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Liu B, Hou B, Zhao Y, Gao F, Dong X, He J. Investigating potential mechanisms of vitamin D against thyroid cancer via network pharmacology and experimental validation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 104:e14586. [PMID: 39013759 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common endocrine malignancies worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D (VD) has potential benefits in the treatment of TC. However, evidence regarding the targets and molecular mechanisms of VD in TC remains limited. In this study, we conducted network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental evaluation to explore the target genes, biological functions, and signaling pathways involved in this process. Network analysis revealed 77 potential target genes of VD against TC, and four hub target genes were identified: ESR1, KIT, CCND1, and PGR. Furthermore, we identified the biological processes (BP) and signaling pathways involving these potential target genes, and then determined the possible interaction between the hub targets and VD through molecular docking. Finally, through in vitro experiments, we found that VD effectively inhibits the proliferation of TC cells and downregulates the expression of the ESR1 gene. In conclusion, the effects of VD against TC involve multiple biological targets, BP, and signaling pathways. These findings provide scientific evidence for the application of VD in the treatment of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bowen Hou
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fengyi Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyin Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiageng He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School, Xinjiang, China
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2
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Dmitrieva NI, Boehm M, Yancey PH, Enhörning S. Long-term health outcomes associated with hydration status. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:275-294. [PMID: 38409366 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Body water balance is determined by fundamental homeostatic mechanisms that maintain stable volume, osmolality and the composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids. Water balance is maintained by multiple mechanisms that continuously match water losses through urine, the skin, the gastrointestinal tract and respiration with water gains achieved through drinking, eating and metabolic water production. Hydration status is determined by the state of the water balance. Underhydration occurs when a decrease in body water availability, due to high losses or low gains, stimulates adaptive responses within the water balance network that are aimed at decreasing losses and increasing gains. This stimulation is also accompanied by cardiovascular adjustments. Epidemiological and experimental studies have linked markers of low fluid intake and underhydration - such as increased plasma concentration of vasopressin and sodium, as well as elevated urine osmolality - with an increased risk of new-onset chronic diseases, accelerated aging and premature mortality, suggesting that persistent activation of adaptive responses may be detrimental to long-term health outcomes. The causative nature of these associations is currently being tested in interventional trials. Understanding of the physiological responses to underhydration may help to identify possible mechanisms that underlie potential adverse, long-term effects of underhydration and inform future research to develop preventative and treatment approaches to the optimization of hydration status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul H Yancey
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, USA
| | - Sofia Enhörning
- Perinatal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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3
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Chen R, Yang M, Peng C, Yin D, Zhang Y, Xu F. Pharmacodynamics Research on Danggui-Shaoyao-San through Body Fluid Indexes of Spleen Deficiency-water Dampness Rats using Bio-impedance Technology. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1602-1616. [PMID: 37921128 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010243018231025065109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spleen deficiency-water dampness symptom is closely related to body fluid-mediated organism metabolism and circulation. However, previous clinical evaluation of spleen deficiency-water dampness model was based only on body weight, D-xylose excretion rate, serum gastrin content, etc. Therefore, we established a large sample of normal rats and model rats experiment to verify the scientific nature of bio-impedance measuring body fluid indexes for evaluation of the modeling state. Pharmacodynamics research on Danggui-Shaoyao- San (DSS) was conducted through body fluid index changes of rats using bio-impedance technology. METHODS A spleen deficiency-water dampness symptom rat model was established through an inappropriate diet combined with excess fatigue. Experimental rats were divided into a normal control group, a model control group, a positive drug control group (hydrochlorothiazide), a blood-activating group, a water-disinhibiting group, and a DSS group. Total Body Water/Body Weight (TBW%), extracellular fluid/total body water content (ECF%), intracellular fluid/total body water content (ICF%), extracellular fluid/intracellular fluid (ECF/ICF), fat mass/body weight (FM%), fat-free mass/body weight (FFM%), and fat mass/fat-free mass (FM/FFM) of 150 rats were detected by a Bio-Imp Vet Body analyzer. RESULTS The TBW% of the model control group increased significantly, and the FM/FFM was significantly reduced compared with the normal group (P < 0.05) (P < 0.01), showing symptoms of spleen deficiency and diarrhea; the TBW% of the blood-activating group, and the waterdisinhibiting group decreased significantly, and the FM/FFM increased significantly (P < 0.05) (P < 0.01). The TBW% and FM/FFM in the water-disinhibiting group had returned to nearnormal values compared with the model control group. The blood-activating and waterdisinhibiting split prescriptions in DSS are both effective in treating spleen deficiency-water dampness rats. Comparatively, the fluid-regulating effect of split prescriptions in DSS was even stronger than that of DSS as shown in the present study. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that using bio-impedance technology to measure body fluid indexes can pave a road for further exploring the molecular mechanism of the reason why the blood-activating and disinhibit-water split prescriptions in DSS are both effective in treating spleen deficiency-water dampness rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Mo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China
