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Mishra S, Rout M, Singh MK, Dehury B, Pati S. Illuminating the structural basis of human neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonism through classical all-atoms molecular dynamics simulations. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1848-1869. [PMID: 37942587 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in structural biology have bestowed insights into the pleiotropic effects of neurokinin 1 receptors (NK1R) in diverse patho-physiological processes, thereby highlighting the potential therapeutic value of antagonists directed against NK1R. Herein, we investigate the mode of antagonist recognition to discern the obscure atomic facets germane for the function and molecular determinants of NK1R. To commence discernment of potent antagonists and the conformational changes in NK1R, induced upon antagonist binding, state-of-the-art classical all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in lipid mimetic bilayers have been utilized. MD simulations of structural ensembles reveals the involvement of TM5 and TM6 in tight anchoring of antagonists through a network of interhelical hydrogen-bonds, while, the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) governs the overall size and nature of the pocket, thereby modulating NK1R. Consistent comparison between experiments and MD simulation results discerns the predominant role of TM3, TM4, and TM6 in lipid-NK1R interaction. Correlation between hydrophobic index and helicity of TM domains elucidates their importance in maintaining the structural stability in addition to regulating NK1R antagonism. Taken together, we anticipate that our computational study marks a comprehensive structural basis of NK1R antagonism in lipid bilayers, which may facilitate designing of new therapeutics against associated diseases targeting human neurokinin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Rout
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahender Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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2
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Cao Y, Chen H, Yang J. Neuroanatomy of lymphoid organs: Lessons learned from whole-tissue imaging studies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250136. [PMID: 37377338 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Decades of extensive research have documented the presence of neural innervations of sensory, sympathetic, or parasympathetic origin in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Such neural inputs can release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to directly modulate the functions of various immune cells, which represents one of the essential aspects of the body's neuroimmune network. Notably, recent studies empowered by state-of-the-art imaging techniques have comprehensively assessed neural distribution patterns in BM, thymus, spleen, and LNs of rodents and humans, helping clarify several controversies lingering in the field. In addition, it has become evident that neural innervations in lymphoid organs are not static but undergo alterations in pathophysiological contexts. This review aims to update the current information on the neuroanatomy of lymphoid organs obtained through whole-tissue 3D imaging and genetic approaches, focusing on anatomical features that may designate the functional modulation of immune responses. Moreover, we discuss several critical questions that call for future research, which will advance our in-depth understanding of the importance and complexity of neural control of lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Nemes B, László S, Zsidó BZ, Hetényi C, Feher A, Papp F, Varga Z, Szőke É, Sándor Z, Pintér E. Elucidation of the binding mode of organic polysulfides on the human TRPA1 receptor. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1180896. [PMID: 37351262 PMCID: PMC10282659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1180896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have established that endogenous inorganic polysulfides have significant biological actions activating the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptor. Organic polysulfides exert similar effects, but they are much more stable molecules, therefore these compounds are more suitable as drugs. In this study, we aimed to better understand the mechanism of action of organic polysulfides by identification of their binding site on the TRPA1 receptor. Methods: Polysulfides can readily interact with the thiol side chain of the cysteine residues of the protein. To investigate their role in the TRPA1 activation, we replaced several cysteine residues by alanine via site-directed mutagenesis. We searched for TRPA1 mutant variants with decreased or lost activating effect of the polysulfides, but with other functions remaining intact (such as the effects of non-electrophilic agonists and antagonists). The binding properties of the mutant receptors were analyzed by in silico molecular docking. Functional changes were tested by in vitro methods: calcium sensitive fluorescent flow cytometry, whole-cell patch-clamp and radioactive calcium-45 liquid scintillation counting. Results: The cysteines forming the conventional binding site of electrophilic agonists, namely C621, C641 and C665 also bind the organic polysulfides, with the key role of C621. However, only their combined mutation abolished completely the organic polysulfide-induced activation of the receptor. Discussion: Since previous papers provided evidence that organic polysulfides exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions in different in vivo animal models, we anticipate that the development of TRPA1-targeted, organic polysulfide-based drugs will be promoted by this identification of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Nemes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs László
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adam Feher
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Papp
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sándor
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Martins MS, Almeida IF, Cruz MT, Sousa E. Chronic pruritus: from pathophysiology to drug design. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115568. [PMID: 37116666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus, the most common symptom in dermatology, is an innate response capable of protecting skin against irritants. Nonetheless, when it lasts more than six weeks it is assumed to be a chronic pathology having a negative impact on people's lives. Chronic pruritus (CP) can occur in common and rare skin diseases, having a high prevalence in global population. The existing therapies are unable to counteract CP or are associated with adverse effects, so the development of effective treatments is a pressing issue. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CP are not yet completely dissected but, based on current knowledge, involve a wide range of receptors, namely neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), Janus kinase (JAK), and transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, especially transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). This review will address the relevance of these molecular targets for the treatment of CP and molecules capable of modulating these receptors that have already been studied clinically or have the potential to possibly alleviate this pathology. According to scientific and clinical literature, there is an increase in the expression of these molecular targets in the lesioned skin of patients experiencing CP when compared with non-lesioned skin, highlighting their importance for the development of potential efficacious drugs through the design of antagonists/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia S Martins
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaobel F Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria T Cruz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Kumar NN, Chan YL, Chen H, Oliver BG. Editorial: Effects of environmental toxins on brain health and development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1149776. [PMID: 36846566 PMCID: PMC9945219 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1149776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Natasha N. Kumar ✉
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia,Yik Lung Chan ✉
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia,Hui Chen ✉
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia,Brian G. Oliver ✉
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Saxagliptin Cardiotoxicity in Chronic Heart Failure: The Role of DPP4 in the Regulation of Neuropeptide Tone. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071573. [PMID: 35884882 PMCID: PMC9312997 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors are novel medicines for diabetes. The SAVOR-TIMI-53 clinical trial revealed increased heart-failure-associated hospitalization in saxagliptin-treated patients. Although this side effect could limit therapeutic use, the mechanism of this potential cardiotoxicity is unclear. We aimed to establish a cellular platform to investigate DPP4 inhibition and the role of its neuropeptide substrates substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and to determine the expression of DDP4 and its neuropeptide substrates in the human heart. Western blot, radio-, enzyme-linked immuno-, and RNA scope assays were performed to investigate the expression of DPP4 and its substrates in human hearts. Calcein-based viability measurements and scratch assays were used to test the potential toxicity of DPP4 inhibitors. Cardiac expression of DPP4 and NPY decreased in heart failure patients. In human hearts, DPP4 mRNA is detectable mainly in cardiomyocytes and endothelium. Treatment with DPP4 inhibitors alone/in combination with neuropeptides did not affect viability but in scratch assays neuropeptides decreased, while saxagliptin co-administration increased fibroblast migration in isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocyte-fibroblast co-culture. Decreased DPP4 activity takes part in the pathophysiology of end-stage heart failure. DPP4 compensates against the elevated sympathetic activity and altered neuropeptide tone. Its inhibition decreases this adaptive mechanism, thereby exacerbating myocardial damage.
