1
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Cheung OS, Quimpo NJ, Smoley J. Implicit bias and experience influence overall but not relative trustworthiness judgment of other-race faces. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16068. [PMID: 38992163 PMCID: PMC11239880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Impressions of trustworthiness are formed quickly from faces. To what extent are these impressions shared among observers of the same or different races? Although high consensus of trustworthiness evaluation has been consistently reported, recent studies suggested substantial individual differences. For instance, negative implicit racial bias and low contact experience towards individuals of the other race have been shown to be related to low trustworthiness judgments for other-race faces. This pre-registered study further examined the effects of implicit social bias and experience on trustworthiness judgments of other-race faces. A relatively large sample of White (N = 338) and Black (N = 299) participants completed three tasks: a trustworthiness rating task of faces, a race implicit association test, and a questionnaire of experience. Each participant rated trustworthiness of 100 White faces and 100 Black faces. We found that the overall trustworthiness ratings for other-race faces were influenced by both implicit bias and experience with individuals of the other-race. Nonetheless, when comparing to the own-race baseline ratings, high correlations were observed for the relative differences in trustworthiness ratings of other-race faces for participants with varied levels of implicit bias and experience. These results suggest differential impact of social concepts (e.g., implicit bias, experience) vs. instinct (e.g., decision of approach-vs-avoid) on trustworthiness impressions, as revealed by overall vs. relative ratings on other-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Cheung
- Department of Psychology, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Center for Brain and Health, NYUAD Research Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Nathan J Quimpo
- Department of Psychology, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - James Smoley
- Department of Psychology, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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2
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Tumino M, Carraro L, Castelli L. The social factors behind the mask: contextual effects on trait impressions from faces wearing a face mask. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:43. [PMID: 38935222 PMCID: PMC11211305 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of face masks can significantly impact processes related to trait impressions from faces. In the present research, we focused on trait impressions from faces either wearing a mask or not by addressing how contextual factors may shape such inferences. In Study 1, we compared trait impressions from faces in a phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in which wearing masks was a normative behavior (T1) with those assessed one year later when wearing masks was far less common (T2). Results at T2 showed a reduced positivity in the trait impressions elicited by faces covered by a mask. In Study 2, it was found that trait impressions from faces were modulated by the background visual context in which the target face was embedded so that faces wearing a mask elicited more positive traits when superimposed on an indoor rather than outdoor visual context. Overall, the present studies indicate that wearing face masks may affect trait impressions from faces, but also that such impressions are highly flexible and can significantly fluctuate across time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Tumino
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Luciana Carraro
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Castelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
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3
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Jones AL, Shiramizu V, Jones BC. Decoding the language of first impressions: Comparing models of first impressions of faces derived from free-text descriptions and trait ratings. Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38886926 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
First impressions formed from facial appearance predict important social outcomes. Existing models of these impressions indicate they are underpinned by dimensions of Valence and Dominance, and are typically derived by applying data reduction methods to explicit ratings of faces for a range of traits. However, this approach is potentially problematic because the trait ratings may not fully capture the dimensions on which people spontaneously assess faces. Here, we used natural language processing to extract 'topics' directly from participants' free-text descriptions (i.e., their first impressions) of 2222 face images. Two topics emerged, reflecting first impressions related to positive emotional valence and warmth (Topic 1) and negative emotional valence and potential threat (Topic 2). Next, we investigated how these topics were related to Valence and Dominance components derived from explicit trait ratings. Collectively, these components explained only ~44% of the variance in the topics extracted from free-text descriptions and suggested that first impressions are underpinned by correlated valence dimensions that subsume the content of existing trait-rating-based models. Natural language offers a promising new avenue for understanding social cognition, and future work can examine the predictive utility of natural language and traditional data-driven models for impressions in varying social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Jones
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Victor Shiramizu
- Department of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Benedict C Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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4
