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Distler K, Maschauer S, Neu E, Hübner H, Einsiedel J, Prante O, Gmeiner P. Structure-guided discovery of orexin receptor-binding PET ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 110:117823. [PMID: 38964170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) can serve as a promising tool for visualizing biological targets in the brain. Insights into the expression pattern and the in vivo imaging of the G protein-coupled orexin receptors OX1R and OX2R will further our understanding of the orexin system and its role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Guided by crystal structures of our lead compound JH112 and the approved hypnotic drug suvorexant bound to OX1R and OX2R, respectively, we herein describe the design and synthesis of two novel radioligands, [18F]KD23 and [18F]KD10. Key to the success of our structural modifications was a bioisosteric replacement of the triazole moiety with a fluorophenyl group. The 19F-substituted analog KD23 showed high affinity for the OX1R and selectivity over OX2R, while the high affinity ligand KD10 displayed similar Ki values for both subtypes. Radiolabeling starting from the respective pinacol ester precursors resulted in excellent radiochemical yields of 93% and 88% for [18F]KD23 and [18F]KD10, respectively, within 20 min. The new compounds will be useful in PET studies aimed at subtype-selective imaging of orexin receptors in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Distler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; FAU NeW - Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaulallee 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eduard Neu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; FAU NeW - Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; FAU NeW - Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; FAU NeW - Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- FAU NeW - Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaulallee 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; FAU NeW - Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Dong P, Dai W, Zhao T, Gong Y, Weng N, Lv S, Zhao Y, Du C, Ma Y, Zhang Z, He S, Zheng F, Sun P. Jingqianshu granules mitigates premenstrual depression by regulating orexin signaling. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1294122. [PMID: 38948463 PMCID: PMC11211579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1294122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is a serious health disorder that affects patient moods. It is caused by cyclic psychological symptoms and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Abnormalities in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) orexin system, which are important causes of the development of depressive mood, have not been reported in PMDD, so exploring its intrinsic mechanisms is meaningful for enriching the pathomechanisms of PMDD. Methods: High performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of the active ingredients of Jingqianshu granules. Developing a rat model of premenstrual depression using the forced swimming test (FST). The experiment consisted of two parts. In Part 1, the rats were divided into the control group, the model group, the model + Jingqianshu group, and the model + fluoxetine group. The FST, open field test, and elevated plus maze test, were used to assess the behavior of the rats as well as to evaluate the effect of drug intervention. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of orexin and its receptors OX1R and OX2R genes and proteins. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and interleukin-1β in the BLA brain region was detected by Western-Blot. In part 2, the rats were injected intracerebrally with orexin-A. Observe the behavioral activities of rats in the control group, model group, and model+orexin-A group. Immunofluorescence was used to detect microglia in the BLA area of rats, and the expression levels of the above inflammatory factors were detected by Western-Blot. Results: The five components of Jingqianshu granules are: paeoniflorin, erulic acid, liquiritin, hesperidin, and paeonol. During the estrous cycle, rats exhibited depressive-like behavior during the non-receptive phase of the behavioral test, which disappeared during the receptive phase. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR showed reduced gene and protein expression of orexin, OX1R, and OX2R in the BLA region of rats in the model group.WB showed elevated levels of inflammatory factors. All returned to control levels after drug treatment. In part 2, injection of orexin-A into the BLA brain region of model rats resulted in reduced immunoreactivity of microglia and decreased expression levels of inflammatory factors. Discussion: Jianqianshu granules can achieve the purpose of treating premenstrual depression by regulating orexin-mediated inflammatory factors, which provides a new idea for further research on the pathogenesis of PMDD. However, the current study is still preliminary and the pathogenesis of PMDD is complex. Therefore, more in-depth exploration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Foreign Language, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Ning Weng
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhua He
