairment of the UPS in different brain regions in AD. Furthermore, we identify seven hub E3 genes (CUL1, CUL3, EIF3I, NSMCE1, PAFAH1B1, RNF175, and UCHL1) that are downregulated in more than three brain regions. Three of these genes (CUL1, EIF3I, and NSMCE1) showed consistent low expression in blood. Most of these genes have been reported to promote AD, whereas the impact of RNF175 on AD is not yet reported. Further analysis revealed a potential regulatory mechanism by which hub E3 and its substrate genes may affect transcription functions and then exacerbate AD. This study identified seven hub E3 genes and their substrate genes affect transcription functions and then exacerbate AD. These findings may be helpful for the development of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Liu
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Xing Dai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kan He
- School of Life Sciences, Auhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gong-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Justin Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Jing-Fei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Lemmens S, Van Craenendonck T, Van Eijgen J, De Groef L, Bruffaerts R, de Jesus DA, Charle W, Jayapala M, Sunaric-Mégevand G, Standaert A, Theunis J, Van Keer K, Vandenbulcke M, Moons L, Vandenberghe R, De Boever P, Stalmans I. Combination of snapshot hyperspectral retinal imaging and optical coherence tomography to identify Alzheimer's disease patients. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:144. [PMID: 33172499 PMCID: PMC7654576 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The eye offers potential for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with retinal imaging techniques being explored to quantify amyloid accumulation and aspects of neurodegeneration. To assess these changes, this proof-of-concept study combined hyperspectral imaging and optical coherence tomography to build a classification model to differentiate between AD patients and controls. METHODS In a memory clinic setting, patients with a diagnosis of clinically probable AD (n = 10) or biomarker-proven AD (n = 7) and controls (n = 22) underwent non-invasive retinal imaging with an easy-to-use hyperspectral snapshot camera that collects information from 16 spectral bands (460-620 nm, 10-nm bandwidth) in one capture. The individuals were also imaged using optical coherence tomography for assessing retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL). Dedicated image preprocessing analysis was followed by machine learning to discriminate between both groups. RESULTS Hyperspectral data and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness data were used in a linear discriminant classification model to discriminate between AD patients and controls. Nested leave-one-out cross-validation resulted in a fair accuracy, providing an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [0.60-0.89]). Inner loop results showed that the inclusion of the RNFL features resulted in an improvement of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: for the most informative region assessed, the average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.70 (95% confidence interval [0.55, 0.86]) and 0.79 (95% confidence interval [0.65, 0.93]), respectively. The robust statistics used in this study reduces the risk of overfitting and partly compensates for the limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS This study in a memory-clinic-based cohort supports the potential of hyperspectral imaging and suggests an added value of combining retinal imaging modalities. Standardization and longitudinal data on fully amyloid-phenotyped cohorts are required to elucidate the relationship between retinal structure and cognitive function and to evaluate the robustness of the classification model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lemmens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Toon Van Craenendonck
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Eijgen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose Bruffaerts
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danilo Andrade de Jesus
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Gordana Sunaric-Mégevand
- Clinical Research Center, Mémorial A. de Rothschild, 22 Chemin Beau Soleil, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnout Standaert
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Theunis
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Karel Van Keer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Division of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Alzheimer Research Center KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Hasselt University, Center of Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Bargagli A, Fontanelli E, Zanca D, Castelli I, Rosini F, Maddii S, Di Donato I, Carluccio A, Battisti C, Tosi GM, Dotti MT, Rufa A. Neurophthalmologic and Orthoptic Ambulatory Assessments Reveal Ocular and Visual Changes in Patients With Early Alzheimer and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:577362. [PMID: 33224092 PMCID: PMC7669827 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) develop a progressive decline of visual function. This condition aggravates overall cognitive and motor abilities, is a risk factor for developing hallucinations, and can have a significant influence on general quality of life. Visual problems are common complaints of patients with PD and AD in the early stages of the disease, but they also occur during normal aging, making it difficult to differentiate between normal and pathological conditions. In this respect, their real incidence has remained largely underestimated, and no rehabilitative approaches have been standardized. With the aim to increase awareness for ocular and visual disorders, we collected the main neurophthalmologic and orthoptic parameters, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), in six patients with a diagnosis of PD, six patients with a diagnosis of early AD, and eight control subjects in an easily assessable outpatient setting. We also evaluated the patient's ability to recognize changes in facial expression. Our study demonstrates that visual problems, including blurred vision, diplopia, reading discomfort, photophobia, and glare, are commonly reported in patients with PD and AD. Moreover, abnormal eye alignment and vergence insufficiency were documented in all patients during examination. Despite the small size of the sample, we demonstrated greater ganglion cell and retinal nerve fibers layer (RNFL) damage and a defect of facial emotion recognition in AD/PD patients with respect to a comparable group of normal elderly persons, with peculiarities depending upon the disease. Ocular defects or visual discomfort could be correctly evaluated in these patients and possibly corrected by means of lens, orthoptic exercises, and visual rehabilitation. Such a practical approach may help to ameliorate motor autonomy, reading ability, and may also reduce the risk of falls, with a positive impact in daily living activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dario Zanca
