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Hooda U, Feola N, Nabors C, Dhand A. Arrhythmias in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treated With Hydroxychloroquine and/or Azithromycin. Am J Ther 2024; 31:e57-e59. [PMID: 33852488 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abhay Dhand
- Departments of Medicine
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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2
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Aghamohamadi N, Shahba F, Zarezadeh Mehrabadi A, Khorramdelazad H, Karimi M, Falak R, Emameh RZ. Age-dependent immune responses in COVID-19-mediated liver injury: focus on cytokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139692. [PMID: 37654571 PMCID: PMC10465349 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is potentially pathogenic and causes severe symptoms; in addition to respiratory syndromes, patients might experience other severe conditions such as digestive complications and liver complications injury. The abnormality in the liver is manifested by hepatobiliary dysfunction and enzymatic elevation, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. The direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, cytokine storm, and adverse effects of therapeutic regimens have a crucial role in the severity of liver injury. According to aging and immune system alterations, cytokine patterns may also change in the elderly. Moreover, hyperproduction of cytokines in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. The mortality rate in elderly patients, particularly those with other comorbidities, is also higher than in adults. Although the pathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver has been widely studied, the impact of age and immune-mediated responses at different ages remain unclear. This review discusses the association between immune system responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients of different ages and liver injury, focusing on cytokine alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Aghamohamadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shahba
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarezadeh Mehrabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Milad Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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3
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Papa A, Covino M, De Lucia SS, Del Gaudio A, Fiorani M, Polito G, Settanni CR, Piccioni A, Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A. Impact of COVID-19 in individuals with and without pre-existent digestive disorders with a particular focus on elderly patients. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4099-4119. [PMID: 37475841 PMCID: PMC10354572 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i26.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has several extrapulmonary symptoms. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are among the most frequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19, with severe consequences reported in elderly patients. Furthermore, the impact of COVID-19 on patients with pre-existing digestive diseases still needs to be fully elucidated, particularly in the older population. This review aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the GI tract, liver, and pancreas in individuals with and without previous digestive diseases, with a particular focus on the elderly, highlighting the distinctive characteristics observed in this population. Finally, the effectiveness and adverse events of the anti-COVID-19 vaccination in patients with digestive disorders and the peculiarities found in the elderly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Papa
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
- CEMAD, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Marcello Covino
- Department of Emergency, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Emergency Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Sara Sofia De Lucia
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Angelo Del Gaudio
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Marcello Fiorani
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Giorgia Polito
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Carlo Romano Settanni
- Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Emergency, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
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4
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Bhusal T, Banjade P, Surani S, Sharma M. The Spectrum of COVID-19-Induced Liver Injury in Various Age and Risk Groups. Cureus 2023; 15:e36349. [PMID: 37082482 PMCID: PMC10110415 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has inflicted significant mortality and morbidity worldwide since the virus was first detected towards the end of 2019. Though it primarily affects the respiratory system, COVID-19 has been shown to have a multisystem effect. There have been literature on liver injury associated with COVID-19 in general but liver injury specific to certain risk and age groups needs to be looked into. Thus, we aim to discuss the liver injury associated with COVID-19 in various age and risk groups and revisit pathophysiology, biochemical markers and their correlation with outcomes, and current management recommendations.
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5
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Parchwani D, Sonagra AD, Dholariya S, Motiani A, Singh R. COVID-19-related liver injury: Focus on genetic and drug-induced perspectives. World J Virol 2023; 12:53-67. [PMID: 36743658 PMCID: PMC9896591 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical use of potentially hepatotoxic drugs in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is considered as one of the major etiopathogenetic factors for liver injury. Recent evidence has shown that an underlying genetic factor may also occur. Hence, it is important to understand the host genetics and iatrogenic-based mechanisms for liver dysfunction to make timely remedial measures.
AIM To investigate drug-induced and genetic perspectives for the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related liver injury.
METHODS Reference Citation Analysis, PubMed, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched by employing the relevant MeSH keywords and pertaining data of the duration, site and type of study, sample size with any subgroups and drug-induced liver injury outcome. Genetic aspects were extracted from the most current pertinent publications.
