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Pierson SR, Fiock KL, Wang R, Balasubramanian N, Reinhardt J, Khan KM, James TD, Hunter ML, Cooper BJ, Williamsen HR, Betters R, Deniz K, Lee G, Aldridge G, Hefti MM, Marcinkiewcz CA. Tau pathology in the dorsal raphe may be a prodromal indicator of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02664-9. [PMID: 39143322 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation in brainstem nuclei is thought to occur in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its specific role in driving prodromal symptoms and disease progression is largely unknown. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains a large population of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurons that regulate mood, reward-related behavior, and sleep, which are all disrupted in AD. We report here that tau pathology is present in the DRN of individuals 25-80 years old without a known history of dementia, and its prevalence was comparable to the locus coeruleus (LC). By comparison, fewer cases were positive for other pathological proteins including α-synuclein, β-amyloid, and TDP-43. To evaluate how early tau pathology impacts behavior, we overexpressed human P301L-tau in the DRN of mice and observed depressive-like behaviors and hyperactivity without deficits in spatial memory. Tau pathology was predominantly found in neurons relative to glia and colocalized with a significant proportion of Tph2-expressing neurons in the DRN. 5-HT neurons were also hyperexcitable in P301L-tauDRN mice, and there was an increase in the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs). Moreover, astrocytic density was elevated in the DRN and accompanied by an increase in IL-1α and Frk expression, which suggests increased inflammatory signaling. Additionally, tau pathology was detected in axonal processes in the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and caudate putamen. A significant proportion of this tau pathology colocalized with the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), suggesting that tau may spread in an anterograde manner to regions outside the DRN. Together these results indicate that tau pathology accumulates in the DRN in a subset of individuals over 50 years and may lead to behavioral dysregulation, 5-HT neuronal dysfunction, and activation of local astrocytes which may be prodromal indicators of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Pierson
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kimberly L Fiock
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ruixiang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Jessica Reinhardt
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kanza M Khan
- Psychological Sciences Department, Daemen University, Amherst, NY, 14226, USA
| | - Thomas D James
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mikayla L Hunter
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin J Cooper
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Ryan Betters
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kaancan Deniz
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Gloria Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Georgina Aldridge
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Marco M Hefti
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Catherine A Marcinkiewcz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Carvalho DZ, Mansukhani MP, St. Louis EK, Ruoff CM, Kolla BP. Aging and sex are associated with multiple sleep latency test findings and their relationship with self-reported sleepiness. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:343-351. [PMID: 38962796 PMCID: PMC11217211 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-024-00512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess age- and sex-related differences in multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) results and in the performance of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at classifying objective hypersomnia (mean sleep latency (MSL) ≤ 8 min). We studied 480 consecutive adults (39.3 ± 15.3 years old [18-93], 67.7% female) who underwent hypersomnia evaluation. We fit linear regression models to investigate associations between age and sex and sleep latencies (mean and for every nap), after adjusting for total sleep time and sleep efficiency (on polysomnography), and REM-suppressing antidepressant effect. A logistic regression was performed to assess whether age and sex were associated with sleep-onset REM period (SOREMP) occurrence. ROC analysis assessed the diagnostic performance of ESS scores to identify a MSL ≤ 8 min in different age/sex groups. For every 10 years of age, there was 0.41 (95% CI 0.11-0.72, p = 0.008) min reduction in MSL. Objectively (MSL ≤ 8 min) sleepy patients had shortening of latencies in naps 4 and 5 with aging. Female sex was associated with a higher MSL only in patients with MSL > 8 min. A 2.4% reduction in the odds of SOREMP occurrence was observed for every year of age in objectively sleepy patients (p = 0.045). ESS scores had a better diagnostic performance in older (≥ 50 years old) men than younger (< 50 years old) women (p < 0.05). Older patients with objectively confirmed hypersomnia may be sleepier in later naps, possibly due to less restorative naps and/or circadian rhythm factors. Self-reported sleepiness is more predictive of objective sleepiness in older men than younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Z. Carvalho
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Meghna P. Mansukhani
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Erik K. St. Louis
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Chad M. Ruoff
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Bhanu Prakash Kolla
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Sárkány B, Dávid C, Hortobágyi T, Gombás P, Somogyi P, Acsády L, Viney TJ. Early and selective localization of tau filaments to glutamatergic subcellular domains within the human anterodorsal thalamus. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:98. [PMID: 38861157 PMCID: PMC11166832 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Widespread cortical accumulation of misfolded pathological tau proteins (ptau) in the form of paired helical filaments is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Subcellular localization of ptau at various stages of disease progression is likely to be informative of the cellular mechanisms involving its spread. Here, we found that the density of ptau within several distinct rostral thalamic nuclei in post-mortem human tissue (n = 25 cases) increased with the disease stage, with the anterodorsal nucleus (ADn) consistently being the most affected. In the ADn, ptau-positive elements were present already in the pre-cortical (Braak 0) stage. Tau pathology preferentially affected the calretinin-expressing subpopulation of glutamatergic neurons in the ADn. At the subcellular level, we detected ptau immunoreactivity in ADn cell bodies, dendrites, and in a specialized type of presynaptic terminal that expresses vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) and likely originates from the mammillary body. The ptau-containing terminals displayed signs of degeneration, including endosomal/lysosomal organelles. In contrast, corticothalamic axon terminals lacked ptau. The data demonstrate the involvement of a specific cell population in ADn at the onset of the disease. The presence of ptau in subcortical glutamatergic presynaptic terminals supports hypotheses about the transsynaptic spread of tau selectively affecting specialized axonal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sárkány
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Csaba Dávid
- Lendület Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Gombás
- Department of Pathology, Szt. Borbála Hospital, Tatabánya, 2800, Hungary
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - László Acsády
- Lendület Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
| | - Tim J Viney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Bueichekú E, Diez I, Kim CM, Becker JA, Koops EA, Kwong K, Papp KV, Salat DH, Bennett DA, Rentz DM, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Sepulcre J, Jacobs HIL. Spatiotemporal patterns of locus coeruleus integrity predict cortical tau and cognition. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:625-637. [PMID: 38664576 PMCID: PMC11108787 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Autopsy studies indicated that the locus coeruleus (LC) accumulates hyperphosphorylated tau before allocortical regions in Alzheimer's disease. By combining in vivo longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging measures of LC integrity, tau positron emission tomography imaging and cognition with autopsy data and transcriptomic information, we examined whether LC changes precede allocortical tau deposition and whether specific genetic features underlie LC's selective vulnerability to tau. We found that LC integrity changes preceded medial temporal lobe tau accumulation, and together these processes were associated with lower cognitive performance. Common gene expression profiles between LC-medial temporal lobe-limbic regions map to biological functions in protein transport regulation. These findings advance our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of initial tau spreading from the LC and LC's selective vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease pathology. LC integrity measures can be a promising indicator for identifying the time window when individuals are at risk of disease progression and underscore the importance of interventions mitigating initial tau spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Bueichekú
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ibai Diez
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chan-Mi Kim
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Alex Becker
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Kwong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn V Papp
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Salat
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dorene M Rentz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Sepulcre
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Yale PET Center, Yale Medical School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Korczyn AD, Grinberg LT. Is Alzheimer disease a disease? Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:245-251. [PMID: 38424454 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dementia, a prevalent condition among older individuals, has profound societal implications. Extensive research has resulted in no cure for what is perceived as the most common dementing illness: Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is defined by specific brain abnormalities - amyloid-β plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles - that are proposed to actively influence the neurodegenerative process. However, conclusive evidence of amyloid-β toxicity is lacking, the mechanisms leading to the accumulation of plaques and tangles are unknown, and removing amyloid-β has not halted neurodegeneration. So, the question remains, are we making progress towards a solution? The complexity of AD is underscored by numerous genetic and environmental risk factors, and diverse clinical presentations, suggesting that AD is more akin to a syndrome than to a traditional disease, with its pathological manifestation representing a convergence of pathogenic pathways. Therefore, a solution requires a multifaceted approach over a single 'silver bullet'. Improved recognition and classification of conditions that converge in plaques and tangle accumulation and their treatment requires the use of multiple strategies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos D Korczyn
- Departments of Neurology, Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Davidson B, Vetkas A, Germann J, Tang-Wai D, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation for Alzheimer's disease - current status and next steps. Expert Rev Med Devices 2024; 21:285-292. [PMID: 38573133 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2024.2337298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires novel therapeutic approaches due to limited efficacy of current treatments. AREAS COVERED This article explores AD as a manifestation of neurocircuit dysfunction and evaluates deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a potential intervention. Focusing on fornix-targeted stimulation (DBS-f), the article summarizes safety, feasibility, and outcomes observed in phase 1/2 trials, highlighting findings such as cognitive improvement, increased metabolism, and hippocampal growth. Topics for further study include optimization of electrode placement, and the role of stimulation-induced autobiographical-recall. Nucleus basalis of Meynert (DBS-NBM) DBS is also discussed and compared with DBS-f. Challenges with both DBS-f and DBS-NBM are identified, emphasizing the need for further research on optimal stimulation parameters. The article also reviews alternative DBS targets, including medial temporal lobe structures and the ventral capsule/ventral striatum. EXPERT OPINION Looking ahead, a phase-3 DBS-f trial, and the prospect of closed-loop stimulation using EEG-derived biomarkers or hippocampal theta activity are highlighted. Recent FDA-approved therapies and other neuromodulation techniques like temporal interference and low-intensity ultrasound are considered. The article concludes by underscoring the importance of imaging-based diagnosis and staging to allow for circuit-targeted therapies, given the heterogeneity of AD and varied stages of neurocircuit dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davidson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Artur Vetkas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jürgen Germann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Tang-Wai