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Verosky SC, Nishiura H, O'Brien L, Liu H, Aggadi N. Learned trustworthiness does not have the same influence on implicit responses measured via fast periodic visual stimulation as face trustworthiness. Psychophysiology 2024:e14608. [PMID: 38741338 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Past research has demonstrated that it is possible to detect implicit responses to face trustworthiness using fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS). Because people readily retrieve affective associations with faces, the current study investigated whether learned trustworthiness would yield similar responses to face trustworthiness as measured via FPVS. After learning to associate faces with untrustworthy or trustworthy behaviors, participants completed three separate tasks while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. In each of these tasks, participants viewed oddball sequences of faces where a single base face was presented repeatedly at a rate of 6 Hz and oddball faces with different identities were presented every fifth face (6 Hz/5 = 1.2 Hz). Providing evidence of learning, the oddball response at 1.2 Hz and its harmonics was stronger for the learned faces compared to novel faces over bilateral occipitotemporal cortex and beyond. In addition, reproducing previous findings with face trustworthiness, we observed a stronger response at 1.2 Hz and its harmonics for sequences with less trustworthy-looking versus trustworthy-looking oddball faces over bilateral occipitotemporal cortex and other sites. However, contrary to our predictions, we did not observe a significant influence of learned trustworthiness on the oddball response. These data indicate that impressions based on learning are treated differently than impressions based on appearance, and they raise questions about the types of design and stimuli that yield responses that are measurable via FPVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Verosky
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Hannah Nishiura
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucie O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Huanting Liu
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Nada Aggadi
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
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5
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Li W, Nie M, Xin Z. Business culture impairs facial trustworthiness judgments. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1356305. [PMID: 38751767 PMCID: PMC11094330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has found that business culture has a detrimental impact on interpersonal trust. To understand whether this impact extends to rapid, automatic, bottom-up judgments of facial trustworthiness, we conducted 4 experiments involving 244 participants from economic and non-economic backgrounds. We presented participants with both trustworthy and untrustworthy faces and asked them to make judgments on trustworthiness. The results show that individuals who are engaged in studying economics, work in an economics-related occupation, or are exposed to an imagined business culture evaluate trustworthy faces to be less trustworthy. The findings shed light on why and how business culture affects the formation of interpersonal trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchuan Zhang
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- School of Education, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Weiran Li
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Nie
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqiang Xin
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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6
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Hutchings RJ, Freiburger E, Sim M, Hugenberg K. Racial Prejudice Affects Representations of Facial Trustworthiness. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:263-276. [PMID: 38300733 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231225094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
What makes faces seem trustworthy? We investigated how racial prejudice predicts the extent to which perceivers employ racially prototypical cues to infer trustworthiness from faces. We constructed participant-level computational models of trustworthiness and White-to-Black prototypicality from U.S. college students' judgments of White (Study 1, N = 206) and Black-White morphed (Study 3, N = 386) synthetic faces. Although the average relationships between models differed across stimuli, both studies revealed that as participants' anti-Black prejudice increased and/or intergroup contact decreased, so too did participants' tendency to conflate White prototypical features with trustworthiness and Black prototypical features with untrustworthiness. Study 2 (N = 324) and Study 4 (N = 397) corroborated that untrustworthy faces constructed from participants with pro-White preferences appeared more Black prototypical to naive U.S. adults, relative to untrustworthy faces modeled from other participants. This work highlights the important role of racial biases in shaping impressions of facial trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Hutchings
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington
| | - Erin Freiburger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington
| | - Mattea Sim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington
| | - Kurt Hugenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington
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7
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Sharma Y, Persson LM, Golubickis M, Jalalian P, Falbén JK, Macrae CN. Facial first impressions are not mandatory: A priming investigation. Cognition 2023; 241:105620. [PMID: 37741097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