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7
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Erin N, Shurin GV, Baraldi JH, Shurin MR. Regulation of Carcinogenesis by Sensory Neurons and Neuromediators. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092333. [PMID: 35565462 PMCID: PMC9102554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sensory nerve fibers extensively innervate the entire body. They are the first to sense danger signals, including the ones coming from newly formed cancer cells. Various studies have demonstrated that the inactivation of sensory nerve fibers as well as the vagus nerve enhances tumor growth and spread in models including breast, pancreatic, and gastric cancer. On the other hand, there are also contradictory findings that show the opposite, namely that the inactivation of nerve fibers inhibits tumor growth. These discrepancies are likely caused by the stage and the level of aggressiveness of the tumor model used. Hence, further studies are required to determine the factors involved in neuro-immunological mechanisms of tumor growth and spread. Abstract Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system are crucial in maintaining homeostasis, and disturbances of these neuro-immune interactions may participate in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Nerve endings have been identified within solid tumors in humans and experimental animals. Although the involvement of the efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation in carcinogenesis has been extensively investigated, the role of the afferent sensory neurons and the neuropeptides in tumor development, growth, and progression is recently appreciated. Similarly, current findings point to the significant role of Schwann cells as part of neuro-immune interactions. Hence, in this review, we mainly focus on local and systemic effects of sensory nerve activity as well as Schwann cells in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Specific denervation of vagal sensory nerve fibers, or vagotomy, in animal models, has been reported to markedly increase lung metastases of breast carcinoma as well as pancreatic and gastric tumor growth, with the formation of liver metastases demonstrating the protective role of vagal sensory fibers against cancer. Clinical studies have revealed that patients with gastric ulcers who have undergone a vagotomy have a greater risk of stomach, colorectal, biliary tract, and lung cancers. Protective effects of vagal activity have also been documented by epidemiological studies demonstrating that high vagal activity predicts longer survival rates in patients with colon, non-small cell lung, prostate, and breast cancers. However, several studies have reported that inhibition of sensory neuronal activity reduces the development of solid tumors, including prostate, gastric, pancreatic, head and neck, cervical, ovarian, and skin cancers. These contradictory findings are likely to be due to the post-nerve injury-induced activation of systemic sensory fibers, the level of aggressiveness of the tumor model used, and the local heterogeneity of sensory fibers. As the aggressiveness of the tumor model and the level of the inflammatory response increase, the protective role of sensory nerve fibers is apparent and might be mostly due to systemic alterations in the neuro-immune response. Hence, more insights into inductive and permissive mechanisms, such as systemic, cellular neuro-immunological mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis formation, are needed to understand the role of sensory neurons in tumor growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Immunopharmacology, and Immuno-Oncology Unit, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA; (G.V.S.); (M.R.S.)
| | - James H. Baraldi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA;
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA; (G.V.S.); (M.R.S.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA
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8
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Santos Nascimento IJD, de Aquino TM, da Silva Júnior EF. Computer-Aided Drug Design of Anti-inflammatory Agents Targeting Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5397-5419. [PMID: 35301943 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220317122948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural process in response to external stimuli associated with organism protection. However, this reaction could be exaggerated, leading to severe damages related to physiopathological processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, diabetes, allergies, infections, among others. Inflammation is mainly characterized by pain, increased temperature, flushing, and edema, which can be controlled using anti-inflammatory drugs. In this context, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibition has been targeted for designing new compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. It is a bioactive lipid overproduced during an inflammatory process, in which its increased production is carried out mainly by COX-1, COX-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Recently, studies have demonstrated that mPGES-1 inhibition is a safe strategy to develop anti-inflammatory agents, which could protect against pain, acute inflammation, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and different types of cancers. To decrease production costs and increase the probability of discovering active substances, computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches have been increasingly used for designing new inhibitors. Thus, this review will cover all aspects involving high-throughput virtual screening, molecular docking, dynamics, fragment-based drug design, quantitative structure-activity relationship in seeking new promising mPGES-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacy, Estácio of Alagoas College, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Somatostatin Primes Endothelial Cells for Agonist-Induced Hyperpermeability and Angiogenesis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063098. [PMID: 35328517 PMCID: PMC8949535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is an inhibitory peptide, which regulates the release of several hormones, and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via its five Gi protein-coupled receptors (SST1-5). Although its endocrine regulatory and anti-tumour effects have been thoroughly studied, little is known about its effect on the vascular system. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects and potential mechanisms of somatostatin on endothelial barrier function. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) express mainly SST1 and SST5 receptors. Somatostatin did not affect the basal HUVEC permeability, but primed HUVEC monolayers for thrombin-induced hyperpermeability. Western blot data demonstrated that somatostatin activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways by phosphorylation. The HUVEC barrier destabilizing effects were abrogated by pre-treating HUVECs with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MEK/ERK), but not the Akt inhibitor. Moreover, somatostatin pre-treatment amplified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis (3D spheroid formation) in HUVECs. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that HUVECs under quiescence conditions express SST1 and SST5 receptors. Moreover, somatostatin primes HUVECs for thrombin-induced hyperpermeability mainly via the activation of MEK/ERK signalling and promotes HUVEC proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro.
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10
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Thom C, Ehrenmann J, Vacca S, Waltenspühl Y, Schöppe J, Medalia O, Plückthun A. Structures of neurokinin 1 receptor in complex with G q and G s proteins reveal substance P binding mode and unique activation features. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk2872. [PMID: 34878828 PMCID: PMC8654284 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) is involved in inflammation and pain transmission. This pathophysiologically important G protein–coupled receptor is predominantly activated by its cognate agonist substance P (SP) but also by the closely related neurokinins A and B. Here, we report cryo–electron microscopy structures of SP-bound NK1R in complex with its primary downstream signal mediators, Gq and Gs. Our structures reveal how a polar network at the extracellular, solvent-exposed receptor surface shapes the orthosteric pocket and that NK1R adopts a noncanonical active-state conformation with an interface for G protein binding, which is distinct from previously reported structures. Detailed comparisons with antagonist-bound NK1R crystal structures reveal that insurmountable antagonists induce a distinct and long-lasting receptor conformation that sterically blocks SP binding. Together, our structures provide important structural insights into ligand and G protein promiscuity, the lack of basal signaling, and agonist- and antagonist-induced conformations in the neurokinin receptor family.