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Johnson CE, Duncan MJ, Murphy MP. Sex and Sleep Disruption as Contributing Factors in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:31-74. [PMID: 38007653 PMCID: PMC10842753 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more women than men, with women throughout the menopausal transition potentially being the most under researched and at-risk group. Sleep disruptions, which are an established risk factor for AD, increase in prevalence with normal aging and are exacerbated in women during menopause. Sex differences showing more disrupted sleep patterns and increased AD pathology in women and female animal models have been established in literature, with much emphasis placed on loss of circulating gonadal hormones with age. Interestingly, increases in gonadotropins such as follicle stimulating hormone are emerging to be a major contributor to AD pathogenesis and may also play a role in sleep disruption, perhaps in combination with other lesser studied hormones. Several sleep influencing regions of the brain appear to be affected early in AD progression and some may exhibit sexual dimorphisms that may contribute to increased sleep disruptions in women with age. Additionally, some of the most common sleep disorders, as well as multiple health conditions that impair sleep quality, are more prevalent and more severe in women. These conditions are often comorbid with AD and have bi-directional relationships that contribute synergistically to cognitive decline and neuropathology. The association during aging of increased sleep disruption and sleep disorders, dramatic hormonal changes during and after menopause, and increased AD pathology may be interacting and contributing factors that lead to the increased number of women living with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E. Johnson
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marilyn J. Duncan
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M. Paul Murphy
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
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Keenan RJ, Daykin H, Metha J, Cornthwaite-Duncan L, Wright DK, Clarke K, Oberrauch S, Brian M, Stephenson S, Nowell CJ, Allocca G, Barnham KJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH. Orexin 2 receptor antagonism sex-dependently improves sleep/wakefulness and cognitive performance in tau transgenic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:87-106. [PMID: 37553894 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tau pathology contributes to a bidirectional relationship between sleep disruption and neurodegenerative disease. Tau transgenic rTg4510 mice model tauopathy symptoms, including sleep/wake disturbances, which manifest as marked hyperarousal. This phenotype can be prevented by early transgene suppression; however, whether hyperarousal can be rescued after onset is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three 8-week experiments were conducted with wild-type and rTg4510 mice after age of onset of hyperarousal (4.5 months): (1) Tau transgene suppression with doxycycline (200 ppm); (2) inactive phase rapid eye movement (REM) sleep enhancement with the dual orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant (50 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ); or (3) Active phase non-NREM (NREM) and REM sleep enhancement using the selective orexin 2 (OX2 ) receptor antagonist MK-1064 (40 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ). Sleep was assessed using polysomnography, cognition using the Barnes maze, and tau pathology using immunoblotting and/or immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS Tau transgene suppression improved tauopathy and hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, but did not modify hyperarousal. Pharmacological rescue of REM sleep deficits did not improve spatial memory or tau pathology. In contrast, normalising hyperarousal by increasing both NREM and REM sleep via OX2 receptor antagonism restored spatial memory, independently of tauopathy, but only in male rTg4510 mice. OX2 receptor antagonism induced only short-lived hypnotic responses in female rTg4510 mice and did not improve spatial memory, indicating a tau- and sex-dependent disruption of OX2 receptor signalling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pharmacologically reducing hyperarousal corrects tau-induced sleep/wake and cognitive deficits. Tauopathy causes sex-dependent disruptions of OX2 receptor signalling/function, which may have implications for choice of hypnotic therapeutics in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Keenan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather Daykin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Metha
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda Cornthwaite-Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyra Clarke
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Oberrauch
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maddison Brian
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Stephenson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Somnivore Inc. Ltd Pty, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Cui L, Zhang Z, Huang YL, Xie F, Guan YH, Lo CYZ, Guo YH, Jiang JH, Guo QH. Brain amyloid-β deposition associated functional connectivity changes of ultra-large structural scale in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:494-506. [PMID: 37188840 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical Alzheimer's disease, neuro-functional changes due to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition are not synchronized in different brain lobes and subcortical nuclei. This study aimed to explore the correlation between brain Aβ burden, connectivity changes in an ultra-large structural scale, and cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment. Participants with mild cognitive impairment were recruited and underwent florbetapir (F18-AV45) PET, resting-state functional MRI, and multidomain neuropsychological tests. AV-45 standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) and functional connectivity of all participants were calculated. Of the total 144 participants, 72 were put in the low Aβ burden group and 72 in the high Aβ burden group. In the low Aβ burden group, all connectivities between lobes and nuclei had no correlation with SUVR. In the high Aβ burden group, SUVR showed negative correlations with the Subcortical-Occipital connectivity (r=-0.36, P = 0.02) and Subcortical-Parietal connectivity (r=-0.26, P = 0.026). Meanwhile, in the high Aβ burden group, SUVR showed positive correlations with the Temporal-Prefrontal connectivity (r = 0.27, P = 0.023), Temporal-Occipital connectivity (r = 0.24, P = 0.038), and Temporal-Parietal connectivity (r = 0.32, P = 0.006). Subcortical to Occipital and Parietal connectivities had positive correlations with general cognition, language, memory, and executive function. Temporal to Prefrontal, Occipital, and Parietal connectivities had negative correlations with memory function, executive function, and visuospatial function, and a positive correlation with language function. In conclusion, Individuals with mild cognitive impairment with high Aβ burden have Aβ-related bidirectional functional connectivity changes between lobes and subcortical nuclei that are associated with cognitive decline in multiple domains. These connectivity changes reflect neurological impairment and failed compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yan-Lu Huang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yi-Hui Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chun-Yi Zac Lo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi-Han Guo
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie-Hui Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Qi-Hao Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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10
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Dahl MJ, Kulesza A, Werkle-Bergner M, Mather M. Declining locus coeruleus-dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation of long-term memory in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105358. [PMID: 37597700 PMCID: PMC10591841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Memory is essential in defining our identity by guiding behavior based on past experiences. However, aging leads to declining memory, disrupting older adult's lives. Memories are encoded through experience-dependent modifications of synaptic strength, which are regulated by the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline. While cognitive aging research demonstrates how dopaminergic neuromodulation from the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory, recent findings indicate that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus sends denser inputs to the hippocampus. The locus coeruleus produces dopamine as biosynthetic precursor of noradrenaline, and releases both to modulate hippocampal plasticity and memory. Crucially, the locus coeruleus is also the first site to accumulate Alzheimer's-related abnormal tau and severely degenerates with disease development. New in-vivo assessments of locus coeruleus integrity reveal associations with Alzheimer's markers and late-life memory impairments, which likely stem from impaired dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Bridging research across species, the reviewed findings suggest that degeneration of the locus coeruleus results in deficient dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation of hippocampal plasticity and thus memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Dahl
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Agnieszka Kulesza
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 90089 Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Markova TZ, Ciampa CJ, Parent JH, LaPoint MR, D'Esposito M, Jagust WJ, Berry AS. Poorer aging trajectories are associated with elevated serotonin synthesis capacity. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4390-4398. [PMID: 37460847 PMCID: PMC10792105 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is one of the earliest targets of Alzheimer's disease-related tau pathology and is a major source of brain serotonin. We used [18F]Fluoro-m-tyrosine ([18F]FMT) PET imaging to measure serotonin synthesis capacity in the DRN in 111 healthy adults (18-85 years-old). Similar to reports in catecholamine systems, we found elevated serotonin synthesis capacity in older adults relative to young. To establish the structural and functional context within which serotonin synthesis capacity is elevated in aging, we examined relationships among DRN [18F]FMT net tracer influx (Ki) and longitudinal changes in cortical thickness using magnetic resonance imaging, longitudinal changes in self-reported depression symptoms, and AD-related tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology using cross-sectional [18F]Flortaucipir and [11C]Pittsburgh compound-B PET respectively. Together, our findings point to elevated DRN [18F]FMT Ki as a marker of poorer aging trajectories. Older adults with highest serotonin synthesis capacity showed greatest temporal lobe cortical atrophy. Cortical atrophy was associated with increasing depression symptoms over time, and these effects appeared to be strongest in individuals with highest serotonin synthesis capacity. We did not find direct relationships between serotonin synthesis capacity and AD-related pathology. Exploratory analyses revealed nuanced effects of sex within the older adult group. Older adult females showed the highest DRN synthesis capacity and exhibited the strongest relationships between entorhinal cortex tau pathology and increasing depression symptoms. Together these findings reveal PET measurement of the serotonin system to be a promising marker of aging trajectories relevant to both AD and affective changes in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Molly R LaPoint
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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12
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Padulo C, Sestieri C, Punzi M, Picerni E, Chiacchiaretta P, Tullo MG, Granzotto A, Baldassarre A, Onofrj M, Ferretti A, Delli Pizzi S, Sensi SL. Atrophy of specific amygdala subfields in subjects converting to mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2023; 9:e12436. [PMID: 38053753 PMCID: PMC10694338 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence indicates that the amygdala exhibits early signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, it is still unknown whether the atrophy of distinct subfields of the amygdala also participates in the transition from healthy cognition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Our sample was derived from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative 3 and consisted of 97 cognitively healthy (HC) individuals, sorted into two groups based on their clinical follow-up: 75 who remained stable (s-HC) and 22 who converted to MCI within 48 months (c-HC). Anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) images were analyzed using a semi-automatic approach that combines probabilistic methods and a priori information from ex vivo MR images and histology to segment and obtain quantitative structural metrics for different amygdala subfields in each participant. Spearman's correlations were performed between MR measures and baseline and longitudinal neuropsychological measures. We also included anatomical measurements of the whole amygdala, the hippocampus, a key target of AD-related pathology, and the whole cortical thickness as a test of spatial specificity. Results Compared with s-HC individuals, c-HC subjects showed a reduced right amygdala volume, whereas no significant difference was observed for hippocampal volumes or changes in cortical thickness. In the amygdala subfields, we observed selected atrophy patterns in the basolateral nuclear complex, anterior amygdala area, and transitional area. Macro-structural alterations in these subfields correlated with variations of global indices of cognitive performance (measured at baseline and the 48-month follow-up), suggesting that amygdala changes shape the cognitive progression to MCI. Discussion Our results provide anatomical evidence for the early involvement of the amygdala in the preclinical stages of AD. Highlights Amygdala's atrophy marks elderly progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Amygdala's was observed within the basolateral and amygdaloid complexes.Macro-structural alterations were associated with cognitive decline.No atrophy was found in the hippocampus and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Padulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of HumanitiesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Carlo Sestieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB)“G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Miriam Punzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Eleonora Picerni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry“G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti‐Pescara, ChietiChietiItaly
- Advanced Computing CoreCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Maria Giulia Tullo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Antonello Baldassarre
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB)“G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
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13