A common assertion is that, based around prominent character traits, first impressions are spontaneously extracted from faces. Specifically, mere exposure to a person is sufficient to trigger the involuntary extraction of core personality characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness, dominance, competence), an outcome that supports a range of significant judgments (e.g., hiring, investing, electing). But is this in fact the case? Noting ambiguities in the extant literature, here we used a repetition priming procedure to probe the extent to which impressions of dominance are extracted from faces absent the instruction to evaluate the stimuli in this way. Across five experiments in which either the character trait of interest was made increasingly obvious to participants (Expts. 1-3) or attention was explicitly directed toward the faces to generate low-level/high-level judgments (Expts. 4 & 5), no evidence for the spontaneous extraction of first impressions was observed. Instead, priming only emerged when judgments of dominance were an explicit requirement of the task at hand. Thus, at least using a priming methodology, the current findings contest the notion that first impressions are a mandatory product of person perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvi Sharma
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Linn M Persson
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Johanna K Falbén
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Neil Macrae
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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8
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Cheung OS, Jintcharadze D. Effects of masculinity vs. femininity on competence judgement of politician faces and election outcome prediction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16825. [PMID: 37803154 PMCID: PMC10558476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
First impressions of politician faces can be effective in predicting election outcomes, based on perceived competence from candidate photographs. However, it remains unclear whether such effects arose from facial features or other non-facial information present in the photographs (e.g. hairstyles, clothes, or poses). In four pre-registered studies, participants completed two tasks in a counter-balanced order: rating competence of individually presented faces and predicting election outcome of each pair of winner and runner-up faces. We examined competence judgment and election outcome prediction on faces from male politicians depicted on original portraits (Experiment 1), or on computer-generated faces with facial features extracted from the portraits (Experiment 2). The faces were then either masculinized or feminized (Experiments 3 and 4). We found that competence ratings were significantly higher for winners than runners-up and that winners were more likely predicted to win the elections than runners-up in all but Experiment 4, where faces of the winners were feminized and faces of the runners-up were masculinized. Regardless of facial feature changes, correlations were found between competence ratings and election outcome prediction. These findings suggest that facial features are critical for evaluating competence and predicting election outcome, and that masculine features may enhance stereotypical leadership impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Cheung
- Department of Psychology, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Center for Brain and Health, NYUAD Research Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Davit Jintcharadze
- Department of Psychology, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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9
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Marini F, Sutherland CAM, Ostrovska B, Manassi M. Three's a crowd: Fast ensemble perception of first impressions of trustworthiness. Cognition 2023; 239:105540. [PMID: 37478696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Trustworthiness impressions are fundamental social judgements with far-reaching consequences in many aspects of society, including criminal justice, leadership selection and partner preferences. Thus far, most research has focused on facial characteristics that make a face individually appear more or less trustworthy. However, in everyday life, faces are not always perceived in isolation but are often encountered in crowds. It has been proposed that we deal with the large amount of facial information in a group by extracting summary statistics of the crowd, a phenomenon called ensemble perception. Prior research showed that ensemble perception occurs for various facial features, such as emotional expression, facial identity, and attractiveness. Here, we investigated whether observers can integrate the level of trustworthiness from multiple faces to extract an average impression of the crowd. Across four studies, participants were presented with crowds of faces and were asked to report their average level of trustworthiness with an adjustment (Experiment 1) and a rating task (Experiments 2 and 3). Participants were able to extract an ensemble perception of trustworthiness impressions from multiple faces. Moreover, observers were able to form a summary statistic of trustworthiness impressions from a group of faces as quickly as 250 ms (Experiment 4). Taken together, these results demonstrate that ensemble perception can occur at the level of impressions of trustworthiness. Thus, these critical social judgements not only occur for individual faces but are also integrated into a unique ensemble impression of crowds. Our findings contribute to the development of a more ecological approach to the study of trust impressions, since they provide an understanding of trustworthiness judgements not only on an individual level, but on a much broader social group level. Furthermore, our results drive forward new theory because they demonstrate for the first time that ensemble representations cover a broad range of phenomena than previously recognized, including complex high-level facial trait judgements such as trustworthiness impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Marini
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Clare A M Sutherland
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bārbala Ostrovska
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
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10