RESULTS In all studies, the hepatic specific aminotransferase and other biochemical indices were more than their prescribed upper normal limit in COVID-19 patients and were found to be significantly related with the gravity of disease, hospital stay, number of COVID-19 treatment drugs and worse clinical outcomes. In addition, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 rs641738, rs11385942 G>GA at chromosome 3 gene cluster and rs657152 C>A at ABO blood locus was significantly associated with severity of livery injury in admitted SARS-CoV-2 patients.
CONCLUSION Hepatic dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infection could be the result of individual drugs or due to drug-drug interactions and may be in a subset of patients with a genetic propensity. Thus, serial estimation of hepatic indices in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients should be done to make timely corrective actions for iatrogenic causes to avoid clinical deterioration. Additional molecular and translational research is warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parchwani
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, India
| | - Amit D Sonagra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, India
| | - Sagar Dholariya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, India
| | - Anita Motiani
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, India
| | - Ragini Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, India
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6
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Lyashchenko AK, Yu Y, McMahon DJ, Bies R, Yin MT, Cremers S. Systemic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its relationship with outcome in severely ill COVID-19 patients in New York City. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:299-315. [PMID: 35961374 PMCID: PMC9538656 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between systemic exposure to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its metabolite desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ) and clinical outcome in severely ill patients treated with a standard oral dose regimen of HCQ during the first wave of COVID-19 in New York City. METHODS We correlated retrospective clinical data with drug exposure prospectively assessed from convenience samples using population pharmacokinetics and Bayesian estimation. Systemic exposure was assessed in 215 patients admitted to ICU or COVID-ward for whom an interleukin-6 level was requested and who were still alive 24 hours after the last dose of HCQ. Patients received oral HCQ 600 mg twice daily on day 1 followed by 4 days of 400 mg daily. RESULTS Fifty-three precent of the patients were intubated at 5.4 ± 6.4 days after admission and 26.5% died at an average of 32.2 ± 19.1 days. QTc at admission was 448 ± 34 ms. Systemic exposure to HCQ and DHCQ demonstrated substantial variability. Cumulative area under the serum concentration-time curve up to infinity for HCQ was 71.4 ± 19.3 h mg/L and for DHCQ 56.5 ± 28.3 h mg/L. Variability in systemic exposure was not clearly explained by renal function, liver function or inflammatory state. In turn, systemic exposure did not correlate with intubation status, survival or QTc prolongation. CONCLUSION This study in severely ill patients was not able to find any relationship between systemic exposure to HCQ and DHCQ and clinical outcome at a routine dose regimen and adds to the growing body of evidence that oral HCQ does not alter the course of disease in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Lyashchenko
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Yifan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Donald J. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Robert Bies
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Michael T. Yin
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Serge Cremers
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
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7
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Choaib A, Issa E, El Choueiry F, Eldin JN, Shbaklo K, Alhajj M, Sawaya RT, Assi G, Nader M, Chatila R, Faour WH. SARS-CoV-2-mediated liver injury: pathophysiology and mechanisms of disease. Inflamm Res 2022; 72:301-312. [PMID: 36539655 PMCID: PMC9767399 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2-induced severe inflammatory response can be associated with severe medical consequences leading to multi-organ failure, including the liver. The main mechanism behind this assault is the aggressive cytokine storm that induces cytotoxicity in various organs. Of interest, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) respond acutely to liver injury through several molecular mechanisms, hence furthering the perpetuation of the cytokine storm and its resultant tissue damage. In addition, hepatocytes undergo apoptosis or necrosis resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic mediators that lead to chronic liver inflammation. AIMS The aim of this review is to summarize available data on SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation in addition to evaluate the potential effect of anti-inflammatory drugs in attenuating SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation. METHODS Thorough PubMed search was done to gather and summarize published data on SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation. Additionally, various anti-inflammatory potential treatments were also documented. RESULTS Published data documented SARS-CoV-2 infection of liver tissues and is prominent in most liver cells. Also, histological analysis showed various features of tissues damage, e.g., hepatocellular necrosis, mitosis, cellular infiltration, and fatty degeneration in addition to microvesicular steatosis and inflammation. Finally, the efficacy of the different drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury, in particular the anti-inflammatory remedies, are likely to have some beneficial effect to treat liver injury in COVID-19. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation is a serious condition, and drugs with potent anti-inflammatory effect can play a major role in preventing irreversible liver damage in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Choaib
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Elio Issa
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Francesca El Choueiry
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Jade Nasser Eldin
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Khodor Shbaklo
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Maryline Alhajj
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Ramy Touma Sawaya
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Ghaith Assi
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajaa Chatila
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital (LAUMC-RH), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam H Faour
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.