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Sharma A, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Nozari A, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Sleep deprivation enhances amyloid beta peptide, p-tau and serotonin in the brain: Neuroprotective effects of nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin with monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide, p-tau and serotonin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:125-162. [PMID: 37783554 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is quite frequent in military during combat, intelligence gathering or peacekeeping operations. Even one night of sleep deprivation leads to accumulation of amyloid beta peptide burden that would lead to precipitation of Alzheimer's disease over the years. Thus, efforts are needed to slow down or neutralize accumulation of amyloid beta peptide (AβP) and associated Alzheimer's disease brain pathology including phosphorylated tau (p-tau) within the brain fluid environment. Sleep deprivation also alters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) metabolism in the brain microenvironment and impair upregulation of several neurotrophic factors. Thus, blockade or neutralization of AβP, p-tau and serotonin in sleep deprivation may attenuate brain pathology. In this investigation this hypothesis is examined using nanodelivery of cerebrolysin- a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments together with monoclonal antibodies against AβP, p-tau and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Our observations suggest that sleep deprivation induced pathophysiology is significantly reduced following nanodelivery of cerebrolysin together with monoclonal antibodies to AβP, p-tau and 5-HT, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston MA, USA
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Krohn F, Lancini E, Ludwig M, Leiman M, Guruprasath G, Haag L, Panczyszyn J, Düzel E, Hämmerer D, Betts M. Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105311. [PMID: 37437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates cognition and autonomic functions and is involved in the brain's immune response. The extent of degeneration to the LC in healthy ageing remains unclear, however, noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite their differences in progression at later disease stages, the early involvement of the LC may lead to comparable behavioural symptoms such as preclinical sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as a result of AD and PD pathology. In this review, we draw attention to the mechanisms that underlie LC degeneration in ageing, AD and PD. We aim to motivate future research to investigate how early degeneration of the noradrenergic system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD and PD which may also be relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krohn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Lancini
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Leiman
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Guruprasath
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L Haag
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Panczyszyn
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Hämmerer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Dahl MJ, Bachman SL, Dutt S, Düzel S, Bodammer NC, Lindenberger U, Kühn S, Werkle-Bergner M, Mather M. The integrity of dopaminergic and noradrenergic brain regions is associated with different aspects of late-life memory performance. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:1128-1143. [PMID: 37653256 PMCID: PMC10501910 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in dopaminergic neuromodulation play a key role in adult memory decline. Recent research has also implicated noradrenaline in shaping late-life memory. However, it is unclear whether these two neuromodulators have distinct roles in age-related cognitive changes. Here, combining longitudinal MRI of the dopaminergic substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area (SN-VTA) and noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in younger (n = 69) and older (n = 251) adults, we found that dopaminergic and noradrenergic integrity are differentially associated with memory performance. While LC integrity was related to better episodic memory across several tasks, SN-VTA integrity was linked to working memory. Longitudinally, we found that older age was associated with more negative change in SN-VTA and LC integrity. Notably, changes in LC integrity reliably predicted future episodic memory. These differential associations of dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei with late-life cognitive decline have potential clinical utility, given their degeneration in several age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Dahl
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shelby L Bachman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shubir Dutt
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Düzel
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils C Bodammer
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Fonseca C, Ettcheto M, Bicker J, Fernandes MJ, Falcão A, Camins A, Fortuna A. Under the umbrella of depression and Alzheimer's disease physiopathology: Can cannabinoids be a dual-pleiotropic therapy? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101998. [PMID: 37414155 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression and Alzheimer´s disease (AD) are two disorders highly prevalent worldwide. Depression affects more than 300 million people worldwide while AD affects 60-80% of the 55 million cases of dementia. Both diseases are affected by aging with high prevalence in elderly and share not only the main brain affected areas but also several physiopathological mechanisms. Depression disease is already ascribed as a risk factor to the development of AD. Despite the wide diversity of pharmacological treatments currently available in clinical practice for depression management, they remain associated to a slow recovery process and to treatment-resistant depression. On the other hand, AD treatment is essentially based in symptomatology relieve. Thus, the need for new multi-target treatments arises. Herein, we discuss the current state-of-art regarding the contribution of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in synaptic transmission processes, synapses plasticity and neurogenesis and consequently the use of exogenous cannabinoids in the treatment of depression and on delaying the progression of AD. Besides the well-known imbalance of neurotransmitter levels, including serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and glutamate, recent scientific evidence highlights aberrant spine density, neuroinflammation, dysregulation of neurotrophic factor levels and formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, as the main physiopathological mechanisms compromised in depression and AD. The contribution of the ECS in these mechanisms is herein specified as well as the pleiotropic effects of phytocannabinoids. At the end, it became evident that Cannabinol, Cannabidiol, Cannabigerol, Cannabidivarin and Cannabichromene may act in novel therapeutic targets, presenting high potential in the pharmacotherapy of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria José Fernandes
- Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, CEP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Kam K, Vetter K, Tejiram RA, Pettibone WD, Shim K, Audrain M, Yu L, Daehn IS, Ehrlich ME, Varga AW. Effect of Aging and a Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist on Sleep Architecture and Non-REM Oscillations Including an REM Behavior Disorder Phenotype in the PS19 Mouse Model of Tauopathy. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4738-4749. [PMID: 37230765 PMCID: PMC10286944 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1828-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of tau pathology on sleep microarchitecture features, including slow oscillations, spindles, and their coupling, has been understudied, despite the proposed importance of these electrophysiological features toward learning and memory. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are known to promote sleep, but whether and how they affect sleep microarchitecture in the setting of tauopathy is unknown. In the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) P301S (both male and female), young PS19 mice 2-3 months old show a sleep electrophysiology signature with markedly reduced spindle duration and power and elevated slow oscillation (SO) density compared with littermate controls, although there is no significant tau hyperphosphorylation, tangle formation, or neurodegeneration at this age. With aging, there is evidence for sleep disruption in PS19 mice, characterized by reduced REM duration, increased non-REM and REM fragmentation, and more frequent brief arousals at the macrolevel and reduced spindle density, SO density, and spindle-SO coupling at the microlevel. In ∼33% of aged PS19 mice, we unexpectedly observed abnormal goal-directed behaviors in REM, including mastication, paw grasp, and forelimb/hindlimb extension, seemingly consistent with REM behavior disorder (RBD). Oral administration of DORA-12 in aged PS19 mice increased non-REM and REM duration, albeit with shorter bout lengths, and increased spindle density, spindle duration, and SO density without change to spindle-SO coupling, power in either the SO or spindle bands, or the arousal index. We observed a significant effect of DORA-12 on objective measures of RBD, thereby encouraging future exploration of DORA effects on sleep-mediated cognition and RBD treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The specific effect of tauopathy on sleep macroarchitecture and microarchitecture throughout aging remains unknown. Our key findings include the following: (1) the identification of a sleep EEG signature constituting an early biomarker of impending tauopathy; (2) sleep physiology deteriorates with aging that are also markers of off-line cognitive processing; (3) the novel observation that dream enactment behaviors reminiscent of RBD occur, likely the first such observation in a tauopathy model; and (4) a dual orexin receptor antagonist is capable of restoring several of the sleep macroarchitecture and microarchitecture abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Kenny Vetter
- Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rachel A Tejiram
- Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ward D Pettibone
- Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Kaitlyn Shim
- Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Liping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ilse S Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Andrew W Varga
- Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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18
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Tang Y, Cao M, Li Y, Lin Y, Wu X, Chen M. Altered structural covariance of locus coeruleus in individuals with significant memory concern and patients with mild cognitive impairment. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8523-8533. [PMID: 37130822 PMCID: PMC10321106 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the site where tau accumulation is preferentially observed pathologically in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but the changes in gray matter co-alteration patterns between the LC and the whole brain in the predementia phase of AD remain unclear. In this study, we estimated and compared the gray matter volume of the LC and its structural covariance (SC) with the whole brain among 161 normal healthy controls (HCs), 99 individuals with significant memory concern (SMC) and 131 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We found that SC decreased in MCI groups, which mainly involved the salience network and default mode network. These results imply that seeding from LC, the gray matter network disruption and disconnection appears early in the MCI group. The altered SC network seeding from the LC can serve as an imaging biomarker for discriminating the patients in the potential predementia phase of AD from the normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Tang
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunhua Li
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Lin
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, No.55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, No.55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiwei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
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Semikasev E, Ahlemeyer B, Acker T, Schänzer A, Baumgart-Vogt E. Rise and fall of peroxisomes during Alzheimer´s disease: a pilot study in human brains. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:80. [PMID: 37170361 PMCID: PMC10176950 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that rapidly change in number depending on the metabolic requirement of distinct cell types and tissues. In the brain, these organelles are essential for neuronal migration and myelination during development and their dysfunction is associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Except for one study analysing ABCD3-positive peroxisomes in neurons of the frontal neocortex of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, no data on other brain regions or peroxisomal proteins are available. In the present morphometric study, we quantified peroxisomes labelled with PEX14, a metabolism-independent peroxisome marker, in 13 different brain areas of 8 patients each either with low, intermediate or high AD neuropathological changes compared to 10 control patients. Classification of patient samples was based on the official ABC score. During AD-stage progression, the peroxisome density decreased in the area entorhinalis, parietal/occipital neocortex and cerebellum, it increased and in later AD-stage patients decreased in the subiculum and hippocampal CA3 region, frontal neocortex and pontine gray and it remained unchanged in the gyrus dentatus, temporal neocortex, striatum and inferior olive. Moreover, we investigated the density of catalase-positive peroxisomes in a subset of patients (> 80 years), focussing on regions with significant alterations of PEX14-positive peroxisomes. In hippocampal neurons, only one third of all peroxisomes contained detectable levels of catalase exhibiting constant density at all AD stages. Whereas the density of all peroxisomes in neocortical neurons was only half of the one of the hippocampus, two thirds of them were catalase-positive exhibiting increased levels at higher ABC scores. In conclusion, we observed spatiotemporal differences in the response of peroxisomes to different stages of AD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Semikasev