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Tamás A, Tóth D, Pham D, Loibl C, Rendeki S, Csontos C, Rozanovic M, Bogár L, Polgár B, Németh J, Gyenesei A, Herczeg R, Szántó Z, Reglődi D. Changes of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) level in polytrauma patients in the early post-traumatic period. Peptides 2021; 146:170645. [PMID: 34478801 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In polytrauma patients who survive the primary insult, the imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory processes seems to be responsible for life-threatening complications such as sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) is a standard way for differentiating between infectious (bacterial) and non-infectious inflammation. Monitoring of immune cell functions, like leukocyte anti-sedimentation rate (LAR) can also be useful to diagnose infectious complications. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with well-known immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to determine the changes of PACAP38 levels in polytrauma patients in the early post-traumatic period in intensive care unit and analyse possible correlation of its level with conventional (CRP, PCT) and unconventional (LAR) laboratory parameters. Twenty polytrauma patients were enrolled. Blood samples were taken daily for five days. We observed significant correlation between PACAP38 and CRP levels on day 4 and 5 as well as between PACAP38 and LAR levels all of the days. This could be due to the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions of PACAP38 as part of an endogenous response to the trauma induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. These significant correlations could have clinical importance in monitoring the dynamic balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes in case of polytraumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Pham
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Loibl
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Szilárd Rendeki
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Csontos
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Martin Rozanovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Bogár
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Polgár
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - József Németh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Zalán Szántó
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
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12
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Pan Y, Yu S, Wang J, Li W, Li H, Bai C, Sheng Y, Li M, Wang C, Liu J, Xie P, Wang C, Jiang J, Li J. N-acetyl-L-tryptophan attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway in rats. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11909. [PMID: 34434653 PMCID: PMC8362669 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of TLR4/NLRP3 signal during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) and to verify whether N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (L-NAT) protected hepatocytes by regulating the activation of TLR4/NLRP3 signal. We have established the rat HIRI model and H2O2-induced cell damage model to simulate ischemia-reperfusion injury and detect the corresponding indicators. Compared with the sham group, Suzuki score and the level of serum ALT increased after HIRI, accompanied by an increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, TLR4, and NF-κB. While L-NAT pretreatment reversed the above-mentioned changes. Compared with the control group, cells in the H2O2 treated group became smaller in cell volume and round in shape with unclear boundaries. Similar to the phenotypes in vivo, H2O2 treatment also induced significant increase in expression of pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 and IL-1β) and inflammatory factors (TLR4 and NF-κB). While L-NAT pretreatment attenuated injuries caused by H2O2. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that L-NAT alleviates HIRI by regulating activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be related to the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Pan
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shuna Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yaxin Sheng
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Peitong Xie
- 2018 Grade 2 Glasses, Anaesthesiology Specialty, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jiying Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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13
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Recio R, Lerena P, Pozo E, Calderón-Montaño JM, Burgos-Morón E, López-Lázaro M, Valdivia V, Pernia Leal M, Mouillac B, Organero JÁ, Khiar N, Fernández I. Carbohydrate-Based NK1R Antagonists with Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10350-10370. [PMID: 34236855 PMCID: PMC8529873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NK1R antagonists, investigated for the treatment of several pathologies, have shown encouraging results in the treatment of several cancers. In the present study, we report on the synthesis of carbohydrate-based NK1R antagonists and their evaluation as anticancer agents against a wide range of cancer cells. All of the prepared compounds, derived from either d-galactose or l-arabinose, have shown high affinity and NK1R antagonistic activity with a broad-spectrum anticancer activity and an important selectivity, comparable to Cisplatin. This strategy has allowed us to identify the galactosyl derivative 14α, as an interesting hit exhibiting significant NK1R antagonist effect (kinact 0.209 ± 0.103 μM) and high binding affinity for NK1R (IC50 = 50.4 nM, Ki = 22.4 nM by measuring the displacement of [125I] SP from NK1R). Interestingly, this galactosyl derivative has shown marked selective cytotoxic activity against 12 different types of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Recio
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Lerena
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esther Pozo
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Manuel Calderón-Montaño
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Estefanía Burgos-Morón
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Lázaro
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Victoria Valdivia
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Pernia Leal
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bernard Mouillac
- Institut
de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), INSERM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Ángel Organero
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales
y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Noureddine Khiar
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, Isla de la
Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González,
2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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14
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Balbaba M, Dal A, Çolakoğlu N, Bulmuş Ö, Ulaş F, Yıldırım H, Aydemir O, Eröksüz Y. Anti-inflammatory effect of cortistatin in rat endotoxin-induced uveitis model. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 68:1920-1924. [PMID: 32823415 PMCID: PMC7690532 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_290_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of cortistatin (CST) in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) model and to compare the results with corticosteroid treatment. Methods A total of 35 healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups. EIU was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Group I received intraperitoneal (ip) normal saline (NS), Group II received ip 150 μg LPS plus NS, Group III received ip 150 μg LPS plus 250 μg/kg CST, Group IV received ip 150 μg LPS plus 1mg/kg dexamethasone, and Group V received ip 250 μg/kg CST only. The aqueous humor was collected 24 h after injection and the infiltrating cells were determined. Moreover, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. Results The clinical score and infiltrated cell count were reduced in Groups III and IV compared with Group II (P < 0.001). The pathological findings of Groups III and IV were significantly reduced compared with Group II (P < 0.001). These findings were similar between Groups III and IV (P = 1.000). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) immunoreactivity in the ciliary body of Group III and Group IV were significantly reduced compared with Group II (P < 0.001). TNF-α and IL-1β immunoreactivity in the ciliary body of Group III and Group IV were similar compared with Group I and Group V (range of P values was 0.539-0.958). Conclusion CST administration as a therapeutic agent might ameliorate the severity of intraocular inflammation in uveitis patients. In conclusion, effect of CST and dexamethasone in EIU model was comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Balbaba
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ali Dal
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Neriman Çolakoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine; Histology-Embryology, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Özgür Bulmuş
- Physiology; Health Sciences, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ulaş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yıldırım
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Orhan Aydemir
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Yesari Eröksüz
- Faculty of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
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15
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Human Somatostatin SST 4 Receptor Transgenic Mice: Construction and Brain Expression Pattern Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073758. [PMID: 33916620 PMCID: PMC8038480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor subtype 4 (SST4) has been shown to mediate analgesic, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory functions without endocrine actions; therefore, it is proposed to be a novel target for drug development. To overcome the species differences of SST4 receptor expression and function between humans and mice, we generated an SST4 humanized mouse line to serve as a translational animal model for preclinical research. A transposon vector containing the hSSTR4 and reporter gene construct driven by the hSSTR4 regulatory elements were created. The vector was randomly inserted in Sstr4-deficient mice. hSSTR4 expression was detected by bioluminescent in vivo imaging of the luciferase reporter predominantly in the brain. RT-qPCR confirmed the expression of the human gene in the brain and various peripheral tissues consistent with the in vivo imaging. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed the presence of hSSTR4 transcripts in glutamatergic excitatory neurons in the CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus; in the GABAergic interneurons in the granular layer of the olfactory bulb and in both types of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex, piriform cortex, prelimbic cortex and amygdala. This novel SST4 humanized mouse line might enable us to investigate the differences of human and mouse SST4 receptor expression and function and assess the effects of SST4 receptor agonist drug candidates.
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16
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Moody TW, Jensen RT. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide (Part 2): biology and clinical importance in central nervous system and inflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:206-213. [PMID: 33481421 PMCID: PMC7961158 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (VIP/PACAP) receptors in the selected central nervous system (CNS) and inflammatory disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provide evidence that PACAP plays an important role in a number of CNS disorders, particularly the pathogenesis of headaches (migraine, etc.) as well as posttraumatic stress disorder and drug/alcohol/smoking addiction. VIP has important therapeutic effects in a number of autoimmune/inflammatory disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis. In some cases, these insights have advanced to therapeutic trials. SUMMARY Recent insights from studies of VIP/PACAP and their receptors in both CNS disorders (migraine, posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction [drugs, alcohol, smoking]) and inflammatory disorders [such as rheumatoid arthritis] are suggesting new treatment approaches. The elucidation of the importance of VIP/PACAP system in these disorders combined recent development of specific drugs acting on this system (i.e., monoclonal VIP/PACAP antibodies) will likely lead to importance novel treatment approaches in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training. Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Moody TW, Jensen RT. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide [Part 1]: biology, pharmacology, and new insights into their cellular basis of action/signaling which are providing new therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:198-205. [PMID: 33449573 PMCID: PMC7957349 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors in pharmacology, cell biology, and intracellular signaling in cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provide new insights into the pharmacology, cell biology of the VIP/PACAP system and show they play important roles in a number of human cancers, as well as in tumor growth/differentiation and are providing an increased understanding of their signaling cascade that is suggesting new treatment targets/approaches. SUMMARY Recent insights from studies of VIP/PACAP and their receptors in both central nervous system disorders and inflammatory disorders suggest possible new treatment approaches. Elucidation of the exact roles of VIP/PACAP in these disorders and development of new therapeutic approaches involving these peptides have been limited by lack of specific pharmacological tools, and exact signaling mechanisms involved, mediating their effects. Reviewed here are recent insights from the elucidation of structural basis for VIP/PACAP receptor activation as well as the signaling cascades mediating their cellular effects (using results primarily from the study of their effects in cancer) that will likely lead to novel targets and treatment approaches in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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18
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Capsaicin-Sensitive Peptidergic Sensory Nerves Are Anti-Inflammatory Gatekeepers in the Hyperacute Phase of a Mouse Rheumatoid Arthritis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041682. [PMID: 33567493 PMCID: PMC7915323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves play complex, mainly protective regulatory roles in the inflammatory cascade of the joints via neuropeptide mediators, but the mechanisms of the hyperacute arthritis phase has not been investigated. Therefore, we studied the involvement of these afferents in the early, "black box" period of a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mouse model. Capsaicin-sensitive fibres were defunctionalized by pretreatment with the ultrapotent capsaicin analog resiniferatoxin and arthritis was induced by K/BxN arthritogenic serum. Disease severity was assessed by clinical scoring, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst by chemiluminescent, vascular permeability by fluorescent in vivo imaging. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to correlate the functional and morphological changes. After sensory desensitization, both early phase ROS-burst and vascular leakage were significantly enhanced, which was later followed by the increased clinical severity scores. Furthermore, the early vascular leakage and ROS-burst were found to be good predictors of later arthritis severity. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory role of peptidergic afferents depends on their activity in the hyperacute phase, characterized by decreased cellular and vascular inflammatory components presumably via anti-inflammatory neuropeptide release. Therefore, these fibres might serve as important gatekeepers in RA.