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Karlafti E, Paramythiotis D, Pantazi K, Georgakopoulou VE, Kaiafa G, Papalexis P, Protopapas AA, Ztriva E, Fyntanidou V, Savopoulos C. Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Hospitalized Patients during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58121848. [PMID: 36557050 PMCID: PMC9782075 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the world has had to face the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its multiple effects. Even though COVID-19 was first considered to be a respiratory disease, it has an extended clinical spectrum with symptoms occurring in many tissues, and it is now identified as a systematic disease. Therefore, various drugs are used during the therapy of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Studies have shown that many of these drugs could have adverse side-effects, including drug-induced liver injury-also known as DILI-which is the focus of our review. Despite the consistent findings, the pathophysiological mechanism behind DILI in COVID-19 disease is still complex, and there are a few risk factors related to it. However, when it comes to the diagnosis, there are specific algorithms (including the RUCAM algorithm) and biomarkers that can assist in identifying DILI and which we will analyze in our review. As indicated by the title, a variety of drugs are associated with this COVID-19-related complication, including systemic corticosteroids, drugs used for the therapy of uncontrolled cytokine storm, as well as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant drugs. Bearing in mind that hepatotoxicity is very likely to occur during COVID-19, especially in patients treated with multiple medications, we will also refer to the use of other drugs used for DILI therapy in an effort to control and prevent a severe and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Karlafti
- Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +231-330-3110
| | - Daniel Paramythiotis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Pantazi
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Kaiafa
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Papalexis
- Unit of Endocrinology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Adonis A. Protopapas
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Ztriva
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Varvara Fyntanidou
- Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Safety of Short-Term Treatments with Oral Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with and without COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050634. [PMID: 35631460 PMCID: PMC9144263 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have recently become the focus of global attention as possible treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The current systematic review aims to assess their safety in short treatments (≤14 days), whether used alone or in combination with other drugs. Following the PRISMA and SWiM recommendations, a search was conducted using four health databases for all relevant English-, Chinese-, and Spanish-language studies from inception through 30 July 2021. Patients treated for any condition and with any comparator were included. The outcomes of interest were early drug adverse effects and their frequency. A total of 254 articles met the inclusion criteria, including case and case-control reports as well as cross-sectional, cohort, and randomised studies. The results were summarised either qualitatively in table or narrative form or, when possible (99 studies), quantitatively in terms of adverse event frequencies. Quality evaluation was conducted using the CARE, STROBE, and JADAD tools. This systematic review showed that safety depended on drug indication. In COVID-19 patients, cardiac adverse effects, such as corrected QT interval prolongation, were relatively frequent (0–27.3% and up to 33% if combined with azithromycin), though the risk of torsade de pointes was low. Compared to non-COVID-19 patients, COVID-19 patients experienced a higher frequency of cardiac adverse effects regardless of the regimen used. Dermatological adverse effects affected 0–10% of patients with autoimmune diseases and COVID-19. A broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric adverse effects affected patients treated with CQ for malaria with variable frequencies and some cases were reported in COVID-19 patients. Gastrointestinal adverse effects occurred regardless of drug indication affecting 0–50% of patients. In conclusion, CQ and HCQ are two safe drugs widely used in the treatment of malaria and autoimmune diseases. However, recent findings on their cardiac and neuropsychiatric adverse effects should be considered if these drugs were to be proposed as antivirals again.