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University, Arndtstr. 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University, Arndtstr. 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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20
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Ehrenberg AJ, Kelberman MA, Liu KY, Dahl MJ, Weinshenker D, Falgàs N, Dutt S, Mather M, Ludwig M, Betts MJ, Winer JR, Teipel S, Weigand AJ, Eschenko O, Hämmerer D, Leiman M, Counts SE, Shine JM, Robertson IH, Levey AI, Lancini E, Son G, Schneider C, Egroo MV, Liguori C, Wang Q, Vazey EM, Rodriguez-Porcel F, Haag L, Bondi MW, Vanneste S, Freeze WM, Yi YJ, Maldinov M, Gatchel J, Satpati A, Babiloni C, Kremen WS, Howard R, Jacobs HIL, Grinberg LT. Priorities for research on neuromodulatory subcortical systems in Alzheimer's disease: Position paper from the NSS PIA of ISTAART. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2182-2196. [PMID: 36642985 PMCID: PMC10182252 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The neuromodulatory subcortical system (NSS) nuclei are critical hubs for survival, hedonic tone, and homeostasis. Tau-associated NSS degeneration occurs early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, long before the emergence of pathognomonic memory dysfunction and cortical lesions. Accumulating evidence supports the role of NSS dysfunction and degeneration in the behavioral and neuropsychiatric manifestations featured early in AD. Experimental studies even suggest that AD-associated NSS degeneration drives brain neuroinflammatory status and contributes to disease progression, including the exacerbation of cortical lesions. Given the important pathophysiologic and etiologic roles that involve the NSS in early AD stages, there is an urgent need to expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying NSS vulnerability and more precisely detail the clinical progression of NSS changes in AD. Here, the NSS Professional Interest Area of the International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment highlights knowledge gaps about NSS within AD and provides recommendations for priorities specific to clinical research, biomarker development, modeling, and intervention. HIGHLIGHTS: Neuromodulatory nuclei degenerate in early Alzheimer's disease pathological stages. Alzheimer's pathophysiology is exacerbated by neuromodulatory nuclei degeneration. Neuromodulatory nuclei degeneration drives neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Biomarkers of neuromodulatory integrity would be value-creating for dementia care. Neuromodulatory nuclei present strategic prospects for disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael A Kelberman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathy Y Liu
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin J Dahl
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Neus Falgàs
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shubir Dutt
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mareike Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthew J Betts
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joseph R Winer
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stefan Teipel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexandra J Weigand
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Oxana Eschenko
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Hämmerer
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Leiman
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian H Robertson
- Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Allan I Levey
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Goizueta Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elisa Lancini
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gowoon Son
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maxime Van Egroo
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Agusta University, Agusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elena M Vazey
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lena Haag
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark W Bondi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Whitney M Freeze
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychiatry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yeo-Jin Yi
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mihovil Maldinov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gatchel
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhijit Satpati
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - William S Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Hippocampal Noradrenaline Is a Positive Regulator of Spatial Working Memory and Neurogenesis in the Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065613. [PMID: 36982688 PMCID: PMC10052298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of noradrenaline (NA)-rich afferents from the Locus Coeruleus (LC) ascending to the hippocampal formation has been reported to dramatically affect distinct aspects of cognitive function, in addition to reducing the proliferation of neural progenitors in the dentate gyrus. Here, the hypothesis that reinstating hippocampal noradrenergic neurotransmission with transplanted LC-derived neuroblasts would concurrently normalize both cognitive performance and adult hippocampal neurogenesis was investigated. Post-natal day (PD) 4 rats underwent selective immunolesioning of hippocampal noradrenergic afferents followed, 4 days later, by the bilateral intrahippocampal implantation of LC noradrenergic-rich or control cerebellar (CBL) neuroblasts. Starting from 4 weeks and up to about 9 months post-surgery, sensory-motor and spatial navigation abilities were evaluated, followed by post-mortem semiquantitative tissue analyses. All animals in the Control, Lesion, Noradrenergic Transplant and Control CBL Transplant groups exhibited normal sensory-motor function and were equally efficient in the reference memory version of the water maze task. By contrast, working memory abilities were seen to be consistently impaired in the Lesion-only and Control CBL-Transplanted rats, which also exhibited a virtually complete noradrenergic fiber depletion and a significant 62–65% reduction in proliferating 5-bromo-2′deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive progenitors in the dentate gyrus. Notably, the noradrenergic reinnervation promoted by the grafted LC, but not cerebellar neuroblasts, significantly ameliorated working memory performance and reinstated a fairly normal density of proliferating progenitors. Thus, LC-derived noradrenergic inputs may act as positive regulators of hippocampus-dependent spatial working memory possibly via the concurrent maintenance of normal progenitor proliferation in the dentate gyrus.
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22
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Zhang F, Niu L, Zhong R, Li S, Le W. Chronic Sleep Disturbances Alters Sleep Structure and Tau Phosphorylation in AβPP/PS1 AD Mice and Their Wild-Type Littermates. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1341-1355. [PMID: 37038814 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence indicates that sleep disorders are the common non-cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and they may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Objective: In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) on AD-related pathologies with a focus on tau phosphorylation and the underlying DNA methylation regulation. Methods: AβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 AD mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a two-month CSD followed by electroencephalography and electromyography recording. The mice were examined for learning and memory evaluation, then pathological, biochemical, and epigenetic assessments including western blotting, immunofluorescence, dot blotting, and bisulfite sequencing. Results: The results show that CSD caused sleep disorders shown as sleep pattern change, poor sleep maintenance, and increased sleep fragmentation. CSD increased tau phosphorylation at different sites and increased the level of tau kinases in AD and WT mice. The increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) may result from decreased DNA methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region of CDK5 gene, which might be associated with the downregulation of DNA methyltransferase 3A and 3B. Conclusion: CSD altered AD-related tau phosphorylation through epigenetic modification of tau kinase gene. The findings in this study may give insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of sleep disorders on AD pathology and provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Niu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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23
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Engels-Domínguez N, Koops EA, Prokopiou PC, Van Egroo M, Schneider C, Riphagen JM, Singhal T, Jacobs HIL. State-of-the-art imaging of neuromodulatory subcortical systems in aging and Alzheimer's disease: Challenges and opportunities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104998. [PMID: 36526031 PMCID: PMC9805533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary prevention trials have shifted their focus to the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Autopsy data indicates that the neuromodulatory subcortical systems' (NSS) nuclei are specifically vulnerable to initial tau pathology, indicating that these nuclei hold great promise for early detection of AD in the context of the aging brain. The increasing availability of new imaging methods, ultra-high field scanners, new radioligands, and routine deep brain stimulation implants has led to a growing number of NSS neuroimaging studies on aging and neurodegeneration. Here, we review findings of current state-of-the-art imaging studies assessing the structure, function, and molecular changes of these nuclei during aging and AD. Furthermore, we identify the challenges associated with these imaging methods, important pathophysiologic gaps to fill for the AD NSS neuroimaging field, and provide future directions to improve our assessment, understanding, and clinical use of in vivo imaging of the NSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Engels-Domínguez
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Elouise A Koops
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prokopis C Prokopiou
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maxime Van Egroo
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joost M Riphagen
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarun Singhal
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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24
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de Leo G, Gulino R, Coradazzi M, Leanza G. Acetylcholine and noradrenaline differentially regulate hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. Brain Commun 2022; 5:fcac338. [PMID: 36632183 PMCID: PMC9825812 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain nuclei and of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus are almost invariant histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. However, the role of these transmitter systems in the spectrum of cognitive dysfunctions typical of the disease is still unclear, nor is it yet fully known whether do these systems interact and how. Selective ablation of either neuronal population, or both of them combined, were produced in developing animals to investigate their respective and/or concurrent contribution to spatial learning and memory, known to be severely affected in Alzheimer's disease. Single or double lesions were created in 4-8 days old rats by bilateral intraventricular infusion of two selective immunotoxins. At about 16 weeks of age, the animals underwent behavioural tests specifically designed to evaluate reference and working memory abilities, and their brains were later processed for quantitative morphological analyses. Animals with lesion to either system alone showed no significant reference memory deficits which, by contrast, were evident in the double-lesioned subjects. These animals could not adopt an efficient search strategy on a given testing day and were unable to transfer all relevant information to the next day, suggesting deficits in acquisition, storage and/or recall. Only animals with single noradrenergic or double lesions exhibited impaired working memory. Interestingly, ablation of cholinergic afferents to the hippocampus stimulated a robust ingrowth of thick fibres from the superior cervical ganglion which, however, did not appear to have contributed to the observed cognitive performance. Ascending cholinergic and noradrenergic afferents to the hippocampus and neocortex appear to be primarily involved in the regulation of different cognitive domains, but they may functionally interact, mainly at hippocampal level, for sustaining normal learning and memory. Moreover, these transmitter systems are likely to compensate for each other, but apparently not via ingrowing sympathetic fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marino Coradazzi
- Neurogenesis and Repair Lab., B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Leanza
- Correspondence to: Giampiero Leanza Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy E-mail:
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25
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Blessing EM, Parekh A, Betensky RA, Babb J, Saba N, Debure L, Varga AW, Ayappa I, Rapoport DM, Butler TA, de Leon MJ, Wisniewski T, Lopresti BJ, Osorio RS. Association between lower body temperature and increased tau pathology in cognitively normal older adults. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105748. [PMID: 35550158 PMCID: PMC9751849 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies suggest body temperature (Tb) and consequently brain temperature has the potential to bidirectionally interact with tau pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is substantially increased by a small (<1 °C) decrease in temperature within the human physiological range, and thermoregulatory nuclei are affected by tau pathology early in the AD continuum. In this study we evaluated whether Tb (as a proxy for brain temperature) is cross-sectionally associated with clinically utilized markers of tau pathology in cognitively normal older adults. METHODS Tb was continuously measured with ingestible telemetry sensors for 48 h. This period included two nights of nocturnal polysomnography to delineate whether Tb during waking vs sleep is differentially associated with tau pathology. Tau phosphorylation was assessed with plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau), sampled the day following Tb measurement. In addition, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) burden in early Braak stage regions was imaged with PET-MR using the [18F]MK-6240 radiotracer on average one month later. RESULTS Lower Tb was associated with increased NFT burden, as well as increased plasma and CSF P-tau levels (p < 0.05). NFT burden was associated with lower Tb during waking (p < 0.05) but not during sleep intervals. Plasma and CSF P-tau levels were highly correlated with each other (p < 0.05), and both variables were correlated with tau tangle radiotracer uptake (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results, the first available for human, suggest that lower Tb in older adults may be associated with increased tau pathology. Our findings add to the substantial preclinical literature associating lower body and brain temperature with tau hyperphosphorylation. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT03053908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Blessing