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19
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Kántás B, Szőke É, Börzsei R, Bánhegyi P, Asghar J, Hudhud L, Steib A, Hunyady Á, Horváth Á, Kecskés A, Borbély É, Hetényi C, Pethő G, Pintér E, Helyes Z. In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Characterization of Novel Analgesic Drug Candidate Somatostatin SST 4 Receptor Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:601887. [PMID: 33815096 PMCID: PMC8015869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Somatostatin released from the capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves mediates analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects via its receptor subtype 4 (SST4) without influencing endocrine functions. Therefore, SST4 is considered to be a novel target for drug development in pain, especially chronic neuropathy which is a great unmet medical need. Purpose and Experimental Approach: Here, we examined the in silico binding, SST4-linked G protein activation and β-arrestin activation on stable SST4 expressing cells and the effects of our novel pyrrolo-pyrimidine molecules (20, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000 µg·kg−1) on partial sciatic nerve ligation-induced traumatic mononeuropathic pain model in mice. Key Results: The novel compounds bind to the high affinity binding site of SST4 the receptor and activate the G protein. However, unlike the reference SST4 agonists NNC 26-9100 and J-2156, they do not induce β-arrestin activation responsible for receptor desensitization and internalization upon chronic use. They exert 65–80% maximal anti-hyperalgesic effects in the neuropathy model 1 h after a single oral administration of 100–500 µg·kg−1 doses. Conclusion and Implications: The novel orally active compounds show potent and effective SST4 receptor agonism in vitro and in vivo. All four novel ligands proved to be full agonists based on G protein activation, but failed to recruit β-arrestin. Based on their potent antinociceptive effect in the neuropathic pain model following a single oral administration, they are promising candidates for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Kántás
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Börzsei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Junaid Asghar
- Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gomal University, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lina Hudhud
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Steib
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Angéla Kecskés
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pethő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary.,Algonist Biotechnolgies GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Center and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary.,Algonist Biotechnolgies GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Thapaliya M, Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Amponnawarat A, Roy S, Ali H. Mast Cell-Specific MRGPRX2: a Key Modulator of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Allergic Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33398613 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic asthma are complex disorders with significant public health burden. This review provides an overview of the recent developments on Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2; mouse counterpart MrgprB2) as a potential candidate to target neuro-immune interaction in AD and allergic asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Domestic allergens directly activate sensory neurons to release substance P (SP), which induces mast cell degranulation via MrgprB2 and drives type 2 skin inflammation in AD. MRGPRX2 expression is upregulated in human lung mast cells and serum of asthmatic patients. Both SP and hemokinin-1 (HK-1 generated from macrophages, bronchial cells, and mast cells) cause degranulation of human mast cells via MRGPRX2. MrgprB2 contributes to mast cell-nerve interaction in the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, asthma severity is associated with increased MRGPRX2 expression in mast cells. Thus, MRGPRX2 could serve as a novel target for modulating AD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Thapaliya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chalatip Chompunud Na Ayudhya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aetas Amponnawarat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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21
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Characterization of Neurons Expressing the Novel Analgesic Drug Target Somatostatin Receptor 4 in Mouse and Human Brains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207788. [PMID: 33096776 PMCID: PMC7589422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is an important mood and pain-regulating neuropeptide, which exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant effects via its Gi protein-coupled receptor subtype 4 (SST4) without endocrine actions. SST4 is suggested to be a unique novel drug target for chronic neuropathic pain, and depression, as a common comorbidity. However, its neuronal expression and cellular mechanism are poorly understood. Therefore, our goals were (i) to elucidate the expression pattern of Sstr4/SSTR4 mRNA, (ii) to characterize neurochemically, and (iii) electrophysiologically the Sstr4/SSTR4-expressing neuronal populations in the mouse and human brains. Here, we describe SST4 expression pattern in the nuclei of the mouse nociceptive and anti-nociceptive pathways as well as in human brain regions, and provide neurochemical and electrophysiological characterization of the SST4-expressing neurons. Intense or moderate SST4 expression was demonstrated predominantly in glutamatergic neurons in the major components of the pain matrix mostly also involved in mood regulation. The SST4 agonist J-2156 significantly decreased the firing rate of layer V pyramidal neurons by augmenting the depolarization-activated, non-inactivating K+ current (M-current) leading to remarkable inhibition. These are the first translational results explaining the mechanisms of action of SST4 agonists as novel analgesic and antidepressant candidates.
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22
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Ekstrand B, Scheers N, Rasmussen MK, Young JF, Ross AB, Landberg R. Brain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:693-708. [PMID: 32989449 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the human brain is based on an interplay between the inherited genotype and external environmental factors, including diet. Food and nutrition, essential in maintenance of brain performance, also aid in prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Both the overall composition of the human diet and specific dietary components have been shown to have an impact on brain function in various experimental models and epidemiological studies. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of diet in 5 key areas of brain function related to mental health and performance, including: (1) brain development, (2) signaling networks and neurotransmitters in the brain, (3) cognition and memory, (4) the balance between protein formation and degradation, and (5) deteriorative effects due to chronic inflammatory processes. Finally, the role of diet in epigenetic regulation of brain physiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ekstrand
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Scheers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AgResearch, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mahmoodazdeh A, Shafiee SM, Sisakht M, Khoshdel Z, Takhshid MA. Adrenomedullin protects rat dorsal root ganglion neurons against doxorubicin-induced toxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1197-1206. [PMID: 32963742 PMCID: PMC7491506 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45134.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite effective anticancer effects, the use of doxorubicin (DOX) is hindered due to its cardio and neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect of adrenomedullin (AM) was shown in several studies. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of AM against DOX-induced toxicity in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat embryonic DRG neurons were isolated and cultured. The effect of various concentrations of DOX (0.0 to 100 µM) in the absence or presence of AM (3.125 -100 nM) on cell death, apoptosis, oxidative stress, expression of tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α), interleukin1- β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and 13, and SRY-related protein 9 (SOX9) were examined. RESULTS Based on MTT assay data, DOX decreased the viability of DRG neurons in a dose and time-dependent manner (IC50=6.88 µm) while dose-dependently, AM protected DRG neurons against DOX-induced cell death. Furthermore, results of annexin V apoptosis assay revealed the protective effects of AM (25 nm) against DOX (6.88 µM)-induced apoptosis and necrosis of DRG neurons. Also, AM significantly ameliorated DOX-induced oxidative stress in DRG neurons. Real-time PCR results showed a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, MMP 3, and MMP 13, and a decrease in the expression of SOX9 following treatment with DOX. Treatment with AM (25 nM) significantly reversed the effects of DOX on the above-mentioned genes expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that AM can be considered a novel ameliorating drug against DOX-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mahmoodazdeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sisakht
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshdel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Takhshid
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Szőke É, Bálint M, Hetényi C, Markovics A, Elekes K, Pozsgai G, Szűts T, Kéri G, Őrfi L, Sándor Z, Szolcsányi J, Pintér E, Helyes Z. Small molecule somatostatin receptor subtype 4 (sst 4) agonists are novel anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug candidates. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108198. [PMID: 32739276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We provided strong proof of concept evidence that somatostatin mediates potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions via its receptor subtype 4 (sst4) located both at the periphery and the central nervous system. Therefore, sst4 agonists are promising novel drug candidates for neuropathic pain and neurogenic inflammation, but rational drug design was not possible due to the lack of knowledge about its 3-dimensional structure. We modeled the sst4 receptor structure, described its agonist binding properties, and characterized the binding of our novel small molecule sst4 agonists (4-phenetylamino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives) using an in silico platform. In addition to the in silico binding data, somatostatin displacement by Compound 1 was demonstrated in the competitive binding assay on sst4-expressing cells. In vivo effects were investigated in rat models of neurogenic inflammation and chronic traumatic neuropathic pain. We defined high- and low-affinity binding pockets of sst4 for our ligands, binding of the highest affinity compounds were similar to that of the reference ligand J-2156. We showed potent G-protein activation with the highest potency of 10 nM EC50 value and highest efficacy of 342%. Oral administration of 100 μg/kg of 5 compounds significantly inhibited acute neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in the paw skin by 40-60%, one candidate abolished and 3 others diminished sciatic nerve-ligation induced neuropathic hyperalgesia by 28-62%. The in silico predictions on sst4-ligands were tested in biological systems. Low oral dose of our novel agonists inhibit neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain, which opens promising drug developmental perspectives for these unmet medical need conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Bálint