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10
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Ashour NA, Abo Elmaaty A, Sarhan AA, Elkaeed EB, Moussa AM, Erfan IA, Al-Karmalawy AA. A Systematic Review of the Global Intervention for SARS-CoV-2 Combating: From Drugs Repurposing to Molnupiravir Approval. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:685-715. [PMID: 35321497 PMCID: PMC8935998 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s354841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world. The development of novel effective antiviral drugs to fight against SARS-CoV-2 is a time cost. As a result, some specific FDA-approved drugs have already been repurposed and authorized for COVID-19 treatment. The repurposed drugs used were either antiviral or non-antiviral drugs. Accordingly, the present review thoroughly focuses on the repurposing efficacy of these drugs including clinical trials experienced, the combination therapies used, the novel methods followed for treatment, and their future perspective. Therefore, drug repurposing was regarded as an effective avenue for COVID-19 treatment. Recently, molnupiravir is a prodrug antiviral medication that was approved in the United Kingdom in November 2021 for the treatment of COVID-19. On the other hand, PF-07321332 is an oral antiviral drug developed by Pfizer. For the treatment of COVID-19, the PF-07321332/ritonavir combination medication is used in Phase III studies and was marketed as Paxlovid. Herein, we represented the almost history of combating COVID-19 from repurposing to the recently available oral anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates, as a new hope to end the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Ashour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sarhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Moussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ali Erfan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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11
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García-Matarín L, Velilla-Zancada S, Trillo-Calvo E, Molina-Escribano F, Serrano-Cumplido A. [Potentially useful drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 in Primary Care]. Semergen 2022; 48:137-148. [PMID: 34454827 PMCID: PMC8316068 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have exceeded any forecast made. Today we know that the level of severity of the infection in its initial stages will correspond to the evolution and the presence of sequelae in the future. There are no specific treatments that have shown sufficient evidence to allow their recommendation, especially in the mild-moderate stages of the disease. The anti-Covid vaccination is showing clear benefits, both in the prevention of the disease and in its evolution, with the consequent improvement in the numbers of those affected by the pandemic. The use of different drugs used in other indications has been proposed as possible beneficial treatments for COVID-19 that, if used, will be prescribed individually taking into account the characteristics and situation of the patient, the evolutionary phase of the disease as well as well as the limitations of the lack of evidence in its administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L García-Matarín
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud Aguadulce Sur, Almería, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, España
| | - S Velilla-Zancada
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud Joaquín Elizalde, Logroño, Servicio Riojano de Salud, España
| | - E Trillo-Calvo
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud Campo de Belchite, Zaragoza, Servicio Aragonés de Salud, España
| | - F Molina-Escribano
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud de Sisante, Cuenca, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, España
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12
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Sunkak S, Argun M, Celik B, Tasci O, Ozturk AB, Inan DB, Dogan M. Effects of azithromycin on ventricular repolarization in children with COVID-19. Rev Port Cardiol 2022; 41:551-556. [PMID: 35221464 PMCID: PMC8858685 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Azithromycin is used to treat pediatric COVID-19 patients. It can also prolong the QT interval in adults. This study assessed the effects of azithromycin on ventricular repolarization in children with COVID-19. Method The study prospectively enrolled children with COVID-19 who received azithromycin between July and August 2020. An electrocardiogram was performed before, one, three, and five days post-treatment. Using ImageJ®, the following parameters were measured: QT max, QT min, Tp-e max, and Tp-e min. The parameters QTc max, QTc min, Tp-ec max, Tp-ec min, QTcd, Tp-ecd, and the QTc/Tp-ec ratio were calculated using Bazett's formula. Results The study included 105 pediatric patients (mean age 9.8±5.3 years). The pretreatment heart rate was higher than after treatment (before 92 [79–108]/min vs. Day 1 82 [69–108)]/min vs. Day 3 80 [68–92.2]/min vs. Day 5 81 [70–92]/min; p=0.05). Conclusion Azithromycin does not affect the ventricular repolarization parameters on ECG in pediatric COVID-19 cases.