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| | - Ankit Parekh
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca A Betensky
- Department of NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| | - James Babb
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| | - Natalie Saba
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| | - Ludovic Debure
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| | - Andrew W Varga
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
| | - Indu Ayappa
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
| | - David M Rapoport
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
| | - Tracy A Butler
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Ricardo S Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
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26
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Xiong X, Hu T, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Chen F, Lei P. Research advances in the study of sleep disorders, circadian rhythm disturbances and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:944283. [PMID: 36062143 PMCID: PMC9428322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.944283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are still no satisfactory answers to the question of why we need to sleep, a better understanding of its function will help to improve societal attitudes toward sleep. Sleep disorders are very common in neurodegenerative diseases and are a key factor in the quality of life of patients and their families. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an insidious and irreversible neurodegenerative disease. Along with progressive cognitive impairment, sleep disorders and disturbances in circadian rhythms play a key role in the progression of AD. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are more common in patients with AD than in the general population and can appear early in the course of the disease. Therefore, this review discusses the bidirectional relationships among circadian rhythm disturbances, sleep disorders, and AD. In addition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for patients with AD and sleep disorders are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Lei,
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Carvalho DZ, St. Louis EK, Przybelski SA, Morgenthaler TI, Machulda MM, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Graff-Radford J, Vemuri P, Mielke MM. Sleepiness in Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults Is Associated With CSF Biomarkers of Inflammation and Axonal Integrity. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:930315. [PMID: 35898322 PMCID: PMC9309557 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.930315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sleepiness has been associated with cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly. Older adults with excessive daytime sleepiness appear to be more vulnerable to longitudinal amyloid PET accumulation before the onset of the dementia. However, it remains unclear whether sleepiness is similarly associated with other biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), axonal integrity, and inflammation, which may also contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, we identified 260 cognitively unimpaired adults (>60 years) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a population-based cohort from Olmsted County (MN), who underwent CSF quantification of AD biomarkers (Aβ42, p-tau, p-tau/Aβ42) in addition to at least one of the following biomarkers [neurofilament light chain (NfL) interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. We fit linear regression models to assess associations between sleepiness, as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and CSF biomarkers, controlling for age, sex, APOε4 status, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and prior diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. Results Higher ESS scores were associated with higher CSF IL-6 and NfL, but not with the other CSF biomarkers. For every ESS score point increase, there was a 0.009 ([95% CI 0.001-0.016], p = 0.033) increase in the log of IL-6 and 0.01 ([95% CI 0.002-0.018], p = 0.016) increase in the log of NfL. A sensitivity analysis showed an association between ESS scores and log of p-tau/Aβ42 only in participants with an abnormal ratio (>0.023), highly predictive of amyloid positivity. For every ESS score point increase, there was a 0.006 ([95% CI 0.001-0.012], p = 0.021) increase in the log of CSF p-tau/Aβ42. Conclusion Sleepiness was associated with greater CSF IL-6 and NfL levels, which could contribute to neurodegeneration or alternatively cause sleepiness. Higher NfL levels may result from sleep disruption and/or contribute to sleepiness via disturbed connectivity or damage to wake-promoting centers. Associations between sleepiness and p-tau/Aβ42 in participants with abnormal ratio suggest that amyloid positivity contributes to vulnerability to sleep disturbance, which may further amyloid accumulation in a feed-forward loop process. Prospective studies of these markers are needed to determine cause-effect relationships between these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Z. Carvalho
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Erik K. St. Louis
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott A. Przybelski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timothy I. Morgenthaler
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mary M. Machulda
- Department of Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bradley F. Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | | | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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28
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Wang Z, Cao X, LaBella A, Zeng X, Biegon A, Franceschi D, Petersen E, Clayton N, Ulaner GA, Zhao W, Goldan AH. High-resolution and high-sensitivity PET for quantitative molecular imaging of the monoaminergic nuclei: A GATE simulation study. Med Phys 2022; 49:4430-4444. [PMID: 35390182 PMCID: PMC11025683 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative in vivo molecular imaging of fine brain structures requires high-spatial resolution and high-sensitivity. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an attractive candidate to introduce molecular imaging into standard clinical care due to its highly targeted and versatile imaging capabilities based on the radiotracer being used. However, PET suffers from relatively poor spatial resolution compared to other clinical imaging modalities, which limits its ability to accurately quantify radiotracer uptake in brain regions and nuclei smaller than 3 mm in diameter. Here we introduce a new practical and cost-effective high-resolution and high-sensitivity brain-dedicated PET scanner, using our depth-encoding Prism-PET detector modules arranged in a conformal decagon geometry, to substantially reduce the partial volume effect and enable accurate radiotracer uptake quantification in small subcortical nuclei. METHODS Two Prism-PET brain scanner setups were proposed based on our 4-to-1 and 9-to-1 coupling of scintillators to readout pixels using1.5 × 1.5 × 20 $1.5 \times 1.5 \times 20$ mm3 and0.987 × 0.987 × 20 $0.987 \times 0.987 \times 20$ mm3 crystal columns, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations of our Prism-PET scanners, Siemens Biograph Vision, and United Imaging EXPLORER were performed using Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE). National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standard was followed for the evaluation of spatial resolution, sensitivity, and count-rate performance. An ultra-micro hot spot phantom was simulated for assessing image quality. A modified Zubal brain phantom was utilized for radiotracer imaging simulations of 5-HT1A receptors, which are abundant in the raphe nuclei (RN), and norepinephrine transporters, which are highly concentrated in the bilateral locus coeruleus (LC). RESULTS The Prism-PET brain scanner with 1.5 mm crystals is superior to that with 1 mm crystals as the former offers better depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolution, which is key to realizing compact and conformal PET scanner geometries. We achieved uniform 1.3 mm full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) spatial resolutions across the entire transaxial field-of-view (FOV), a NEMA sensitivity of 52.1 kcps/MBq, and a peak noise equivalent count rate (NECR) of 957.8 kcps at 25.2 kBq/mL using 450-650 keV energy window. Hot spot phantom results demonstrate that our scanner can resolve regions as small as 1.35 mm in diameter at both center and 10 cm away from the center of the transaixal FOV. Both 5-HT1A receptor and norepinephrine transporter brain simulations prove that our Prism-PET scanner enables accurate quantification of radiotracer uptake in small brain regions, with a 1.8-fold and 2.6-fold improvement in the dorsal RN as well as a 3.2-fold and 4.4-fold improvement in the bilateral LC compared to the Biograph Vision and EXPLORER, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on our simulation results, the proposed high-resolution and high-sensitivity Prism-PET brain scanner is a promising cost-effective candidate to achieve quantitative molecular neuroimaging of small but important brain regions with PET clinically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Xinjie Cao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Andy LaBella
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xinjie Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Anat Biegon
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Dinko Franceschi
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Eric Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Clayton
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Gary A. Ulaner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, California, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Amir H. Goldan
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Shenoy A, Banerjee M, Upadhya A, Bagwe-Parab S, Kaur G. The Brilliance of the Zebrafish Model: Perception on Behavior and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:861155. [PMID: 35769627 PMCID: PMC9234549 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.861155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become increasingly prevalent in the elderly population across the world. It's pathophysiological markers such as overproduction along with the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are posing a serious challenge to novel drug development processes. A model which simulates the human neurodegenerative mechanism will be beneficial for rapid screening of potential drug candidates. Due to the comparable neurological network with humans, zebrafish has emerged as a promising AD model. This model has been thoroughly validated through research in aspects of neuronal pathways analogous to the human brain. The cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic pathways, which play a role in the manifested behavior of the zebrafish, are well defined. There are several behavioral models in both adult zebrafish and larvae to establish various aspects of cognitive impairment including spatial memory, associative memory, anxiety, and other such features that are manifested in AD. The zebrafish model eliminates the shortcomings of previously recognized mammalian models, in terms of expense, extensive assessment durations, and the complexity of imaging the brain to test the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the various models that analyze the changes in the normal behavioral patterns of the zebrafish when exposed to AD inducing agents. The mechanistic pathway adopted by drugs and novel therapeutic strategies can be explored via these behavioral models and their efficacy to slow the progression of AD can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
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30
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Li R, Zhang C, Rao Y, Yuan TF. Deep brain stimulation of fornix for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease: A critical review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101668. [PMID: 35705176 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Memory reflects the brain function in encoding, storage and retrieval of the data or information, which is a fundamental ability for any live organism. The development of approaches to improve memory attracts much attention due to the underlying mechanistic insight and therapeutic potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases with memory loss, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a reversible, adjustable, and non-ablative therapy, has been shown to be safe and effective in many clinical trials for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Among all potential regions with access to invasive electrodes, fornix is considered as it is the major afferent and efferent connection of the hippocampus known to be closely associated with learning and memory. Indeed, clinical trials have demonstrated that fornix DBS globally improved cognitive function in a subset of patients with AD, indicating fornix can serve as a potential target for neurosurgical intervention in treating memory impairment in AD. The present review aims to provide a better understanding of recent progresses in the application of fornix DBS for ameliorating memory impairments in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Rao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, China.