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Zhai J, Wang Z, Zhang T, He L, Ma S, Zuo Q, Zhang G, Wang X, Guo Y. Canagliflozin and irbesartan ameliorate renal fibrosis via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231206289. [PMID: 37862678 PMCID: PMC10590049 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231206289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the antifibrotic effects of canagliflozin, with or without irbesartan, on renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats fed a high-salt (HS) diet. METHODS After the preconditioning stage, Dahl SS rats (n = 47) were divided into five experimental groups as follows: low-salt (LS, n = 7), HS (n = 10), HS with canagliflozin (n = 10), HS with irbesartan (n = 10), and HS with canagliflozin and irbesartan (n = 10). RESULTS The HS diet increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), renal fibrosis, fibrotic protein expression, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad2/3 pathway protein expression compared with the findings in the LS group. Irbesartan reduced SBP and slowed the loss of renal function. Canagliflozin significantly reduced body weight and renal fibrosis and suppressed the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway. The combined therapy exerted better renoprotective effects on all outcome parameters. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that canagliflozin and irbesartan exert different effects on renal injury in SS hypertensive rats, and the combined regimen could have stronger effects than either monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Medical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Pain Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingjuan Zuo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yifang Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Hosseini-Dastgerdi H, Pourshanazari AA, Nematbakhsh M. The role of Mas receptor on renal hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II administration in chronic renal sympathectomized male and female rats. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:489-504. [PMID: 37842515 PMCID: PMC10568965 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.383705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Renal hemodynamics is influenced by renal sympathetic nerves and the renin-angiotensin system. On the other hand, renal sympathetic denervation impacts kidney weight by affecting renal hemodynamics. The current study evaluated the role of the Mas receptor on renal hemodynamic responses under basal conditions and in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) in chronic renal sympathectomy in female and male rats. Experimental approach Forty-eight nephrectomized female and male rats were anesthetized and cannulated. Afterward, the effect of chronic renal sympathectomy was investigated on hemodynamic parameters such as renal vascular resistance (RVR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and renal blood flow (RBF). In addition, the effect of chronic sympathectomy on kidney weight was examined. Findings/Results Chronic renal sympathectomy increased RVR and subsequently decreased RBF in both sexes. Renal perfusion pressure also increased after sympathectomy in male and female rats, while MAP did not change, significantly. In response to the Ang II injection, renal sympathectomy caused a greater decrease in RBF in all experimental groups, while it did not affect the MAP response. In addition, chronic sympathectomy increased left kidney weight in right nephrectomized rats. Conclusion and implications Chronic renal sympathectomy changed systemic/renal hemodynamics in baseline conditions and only renal hemodynamics in response to Ang II administration. Moreover, chronic sympathectomy increased compensatory hypertrophy in nephrectomized rats. These changes are unaffected by gender difference and Mas receptor blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajaralsadat Hosseini-Dastgerdi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Pourshanazari
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Isfahan MN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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6
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The regulation of blood pressure is conventionally conceptualised into the product of “circulating blood volume” and “vasoconstriction components”. Over the last few years, however, demonstration of tissue sodium storage challenged this dichotomous view. Recent Findings We review the available evidence pertaining to this phenomenon and the early association made with blood pressure; we discuss open questions regarding its originally proposed hypertonic nature, recently challenged by the suggestion of a systemic, isotonic, water paralleled accumulation that mirrors absolute or relative extracellular volume expansion; we present the established and speculate on the putative implications of this extravascular sodium excess, in either volume-associated or -independent form, on blood pressure regulation; finally, we highlight the prevalence of high tissue sodium in cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory conditions other than hypertension. Summary We conclude on approaches to reduce sodium excess and on the potential of emerging imaging technologies in hypertension and other conditions.