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13
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Serret-Larmande A, Kaltman JR, Avillach P. Streamlining statistical reproducibility: NHLBI ORCHID clinical trial results reproduction. JAMIA Open 2022; 5:ooac001. [PMID: 35156003 PMCID: PMC8826998 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility in medical research has been a long-standing issue. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has publicly underlined this fact as the retraction of several studies reached out to general media audiences. A significant number of these retractions occurred after in-depth scrutiny of the methodology and results by the scientific community. Consequently, these retractions have undermined confidence in the peer-review process, which is not considered sufficiently reliable to generate trust in the published results. This partly stems from opacity in published results, the practical implementation of the statistical analysis often remaining undisclosed. We present a workflow that uses a combination of informatics tools to foster statistical reproducibility: an open-source programming language, Jupyter Notebook, cloud-based data repository, and an application programming interface can streamline an analysis and help to kick-start new analyses. We illustrate this principle by (1) reproducing the results of the ORCHID clinical trial, which evaluated the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients, and (2) expanding on the analyses conducted in the original trial by investigating the association of premedication with biological laboratory results. Such workflows will be encouraged for future publications from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded studies. The COVID-19 pandemic has seen several articles published in high-profile journals being retracted. These retractions undermined even more confidence in the peer-review process, which is not considered sufficiently reliable to generate trust in the published results. A significant number of these retractions occurred after in-depth scrutiny of the methodology and results by the scientific community. This partly stems from opacity in published results, the practical implementation of the statistical analysis often remaining undisclosed. This article presents a simple workflow that leverages a combination of preexisting and newly developed biomedical informatics tools to promote transparent statistical analysis in biomedical research, which relies on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) BioData Catalyst platform. By streamlining access to data and analysis source code, it eases results reproduction and accelerates supplemental analyses. Such workflows will be encouraged for future publications from NHLBI-funded studies. We illustrate it by reproducing the results of the ORCHID clinical trial, which evaluated the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Serret-Larmande
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan R Kaltman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Avillach
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Deng J, Zhou F, Heybati K, Ali S, Zuo QK, Hou W, Dhivagaran T, Ramaraju HB, Chang O, Wong CY, Silver Z. Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Future Virol 2021; 17:10.2217/fvl-2021-0119. [PMID: 34887938 PMCID: PMC8647998 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, with or without azithromycin, in treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Materials & methods: Data from randomized and observational studies were included in a random-effects meta-analysis. Primary outcomes included time to negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 tests, length of stay, mortality, incidence of mechanical ventilation, time to normalization of body temperature, incidence of adverse events and incidence of QT prolongations. Results: Fifty-one studies (n = 61,221) were included. Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine showed no efficacy in all primary efficacy outcomes, but was associated with increased odds of QT prolongations. Conclusion: Due to a lack of efficacy and increased odds of cardiac adverse events, hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine should not be used for treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Fangwen Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kiyan Heybati
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Saif Ali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Qi Kang Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Faculty of Science, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G5, Canada
| | - Wenteng Hou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Thanansayan Dhivagaran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Integrated Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences Program (iBioMed), McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Oswin Chang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Chi Yi Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zachary Silver
- Faculty of Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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15
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Sodeifian F, Seyedalhosseini ZS, Kian N, Eftekhari M, Najari S, Mirsaeidi M, Farsi Y, Nasiri MJ. Drug-Induced Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:731436. [PMID: 34616757 PMCID: PMC8488138 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.731436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The severity of COVID-19 may be correlated with the risk of liver injury development. An increasing number of studies indicate that degrees of hepatotoxicity has been associated with using some medications in the management of COVID-19 patients. However, limited studies had systematically investigated the evidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in COVID-19 patients. Thus, this study aimed to examine DILI in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to December 30, 2020. Search items included "SARS-CoV-2", "Coronavirus," COVID-19, and liver injury. Results: We included 22 related articles. Among included studies, there was five case report, five case series, four randomizes control trial (RCT), seven cohort studies, and one cross-sectional study. The drugs included in this systematic review were remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. Among included studies, some studies revealed a direct role of drugs, while others couldn't certainly confirm that the liver injury was due to SARS-CoV-2 itself or administration of medications. However, a significant number of studies reported that liver injury could be attributable to drug administration. Discussion: Liver injury in COVID-19 patients could be caused by the virus itself or the administration of some types of drug. Intensive liver function monitoring should be considered for patients, especially patients who are treated with drugs such as remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and tocilizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sodeifian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Seyedalhosseini
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Kian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Eftekhari
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Najari
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yeganeh Farsi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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McGrowder DA, Miller F, Anderson Cross M, Anderson-Jackson L, Bryan S, Dilworth L. Abnormal Liver Biochemistry Tests and Acute Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients: Current Evidence and Potential Pathogenesis. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9030050. [PMID: 34287285 PMCID: PMC8293258 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, millions of persons have contracted the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) over the past several months, resulting in significant mortality. Health care systems are negatively impacted including the care of individuals with cancers and other chronic diseases such as chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are various probable pathogenic mechanisms that have been presented to account for liver injury in COVID-19 patients such as hepatotoxicity cause by therapeutic drugs, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of the bile duct cells and hepatocytes, hypoxia and systemic inflammatory response. Liver biochemistry tests such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are deranged in COVID-19 patients with liver injury. Hepatocellular damage results in the elevation of serum AST and ALT levels in early onset disease while a cholestatic pattern that develops as the disease progress causes higher levels of ALP, GGT, direct and total bilirubin. These liver biochemistry tests are prognostic markers of disease severity and should be carefully monitored in COVID-19 patients. We conducted a systematic review of abnormal liver biochemistry tests in COVID-19 and the possible pathogenesis involved. Significant findings regarding the severity, hepatocellular pattern, incidence and related clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (L.A.-J.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabian Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Melisa Anderson Cross
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (L.A.-J.); (L.D.)