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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31
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You Y, Hersh SW, Aslebagh R, Shaffer SA, Ikezu S, Mez J, Lunetta KL, Logue MW, Farrer LA, Ikezu T. Alzheimer's disease associated AKAP9 I2558M mutation alters posttranslational modification and interactome of tau and cellular functions in CRISPR-edited human neuronal cells. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13617. [PMID: 35567427 PMCID: PMC9197405 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pervasive neurodegeneration disease with high heritability. In this study, we employed CRISPR-Cas9-engineered technology to investigate the effects of a rare mutation (rs144662445) in the A kinase anchoring protein 9 (AKAP9) gene, which is associated with AD in African Americans (AA), on tau pathology and the tau interactome in SH-SY5Y P301L neuron-like cells. The mutation significantly increased the level of phosphorylated tau, specifically at the site Ser396/Ser404. Moreover, analyses of the tau interactome measured by affinity purification-mass spectrometry revealed that differentially expressed tau-interacting proteins in AKAP9 mutant cells were associated with RNA translation, RNA localization and oxidative activity, recapitulating the tau interactome signature previously reported with human AD brain samples. Importantly, these results were further validated by functional studies showing a significant reduction in protein synthesis activity and excessive oxidative stress in AKAP9 mutant compared with wild type cells in a tau-dependent manner, which are mirrored with pathological phenotype frequently seen in AD. Our results demonstrated specific effects of rs14462445 on mis-processing of tau and suggest a potential role of AKAP9 in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang You
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Samuel W. Hersh
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Roshanak Aslebagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
- Mass Spectrometry FacilityUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolShrewsburyMassachusettsUSA
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
- Mass Spectrometry FacilityUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolShrewsburyMassachusettsUSA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mark W. Logue
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- National Center for PTSDBehavioral Sciences DivisionVA Boston Healthcare SystemBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of OphthalmologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Dahl MJ, Mather M, Werkle-Bergner M, Kennedy BL, Guzman S, Hurth K, Miller CA, Qiao Y, Shi Y, Chui HC, Ringman JM. Locus coeruleus integrity is related to tau burden and memory loss in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 112:39-54. [PMID: 35045380 PMCID: PMC8976827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally phosphorylated tau, an indicator of Alzheimer's disease, accumulates in the first decades of life in the locus coeruleus (LC), the brain's main noradrenaline supply. However, technical challenges in in-vivo assessments have impeded research into the role of the LC in Alzheimer's disease. We studied participants with or known to be at-risk for mutations in genes causing autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) with early onset, providing a unique window into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's largely disentangled from age-related factors. Using high-resolution MRI and tau PET, we found lower rostral LC integrity in symptomatic participants. LC integrity was associated with individual differences in tau burden and memory decline. Post-mortem analyses in a separate set of carriers of the same mutation confirmed substantial neuronal loss in the LC. Our findings link LC degeneration to tau burden and memory in Alzheimer's, and highlight a role of the noradrenergic system in this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Dahl
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Briana L Kennedy
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Samuel Guzman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Hurth
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuchuan Qiao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Monoranu CM, Hartmann T, Strobel S, Heinsen H, Riederer P, Distel L, Bohnert S. Is There Any Evidence of Monocytes Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease? A Pilot Study on Human Postmortem Brain. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 5:887-897. [PMID: 35088038 PMCID: PMC8764630 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of neuroinflammation has become more evident in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased expression of microglial markers is widely reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but much less is known about the role of monocytes in AD pathogenesis. In AD animal models, bone marrow-derived monocytes appear to infiltrate the parenchyma and contribute to the phagocytosis of amyloid-β depositions, but this infiltration has not been established in systematic studies of the human brain postmortem. Objective In addition to assessing the distribution of different subtypes of microglia by immunostaining for CD68, HLA-DR, CD163, and CD206, we focused on the involvement of C-chemokine receptor type2 (CCR2) positive monocytes during the AD course. Methods We used formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue from four vulnerable brain regions (hippocampus, occipital lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum) from neuropathologically characterized AD cases at different Braak stages and age-matched controls. Results Only singular migrated CCR2-positive cells were found in all brain regions and stages. The brainstem showed the highest number of positive cells overall, followed by the hippocampus. This mechanism of recruitment seems to work less efficiently in the human brain at an advanced age, and the ingress of monocytes obviously takes place in much reduced numbers or not at all. Conclusion In contrast to studies on animal models, we observed only a quite low level of myeloid monocytes associated with AD pathology. Furthermore, we provide evidence associating early microglial reactions carried out in particular by pro-inflammatory cells with early effects on tangle- and plaque-positive vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bohnert
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Julius-Maximilian-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Abstract
The key pathological hallmarks-extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)-described by Alois Alzheimer in his seminal 1907 article are still central to the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but major advances in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology as well as significant progress in clinical diagnosis and therapy have changed the perspective and importance of neuropathologic evaluation of the brain. The notion that the pathological processes underlying AD already start decades before symptoms are apparent in patients has brought a major change reflected in the current neuropathological classification of AD neuropathological changes (ADNC). The predictable progression of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque pathology from neocortex, over limbic structures, diencephalon, and basal ganglia, to brainstem and cerebellum is captured in phases described by Thal and colleagues. The progression of NFT pathology from the transentorhinal region to the limbic system and ultimately the neocortex is described in stages proposed by Braak and colleagues. The density of neuritic plaque pathology is determined by criteria defined by the Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's diseases (CERAD). While these changes neuropathologically define AD, it becomes more and more apparent that the majority of patients present with a multitude of additional pathological changes which are possible contributing factors to the clinical presentation and disease progression. The impact of co-existing Lewy body pathology has been well studied, but the importance of more recently described pathologies including limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) still needs to be evaluated in large cohort studies. In addition, it is apparent that vascular pathology plays an important role in the AD patient population, but a lack of standardized reporting criteria has hampered progress in elucidating the importance of these changes for clinical presentation and disease progression. More recently a key role was ascribed to the immune response to pathological protein aggregates, and it will be important to analyze these changes systematically to better understand the temporal and spatial distribution of the immune response in AD and elucidate their importance for the disease process. Advances in digital pathology and technologies such as single cell sequencing and digital spatial profiling have opened novel avenues for improvement of neuropathological diagnosis and advancing our understanding of underlying molecular processes. Finally, major strides in biomarker-based diagnosis of AD and recent advances in targeted therapeutic approaches may have shifted the perspective but also highlight the continuous importance of postmortem analysis of the brain in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Trejo-Lopez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Anthony T Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Gilvesy A, Husen E, Magloczky Z, Mihaly O, Hortobágyi T, Kanatani S, Heinsen H, Renier N, Hökfelt T, Mulder J, Uhlen M, Kovacs GG, Adori C. Spatiotemporal characterization of cellular tau pathology in the human locus coeruleus-pericoerulear complex by three-dimensional imaging. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:651-676. [PMID: 36040521 PMCID: PMC9468059 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tau pathology of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is a hallmark of several age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. However, a comprehensive neuropathological examination of the LC is difficult due to its small size and rod-like shape. To investigate the LC cytoarchitecture and tau cytoskeletal pathology in relation to possible propagation patterns of disease-associated tau in an unprecedented large-scale three-dimensional view, we utilized volume immunostaining and optical clearing technology combined with light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We examined AT8+ pathological tau in the LC/pericoerulear region of 20 brains from Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stage 0-6. We demonstrate an intriguing morphological complexity and heterogeneity of AT8+ cellular structures in the LC, representing various intracellular stages of NFT maturation and their diverse transition forms. We describe novel morphologies of neuronal tau pathology such as AT8+ cells with fine filamentous somatic protrusions or with disintegrating soma. We show that gradual dendritic atrophy is the first morphological sign of the degeneration of tangle-bearing neurons, even preceding axonal lesions. Interestingly, irrespective of the Braak NFT stage, tau pathology is more advanced in the dorsal LC that preferentially projects to vulnerable forebrain regions in Alzheimer's disease, like the hippocampus or neocortical areas, compared to the ventral LC projecting to the cerebellum and medulla. Moreover, already in the precortical Braak 0 stage, 3D analysis reveals clustering tendency and dendro-dendritic close appositions of AT8+ LC neurons, AT8+ long axons of NFT-bearing cells that join the ascending dorsal noradrenergic bundle after leaving the LC, as well as AT8+ processes of NFT-bearing LC neurons that target the 4th ventricle wall. Our study suggests that the unique cytoarchitecture, comprised of a densely packed and dendritically extensively interconnected neuronal network with long projections, makes the human LC to be an ideal anatomical template for early accumulation and trans-neuronal spreading of hyperphosphorylated tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abris Gilvesy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Evelina Husen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsofia Magloczky
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Mihaly
- Department of Pathology, St. Borbála Hospital, Tatabánya, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shigeaki Kanatani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Institute of Forensic Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- LIM-44, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program and Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Omoluabi T, Torraville SE, Maziar A, Ghosh A, Power KD, Reinhardt C, Harley CW, Yuan Q. Novelty-like activation of locus coeruleus protects against deleterious human pretangle tau effects while stress-inducing activation worsens its effects. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12231. [PMID: 35005208 PMCID: PMC8719346 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The earliest abnormality associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of persistently phosphorylated pretangle tau in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. LC neuron numbers and fiber density are positive predictors of cognition prior to death. Using an animal model of LC pretangle tau, we ask if LC activity patterns influence the sequelae of pretangle tau. We seeded LC neurons with a pretangle human tau gene. We provided daily novelty- or stress-associated optogenetic activation patterns to LC neurons for 6 weeks in mid-adulthood and, subsequently, probed cognitive and anatomical changes. Prior LC phasic stimulation prevented spatial and olfactory discrimination deficits and preserved LC axonal density. A stress-associated activation pattern increased indices of anxiety and depression, did not improve cognition, and worsened LC neuronal health. These results argue that variations in environmental experiences associated with differing LC activity patterns may account for individual susceptibility to development of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamunotonye Omoluabi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Sarah E. Torraville
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Aida Maziar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Abhinaba Ghosh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Kyron D. Power
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Camila Reinhardt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Carolyn W. Harley