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Markovics
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Elekes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pozsgai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - György Kéri
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Őrfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sándor
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary; Algonist GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary; Algonist GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Khan A, Khan S, Kim YS. Insight into Pain Modulation: Nociceptors Sensitization and Therapeutic Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:775-788. [PMID: 30706780 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190131114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex multidimensional concept that facilitates the initiation of the signaling cascade in response to any noxious stimuli. Action potential generation in the peripheral nociceptor terminal and its transmission through various types of nociceptors corresponding to mechanical, chemical or thermal stimuli lead to the activation of receptors and further neuronal processing produces the sensation of pain. Numerous types of receptors are activated in pain sensation which vary in their signaling pathway. These signaling pathways can be regarded as a site for modulation of pain by targeting the pain transduction molecules to produce analgesia. On the basis of their anatomic location, transient receptor potential ion channels (TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPM8), Piezo 2, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), purinergic (P2X and P2Y), bradykinin (B1 and B2), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), metabotropic glutamate (mGlu), neurokinin 1 (NK1) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are activated during pain sensitization. Various inhibitors of TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPM8, Piezo 2, ASICs, P2X, P2Y, B1, B2, AMPA, NMDA, mGlu, NK1 and CGRP receptors have shown high therapeutic value in experimental models of pain. Similarly, local inhibitory regulation by the activation of opioid, adrenergic, serotonergic and cannabinoid receptors has shown analgesic properties by modulating the central and peripheral perception of painful stimuli. This review mainly focused on various classes of nociceptors involved in pain transduction, transmission and modulation, site of action of the nociceptors in modulating pain transmission pathways and the drugs (both clinical and preclinical data, relevant to targets) alleviating the painful stimuli by exploiting nociceptor-specific channels and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Balbaba M, Ulaş F, Postacı SA, Öz B, Aydın S. Serum Cortistatin Levels in Patients with Ocular Active and Ocular Inactive Behçet Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28:601-605. [PMID: 31314641 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1610461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate serum cortistatin (CST) levels in patients with ocular active and ocular inactive Behçet disease (BD) and its relationship with disease activity. METHODS 24 BD patients with ocular active, 24 BD patients with ocular inactive patients and 24 healthy control subjects were included in the study. RESULTS In ocular active and ocular inactive BD patients and healthy control subjects, the mean serum CST levels were 4.38 ± 1.63ng/ml, 5.46 ± 1.81ng/ml and 7.56 ± 1.73ng/ml, respectively. ESR, serum CRP, CST levels and NLR were significantly different between the groups (p < 0.001 for all). The CST levels were similar between ocular active and inactive BD patient groups (p = 0.197). ESR, CRP and NLR were significantly higher in ocular active BD patients compared to ocular inactive BD patients and healthy control subjects (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Serum CST level was significantly lower in BD patients. CST may be a neuropeptide that plays a role in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Balbaba
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Fırat University , Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ulaş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Abant Izzet Baysal University , Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Arzu Postacı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Fırat University , Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Burak Öz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, Fırat University , Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Aydın
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Fırat University , Elazığ, Turkey
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27
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Ganchingco JRC, Fukuyama T, Yoder JA, Bäumer W. Calcium imaging of primary canine sensory neurons: Small-diameter neurons responsive to pruritogens and algogens. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01428. [PMID: 31571393 PMCID: PMC6908857 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rodent primary sensory neurons are commonly used for studying itch and pain neurophysiology, but translation from rodents to larger mammals and humans is not direct and requires further validation to make correlations. METHODS This study developed a primary canine sensory neuron culture from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) excised from cadaver dogs. Additionally, the canine DRG cell cultures developed were used for single-cell ratiometric calcium imaging, with the activation of neurons to the following pruritogenic and algogenic substances: histamine, chloroquine, canine protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activating peptide (SLIGKT), compound 48/80, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist (5-HT), bovine adrenal medulla peptide (BAM8-22), substance P, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and capsaicin. RESULTS This study demonstrates a simple dissection and rapid processing of DRG collected from canine cadavers used to create viable primary sensory neuron cultures to measure responses to pruritogens and algogens. CONCLUSION Ratiometric calcium imaging demonstrated that small-diameter canine sensory neurons can be activated by multiple stimuli, and a single neuron can react to both a pruritogenic stimulation and an algogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Rachel C Ganchingco
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wang J, Yu S, Li J, Li H, Jiang H, Xiao P, Pan Y, Zheng J, Yu L, Jiang J. Protective role of N-acetyl-l-tryptophan against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via the RIP2/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:385-391. [PMID: 31184936 PMCID: PMC6566838 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1617750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Context: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a complex process observed during liver resection and transplantation. N-acetyl-l-tryptophan (l-NAT), an antagonist of neurokinin 1 receptor, has been used for the treatment of nausea and neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: This study investigates the protective effect of l-NAT against HIRI and explores the potential underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham, I/R and I/R + l-NAT. HIRI model was generated by clamping the hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct with a microvascular bulldog clamp for 45 min, and then removing the clamp and allowing reperfusion for 6 h. BRL cells were exposed to 200 µM H2O2 with or without 10 µM l-NAT for 6 h. Results: After l-NAT intervention, the structure of hepatic lobules was intact, and no swelling was noted in the cells. Furthermore, cell viability was found to be significantly enhanced when compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIP2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly increased in the I/R and H2O2 groups when compared with the controls; however, these levels were significantly decreased after l-NAT intervention. Similarly, IL-1β activity and caspase-1 activity were significantly decreased in the H2O2 group when compared with the controls, after l-NAT intervention. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that l-NAT may exert a hepatoprotective role in HIRI through inhibiting RIP2/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway, which can provide evidence for l-NAT to be a potential effective drug against HIRI during clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuna Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hongxin Jiang
- Morphology Laboratory of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Peilun Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yitong Pan
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Li Yu
- Departments of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiying Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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A Molecular Dynamics Study of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1 and the Basis of Its Therapeutic Antagonism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184348. [PMID: 31491880 PMCID: PMC6770453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) is a member of a secretin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its endogenous neuropeptide (VIP), secreted by neurons and immune cells, modulates various physiological functions such as exocrine and endocrine secretions, immune response, smooth muscles relaxation, vasodilation, and fetal development. As a drug target, VPAC1 has been selected for therapy of inflammatory diseases but drug discovery is still hampered by lack of its crystal structure. In this study we presented the homology model of this receptor constructed with the well-known web service GPCRM. The VPAC1 model is composed of extracellular and transmembrane domains that form a complex with an endogenous hormone VIP. Using the homology model of VPAC1 the mechanism of action of potential drug candidates for VPAC1 was described. Only two series of small-molecule antagonists of confirmed biological activity for VPAC1 have been described thus far. Molecular docking and a series of molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate their binding to VPAC1 and resulting antagonist effect. The presented work provides the basis for the possible binding mode of VPAC1 antagonists and determinants of their molecular recognition in the context of other class B GPCRs. Until the crystal structure of VPAC1 will be released, the presented homology model of VPAC1 can serve as a scaffold for drug discovery studies and is available from the author upon request.