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7
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Ernsberger U, Deller T, Rohrer H. The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:455-475. [PMID: 34757495 PMCID: PMC8595186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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8
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Ye C, Zheng F, Wang JX, Wang XL, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Dysregulation of the Excitatory Renal Reflex in the Sympathetic Activation of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Front Physiol 2021; 12:673950. [PMID: 34149454 PMCID: PMC8209386 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.673950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sympathetic activation plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Chemical stimulation of renal afferents increases the sympathetic activity and blood pressure in normal rats. This study investigated the excitatory renal reflex (ERR) in the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Experiments were performed in the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and SHR aged at 4, 12, and 24 weeks under anesthesia. Renal infusion of capsaicin was used to stimulate renal afferents, and thus, to induce ERR. The ERR was evaluated by the changes in the contralateral renal sympathetic nerve activity and mean arterial pressure. At the age of 4 weeks, the early stage with a slight or moderate hypertension, the ERR was more enhanced in SHR compared with WKY. The pressor response was greater than the sympathetic activation response in the SHR. At the age of 12 weeks, the development stage with severe hypertension, there was no significant difference in the ERR between the WKY and SHR. At the age of 24 weeks, the later stage of hypertension with long-term several hypertensions, the ERR was more attenuated in the SHR compared with the WKY. On the other hand, the pressor response to sympathetic activation due to the ERR was smaller at the age of 12 and 24 weeks than those at the age of 4 weeks. These results indicate that ERR is enhanced in the early stage of hypertension, and attenuated in the later stage of hypertension in the SHR. Abnormal ERR is involved in the sympathetic activation and the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Just A. Hypertension due to loss of water. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13658. [PMID: 33819385 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Just
- Physiologisches Institut Medizinische Fakultät Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Germany
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10
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Further evidence against the role renal medullary perfusion in short-term control of arterial pressure in normotensive and mildly or overtly hypertensive rats. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:623-631. [PMID: 33651165 PMCID: PMC8049918 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Earlier evidence from studies of rat hypertension models undermines the widespread view that the rate of renal medullary blood flow (MBF) is critical in control of arterial pressure (MAP). Here, we examined the role of MBF in rats that were normotensive, with modest short-lasting pressure elevation, or with overt established hypertension. The groups studied were anaesthetised Sprague-Dawley rats: (1) normotensive, (2) with acute i.v. norepinephrine-induced MAP elevation, and (3) with hypertension induced by unilateral nephrectomy followed by administration of deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA) and 1% NaCl drinking fluid for 3 weeks. MBF was measured (laser-Doppler probe) and selectively increased using 4-h renal medullary infusion of bradykinin. MAP, renal excretion parameters and post-experiment medullary tissue osmolality and sodium concentration were determined. In the three experimental groups, baseline MAP was 117, 151 and 171 mmHg, respectively. Intramedullary bradykinin increased MBF by 45%, 65% and 70%, respectively, but this was not associated with a change in MAP. In normotensive rats a significant decrease in medullary tissue sodium was seen. The intramedullary bradykinin specifically increased renal excretion of water, sodium and total solutes in norepinephrine-treated rats but not in the two other groups. As previously shown in models of rat hypertension, in the normotensive rats and those with acute mild pressure elevation (resembling labile borderline human hypertension), 4-h renal medullary hyperperfusion failed to decrease MAP. Nor did it decrease in DOCA-salt model mimicking low-renin human hypertension. Evidently, within the 4-h observation, medullary perfusion was not a critical determinant of MAP in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
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11
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Ralph AF, Grenier C, Costello HM, Stewart K, Ivy JR, Dhaun N, Bailey MA. Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System Promotes Blood Pressure Salt-Sensitivity in C57BL6/J Mice. Hypertension 2020; 77:158-168. [PMID: 33190558 PMCID: PMC7720873 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Global salt intake averages >8 g/person per day, over twice the limit advocated by the American Heart Association. Dietary salt excess leads to hypertension, and this partly mediates its poor health outcomes. In ≈30% of people, the hypertensive response to salt is exaggerated. This salt-sensitivity increases cardiovascular risk. Mechanistic cardiovascular research relies heavily on rodent models and the C57BL6/J mouse is the most widely used reference strain. We examined the effects of high salt intake on blood pressure, renal, and vascular function in the most commonly used and commercially available C57BL6/J mouse strain. Changing from control (0.3% Na+) to high salt (3% Na+) diet increased systolic blood pressure in male mice by ≈10 mm Hg within 4 days of dietary switch. This hypertensive response was maintained over the 3-week study period. Returning to control diet gradually reduced blood pressure back to baseline. High-salt diet caused a rapid and sustained downregulation in mRNA encoding renal NHE3 (sodium-hydrogen-exchanger 3) and EnaC (epithelial sodium channel), although we did not observe a suppression in aldosterone until ≈7 days. During the development of salt-sensitivity, the acute pressure natriuresis relationship was augmented and neutral sodium balance was maintained throughout. High-salt diet increased ex vivo sensitivity of the renal artery to phenylephrine and increased urinary excretion of adrenaline, but not noradrenaline. The acute blood pressure-depressor effect of hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocker, was enhanced by high salt. Salt-sensitivity in commercially sourced C57BL6/J mice is attributable to sympathetic overactivity, increased adrenaline, and enhanced vascular sensitivity to alpha-adrenoreceptor activation and not sodium retention or attenuation of the acute pressure natriuresis response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa F Ralph
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Grenier
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Costello
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Stewart