- Neurosense-EVAlab DSMCN Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ilaria Di Donato
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Carla Battisti
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gian M Tosi
- UOC Oculistica Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.,UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria T Dotti
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Doustar J, Rentsendorj A, Torbati T, Regis GC, Fuchs D, Sheyn J, Mirzaei N, Graham SL, Shah PK, Mastali M, Van Eyk JE, Black KL, Gupta VK, Mirzaei M, Koronyo Y, Koronyo‐Hamaoui M. Parallels between retinal and brain pathology and response to immunotherapy in old, late-stage Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13246. [PMID: 33090673 PMCID: PMC7681044 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing evidence for the characteristic signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the neurosensory retina, our understanding of retina-brain relationships, especially at advanced disease stages and in response to therapy, is lacking. In transgenic models of AD (APPSWE/PS1∆E9; ADtg mice), glatiramer acetate (GA) immunomodulation alleviates disease progression in pre- and early-symptomatic disease stages. Here, we explored the link between retinal and cerebral AD-related biomarkers, including response to GA immunization, in cohorts of old, late-stage ADtg mice. This aged model is considered more clinically relevant to the age-dependent disease. Levels of synaptotoxic amyloid β-protein (Aβ)1-42, angiopathic Aβ1-40, non-amyloidogenic Aβ1-38, and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios tightly correlated between paired retinas derived from oculus sinister (OS) and oculus dexter (OD) eyes, and between left and right posterior brain hemispheres. We identified lateralization of Aβ burden, with one-side dominance within paired retinal and brain tissues. Importantly, OS and OD retinal Aβ levels correlated with their cerebral counterparts, with stronger contralateral correlations and following GA immunization. Moreover, immunomodulation in old ADtg mice brought about reductions in cerebral vascular and parenchymal Aβ deposits, especially of large, dense-core plaques, and alleviation of microgliosis and astrocytosis. Immunization further enhanced cerebral recruitment of peripheral myeloid cells and synaptic preservation. Mass spectrometry analysis identified new parallels in retino-cerebral AD-related pathology and response to GA immunization, including restoration of homeostatic glutamine synthetase expression. Overall, our results illustrate the viability of immunomodulation-guided CNS repair in old AD model mice, while shedding light onto similar retino-cerebral responses to intervention, providing incentives to explore retinal AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Doustar
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Tania Torbati
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the PacificWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
| | - Giovanna C. Regis
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dieu‐Trang Fuchs
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Stuart L. Graham
- Department of Clinical MedicineMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Save Sight InstituteSydney UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Prediman K. Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research CenterCedars‐Sinai Heart InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Mitra Mastali
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterSmidt Heart InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Barbara Streisand Women’s Heart CenterCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vivek K. Gupta
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical MedicineMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Australian Proteome Analysis FacilityMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Maya Koronyo‐Hamaoui
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterMaxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
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37
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Wu SZ, Masurkar AV, Balcer LJ. Afferent and Efferent Visual Markers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review and Update in Early Stage Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:572337. [PMID: 33061906 PMCID: PMC7518395 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.572337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision, which requires extensive neural involvement, is often impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that various visual functions and structures are compromised in Alzheimer's dementia and when measured can detect those with dementia from those with normal aging. These visual changes involve both the afferent and efferent parts of the visual system, which correspond to the sensory and eye movement aspects of vision, respectively. There are fewer, but a growing number of studies, that focus on the detection of predementia stages. Visual biomarkers that detect these stages are paramount in the development of successful disease-modifying therapies by identifying appropriate research participants and in identifying those who would receive future therapies. This review provides a summary and update on common afferent and efferent visual markers of AD with a focus on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and preclinical disease detection. We further propose future directions in this area. Given the ease of performing visual tests, the accessibility of the eye, and advances in ocular technology, visual measures have the potential to be effective, practical, and non-invasive biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Z. Wu