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Schöppe J, Ehrenmann J, Klenk C, Rucktooa P, Schütz M, Doré AS, Plückthun A. Crystal structures of the human neurokinin 1 receptor in complex with clinically used antagonists. Nat Commun 2019; 10:17. [PMID: 30604743 PMCID: PMC6318301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurokinins (or tachykinins) are peptides that modulate a wide variety of human physiology through the neurokinin G protein-coupled receptor family, implicated in a diverse array of pathological processes. Here we report high-resolution crystal structures of the human NK1 receptor (NK1R) bound to two small-molecule antagonist therapeutics – aprepitant and netupitant and the progenitor antagonist CP-99,994. The structures reveal the detailed interactions between clinically approved antagonists and NK1R, which induce a distinct receptor conformation resulting in an interhelical hydrogen-bond network that cross-links the extracellular ends of helices V and VI. Furthermore, the high-resolution details of NK1R bound to netupitant establish a structural rationale for the lack of basal activity in NK1R. Taken together, these co-structures provide a comprehensive structural basis of NK1R antagonism and will facilitate the design of new therapeutics targeting the neurokinin receptor family. Neurokinin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. Here the authors present three crystal structures of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) in complex with small-molecule antagonists including aprepitant and netupitant and observe that these clinically approved compounds induce a conformational change in the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jendrik Schöppe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janosch Ehrenmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Klenk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Prakash Rucktooa
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Marco Schütz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Heptares Therapeutics Zürich AG, Grabenstrasse 11a, 8952, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew S Doré
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Horváth Á, Borbély É, Bölcskei K, Szentes N, Kiss T, Belák M, Rauch T, Glant T, Zákány R, Juhász T, Karanyicz E, Boldizsár F, Helyes Z, Botz B. Regulatory role of capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves in the proteoglycan-induced autoimmune arthritis model of the mouse. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:335. [PMID: 30509328 PMCID: PMC6276168 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The regulatory role of capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves has been shown in acute inflammation, but little is known about their involvement in T/B-cell driven autoimmune arthritis. This study integratively characterized the function of these nerve endings in the proteoglycan-induced chronic arthritis (PGIA), a translational model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Peptidergic afferents were defunctionalized by resiniferatoxin (RTX) pretreatment in BALB/c mice, PGIA was induced by repeated antigen challenges. Hind paw volume, arthritis severity, grasping ability and the mechanonociceptive threshold were monitored during the 17-week experiment. Myeloperoxidase activity, vascular leakage and bone turnover were evaluated by in vivo optical imaging. Bone morphology was assessed using micro-CT, the intertarsal small joints were processed for histopathological analysis. Results Following desensitization of the capsaicin-sensitive afferents, ankle edema, arthritis severity and mechanical hyperalgesia were markedly diminished. Myeloperoxidase activity was lower in the early, but increased in the late phase, whilst plasma leakage and bone turnover were not altered. Desensitized mice displayed similar bone spurs and erosions, but increased trabecular thickness of the tibia and bony ankylosis of the spine. Intertarsal cartilage thickness was not altered in the model, but desensitization increased this parameter in both the non-arthritic and arthritic groups. Conclusion This is the first integrative in vivo functional and morphological characterization of the PGIA mouse model, wherein peptidergic afferents have an important regulatory function. Their overall effect is proinflammatory by increasing acute inflammation, immune cell activity and pain. Meanwhile, their activation decreases spinal ankylosis, arthritis-induced altered trabecularity, and cartilage thickness in small joints. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1364-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szentes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Belák
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tibor Rauch
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Tibor Glant
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edina Karanyicz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Boldizsár
- Medical School, Department of Immunology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary. .,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, National Brain Research Program 20017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Botz
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Medical School, Department of Radiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Vena GA, Cassano N, Di Leo E, Calogiuri GF, Nettis E. Focus on the role of substance P in chronic urticaria. Clin Mol Allergy 2018; 16:24. [PMID: 30473632 PMCID: PMC6240950 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-018-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data have strengthened the importance of substance P (SP) as a proinflammatory mediator in human pathology. A role for SP in the pathogenesis of urticaria has long been hypothesized. METHODS Literature data regarding the possible role of SP in chronic urticaria/chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) have been reviewed and summarized in this manuscript. This review is based on pertinent articles that were retrieved by a selective literature search in the PubMed database. Articles in English published up to July 2018 were taken into consideration. RESULTS Recent studies in patients with CSU have demonstrated that circulating levels of SP are significantly elevated, in correlation with disease severity, and that SP-positive basophils are upregulated. SP has been shown to trigger degranulation in basophils derived from CSU patients. Moreover, SP can be involved in pseudoallergic reactions and may act as a histamine-releasing factor in a subset of patients with CSU. Current evidence suggests that the biological activity of SP can be exerted not only through the conventional NK-1 receptor but also through the recently identified Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors. MRGPRX2 can cause mast cell activation and has been found to be upregulated in the skin of patients with severe chronic urticaria. CONCLUSIONS Many findings seem to support the pathogenic involvement of SP in chronic urticaria/CSU. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of SP as a mediator in CSU pathogenesis and a potential new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino A. Vena
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari, Barletta, Italy
| | | | - E. Di Leo
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Unit of Internal Medicine, “F. Miulli” Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, BA Italy
| | - G. F. Calogiuri
- Pneumology Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital, Gallipoli, Lecce Italy
| | - Eustachio Nettis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Gadais C, Ballet S. The Neurokinins: Peptidomimetic Ligand Design and Therapeutic Applications. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:1515-1561. [PMID: 30209994 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180913095918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinins are indisputably essential neurotransmitters in numerous pathoand physiological events. Being widely distributed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and peripheral tissues, their discovery rapidly promoted them to drugs targets. As a necessity for molecular tools to understand the biological role of this class, endogenous peptides and their receptors prompted the scientific community to design ligands displaying either agonist and antagonist activity at the three main neurokinin receptors, called NK1, NK2 and NK3. Several strategies were implemented for this purpose. With a preference to small non-peptidic ligands, many research groups invested efforts in synthesizing and evaluating a wide range of scaffolds, but only the NK1 antagonist Aprepitant (EMENDT) and its prodrug Fosaprepitant (IVEMENDT) have been approved by the Food Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced and Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (CINV and PONV, respectively). While non-peptidic drugs showed limitations, especially in side effect control, peptidic and pseudopeptidic compounds progressively regained attention. Various strategies were implemented to modulate affinity, selectivity and activity of the newly designed ligands. Replacement of canonical amino acids, incorporation of conformational constraints, and fusion with non-peptidic moieties gave rise to families of ligands displaying individual or dual NK1, NK2 and NK3 antagonism, that ultimately were combined with non-neurokinin ligands (such as opioids) to target enhanced biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Gadais
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Atanasova KR, Reznikov LR. Neuropeptides in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:149. [PMID: 30081920 PMCID: PMC6090699 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system mediates key airway protective behaviors, including cough, mucus secretion, and airway smooth muscle contraction. Thus, its involvement and potential involvement in several airway diseases has become increasingly recognized. In the current review, we focus on the contribution of select neuropeptides in three distinct airway diseases: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. We present data on some well-studied neuropeptides, as well as call attention to a few that have not received much consideration. Because mucus hypersecretion and mucus obstruction are common features of many airway diseases, we place special emphasis on the contribution of neuropeptides to mucus secretion. Finally, we highlight evidence implicating involvement of neuropeptides in mucus phenotypes in asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis, as well as bring to light knowledge that is still lacking in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Edwards T, Patel NU, Blake A, Prabakaran S, Reimer D, Feldman SR, Strowd LC. Insights into future therapeutics for atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:265-278. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1430140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Edwards
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nupur U. Patel
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Amy Blake
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Prabakaran
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Danielle Reimer
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven R. Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Strowd
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Adrenomedullin protects Leydig cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction via MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16479. [PMID: 29184072 PMCID: PMC5705677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the possible benefits of adrenomedullin (ADM) in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation by using an in vitro primary culture model of rat Leydig cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell proliferation was detected through CCK-8 and BrdU incorporation assays. ROS were determined with a DCFDA kit, and cytokine concentrations were measured with ELISA assay kits. Protein production was examined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot, and gene expression was observed through RT-qPCR. Results revealed that ADM significantly reduced LPS-induced cytotoxicity, and pretreatment with ADM significantly suppressed ROS overproduction and decreased 4-HNE and 8-OHdG expression levels and concentrations. ADM pretreatment also significantly attenuated the overactivation of enzymatic antioxidants, namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase. ADM supplementation reversed the significantly increased gene expression levels and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β1, MCP-1 and MIF. ADM pretreatment significantly inhibited the gene expression and protein production of TLR-2 and 4. Furthermore, ADM pretreatment markedly reduced the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK 1/2 and p38, phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of p65. Our findings demonstrated that ADM protects Leydig cells from LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, which might be associated with MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathways.