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- From the University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Zheng F, Ye C, Wan GW, Zhou B, Tong Y, Lei JZ, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Interleukin-1β in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediates excitatory renal reflex. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1577-1586. [PMID: 32915316 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical stimulation of kidney causes sympathetic activation and pressor responses in rats. The excitatory renal reflex (ERR) is mediated by angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and superoxide anions in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The aim of this study is to determine whether interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the PVN mediates the ERR, and whether the IL-1β production in the PVN is dependent on the AT1R-superoxide anion signaling. Experiments were performed in adult rats under anesthesia. The ERR was induced by renal infusion of capsaicin, and evaluated by the responses of the contralateral renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inhibition of IL-1β production with MCC950 in the PVN dose-dependently inhibited the capsaicin-induced ERR and sympathetic activation. The PVN microinjection of IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra or specific IL-1β antibody abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR, while IL-1β enhanced the ERR. Renal infusion of capsaicin promoted p65-NFκB phosphorylation and IL-1β production in the PVN, which were prevented by PVN microinjection of NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin or the superoxide anion scavenger tempol. The PVN microinjection of NFκB inhibitor BMS-345541 abolished the capsaicin induced-ERR and IL-1β production, but not the NADPH oxidase activation and superoxide anion production. Furthermore, capsaicin-induced p65-NFκB phosphorylation and IL-1β production in the PVN were prevented by AT1R antagonist losartan, or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. These results indicate that capsaicin-induced ERR and sympathetic activation are mediated by IL-1β in the PVN. The IL-1β production in the PVN is dependent on the AT1R-mediated superoxide anion generation and NFκB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Wei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Lei
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1163-1182. [PMID: 32785827 PMCID: PMC8826348 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a major health problem around the world and its development has been associated with exceeding salt consumption by the modern society. The mechanisms by which salt consumption increase blood pressure (BP) involve several homeostatic systems but many details have not yet been fully elucidated. Evidences accumulated over the last 60 decades raised the involvement of the immune system in the hypertension development and opened a range of possibilities for new therapeutic targets. Green propolis is a promising natural product with potent anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific targets, most of them participating in the gut-brain axis of the sodium-dependent hypertension. New anti-hypertensive products reinforce the therapeutic arsenal improving the corollary of choices, especially in those cases where patients are resistant or refractory to conventional therapy. This review sought to bring the newest advances in the field articulating evidences that show a cross-talking between inflammation and the central mechanisms involved with the sodium-dependent hypertension as well as the stablished actions of green propolis and some of its biologically active compounds on the immune cells and cytokines that would be involved with its anti-hypertensive properties.
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14
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Sadowski J, Bądzyńska B. Altered renal medullary blood flow: A key factor or a parallel event in control of sodium excretion and blood pressure? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1323-1332. [PMID: 32163610 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the ongoing debate on the mechanism of blood pressure (BP) regulation and pathophysiology of arterial hypertension ("renocentric" vs "neural" concepts), attention is focused on the putative regulatory role of changes in renal medullary blood flow (MBF). Experimental evidence is analysed with regard to the question whether an elevation of BP and renal perfusion pressure (RPP) is likely to increase MBF due to its impaired autoregulation. It is concluded that such increases have been clearly documented only in rats with extracellular fluid volume expansion. A possible translation of this finding to BP regulation in health and hypertension in humans may only be a matter of speculation. Within the "renocentric" theory, the key event leading to restoration of initial BP level is pressure natriuresis. Its relation to elevation of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and to the phenomenon of "wash-out" of renal medullary solutes by increasing MBF is discussed. We also assessed the validity of data supporting the putative mechanism of short-term restoration of elevated BP owing to the release of a vasodilator lipid (medullipin) by the medulla. The structure of the proposed medullary lipid is still undefined, and there is no sound evidence on its mediatory role in lowering elevated BP level. In conclusion, MBF change can hardly be regarded as a crucial event in the regulation of BP: it can be involved in the control of sodium excretion and BP only in some circumstances, although its contributory role cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Sadowski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Bądzyńska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Angiotensin Type 1 Receptors and Superoxide Anion Production in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Contribute to Capsaicin-Induced Excitatory Renal Reflex and Sympathetic Activation. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:463-474. [PMID: 31989424 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical stimulation of the kidney increases sympathetic activity and blood pressure in rats. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is important in mediating the excitatory renal reflex (ERR). In this study, we examined the role of molecular signaling in the PVN in mediating the capsaicin-induced ERR and sympathetic activation. Bilateral PVN microinjections were performed in rats under anesthesia. The ERR was elicited by infusion of capsaicin into the cortico-medullary border of the right kidney. The reflex was evaluated as the capsaicin-induced changes in left renal sympathetic nerve activity and mean arterial pressure. Blockade of angiotensin type 1 receptors with losartan or inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme with captopril in the PVN abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR. Renal infusion of capsaicin significantly increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion production in the PVN, which were prevented by ipsilateral renal denervation or microinjection of losartan into the PVN. Furthermore, either scavenging of superoxide anions or inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase in the PVN abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR. We conclude that the ERR induced by renal infusion of capsaicin is mediated by angiotensin type 1 receptor-related NAD(P)H oxidase activation and superoxide anion production within the PVN.