| | - Sophia Bryan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (L.A.-J.); (L.D.)
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17
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Tian C, Xiang M. Therapeutic Agents Against COVID-19 with Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1608-1617. [PMID: 33459226 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210114150951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over 57 million people have been confirmed to have coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. Although several drugs have shown potential therapeutic effects, there is no specific drug against COVID-19. In this review, we summarized potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19 with clinical evidence, including antiviral agents, anti-cytokine storm syndrome agents, and vaccines, as well as other drugs. In addition, we briefly discussed their effects on COVID-19, which will contribute to developing treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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18
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Wicha WW, Marbury TC, Dowell JA, Crandon JL, Leister C, Ermer J, Gelone SP. Pharmacokinetics and safety of lefamulin after single intravenous dose administration in subjects with impaired-hepatic function. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:457-462. [PMID: 33811377 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Lefamulin is a novel pleuromutilin recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Given that, lefamulin is primarily metabolized by CYP450 Phase-1 reactions, this study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of IV lefamulin in subjects with various degrees of hepatic impairment as compared with matched healthy subjects. DESIGN Open-label, Phase-1 clinical pharmacokinetic study. SETTING Research Study Center. PATIENTS Twenty-seven subjects; comprised of 11 individuals with normal hepatic function and eight each with moderate or severe hepatic impairment were included, as classified by Child-Pugh scores. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Subjects were administered a single dose of IV lefamulin 150 mg over 1 h. Plasma was collected for 48 h and analyzed for lefamulin and its major metabolite, BC-8041, concentrations in addition to assessing lefamulin plasma protein binding. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using least square geometric mean ratios. Lefamulin was well tolerated in all hepatic function groups. Statistical analyses revealed reductions in Cmax and increases in renal clearance for Moderate and Severe groups, as well as, the increased volume of distribution for the Severe group. Lefamulin plasma AUC mean (SD) was similar across groups at 7615 (1554), 8233 (2286), and 8938 (1640) h.ng/mL for Normal, Moderate, and Severe groups, respectively, despite decreased clearance observed primarily during terminal elimination phases. Decreased plasma-protein binding was seen in hepatically-impaired versus normal subjects. CONCLUSION Lefamulin was generally well tolerated. Differences in lefamulin and BC-8041 pharmacokinetics were small, relative to the overall variability, and any changes appear to be compensated by increases in renal clearance and decreased protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James A Dowell
- Pharmacology Development Services, LLC, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jared L Crandon
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cathie Leister
- Pharmacology Development Services, LLC, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Ermer
- Pharmacology Development Services, LLC, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven P Gelone
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on QTc in Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050055. [PMID: 34068104 PMCID: PMC8152730 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without the concomitant use of azithromycin have been widely used to treat patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on early in vitro studies, despite their potential to prolong the QTc interval of patients. OBJECTIVE This is a systematic review and metanalysis designed to assess the effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without the addition of azithromycin on the QTc of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and MedRxiv databases were reviewed. A random effect model meta-analysis was used, and I-square was used to assess the heterogeneity. The prespecified endpoints were ΔQTc, QTc prolongation > 500 ms and ΔQTc > 60 ms. RESULTS A total of 18 studies and 7179 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The use of hydroxychloroquine with or without the addition of azithromycin was associated with increased QTc when used as part of the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The combination therapy with hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin was also associated with statistically significant increases in QTc. Moreover, the use of hydroxychloroquine alone, azithromycin alone, or the combination of the two was associated with increased numbers of patients that developed QTc prolongation > 500 ms. CONCLUSION This systematic review and metanalysis revealed that the use of hydroxychloroquine alone or in conjunction with azithromycin was linked to an increase in the QTc interval of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection that received these agents.