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38
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Kulka M. Could substance P be an antiviral mediator and potential therapeutic target in the nose? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:84-85. [PMID: 29146273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kulka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton and the National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Matak I, Tékus V, Bölcskei K, Lacković Z, Helyes Z. Involvement of substance P in the antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type A: Evidence from knockout mice. Neuroscience 2017; 358:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hay EA, Knowles C, Kolb A, MacKenzie A. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to understand neuropeptide biology and regulation. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:19-25. [PMID: 28038787 PMCID: PMC5645574 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides and their receptors play a role in physiological responses such as appetite, stress and inflammatory pain. With neuropeptides having such diverse and important physiological roles, knocking-out the genes encoding them, their receptors, parts of their regulatory sequences, or reproducing disease associated polymorphic variants are important steps in studying neuropeptides and how they may contribute to disease. Previously, knock-outs were generated using methods such as targeted homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells but this method is costly and time-consuming. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has rapidly taken over the genome editing field and will advance our understanding of neuropeptide genes and their regulation. With CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the time and costs involved in producing transgenic animal models, is greatly reduced. In this review, we describe how the system can be used to manipulate genomic sequences by "knock-out" or "knock-in" mutations in cell lines or in animal models. We also discuss the specificity of the system and methods to limit off-target effects. When combined with the availability of genome sequences, CRISPR/Cas9 directed genome editing in vitro and in vivo, promises to provide a deeper understanding of the biology of the neuropeptides in health and disease than has ever been available before.
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Hay EA, Khalaf AR, Marini P, Brown A, Heath K, Sheppard D, MacKenzie A. An analysis of possible off target effects following CAS9/CRISPR targeted deletions of neuropeptide gene enhancers from the mouse genome. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:101-107. [PMID: 27866656 PMCID: PMC5529291 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully used comparative genomics to identify putative regulatory elements within the human genome that contribute to the tissue specific expression of neuropeptides such as galanin and receptors such as CB1. However, a previous inability to rapidly delete these elements from the mouse genome has prevented optimal assessment of their function in-vivo. This has been solved using CAS9/CRISPR genome editing technology which uses a bacterial endonuclease called CAS9 that, in combination with specifically designed guide RNA (gRNA) molecules, cuts specific regions of the mouse genome. However, reports of "off target" effects, whereby the CAS9 endonuclease is able to cut sites other than those targeted, limits the appeal of this technology. We used cytoplasmic microinjection of gRNA and CAS9 mRNA into 1-cell mouse embryos to rapidly generate enhancer knockout mouse lines. The current study describes our analysis of the genomes of these enhancer knockout lines to detect possible off-target effects. Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify the most likely putative off-target sites and to design PCR primers that would amplify these sequences from genomic DNA of founder enhancer deletion mouse lines. Amplified DNA was then sequenced and blasted against the mouse genome sequence to detect off-target effects. Using this approach we were unable to detect any evidence of off-target effects in the genomes of three founder lines using any of the four gRNAs used in the analysis. This study suggests that the problem of off-target effects in transgenic mice have been exaggerated and that CAS9/CRISPR represents a highly effective and accurate method of deleting putative neuropeptide gene enhancer sequences from the mouse genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Anne Hay
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Abdulla Razak Khalaf
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Pietro Marini
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Brown
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Karyn Heath
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Darrin Sheppard
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Alasdair MacKenzie
- School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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42
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Current Evidence for a Role of Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5856071. [PMID: 28593174 PMCID: PMC5448050 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5856071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides drive a wide diversity of biological actions and mediate multiple regulatory functions involving all organ systems. They modulate intercellular signalling in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as the cross talk among nervous and endocrine systems. Indeed, neuropeptides can function as peptide hormones regulating physiological homeostasis (e.g., cognition, blood pressure, feeding behaviour, water balance, glucose metabolism, pain, and response to stress), neuroprotection, and immunomodulation. We aim here to describe the recent advances on the role exerted by neuropeptides in the control of autophagy and its molecular mechanisms since increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of autophagic process is related to different pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
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43
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Patel N, Strowd LC. The Future of Atopic Dermatitis Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1027:185-210. [PMID: 29063440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64804-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing movement towards the use of targeted therapies in treating of atopic dermatitis (AD), parallel to that which has occurred in psoriasis. Among the systemic medications being studied are subcutaneous or intravenously administered biologic drugs targeting specific molecules such as IL4, IL13, IL17, and IgE. Non-biologic oral therapies are also being developed for AD and include small molecule drugs targeting phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) inhibition or Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibition. Numerous topical formulations are also being studied, with some formulations that are novel therapies that act as topical biologic or small molecule agents with mechanisms of action similar to systemic treatments. Others are being developed as skin barrier repair therapies for reduction of AD symptoms. This chapter will discuss new advances in AD treatment from medications in the initial stages of development to those nearing FDA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Lindsay C Strowd
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Bohonyi N, Pohóczky K, Szalontai B, Perkecz A, Kovács K, Kajtár B, Orbán L, Varga T, Szegedi S, Bódis J, Helyes Z, Koppán M. Local upregulation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channels in rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917705564. [PMID: 28478727 PMCID: PMC5424991 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917705564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) expressed mainly by primary sensory neurons function as major nociceptive integrators. They are also present on the rat endometrium in an oestrogen-regulated manner. TRPV1 is upregulated in peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis patients, but there is no information about TRPA1 and their pathophysiological significances. In this study, patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery were investigated: severe dysmenorrhoea due to rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis ( n = 15), uterine fibroid-induced moderate dysmenorrhoea ( n = 7) and tubal infertility with no pain ( n = 6). TRPA1 and TRPV1 mRNA and protein expressions were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry from the endometrium samples taken by curettage. Results were correlated with the clinical characteristics including pain intensity. TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors were expressed in the healthy human endometrium at mRNA and protein levels. Sparse, scattered cytoplasmic TRPA1 and TRPV1 immunopositivities were found in the stroma and epithelial layers. We detected upregulated mRNA levels in deep infiltrating endometriosis lesions, and TRPV1 gene expression was also elevated in autocontrol endometrium of deep infiltrating endometriosis patients. Histological scoring revealed significant TRPA1 and TRPV1 difference between deep infiltrating endometriosis stroma and epithelium, and in deep infiltrating endometriosis epithelium compared to control samples. Besides, we measured elevated stromal TRPV1 immunopositivity in deep infiltrating endometriosis. Stromal TRPA1 and TRPV1 immunoreactivities strongly correlated with dysmenorrhoea severity, as well TRPV1 expression on ectopic epithelial cells and macrophages with dyspareunia. Epithelial TRPA1 and stromal TRPV1 immunopositivity also positively correlated with dyschezia severity. We provide the first evidence for the presence of non-neuronal TRPA1 receptor in the healthy human endometrium and confirm the expression of TRPV1 channels. Their upregulations in rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis lesions and correlations with pain intensity suggest potential roles in pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Bohonyi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pohóczky
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szalontai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Perkecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Kajtár
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Orbán