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16
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Persson PB, Persson AB. Foetal programming. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13403. [PMID: 31610082 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pontus B. Persson
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
| | - Anja Bondke Persson
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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17
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Ye C, Qiu Y, Zhang F, Chen AD, Zhou H, Wang JJ, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Chemical Stimulation of Renal Tissue Induces Sympathetic Activation and a Pressor Response via the Paraventricular Nucleus in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:143-152. [PMID: 31392556 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic activation and the kidney play critical roles in hypertension and chronic heart failure. The role of the kidney in sympathetic activation is still not well known. In this study, we revealed an excitatory renal reflex (ERR) in rats induced by chemical stimulation of the kidney that regulated sympathetic activity and blood pressure. The ERR was induced by renal infusion of capsaicin, and evaluated by the changes in renal sympathetic outflow, blood pressure, and heart rate. Renal infusion of capsaicin dose-dependently increased the contralateral renal sympathetic nerve activity, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. Capsaicin in the cortico-medullary border had greater effects than in the cortex or medulla. Intravenous infusion of capsaicin had no significant effects. The effects of renal infusion of capsaicin were abolished by ipsilateral renal denervation, but were not affected by bilateral sinoaortic denervation. Renal infusion of capsaicin increased the ipsilateral renal afferent activity. The ERR was also induced by renal infusion of bradykinin, adenosine, and angiotensin II, but not by ATP. Renal infusion of capsaicin increased c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus. Lesion of neurons in the PVN with kainic acid abolished the capsaicin-induced ERR. These findings indicate that chemical stimulation of kidney causes an excitatory reflex, leading to sympathetic activation, pressor response, and accelerated heart rate. The PVN is an important central nucleus in the pathway of the ERR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ai-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jue-Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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18
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Mrowka R. Recent advances in hypertension research. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13295. [PMID: 31067363 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Mrowka
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, AG Experimentelle Nephrologie Universitätsklinikum Jena Jena Germany
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19
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Assersen KB, Høilund‐Carlsen PF, Olsen MH, Greve SV, Gam‐Hadberg JC, Braad P, Damkjaer M, Bie P. The exaggerated natriuresis of essential hypertension occurs independently of changes in renal medullary blood flow. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13266. [PMID: 30770642 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In patients with essential hypertension, abnormal renal sodium handling includes exaggerated natriuresis in response to extracellular volume expansion. We tested the hypothesis that exaggerated natriuresis is associated with increases in medullary and/or cortical renal blood flow. METHODS Patients with mild essential hypertension, but no signs of end organ damage, and control subjects were studied after 4 days of dietary standardization (<60 mmol Na+ day-1 ) preceded in patients by a 14-day drug washout period. On the study day, subjects received a 4-hour intravenous volume expansion with saline (2.1% of body mass). Renal medullary and cortical blood flows were measured by PET scanning using H2 15 O as tracer; anatomical regions of interest were defined by contrast-enhanced CT scanning. RESULTS In patients, arterial blood pressure increased during volume expansion (107 ± 2-114 ± 3 mm Hg, P < 0.05) in contrast to the control group (92 ± 2-92 ± 2 mm Hg). Renal sodium excretion increased more in patients than in controls (+133 ± 31 µmol min-1 vs +61 ± 14 µmol min-1 , respectively, P < 0.05) confirming exaggerated natriuresis. During volume expansion, renal medullary blood flow did not change significantly in patients (2.8 ± 0.4-2.5 ± 0.5 mL (g tissue)-1 min-1 ) or in controls (3.2 ± 0.3-3.1 ± 0.2 mL (g tissue)-1 min-1 ). In control subjects, renal cortical blood flow fell during volume expansion (4.1 ± 0.3-3.7 ± 0.2 mL (g tissue)-1 min-1 , P < 0.05) in contrast to patients in which deviations remained insignificant. CONCLUSION Exaggerated natriuresis, a hallmark of essential hypertension, is not mediated by increases in regional, renal blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B. Assersen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | | | | | - Sara V. Greve
- Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Svendborg Denmark
| | | | - Poul‐Erik Braad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Mads Damkjaer
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Peter Bie
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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20