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Cao R, Zhang N, Yu H, Webster PJ, Paul LK, Li X, Lin C, Wang S. Comprehensive Social Trait Judgments From Faces in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1121-1145. [PMID: 37671893 PMCID: PMC10626626 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231192236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing social information from faces is difficult for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether individuals with ASD make high-level social trait judgments from faces in the same way as neurotypical individuals. Here, we comprehensively addressed this question using naturalistic face images and representatively sampled traits. Despite similar underlying dimensional structures across traits, online adult participants with self-reported ASD showed different judgments and reduced specificity within each trait compared with neurotypical individuals. Deep neural networks revealed that these group differences were driven by specific types of faces and differential utilization of features within a face. Our results were replicated in well-characterized in-lab participants and partially generalized to more controlled face images (a preregistered study). By investigating social trait judgments in a broader population, including individuals with neurodevelopmental variations, we found important theoretical implications for the fundamental dimensions, variations, and potential behavioral consequences of social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Cao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University
| | - Na Zhang
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - Paula J. Webster
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University
| | - Lynn K. Paul
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - Xin Li
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University
| | - Chujun Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University
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11
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Bobak AK, Jones AL, Hilker Z, Mestry N, Bate S, Hancock PJB. Data-driven studies in face identity processing rely on the quality of the tests and data sets. Cortex 2023; 166:348-364. [PMID: 37481857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in how data-driven approaches can help understand individual differences in face identity processing (FIP). However, researchers employ various FIP tests interchangeably, and it is unclear whether these tests 1) measure the same underlying ability/ies and processes (e.g., confirmation of identity match or elimination of identity match) 2) are reliable, 3) provide consistent performance for individuals across tests online and in laboratory. Together these factors would influence the outcomes of data-driven analyses. Here, we asked 211 participants to perform eight tests frequently reported in the literature. We used Principal Component Analysis and Agglomerative Clustering to determine factors underpinning performance. Importantly, we examined the reliability of these tests, relationships between them, and quantified participant consistency across tests. Our findings show that participants' performance can be split into two factors (called here confirmation and elimination of an identity match) and that participants cluster according to whether they are strong on one of the factors or equally on both. We found that the reliability of these tests is at best moderate, the correlations between them are weak, and that the consistency in participant performance across tests and is low. Developing reliable and valid measures of FIP and consistently scrutinising existing ones will be key for drawing meaningful conclusions from data-driven studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Bobak
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex L Jones
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Zoe Hilker
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Mestry
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bate
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J B Hancock
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
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12
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Campos LA, Campos JADB, Marôco J, Peltomäki T. Aesthetic dental treatment, orofacial appearance, and life satisfaction of Finnish and Brazilian adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287235. [PMID: 37384731 PMCID: PMC10310051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the probability of seeking/undergoing aesthetic dental treatment (ADT) and compare self-perception of orofacial appearance (OA) based on sex, age, and monthly income; and to estimate the impact of OA on life satisfaction (LS) among Finnish and Brazilian adults, considering the indirect effect of receiving ADT and the moderating effects of those sociodemographic variables. METHODS This was an online cross-sectional study. Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES), Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used. Probability of seeking/receiving ADT was calculated using logistic regression and odds ratio (OR). OA scores were compared according to sociodemographic characteristics (ANOVA, α = 5%). Structural equations models estimated the impact of OA on LS. RESULTS 3,614 Finns [75.1% female, 32.0 (SD = 11.6) years] and 3,979 Brazilians [69.9% female, 33.0 (SD = 11.3) years] participated in the study. Women were more likely to receive ADT than men in both countries (OR>1.3). However, no statistically or practical significant differences were observed in OA between sexes (p>0.05 or p<0.05, ηp2 = 0.00-0.02). In Finland, demand for ADT (OR = 0.9-1.0) and OA scores (p>0.05) were the same among different ages and monthly income. In Brazil, younger individuals (OR>1.6) and those with higher monthly income (OR>2.7) were more likely to receive ADT, while those with lower income had a greater psychosocial impact of OA (p<0.05; ηp2>0.07). Individuals who were more satisfied with their own OA and had less psychosocial impact from OA had higher levels of LS (β = 0.31-0.34; p<0.01; explained variance: 9.8-13.1%). CONCLUSION Demand for ADT is influenced by sociodemographic and cultural factors. Greater societal pressure on physical appearance is observed among women in Western countries. In countries with high socioeconomic inequalities, consumerism and social prestige are involved in this demand. Self-perception of orofacial appearance plays a significant role in individuals' subjective well-being. Therefore, the planning of aesthetic treatments in the orofacial region should consider the patient's perceptions and social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Arrais Campos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Ear and Oral Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Dentistry, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Marôco