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20
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Licata A, Minissale MG, Distefano M, Montalto G. Liver injury, SARS-COV-2 infection and COVID-19: What physicians should really know? GASTROHEP 2021; 3:121-130. [PMID: 34149320 PMCID: PMC8207035 DOI: 10.1002/ygh2.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which in males, especially in advanced age, can sometimes evolve into acute respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, mild to moderate alterations in liver function tests (LFTs) have been reported in the worst affected patients. Our review aims to analyse data on the incidence and prognostic value of LFT alterations, the underlying mechanisms and the management of pre-existing liver disease in COVID-19 affected patients. METHODS We searched available literature through online PubMed database using terms as "SARS-CoV-2," "Liver damage," "Liver Function tests," "COVID-19," "pre-existing liver disease," "drug-induced liver injury." RESULTS Available evidence suggest that there could be a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and liver damage, although the underlying involved mechanism remains unclear. Cohort studies have shown that high ALT levels, low platelet counts and low albumin levels at admission and during hospitalisation are associated with a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on pre-existing liver damage. While chronic viral infections or NAFLD are associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 progression, patients with cirrhosis may have increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their systemic immunocompromised status. DILI seems common among hospitalised patient with severe pneumonia. CONCLUSION Mild to moderate liver impairment during Covid-19 is common, especially in patients with pre-existing liver disease. Further studies should be performed in order to understand how pre-existing liver conditions may influence and worsen progression of liver disease in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Licata
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology SectionDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant CareInternal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesPROMISEUniversity of Palermo School of MedicinePalermoItaly
| | - Maria Giovanna Minissale
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology SectionDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant CareInternal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesPROMISEUniversity of Palermo School of MedicinePalermoItaly
| | | | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology SectionDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant CareInternal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesPROMISEUniversity of Palermo School of MedicinePalermoItaly
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21
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Bignardi PR, Vengrus CS, Aquino BM, Cerci Neto A. Use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:139-150. [PMID: 33573530 PMCID: PMC7885725 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1884807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has quickly become a public health problem worldwide, and treatment for this new disease is needed. Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial that in vitro studies have shown action against SARS-CoV-2, which is why it has been the target of clinical studies with conflicting results. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to assess the association of hydroxychloroquine use with the virological cure, clinical recovery, mortality, and development of adverse effects in patients with COVID-19. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs were searched until 7 January 2021, for randomized clinical trials with COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. Of the 130 studies found, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Compared to the patient's control group, the risk ratio (RR) for the virological cure and clinical recovery with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine use was 1.04 (95%CI 0.91-1.17) and 1.03 (95%CI 0.92-1.13), respectively. Hydroxychloroquine (with or without azithromycin) was also not associated with mortality (RR = 1.09, 95%CI 0.98-1.20). Treatment with hydroxychloroquine was associated with any adverse effects (RR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.18-1.81). Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine use did not have a significant effect on virological cure, the time of clinical recovery, and improvement in survival in COVID-19 patients. However, patients who used hydroxychloroquine showed an increase in adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Matos Aquino
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alcindo Cerci Neto
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
- Section of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Health Science Centre, State, University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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22