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da Silva EF, de Melo ABS, Lobo Júnior EDO, Rodrigues KL, Naves LM, Coltro WKT, Rebelo ACS, Freiria-Oliveira AH, Menani JV, Pedrino GR, Colombari E. Role of the Carotid Bodies in the Hypertensive and Natriuretic Responses to NaCl Load in Conscious Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1690. [PMID: 30564134 PMCID: PMC6289036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic challenges trigger a hypertensive response and natriuresis mediated by central and peripheral sensors. Here, we evaluated the importance of the carotid bodies for the hypertensive and natriuretic responses to acute and sub-chronic NaCl load in conscious rats. Male Wistar rats (250–330 g) submitted to bilateral carotid body removal (CBX) or sham surgery were used. One day after the surgery, the changes in arterial blood pressure (n = 6–7/group) and renal sodium excretion (n = 10/group) to intravenous infusion of 3 M NaCl (1.8 mL/kg b.w. during 1 min) were evaluated in non-anesthetized rats. Another cohort of sham (n = 8) and CBX rats (n = 6) had access to 0.3 M NaCl as the only source of fluid to drink for 7 days while ingestion and renal excretion were monitored daily. The sodium balance was calculated as the difference between sodium infused/ingested and excreted. CBX reduced the hypertensive (8 ± 2 mmHg, vs. sham rats: 19 ± 2 mmHg; p < 0.05) and natriuretic responses (1.33 ± 0.13 mmol/90 min, vs. sham: 1.81 ± 0.11 mmol/90 min; p < 0.05) to acute intravenous infusion of 3 M NaCl, leading to an increase of sodium balance (0.38 ± 0.11 mmol/90 min, vs. sham: -0.06 ± 0.10 mmol/90 min; p < 0.05). In CBX rats, sub-chronic NaCl load with 0.3 M NaCl to drink for 7 days increased sodium balance (18.13 ± 4.45 mmol, vs. sham: 5.58 ± 1.71 mmol; p < 0.05) and plasma sodium concentration (164 ± 5 mmol/L, vs. sham: 140 ± 7 mmol/L; p < 0.05), without changing arterial pressure (121 ± 9 mmHg, vs. sham: 116 ± 2 mmHg). These results suggest that carotid bodies are important for the maintenance of the hypertensive response to acute hypertonic challenges and for sodium excretion to both acute and chronic NaCl load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fernanda da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiâs, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karla Lima Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiâs, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lara Marques Naves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiâs, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiâs, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiâs, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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21
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Bie P. Mechanisms of sodium balance: total body sodium, surrogate variables, and renal sodium excretion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R945-R962. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00363.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical concepts of human sodium balance include 1) a total pool of Na+ of ≈4,200 mmol (total body sodium, TBS) distributed primarily in the extracellular fluid (ECV) and bone, 2) intake variations of 0.03 to ≈6 mmol·kg body mass−1·day−1, 3) asymptotic transitions between steady states with a halftime (T½) of 21 h, 4) changes in TBS driven by sodium intake measuring ≈1.3 day [ΔTBS/Δ(Na+ intake/day)], 5) adjustment of Na+ excretion to match any diet thus providing metabolic steady state, and 6) regulation of TBS via controlled excretion (90–95% renal) mediated by surrogate variables. The present focus areas include 1) uneven, nonosmotic distribution of increments in TBS primarily in “skin,” 2) long-term instability of TBS during constant Na+ intake, and 3) physiological regulation of renal Na+ excretion primarily by neurohumoral mechanisms dependent on ECV rather than arterial pressure. Under physiological conditions 1) the nonosmotic distribution of Na+ seems conceptually important, but quantitatively ill defined; 2) long-term variations in TBS represent significant deviations from steady state, but the importance is undetermined; and 3) the neurohumoral mechanisms of sodium homeostasis competing with pressure natriuresis are essential for systematic analysis of short-term and long-term regulation of TBS. Sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation are intimately related. Real progress is slow and will accelerate only through recognition of the present level of ignorance. Nonosmotic distribution of sodium, pressure natriuresis, and volume-mediated regulation of renal sodium excretion are essential intertwined concepts in need of clear definitions, conscious models, and future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Mrowka R. Modifiers of hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13184. [PMID: 30175500 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle Nephrologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena, KIM III; Jena Germany
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23
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Beaini S, Saliba Y, Hajal J, Smayra V, Bakhos JJ, Joubran N, Chelala D, Fares N. VEGF-C attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9616-9630. [PMID: 30378108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for renal impairment leading to chronic kidney disease. High-salt diet leads to hypertonic skin interstitial volume retention enhancing the activation of the tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) within macrophages leading to vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) secretion and NOS3 modulation. This promotes skin lymphangiogenesis and blood pressure regulation. Whether VEGF-C administration enhances renal and skin lymphangiogenesis and attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension remains to be elucidated. Hypertension was induced in BALB/c mice by a high-salt diet. VEGF-C was administered subcutaneously to high-salt-treated mice as well as control animals. Analyses of kidney injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and biochemical markers were performed in vivo. VEGF-C reduced plasma inflammatory markers in salt-treated mice. In addition, VEGF-C exhibited a renal anti-inflammatory effect with the induction of macrophage M2 phenotype, followed by reductions in interstitial fibrosis. Antioxidant enzymes within the kidney as well as urinary RNA/DNA damage markers were all revelatory of abolished oxidative stress under VEGF-C. Furthermore, VEGF-C decreased the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and blood pressure as well as glomerular and tubular damages. These improvements were associated with enhanced TonEBP, NOS3, and lymphangiogenesis within the kidney and skin. Our data show that VEGF-C administration plays a major role in preserving renal histology and reducing blood pressure. VEGF-C might constitute an interesting potential therapeutic target for improving renal remodeling in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Beaini
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youakim Saliba
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Hajal