- Boai Hospitai of Zhngshan, Zhngshan, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Pan L, Xiao S, Xu Z, Li W, Zhao L, Zhang L, Qi R, Wang J, Cai Y. Orexin-A attenuated motion sickness through modulating neural activity in hypothalamus nuclei. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1474-1493. [PMID: 38129941 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We evaluated the hypothesis that central orexin application could counteract motion sickness responses through regulating neural activity in target brain areas. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Thec effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of orexin-A and SB-334867 (OX1 antagonist) on motion sickness-induced anorexia, nausea-like behaviour (conditioned gaping), hypoactivity and hypothermia were investigated in rats subjected to Ferris wheel-like rotation. Orexin-A responsive brain areas were identified using Fos immunolabelling and were verified via motion sickness responses after intranucleus injection of orexin-A, SB-334867 and TCS-OX2-29 (OX2 antagonist). The efficacy of intranasal application of orexin-A versus scopolamine on motion sickness symptoms in cats was also investigated. KEY RESULTS Orexin-A (i.c.v.) dose-dependently attenuated motion sickness-related behavioural responses and hypothermia. Fos expression was inhibited in the ventral part of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMV) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but was enhanced in the ventral part of the premammillary nucleus ventral part (PMV) by orexin-A (20 μg) in rotated animals. Motion sickness responses were differentially inhibited by orexin-A injection into the DMV (anorexia and hypoactivity), the PVN (conditioned gaping) and the PMV (hypothermia). SB-334867 and TCS-OX2-29 (i.c.v. and intranucleus injection) inhibited behavioural and thermal effects of orexin-A. Orexin-A (60 μg·kg-1) and scopolamine inhibited rotation-induced emesis and non-retching/vomiting symptoms, while orexin-A also attenuated anorexia with mild salivation in motion sickness cats. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Orexin-A might relieve motion sickness through acting on OX1 and OX2 receptors in various hypothalamus nuclei. Intranasal orexin-A could be a potential strategy against motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Pan
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shuifeng Xiao
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zichao Xu
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Qi
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Junqin Wang
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Cai
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
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Prajapati SK, Ahmed S, Rai V, Gupta SC, Krishnamurthy S. Suvorexant improves mitochondrial dynamics with the regulation of orexinergic and mTOR activation in rats exhibiting PTSD-like symptoms. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:24-38. [PMID: 38185385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in PTSD. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. Mitochondrial dynamics could be one of the mechanisms, as it is crucial for mitochondrial homeostasis and is widely affected in traumatic situations. Mitochondrial dynamics regulate mitochondrial homeostasis via orexinergic receptors, and it is shown that antagonism of orexinergic receptors attenuates PTSD-like symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine how orexin antagonists affect mitochondrial dynamics in rats exhibiting PTSD-like symptoms. METHODS Using rats, a stress-re-stress (SRS) model with PTSD-like symptoms was established. On day 2 (D-2), the animals were exposed to variable stressors including 2 h of restraint followed by brief mild foot shock and exposure to 4%halothane. Foot shock was performed as a re-stress from D-8 to D-32 at six-day intervals. RESULTS SRS exposure caused PTSD-like phenotype, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mitochondrial-fission-process-1 (MTFP-1). SRS-subjected rats exhibited enhanced expression of fission-regulating proteins, including dynamin-related protein-1 and mitochondrial-fission-protein-1 and reduced expression of fusion-regulating proteins, including optic-atrophy-1 and mitofusin-2, in the amygdala. TEM analysis revealed that SRS exposure further damaged the mitochondria. Treatment with suvorexant with rapamycin significantly mitigated PTSD-like symptoms and improved mitochondrial dynamics in SRS-exposed rats. However, their combination showed a more pronounced effect. Further, suvorexant in combination with rapamycin significantly mitigated mTOR and MTFP-1 activation. Sertraline attenuated PTSD-like symptoms without affecting SRS-induced activation of mTOR and disparity in mitochondrial dynamics. Suvorexant pharmacological effects on mitochondrial biogenesis also involve the mTOR pathway. LIMITATION The role of orexinergic pathway in SRS-induced mitochondrial mitophagy was not explored. CONCLUSIONS Targeting both the orexinergic and mTOR pathways might exert a beneficial synergistic effect for treating PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Sahabuddin Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Vipin Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhas Chandra Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005, U.P., India.