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Diaz-Arocutipa C, Brañez-Condorena A, Hernandez AV. QTc prolongation in COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, or lopinavir/ritonavir: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 30:694-706. [PMID: 33772933 PMCID: PMC8251490 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, and lopinavir/ritonavir are drugs that were used for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during the early pandemic period. It is well‐known that these agents can prolong the QTc interval and potentially induce Torsades de Pointes (TdP). We aim to assess the prevalence and risk of QTc prolongation and arrhythmic events in COVID‐19 patients treated with these drugs. Methods We searched electronic databases from inception to September 30, 2020 for studies reporting peak QTc ≥500 ms, peak QTc change ≥60 ms, peak QTc interval, peak change of QTc interval, ventricular arrhythmias, TdP, sudden cardiac death, or atrioventricular block (AVB). All meta‐analyses were conducted using a random‐effects model. Results Forty‐seven studies (three case series, 35 cohorts, and nine randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) involving 13 087 patients were included. The pooled prevalence of peak QTc ≥500 ms was 9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 3%–18%) and 8% (95%CI, 3%–14%) in patients who received hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine alone or in combination with azithromycin, respectively. Likewise, the use of hydroxychloroquine (risk ratio [RR], 2.68; 95%CI, 1.56–4.60) and hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin (RR, 3.28; 95%CI, 1.16–9.30) was associated with an increased risk of QTc prolongation compared to no treatment. Ventricular arrhythmias, TdP, sudden cardiac death, and AVB were reported in <1% of patients across treatment groups. The only two studies that reported individual data of lopinavir/ritonavir found no cases of QTc prolongation. Conclusions COVID‐19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine with or without azithromycin had a relatively high prevalence and risk of QTc prolongation. However, the prevalence of arrhythmic events was very low, probably due to underreporting. The limited information about lopinavir/ritonavir showed that it does not prolong the QTc interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz-Arocutipa
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.,Programa de Atención Domiciliaria - EsSalud, Lima, Peru.,Asociación para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Estudiantil en Ciencias de la Salud (ADIECS), Lima, Peru
| | - Ana Brañez-Condorena
- Asociación para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Estudiantil en Ciencias de la Salud (ADIECS), Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Adrian V Hernandez
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.,Health Outcomes, Policy, and Evidence Synthesis (HOPES) Group, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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23
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Crescioli G, Brilli V, Lanzi C, Burgalassi A, Ieri A, Bonaiuti R, Romano E, Innocenti R, Mannaioni G, Vannacci A, Lombardi N. Adverse drug reactions in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients: a case-series with a focus on drug-drug interactions. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:697-710. [PMID: 33355896 PMCID: PMC7755981 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the need of early and emergency effective treatments for COVID-19, less attention may have been paid to their safety during the global emergency. In addition, characteristics of drug-drug interaction (DDI)-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in COVID-19 patients have not yet been studied in depth. The aim of the present case-series study is to describe clinical and pharmacological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients, focusing on ADRs, particularly those related to DDIs. We evaluated all reports of COVID-19 medication-related ADRs collected within the COVID-19 Units of Careggi University Hospital, Florence (Italy), between January 1st and 31st May 2020. Information regarding COVID-19 medications, patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, concomitant drugs, ADRs description and outcome, were collected. Each case was evaluated for the causality assessment and to identify the presence of DDIs. During the study period, 23 Caucasian patients (56.5% males, mean age 76.1 years) experienced one or more ADRs. The majority of them were exposed to polypharmacy and 17.4% presented comorbidities. ADRs were referred to cardiovascular, psychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders. The most frequently reported preferred term was QT prolongation (mean QT interval 496.1 ms). ADRs improved or resolved completely in 60.8% of cases. For all patients, a case-by-case evaluation revealed the presence of one or more DDIs, especially those related to pharmacokinetic interactions. Despite the small number of patients, our evidence underline the clinical burden of DDIs in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients and the risk of unexpected and uncommon psychiatric ADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Crescioli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Brilli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Burgalassi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ieri
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Bonaiuti
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Joint Laboratory of Technological Solutions for Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance and Bioinformatics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elias Romano
- Internal Medicine Unit 2, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Innocenti
- Internal Medicine Unit 2, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vannacci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Florence, Italy
- Joint Laboratory of Technological Solutions for Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance and Bioinformatics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Lombardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Florence, Italy.
- Toxicology Unit, Emergency Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Drug-Drug Interactions in Patients with COVID-19 in Nursing Homes. Drugs Aging 2021; 38:633-635. [PMID: 33788163 PMCID: PMC8009758 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-021-00854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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