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arjun V. Masurkar
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura J. Balcer
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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38
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Yap TE, Balendra SI, Almonte MT, Cordeiro MF. Retinal correlates of neurological disorders. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319882205. [PMID: 31832125 PMCID: PMC6887800 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319882205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the retina as an extension of the brain provides a platform from which to study diseases of the nervous system. Taking advantage of the clear optical media of the eye and ever-increasing resolution of modern imaging techniques, retinal morphology can now be visualized at a cellular level in vivo. This has provided a multitude of possible biomarkers and investigative surrogates that may be used to identify, monitor and study diseases until now limited to the brain. In many neurodegenerative conditions, early diagnosis is often very challenging due to the lack of tests with high sensitivity and specificity, but, once made, opens the door to patients accessing the correct treatment that can potentially improve functional outcomes. Using retinal biomarkers in vivo as an additional diagnostic tool may help overcome the need for invasive tests and histological specimens, and offers the opportunity to longitudinally monitor individuals over time. This review aims to summarise retinal biomarkers associated with a range of neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and prion diseases from a clinical perspective. By comparing their similarities and differences according to primary pathological processes, we hope to show how retinal correlates can aid clinical decisions, and accelerate the study of this rapidly developing area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Yap
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, UK
| | - Shiama I. Balendra
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Melanie T. Almonte
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, UK
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, NW1 5QH, UK
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College, London, NW1 5QH, UK
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11–43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
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39
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Pifferi F, Epelbaum J, Aujard F. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Gray Mouse Lemur ( Microcebus murinus) as a Model for the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1291. [PMID: 31736761 PMCID: PMC6833941 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To face the load of the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the aging population, there is an urgent need to develop more translatable animal models with similarities to humans in both the symptomatology and physiopathology of dementia. Due to their close evolutionary similarity to humans, non-human primates (NHPs) are of primary interest. Of the NHPs, to date, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) has shown promising evidence of its translatability to humans. The present review reports the known advantages and limitations of using this species at all levels of investigation in the context of neuropsychiatric conditions. In this easily bred Malagasy primate with a relatively short life span (approximately 12 years), age-related cognitive decline, amyloid angiopathy, and risk factors (i.e., glucoregulatory imbalance) are congruent with those observed in humans. More specifically, analogous behavioral and psychological symptoms and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD/NPS) to those in humans can be found in the aging mouse lemur. Aged mouse lemurs show typical age-related alterations of locomotor activity daily rhythms such as decreased rhythm amplitude, increased fragmentation, and increased activity during the resting-sleeping phase of the day and desynchronization with the light-dark cycle. In addition, sleep deprivation successfully induces cognitive deficits in adult mouse lemurs, and the effectiveness of approved cognitive enhancers such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists is demonstrated in sleep–deprived animals. This result supports the translational potential of this animal model, especially for unraveling the mechanisms underlying dementia and for developing novel therapeutics to prevent age-associated cognitive decline. In conclusion, actual knowledge of BPSD/NPS-like symptoms of age-related cognitive deficits in the gray mouse lemur and the recent demonstration of the similarity of these symptoms with those seen in humans offer promising new ways of investigating both the prevention and treatment of pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pifferi
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France
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40
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Fide E, Emek-Savaş DD, Aktürk T, Güntekin B, Hanoğlu L, Yener GG. Electrophysiological evidence of altered facial expressions recognition in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive ERP study. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1813-1824. [PMID: 31401490 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to evaluate the amplitude and latency of event-related potentials (ERPs) P100, N170, VPP and N230 in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to healthy elderly controls, using a passive viewing task of emotional facial expressions. METHODS Twenty-four individuals with mild to moderate AD and 23 demographically matched healthy elderly controls were included in the study. ERP P100, N170, VPP and N230 amplitude and latency values were compared between groups. RESULTS The categorization of emotional facial expressions was intact; yet, increased P100 amplitude and latency, decreased N170 amplitude, and increased VPP amplitude were observed in AD compared to controls. Increased N230 amplitude and latency were observed in response to angry expressions, while neutral expressions elicited decreased amplitude and latency. CONCLUSIONS Increased P100 amplitude and latency may reflect reduced amygdala volume and disruptions in the visual system, while decreased N170 and increased VPP amplitudes may reflect impaired perceptual processing, mitigated by a greater involvement of prefrontal areas for task performance in AD. SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to report a complex pattern of ERPs to emotional facial expressions in individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Fide