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of ScienceMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Qi Yuan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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Abuelezz NZ, Nasr FE, AbdulKader MA, Bassiouny AR, Zaky A. MicroRNAs as Potential Orchestrators of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathologies: Insights on Current Status and Future Possibilities. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743573. [PMID: 34712129 PMCID: PMC8546247 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deleterious neurodegenerative disease, strongly affecting the cognitive functions and memory of seniors worldwide. Around 58% of the affected patients live in low and middle-income countries, with estimates of increasing deaths caused by AD in the coming decade. AD is a multifactor pathology. Mitochondrial function declines in AD brain and is currently emerging as a hallmark of this disease. It has been considered as one of the intracellular processes severely compromised in AD. Many mitochondrial parameters decline already during aging; mitochondrial efficiency for energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, to reach an extensive functional failure, concomitant with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions. Besides its impact on cognitive functions, AD is characterized by loss of synapses, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, accompanied by drastic sleep disorders, sensory function alterations and pain sensitization. Unfortunately, till date, effective management of AD-related disorders and early, non-invasive AD diagnostic markers are yet to be found. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding nucleic acids that regulate key signaling pathway(s) in various disease conditions. About 70% of experimentally detectable miRNAs are expressed in the brain where they regulate neurite outgrowth, dendritic spine morphology, and synaptic plasticity. Increasing studies suggest that miRNAs are intimately involved in synaptic function and specific signals during memory formation. This has been the pivotal key for considering miRNAs crucial molecules to be studied in AD. MicroRNAs dysfunctions are increasingly acknowledged as a pivotal contributor in AD via deregulating genes involved in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, miRNAs have been proved to control pain sensitization processes and regulate circadian clock system that affects the sleep process. Interestingly, the differential expression of miRNA panels implies their emerging potential as diagnostic AD biomarkers. In this review, we will present an updated analysis of miRNAs role in regulating signaling processes that are involved in AD-related pathologies. We will discuss the current challenges against wider use of miRNAs and the future promising capabilities of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic means for better management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Z Abuelezz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza Eid Nasr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad R Bassiouny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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38
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Robbins M, Clayton E, Kaminski Schierle GS. Synaptic tau: A pathological or physiological phenomenon? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:149. [PMID: 34503576 PMCID: PMC8428049 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the synaptic aspects of Tau pathology occurring during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and how this may relate to memory impairment, a major hallmark of AD. Whilst the clinical diagnosis of AD patients is a loss of working memory and long-term declarative memory, the histological diagnosis is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-beta plaques. Tau pathology spreads through synaptically connected neurons to impair synaptic function preceding the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, axonal retraction and cell death. Alongside synaptic pathology, recent data suggest that Tau has physiological roles in the pre- or post- synaptic compartments. Thus, we have seen a shift in the research focus from Tau as a microtubule-stabilising protein in axons, to Tau as a synaptic protein with roles in accelerating spine formation, dendritic elongation, and in synaptic plasticity coordinating memory pathways. We collate here the myriad of emerging interactions and physiological roles of synaptic Tau, and discuss the current evidence that synaptic Tau contributes to pathology in AD.
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39
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Tau-driven degeneration of sleep- and wake-regulating neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 60:101541. [PMID: 34500400 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of the sleep/wake cycle in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common, frequently precede cognitive decline, and tend to worsen with disease progression. Sleep is critical to the maintenance of homeostatic and circadian function, and chronic sleep disturbances have significant cognitive and physical health consequences that likely exacerbate disease severity. Sleep-wake cycles are regulated by neuromodulatory centers located in the brainstem, the hypothalamus, and the basal forebrain, many of which are vulnerable to the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits associated with neurodegenerative conditions. In AD, while sleep disturbances are commonly attributed to the accumulation of amyloid beta, patients often first experience sleep issues prior to the appearance of amyloid beta plaques, on a timeline that more closely corresponds to the first appearance of abnormal tau neurofibrillary tangles in sleep/wake regulating areas of the brainstem. Sleep disturbances also occur in pure tauopathies, providing further support that tau is a major contributor. Here, we provide an overview of the neuroanatomy of sleep/wake centers discovered in animal models, and review the evidence that tau-driven neuropathology is a primary driver of sleep disturbance in AD.
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40
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Ko DWK. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) as a potential therapeutic application for neurodegenerative disorders - A focus on dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease. Auton Neurosci 2021; 235:102858. [PMID: 34365230 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The understandings of pathogenic processes in major neurodegenerative diseases has significantly advanced in recent years, with evidence showing pathological spread of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions as a fundamental factor. In Parkinson's disease (PD), the culprit protein has been identified as α-synuclein as the main component for mediating progressive neurodegeneration. With severe pathology evident in the autonomic nervous system prior to clinical manifestations of PD, pathogenic spread can occur from the peripheral nervous system through key nuclei, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, gradually reaching the brainstem, midbrain and cerebral cortex. With this understanding and the proposed involvement of the vagus nerve in disease progression in PD, notably occurring prior to characterized clinical motor features, it raises intriguing questions as to whether vagal nerve pathology can be accurately detected, and importantly used as a reliable marker for determining early neurodegeneration. Along with this is the potential use of vagus nerve neuromodulation for treatment of early disease symptoms like dysautonomia, for modulating sympatho-vagal imbalances and easing severe comorbidities of the disease. In this article, we take a closer look at the pathogenic transmission processes in neurodegenerative disorders that impact the vagus nerve, and how vagus nerve neuromodulation can be potentially applied as a therapeutic approach for major neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W K Ko
- Neuropix Company Ltd, Core F, Cyberport 3, 100 Cyberport Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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41
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Kang SS, Ahn EH, Liu X, Bryson M, Miller GW, Weinshenker D, Ye K. ApoE4 inhibition of VMAT2 in the locus coeruleus exacerbates Tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:139-158. [PMID: 33895869 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ApoE4 enhances Tau neurotoxicity and promotes the early onset of AD. Pretangle Tau in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is the earliest detectable AD-like pathology in the human brain. However, a direct relationship between ApoE4 and Tau in the LC has not been identified. Here we show that ApoE4 selectively binds to the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and inhibits neurotransmitter uptake. The exclusion of norepinephrine (NE) from synaptic vesicles leads to its oxidation into the toxic metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL), which subsequently activates cleavage of Tau at N368 by asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) and triggers LC neurodegeneration. Our data reveal that ApoE4 boosts Tau neurotoxicity via VMAT2 inhibition, reduces hippocampal volume, and induces cognitive dysfunction in an AEP- and Tau N368-dependent manner, while conversely ApoE3 binds Tau and protects it from cleavage. Thus, ApoE4 exacerbates Tau neurotoxicity by increasing VMAT2 vesicle leakage and facilitating AEP-mediated Tau proteolytic cleavage in the LC via DOPEGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Bryson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Alves SS, Silva-Junior RMPD, Servilha-Menezes G, Homolak J, Šalković-Petrišić M, Garcia-Cairasco N. Insulin Resistance as a Common Link Between Current Alzheimer's Disease Hypotheses. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:71-105. [PMID: 34024838 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Almost 115 years ago, Alois Alzheimer described Alzheimer's disease (AD) for the first time. Since then, many hypotheses have been proposed. However, AD remains a severe health public problem. The current medical approaches for AD are limited to symptomatic interventions and the complexity of this disease has led to a failure rate of approximately 99.6%in AD clinical trials. In fact, no new drug has been approved for AD treatment since 2003. These failures indicate that we are failing in mimicking this disease in experimental models. Although most studies have focused on the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, the literature has made clear that AD is rather a multifactorial disorder. Therefore, the persistence in a single theory has resulted in lost opportunities. In this review, we aim to present the striking points of the long scientific path followed since the description of the first AD case and the main AD hypotheses discussed over the last decades. We also propose insulin resistance as a common link between many other hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suélen Santos Alves
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Milton Patrício da Silva-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School -University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Šalković-Petrišić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bretland KA, Lin L, Bretland KM, Smith MA, Fleming SM, Dengler-Crish CM. Irisin treatment lowers levels of phosphorylated tau in the hippocampus of pre-symptomatic female but not male htau mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:967-978. [PMID: 33768561 PMCID: PMC9292848 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Irisin is a hormone cleaved from fibronectin type-III domain-containing protein 5 in response to exercise and may be therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Irisin is shown to repair damage caused by midlife cardiometabolic risk factors for AD (i.e., diabetes mellitus; hypertension), prevent neural amyloid beta aggregation and reduce neuroinflammation. However, there are no investigations of irisin's effect on AD-associated tauopathy in the brain. This study begins to address this gap in knowledge. METHODS Transgenic htau mice that selectively develop age-related tauopathy were treated with recombinant irisin (100 µg/kg weekly i.p.) beginning at a pre-symptomatic age (4 months) to determine if irisin could prevent emergence of early neuropathology. One month later, mice were sacrificed to collect brain tissue and serum. Protein levels of ptau (serine 202), inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and FNDC5 were quantified using capillary-based western blotting (Wes). RESULTS Our data show that irisin treatment significantly reduced ptau and TNFα in the hippocampus and serum of female htau mice compared to vehicle-treated controls. Irisin treatment did not alter ptau levels in male htau hippocampus and appeared to enhance both neural and systemic TNFα levels. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that enhancing the endogenous hormone irisin may be therapeutic against emerging neuropathology in a tauopathy-selective AD model. This is important because there are currently no disease-modifying therapeutics available for AD, and few agents in development address the multiple disease targets irisin appears to-making irisin an intriguing therapeutic candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Bretland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly M Bretland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.,Akron Children's Hospital, Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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44
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Falgàs N, Walsh CM, Neylan TC, Grinberg LT. Deepen into sleep and wake patterns across Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1403-1406. [PMID: 33710762 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although, the clinical variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD) show distinct patterns of cognitive and behavioral decline, disease progression, and neuropathological features, it is unclear if this clinical heterogeneity extends to sleep-wake patterns. Sleep and wake disturbances are frequent in typical AD, often preceding memory loss and negatively impacting the quality of life of patients and caregivers alike. Still, sleep and wake disorders are often misdiagnosed and undertreated in typical AD. Better characterization of sleep-wake features in AD clinical variants is an unmet gap of high importance because these differing patterns may require tailored treatment strategies. Moreover, as wake-promoting neurons are located in subcortical nuclei and degenerate early in typical AD, contrasting the profiles of sleep-wake patterns in typical and atypical AD aids diagnosis and brings a unique opportunity to uncover the mechanisms underlying AD clinical variants at the subcortical level and mechanisms for selective neuronal vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Falgàs
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine M Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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45
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The 'a, b, c's of pretangle tau and their relation to aging and the risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:125-134. [PMID: 33674223 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Braak has described the beginnings of Alzheimer's Disease as occurring in the locus coeruleus. Here we review these pretangle stages and relate their expression to recently described normal features of tau biology. We suggest pretangle tau depends on characteristics of locus coeruleus operation that promote tau condensates. We examine the timeline of pretangle and tangle appearance in locus coeruleus. We find catastrophic loss of locus coeruleus neurons is a late event. The strong relationship between locus coeruleus neuron number and human cognition underscores the utility of a focus on locus coeruleus. Promoting locus coeruleus health will benefit normal aging as well as aid in the prevention of dementia. Two animal models offering experimental approaches to understanding the functional change initiated by pretangles in locus coeruleus neurons are discussed.