- William James Center for Research (WJCR), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
- Flu Pedagogy, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Timo Peltomäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Ear and Oral Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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O’Toole AJ, Hu Y. First impressions from faces in the real world: Commentary on Sutherland and Young (2022). Br J Psychol 2023; 114:508-510. [PMID: 36519182 PMCID: PMC10443674 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of first impressions from faces now emphasizes the need to understand trait inferences made to naturalistic face images (British Journal of Psychology, 113, 2022, 1056). Face recognition algorithms based on deep convolutional neural networks simultaneously represent invariant, changeable and environmental variables in face images. Therefore, we suggest them as a comprehensive 'face space' model of first impressions of naturalistic faces. We also suggest that to understand trait inferences in the real world, a logical next step is to consider trait inferences made to whole people (faces and bodies). On the role of cultural contributions to trait perception, we think it is important for the field to begin to consider the way in which trait inferences motivate (or not) behaviour in independent and interdependent cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science,
Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Todorov A, Uddenberg S, Albohn D. Generative models for visualizing idiosyncratic impressions. Br J Psychol 2022; 114:511-514. [PMID: 36504382 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In their comprehensive review of research on impressions from faces, Sutherland and Young (this issue) highlight both the remarkable progress and the many challenges facing the field. We focus on two of the challenges: the need for generative, powerful models of impressions and the idiosyncratic nature of complex impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Todorov
- The University of Chicago Booth School of Business Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Stefan Uddenberg
- The University of Chicago Booth School of Business Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Daniel Albohn
- The University of Chicago Booth School of Business Chicago Illinois USA
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15
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Lin C, Adolphs R. Trait impressions from faces depend on the goals of the perceiver. Br J Psychol 2022; 114:501-503. [PMID: 36480401 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trait impressions from faces formed in the real world likely depend on the circumstances in which a face is seen, in particular, on the goal of the perceiver in that circumstance. This goal dependency is typically not incorporated into laboratory studies, an omission that has limited our understanding of trait impressions from faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Lin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
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Mondloch CJ, Twele AC, Thierry SM. We need to move beyond rating scales, white faces and adult perceivers: Invited Commentary on Sutherland & Young (2022), understanding trait impressions from faces. Br J Psychol 2022; 114:504-507. [PMID: 36480335 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sutherland and Young's perspective is a timely and rigorous examination of trait impressions based on facial cues. We propose three strtegies to further advance the field: incorporating natural language processing, including diverse facial stimuli, and re-interpreting developmental data.
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Lavan N. Trait impressions from voices: Considering multiple ‘origin stories’ and the dynamic nature of trait‐related cues. Br J Psychol 2022; 114:495-497. [PMID: 36471646 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental findings for trait impressions from voices are often discussed in relation to potential evolutionary origins. This commentary takes Sutherland and Young's (2022) account of the different potential origins of facial trait impressions to suggest that vocal trait impressions should also be viewed as having been shaped by cultural and individual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lavan
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology Queen Mary University London London UK
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18
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Jones BC, Jones AL, Shiramizu V. Mapping physical characteristics in face images to social judgements. Br J Psychol 2022; 114:498-500. [PMID: 36463493 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Sutherland and Young (Br. J. Psychol., 113, 2022, 1056) provide a comprehensive and timely overview of recent developments in research on social judgements of faces, emphasizing the utility of data-driven approaches. Here, we expand on this theme, focusing on how data-driven approaches can provide new insights into the physical characteristics in face images that best predict social judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C. Jones
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Alex L. Jones
- Department of Psychology Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Victor Shiramizu
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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