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Viviane Smayra
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jules-Joel Bakhos
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Joubran
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Saint Georges Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dania Chelala
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nassim Fares
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus B. Persson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Berlin Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Anja Bondke Persson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Berlin Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
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25
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Haghi-Aminjan H, Farhood B, Rahimifard M, Didari T, Baeeri M, Hassani S, Hosseini R, Abdollahi M. The protective role of melatonin in chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity: a systematic review of non-clinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:937-950. [PMID: 30118646 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1513492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of melatonin in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity at the preclinical level. Areas to be covered: To illuminate the possible role of melatonin in preventing chemotherapy-related nephrotoxicity, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed. A comprehensive search strategy was developed to include PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases from their inception to May 2018. Based on a set of prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 non-clinical articles were ultimately included in the study. Expert opinion: Our findings clearly demonstrate that melatonin has a protective role in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity which may be caused by different chemotherapy agents such as cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, oxaliplatin, etoposide, and daunorubicin. On the basis of current review of non-clinical studies, this protective effect of melatonin is attributed to different mechanisms such as reduction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. The findings presented in this review are based on non-clinical studies and thus conducting appropriate clinical trials to evaluate the real effectiveness of the concurrent use of chemotherapy agents with melatonin in the cancer patients is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- b Departmentof Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- c Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Tina Didari
- c Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- c Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- c Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Rohollah Hosseini
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- c Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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26
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Guan L, Qiao H, Wang N, Luo X, Yan J. The purinergic mechanism of the central nucleus of amygdala is involved in the modulation of salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:132-137. [PMID: 30170187 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a critical region in regulating sodium intake, and interestingly, purinergic receptors reportedly related to fluid balance, are also expressed in CeA. In this study, we investigated whether the purinergic mechanisms of CeA were involved in regulating sodium intake. Male Sprague-Dawley rats had cannulas implanted bilaterally into the CeA and were sodium depleted with furosemide (FURO 20 mg/kg) plus 24 h-sodium deficient food fed. Bilateral injections of the P2X purinergic agonist, α,β-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (α,β-methylene ATP 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 nmol, respectively) into the CeA region induced dose-related reductions in sodium intake without affecting water intake. Injection of P2X purinergic antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS 4.0 nmol/0.5 μl) into the CeA region did not alter sodium and water intake, however, prior injection of PPADS into the CeA area abolished the inhibitory effects on sodium intake by α,β-methylene ATP. Interestingly, prior injection of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor antagonist, bicuculline (4.0 nmol/0.5 μl) into the CeA region partially reversed the deficit of sodium intake induced by α,β-methylene ATP. These results suggest that purinergic receptors in the CeA are involved in the control of sodium intake in the sodium-depleted rats and this negative modulation may be, at least partly, mediated by the GABAA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Hu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus B. Persson
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Bondke Persson
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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28
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The American Heart Association Scientific Statement on salt sensitivity of blood pressure: Prompting consideration of alternative conceptual frameworks for the pathogenesis of salt sensitivity? J Hypertens 2018. [PMID: 28650918 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
: Recently, the American Heart Association (AHA) published a scientific statement on salt sensitivity of blood pressure which emphasized a decades old conceptual framework for the pathogenesis of this common disorder. Here we examine the extent to which the conceptual framework for salt sensitivity emphasized in the AHA Statement accommodates contemporary findings and views of the broader scientific community on the pathogenesis of salt sensitivity. In addition, we highlight alternative conceptual frameworks and important contemporary theories of salt sensitivity that are little discussed in the AHA Statement. We suggest that greater consideration of conceptual frameworks and theories for salt sensitivity beyond those emphasized in the AHA Statement may help to advance understanding of the pathogenesis of salt-induced increases in blood pressure and, in consequence, may lead to improved approaches to preventing and treating this common disorder.