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46
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Dutt S, Li Y, Mather M, Nation DA. Brainstem substructures and cognition in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2572-2582. [PMID: 33646514 PMCID: PMC8500899 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathological research suggests the tau pathology of Alzheimer's disease may originate in brainstem nuclei, yet it remains unknown whether tau-mediated degeneration of brainstem nuclei influences cognitive impairment in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. The present study examined cognitive domains impacted in prodromal Alzheimer's disease and brainstem substructure volume in cognitively normal older adults (n = 814) and those with mild cognitive impairment (n = 542). Subsamples of cognitively normal (n = 112) and mild cognitive impairment (n = 202) also had cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer's disease biomarker characterization. Region-of-interest and voxel-level analyses related whole brainstem, midbrain, pons, and locus coeruleus volumes to cognition with multiple linear regression models corrected for age, sex, education, apolipoprotein-ε4 carrier status, and MRI magnet strength. Within mild cognitive impairment participants, smaller midbrain and locus coeruleus volumes were significantly related to poorer performance on tests of attention and executive function, and the relationship between locus coeruleus volume and executive abilities remained significant in the mild cognitive impairment subsample with biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. A brainstem-masked voxel-wise regression further demonstrated an association between locus coeruleus volume and executive abilities. Brainstem volumes were not significantly related to memory processes. Study findings implicate midbrain and locus coeruleus volume in attention and executive deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Together with prior neuropathological studies, our data suggest a link between Alzheimer's disease-related degeneration of brainstem nuclei and cognitive deficits in prodromal Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubir Dutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanrong Li
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mara Mather
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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47
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Keenan RJ, Oberrauch S, Bron R, Nowell CJ, Challis LM, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH. Decreased Orexin Receptor 1 mRNA Expression in the Locus Coeruleus in Both Tau Transgenic rTg4510 and Tau Knockout Mice and Accompanying Ascending Arousal System Tau Invasion in rTg4510. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:693-708. [PMID: 33361602 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep/wake disturbances (e.g., insomnia and sleep fragmentation) are common in neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). These symptoms are somewhat reminiscent of narcolepsy with cataplexy, caused by the loss of orexin-producing neurons. A bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and disease pathology suggests a detrimental cycle that accelerates disease progression and cognitive decline. The accumulation of brain tau fibrils is a core pathology of AD and FTD-tau and clinical evidence supports that tau may impair the orexin system in AD/FTD. This hypothesis was investigated using tau mutant mice. OBJECTIVE To characterize orexin receptor mRNA expression in sleep/wake regulatory brain centers and quantify noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and orexinergic lateral hypothalamus (LH) neurons, in tau transgenic rTg4510 and tau-/- mice. METHODS We used i n situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in rTg4510 and tau-/- mice. RESULTS rTg4510 and tau-/- mice exhibited a similar decrease in orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) mRNA expression in the LC compared with wildtype controls. IHC data indicated this was not due to decreased numbers of LC tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH) or orexin neurons and demonstrated that tau invades TH LC and orexinergic LH neurons in rTg4510 mice. In contrast, orexin receptor 2 (OX2R) mRNA levels were unaffected in either model. CONCLUSION The LC is strongly implicated in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness and expresses high levels of OX1R. These findings raise interesting questions regarding the effects of altered tau on the orexin system, specifically LC OX1Rs, and emphasize a potential mechanism which may help explain sleep/wake disturbances in AD and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Keenan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Oberrauch
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romke Bron
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leesa M Challis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, University of Melbourne, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Matchett BJ, Grinberg LT, Theofilas P, Murray ME. The mechanistic link between selective vulnerability of the locus coeruleus and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:631-650. [PMID: 33427939 PMCID: PMC8043919 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuropathologically characterized by the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and the extracellular deposition of amyloid-β plaques, which affect certain brain regions in a progressive manner. The locus coeruleus (LC), a small nucleus in the pons of the brainstem, is widely recognized as one of the earliest sites of neurofibrillary tangle formation in AD. Patients with AD exhibit significant neuronal loss in the LC, resulting in a marked reduction of its size and function. The LC, which vastly innervates several regions of the brain, is the primary source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in the central nervous system. Considering that NE is a major modulator of behavior, contributing to neuroprotection and suppression of neuroinflammation, degeneration of the LC in AD and the ultimate dysregulation of the LC-NE system has detrimental effects in the brain. In this review, we detail the neuroanatomy and function of the LC, its essential role in neuroprotection, and how this is dysregulated in AD. We discuss AD-related neuropathologic changes in the LC and mechanisms by which LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to insult. Further, we elucidate the neurotoxic effects of LC de-innervation both locally and at projection sites, and how this augments disease pathology, progression and severity. We summarize how preservation of the LC-NE system could be used in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases affected by LC degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie J. Matchett
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Melissa E. Murray
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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49
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Romanella SM, Roe D, Tatti E, Cappon D, Paciorek R, Testani E, Rossi A, Rossi S, Santarnecchi E. The Sleep Side of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Sleep Med 2021; 77:209-225. [PMID: 32912799 PMCID: PMC8364256 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As we age, sleep patterns undergo significant modifications in micro and macrostructure, worsening cognition and quality of life. These are associated with remarkable brain changes, like deterioration in synaptic plasticity, gray and white matter, and significant modifications in hormone levels. Sleep alterations are also a core component of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD night time is characterized by a gradual decrease in slow-wave activity and a substantial reduction of REM sleep. Sleep abnormalities can accelerate AD pathophysiology, promoting the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau. Thus, interventions that target sleep disturbances in elderly people and MCI patients have been suggested as a possible strategy to prevent or decelerate conversion to dementia. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacological medications are still first-line treatments, despite being scarcely effective, new interventions have been proposed, such as sensory stimulation and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NiBS). The present review outlines the current state of the art of the relationship between sleep modifications in healthy aging and the neurobiological mechanisms underlying age-related changes. Furthermore, we provide a critical analysis showing how sleep abnormalities influence the prognosis of AD pathology by intensifying Aβ and tau protein accumulation. We discuss potential therapeutic strategies to target sleep disruptions and conclude that there is an urgent need for testing new therapeutic sleep interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Romanella
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - D Roe
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Tatti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, CUNY, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Cappon
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Paciorek
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Testani
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neurology, Policlinico Santa Maria Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - S Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - E Santarnecchi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Beardmore R, Hou R, Darekar A, Holmes C, Boche D. The Locus Coeruleus in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Postmortem and Brain Imaging Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:5-22. [PMID: 34219717 PMCID: PMC8461706 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), a tiny nucleus in the brainstem and the principal site of noradrenaline synthesis, has a major role in regulating autonomic function, arousal, attention, and neuroinflammation. LC dysfunction has been linked to a range of disorders; however particular interest is given to the role it plays in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The LC undergoes significant neuronal loss in AD, thought to occur early in the disease process. While neuronal loss in the LC has also been suggested to occur in aging, this relationship is less clear as the findings have been contradictory. LC density has been suggested to be indicative of cognitive reserve and the evidence for these claims will be discussed. Recent imaging techniques allowing visualization of the LC in vivo using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI are developing our understanding of the role of LC in aging and AD. Tau pathology within the LC is evident at an early age in most individuals; however, the relationship between tau accumulation and neuronal loss and why some individuals then develop AD is not understood. Neuromelanin pigment accumulates within LC cells with age and is proposed to be toxic and inflammatory when released into the extracellular environment. This review will explore our current knowledge of the LC changes in both aging and AD from postmortem, imaging, and experimental studies. We will discuss the reasons behind the susceptibility of the LC to neuronal loss, with a focus on the role of extracellular neuromelanin and neuroinflammation caused by the dysfunction of the LC-noradrenaline pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Beardmore
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Angela Darekar
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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