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Durusu Emek-Savaş
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tuba Aktürk
- Istanbul Medipol University, Vocational School, Program of Electroneurophysiology, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Istanbul Medipol University, International School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul, Turkey; REMER, Clinical Electrophysiology, Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation Lab, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lütfü Hanoğlu
- REMER, Clinical Electrophysiology, Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation Lab, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Görsev G Yener
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Department of Neurology, Izmir, Turkey; Dokuz Eylul University, Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Izmir, Turkey
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41
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King JL, Wong AA, Brown RE. Age-Related Changes in the Spatial Frequency Threshold of Male and Female 3xTg-AD Mice Using OptoMotry. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:591-596. [PMID: 29480178 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visual impairments and retinal abnormalities occur in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in mouse models of AD. It is important to know the visual ability of mouse models of AD to ensure that age-related cognitive deficits are not confounded by visual impairments. Using OptoMotry, the spatial frequency thresholds of male and female 3xTg-AD mice did not differ from their B6129SF2 wildtype controls between 1-18 months of age, but females had higher spatial frequency thresholds than males. However, the differences were quite small, and the visual ability of all mice was comparable to that of C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Aimée A Wong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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42
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Cerquera-Jaramillo MA, Nava-Mesa MO, González-Reyes RE, Tellez-Conti C, de-la-Torre A. Visual Features in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Overview. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2941783. [PMID: 30405709 PMCID: PMC6204169 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2941783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It compromises patients' daily activities owing to progressive cognitive deterioration, which has elevated direct and indirect costs. Although AD has several risk factors, aging is considered the most important. Unfortunately, clinical diagnosis is usually performed at an advanced disease stage when dementia is established, making implementation of successful therapeutic interventions difficult. Current biomarkers tend to be expensive, insufficient, or invasive, raising the need for novel, improved tools aimed at early disease detection. AD is characterized by brain atrophy due to neuronal and synaptic loss, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The visual system and central nervous system share many functional components. Thus, it is plausible that damage induced by Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation may be observed in visual components such as the retina, even at an early disease stage. This underscores the importance of implementing ophthalmological examinations, less invasive and expensive than other biomarkers, as useful measures to assess disease progression and severity in individuals with or at risk of AD. Here, we review functional and morphological changes of the retina and visual pathway in AD from pathophysiological and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E. González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Tellez-Conti
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología-Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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43
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Rodriguez L, Mdzomba JB, Joly S, Boudreau-Laprise M, Planel E, Pernet V. Human Tau Expression Does Not Induce Mouse Retina Neurodegeneration, Suggesting Differential Toxicity of Tau in Brain vs. Retinal Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:293. [PMID: 30197586 PMCID: PMC6117378 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The implication of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) Tau in the ocular manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is elusive due to the lack of relevant animal model. However, signs of AD have been reported in the brain of transgenic mice expressing human Tau (hTau). To assess whether hTau is sufficient to induce AD pathogenesis in the retina as well, in the present study, we compared the retinal structure and function of KO mice deprived of Tau (mTKO) with those of transgenic mice expressing hTau. Our results revealed that hTau is particularly abundant in the inner nuclear layer (INL) cells of the retina. By electroretinogram (ERG) recording, light-induced retinal cell activation was not altered in hTau compared with mTKO littermates. Surprisingly, the ERG response mediated by cone photoreceptor stimulation was even stronger in hTau than in mTKO retinae. Immunofluorescent analysis of retinal sections allowed us to observe thicker inner retina in hTau than in mTKO eyes. By Western Blotting (WB), the upregulation of mTOR that was found in hTau mice may underlie retinal structure and function increases. Taken together, our results not only indicate that hTau expression is not toxic for retinal cells but they also suggest that it may play a positive role in visual physiology. The use of hTau may be envisaged to improve visual recovery in ocular diseases affecting the retinal function such as glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Rodriguez
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Julius Baya Mdzomba
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Joly
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Boudreau-Laprise
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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