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29
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Wiig H, Luft FC, Titze JM. The interstitium conducts extrarenal storage of sodium and represents a third compartment essential for extracellular volume and blood pressure homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29193764 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of salt in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is not well understood. According to the current understanding, the central mechanism for blood pressure (BP) regulation relies on classical studies linking BP and Na+ balance, placing the kidney at the very centre of long-term BP regulation. To maintain BP homeostasis, the effective circulating fluid volume and thereby body Na+ content has to be maintained within very narrow limits. From recent work in humans and rats, the notion has emerged that Na+ could be stored somewhere in the body without commensurate water retention to buffer free extracellular Na+ and that previously unidentified extrarenal, tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms are operative regulating the release and storage of Na+ from a kidney-independent reservoir. Moreover, immune cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system not only function as local on-site sensors of interstitial electrolyte concentration, but also, together with lymphatics, act as systemic regulators of body fluid volume and BP. These studies have established new and unexpected targets in studies of BP control and thus the pathophysiology of hypertension: the interstitium/extracellular matrix of the skin, its inherent interstitial fluid and the lymphatic vasculature forming a vessel network in the interstitium. Aspects of the interstitium in relation to Na+ balance and hypertension are the focus of this review. Taken together, observations of salt storage in the skin to buffer free extracellular Na+ and macrophage modulation of the extracellular matrix and lymphatics suggest that electrolyte homeostasis in the body cannot be achieved by renal excretion alone, but also relies on extrarenal regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - F. C. Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Charité Medical Faculty; Berlin Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - J. M. Titze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
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30
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Zhang J, Zhong LJ, Wang Y, Liu LM, Cong X, Xiang RL, Wu LL, Yu GY, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis reveals an impaired Ca 2+/AQP5 pathway in the submandibular gland in hypertension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14524. [PMID: 29109472 PMCID: PMC5674029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a systemic disorder that affects numerous physiological processes throughout the body. Improper sodium transport is a common comorbidity of hypertension, and sodium transport is also critical for maintaining the secretion of submandibular glands, whether the function of submandibular glands is affected by hypertension remains unclear. To determine whether hypertension induces changes in the protein expression of submandibular glands, we compared the proteome of submandibular glands from 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed that 95 proteins displayed different levels of expression between the submandibular glands from the SHRs and WKYs. Among these, 35 proteins were more abundant, and 60 proteins were less abundant in the SHR compared with the WKY rats. Specifically, aquaporin 5 and parvalbumin, which are correlated with water transport and intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction, were verified to exhibit differences in protein abundance. Impaired Ca2+ response to carbachol was confirmed in the acinar cells from SHRs, and hyposecretion by the submandibular glands was further confirmed by in vivo saliva collection. In conclusion, the proteomic analysis of the submandibular glands of SHRs revealed novel changes in protein abundance that provides possible mechanisms connecting hypertension and hyposecretion in submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhong
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Mei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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31
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Beard DA. Tautological Nature of Guyton's Theory of Blood Pressure Control. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:e5. [PMID: 28407085 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Beard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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32
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Bie P, Evans RG. Neurohumoral-renal interactions in blood pressure control. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:239-240. [PMID: 27381260 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - R. G. Evans
- Cardiovascular Disease Program; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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33
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Carter JJ, Fretwell LV, Woolard J. Effects of 4 multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors on regional hemodynamics in conscious, freely moving rats. FASEB J 2016; 31:1193-1203. [PMID: 27986807 PMCID: PMC5295730 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600749r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
VEGF inhibitors, including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are used as adjunct therapies in a number of cancer treatments. An emerging issue with these drugs is that most cause hypertension. To gain insight into the physiological mechanisms involved, we evaluated their regional hemodynamic effects in conscious rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (350–450 g) were chronically implanted with pulsed Doppler flow probes (renal and mesenteric arteries, and the descending abdominal aorta) and catheters (jugular vein, peritoneal cavity, and distal abdominal aorta). Regional hemodynamics were measured over 4 d, before and after daily administration of cediranib (3 and 6 mg/kg, 3 and 6 mg/kg/h for 1 h, i.v.), sorafenib (10 and 20 mg/kg, 10 and 20 mg kg/h for 1 h, i.v.), pazopanib (30 and100 mg/kg, i.p.), or vandetanib (12.5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.). All drugs evoked significant increases (P < 0.05; n = 7–8) in mean arterial pressure, which were generally accompanied by significant mesenteric and hindquarters, but not renal, vasoconstrictions. The hypertensive effects of cediranib were unaffected by losartan (10 mg/kg/h), bosentan (20 mg/kg/h), or a combination of phentolamine and propranolol (each 1 mg/kg/h), suggesting a need for new strategies to overcome them.—Carter, J. J., Fretwell, L. V., Woolard, J. Effects of 4 multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors on regional hemodynamics in conscious, freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Carter
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Laurice V Fretwell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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34
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Mansley MK, Ivy JR, Bailey MA. ISN Forefronts Symposium 2015: The Evolution of Hypertension-Old Genes, New Concepts. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:197-203. [PMID: 27722209 PMCID: PMC5044930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is known as the “silent killer,” driving the global public health burden of cardiovascular and renal disease. Blood pressure homeostasis is intimately associated with sodium balance and the distribution of sodium between fluid compartments and within tissues. On a population level, most societies consume 10 times more salt that the 0.5 g required by physiological need. This high salt intake is strongly linked to hypertension and to the World Health Organization targeting a ∼30% relative reduction in mean population salt intake to arrest the global mortality due to cardiovascular disease. But how does a habitually high-salt diet cause blood pressure to rise? In this focused review, we discuss 2 “evolutionary medicine” concepts, presented at the ISN Forefront Meeting “Immunomodulation of Cardio-renal Function.” We first examine how ancestral variants in genes that conferred a selection advantage during early human development are now maladaptive. We then discuss the conservation of “renal” sodium transport processes across multiple organ systems, including the brain. These systems influence sodium appetite and can exert an often-overlooked effect on long-term blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag K Mansley
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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