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Varga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Szegedi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Bódis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Pain Research Group, Pécs, Hungary, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Koppán
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Song J, Kim OY. Galanin's implications for post-stroke improvement. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 49:223-230. [PMID: 28127496 PMCID: PMC5266107 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke leads to a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as ischemic infarct, cerebral inflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive decline, and depression. Many endeavors have been tried to find the therapeutic solutions to attenuate severe neuropathogenesis after stroke. Several studies have reported that a decrease in the neuropeptide regulator ‘galanin’ is associated with neuronal loss, learning and memory dysfunctions, and depression following a stroke. The present review summarized recent evidences on the function and the therapeutic potential of galanin in post-ischemic stroke to provide a further understanding of galanin's role. Hence, we suggest that galanin needs to be considered as a therapeutic factor in the alleviation of post-stroke pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.; Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Brain Busan 21, Busan, Korea
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Jenkins DE, Sreenivasan D, Carman F, Samal B, Eiden LE, Bunn SJ. Interleukin-6-mediated signaling in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 2016; 139:1138-1150. [PMID: 27770433 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β/α modulate catecholamine secretion, and long-term gene regulation, in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Since interleukin-6 (IL6) also plays a key integrative role during inflammation, we have examined its ability to affect both tyrosine hydroxylase activity and adrenomedullary gene transcription in cultured bovine chromaffin cells. IL6 caused acute tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and serine/tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Consistent with ERK1/2 activation, IL6 rapidly increased tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation (serine-31) and activity, as well as up-regulated genes, encoding secreted proteins including galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and parathyroid hormone-like hormone. The effects of IL6 on the entire bovine chromaffin cell transcriptome were compared to those generated by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists (histamine and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) and the cytokine receptor agonists (interferon-α and tumor necrosis factor-α). Of 90 genes up-regulated by IL6, only 16 are known targets of IL6 in the immune system. Those remaining likely represent a combination of novel IL6/STAT3 targets, ERK1/2 targets and, potentially, IL6-dependent genes activated by IL6-induced transcription factors, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Notably, genes induced by IL6 include both neuroendocrine-specific genes activated by GPCR agonists, and transcripts also activated by the cytokines. These results suggest an integrative role for IL6 in the fine-tuning of the chromaffin cell response to a wide range of physiological and paraphysiological stressors, particularly when immune and endocrine stimuli converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Jenkins
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Fiona Carman
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Babru Samal
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Bunn
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Nederpelt I, Bunnik J, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Kinetic Profile of Neuropeptide–Receptor Interactions. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:830-839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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48
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Botz B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z. Challenges to develop novel anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27576790 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases and persistent pain of different origin represent common medical, social, and economic burden, and their pharmacotherapy is still an unresolved issue. Therefore, there is a great and urgent need to develop anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents with novel mechanisms of action, but it is a very challenging task. The main problem is the relatively large translational gap between the preclinical experimental data and the clinical results due to characteristics of the models, difficulties with the investigational techniques particularly for pain, as well as species differences in the mechanisms. We summarize here the current state-of-the-art medication and related ongoing strategies, and the novel targets with lead molecules under clinical development. The first members of the gold-standard categories, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and opioids, were introduced decades ago, and since then very few drugs with novel mechanisms of action have been successfully taken to the clinics despite considerable development efforts. Several biologics targeting different key molecules have provided breakthrough in some autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, but they are expensive, only parenterally available, their long-term side effects often limit their administration, and they do not effectively reduce pain. Some kinase inhibitors and phosphodiesterase-4 blockers have recently been introduced as new directions. There are in fact some promising novel approaches at different clinical stages of drug development focusing on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1/ankyrin 1 channel antagonism, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium/calcium channels, several enzymes (kinases, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases, and matrix metalloproteinases), cytokines/chemokines, transcription factors, nerve growth factor, and modulation of several G protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoids, purinoceptors, and neuropeptides). WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1427. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1427 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Botz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Protective Effect of Adrenomedullin on Rat Leydig Cells from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway ADM on Rat Leydig Cells from Inflammation and Apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7201549. [PMID: 27212810 PMCID: PMC4861819 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7201549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate whether ADM can modulate LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat Leydig cells. Leydig cells were treated with ADM before LPS-induced cytotoxicity. We determined the concentrations of ROS, MDA, GSH, LDH, and testosterone and the MMP. The mRNA levels of IL-1, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 were obtained, and the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, NO, and PGE2 were determined. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL and detection of DNA fragmentation. The levels of mRNA and protein were determined for Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and PARP. The protein contents for total and p-Akt were measured. ADM pretreatment significantly elevated the MMP and testosterone concentration and reduced the levels of ROS, MDA, GSH, and LDH. ADM pretreatment significantly decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, NO, and PGE2. LPS-induced TUNEL-positive Leydig cells were significantly decreased by ADM pretreatment, a result further confirmed by decreased DNA fragmentation. ADM pretreatment decreased apoptosis by significantly promoting Bcl-2 and inhibiting Bax, caspase-3, and PARP expressions. The LPS activity that reduced p-Akt level was significantly inhibited by ADM pretreatment. ADM protected rat Leydig cells from LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis, which might be associated with PI3K/Akt mitochondrial signaling pathway.
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Koelsch S, Boehlig A, Hohenadel M, Nitsche I, Bauer K, Sack U. The impact of acute stress on hormones and cytokines, and how their recovery is affected by music-evoked positive mood. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23008. [PMID: 27020850 PMCID: PMC4810374 DOI: 10.1038/srep23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and recovery from stress significantly affect interactions between the central nervous system, endocrine pathways, and the immune system. However, the influence of acute stress on circulating immune-endocrine mediators in humans is not well known. Using a double-blind, randomized study design, we administered a CO2 stress test to n = 143 participants to identify the effects of acute stress, and recovery from stress, on serum levels of several mediators with immune function (IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and somatostatin), as well as on noradrenaline, and two hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones (ACTH and cortisol). Moreover, during a 1 h-recovery period, we repeatedly measured these serum parameters, and administered an auditory mood-induction protocol with positive music and a neutral control stimulus. The acute stress elicited increases in noradrenaline, ACTH, cortisol, IL-6, and leptin levels. Noradrenaline and ACTH exhibited the fastest and strongest stress responses, followed by cortisol, IL-6 and leptin. The music intervention was associated with more positive mood, and stronger cortisol responses to the acute stressor in the music group. Our data show that acute (CO2) stress affects endocrine, immune and metabolic functions in humans, and they show that mood plays a causal role in the modulation of responses to acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koelsch
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University in Bergen, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Albrecht Boehlig
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for gastroenterology and rheumatology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hohenadel
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Nitsche
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Bauer
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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