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Zolnik TA, Bronec A, Ross A, Staab M, Sachdev RNS, Molnár Z, Eickholt BJ, Larkum ME. Layer 6b controls brain state via apical dendrites and the higher-order thalamocortical system. Neuron 2024; 112:805-820.e4. [PMID: 38101395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The deepest layer of the cortex (layer 6b [L6b]) contains relatively few neurons, but it is the only cortical layer responsive to the potent wake-promoting neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin. Can these few neurons significantly influence brain state? Here, we show that L6b-photoactivation causes a surprisingly robust enhancement of attention-associated high-gamma oscillations and population spiking while abolishing slow waves in sleep-deprived mice. To explain this powerful impact on brain state, we investigated L6b's synaptic output using optogenetics, electrophysiology, and monoCaTChR ex vivo. We found powerful output in the higher-order thalamus and apical dendrites of L5 pyramidal neurons, via L1a and L5a, as well as in superior colliculus and L6 interneurons. L6b subpopulations with distinct morphologies and short- and long-term plasticities project to these diverse targets. The L1a-targeting subpopulation triggered powerful NMDA-receptor-dependent spikes that elicited burst firing in L5. We conclude that orexin/hypocretin-activated cortical neurons form a multifaceted, fine-tuned circuit for the sustained control of the higher-order thalamocortical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Adam Zolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Anna Bronec
- Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Annemarie Ross
- Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Marcel Staab
- Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Robert N S Sachdev
- Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Sherrington Building, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | | | - Matthew Evan Larkum
- Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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Kopij G, Kiezun M, Dobrzyn K, Zaobidna E, Zarzecka B, Rak A, Kaminski T, Kaminska B, Smolinska N. Visfatin Affects the Transcriptome of Porcine Luteal Cells during Early Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2339. [PMID: 38397019 PMCID: PMC10889815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visfatin/NAMPT (VIS), the hormone exerting a pleiotropic effect, is also perceived as an important factor in the regulation of reproductive processes and pregnancy maintenance. Previous studies confirmed its involvement in the control of porcine pituitary and ovary function. In this study, we hypothesized that VIS may affect the global transcriptome of luteal cells and thus regulate the functioning of the ovaries. Illumina's NovaSeq 6000 RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and long non-coding RNAs (DELs) as well as the occurrence of differential alternative splicing events (DASs) in the porcine luteal cells exposed to VIS (100 ng/mL) during the implantation period. The obtained results revealed 170 DEGs (99 up- and 71 downregulated) assigned to 45 functional annotations. Moreover, we revealed 40 DELs, of which 3 were known and 37 were described for the first time. We identified 169 DASs events. The obtained results confirmed a significant effect of VIS on the transcriptome and spliceosome of luteal cells, including the genes involved in the processes crucial for successful implantation and pregnancy maintenance as angiogenesis, steroidogenesis, inflammation, cell development, migration, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kopij
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Marta Kiezun
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Kamil Dobrzyn
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Ewa Zaobidna
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Barbara Zarzecka
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Barbara Kaminska
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (G.K.); (M.K.); (K.D.); (E.Z.); (B.Z.); (T.K.); (B.K.)
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Li HT, Viskaitis P, Bracey E, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Transient targeting of hypothalamic orexin neurons alleviates seizures in a mouse model of epilepsy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1249. [PMID: 38341419 PMCID: PMC10858876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lateral hypothalamic (LH) hypocretin/orexin neurons (HONs) control brain-wide electrical excitation. Abnormally high excitation produces epileptic seizures, which affect millions of people and need better treatments. HON population activity spikes from minute to minute, but the role of this in seizures is unknown. Here, we describe correlative and causal links between HON activity spikes and seizures. Applying temporally-targeted HON recordings and optogenetic silencing to a male mouse model of acute epilepsy, we found that pre-seizure HON activity predicts and controls the electrophysiology and behavioral pathology of subsequent seizures. No such links were detected for HON activity during seizures. Having thus defined the time window where HONs influence seizures, we targeted it with LH deep brain stimulation (DBS), which inhibited HON population activity, and produced seizure protection. Collectively, these results uncover a feature of brain activity linked to seizures, and demonstrate a proof-of-concept treatment that controls this feature and alleviates epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Tao Li
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Paulius Viskaitis
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bracey
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology | ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Wang W, Ranjan A, Zhang W, Liang Q, MacMillan KS, Chapman K, Wang X, Chandrasekaran P, Williams NS, Rosenbaum DM, De Brabander JK. Novel orexin receptor agonists based on arene- or pyridine-fused 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazole-2-imines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 99:129624. [PMID: 38272190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
A structurally novel class of benzo- or pyrido-fused 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazole-2-imines was designed and evaluated in an inositol phosphate accumulation assay for Gq signaling to measure agonistic activation of the orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R). These compounds were synthesized in 4-9 steps overall from readily available starting materials. Analogs that contain a stereogenic methyl or cyclopropyl substituent at the benzylic center, and a correctly configured alkyl ether, alkoxyalkyl ether, cyanoalkyl ether, or α-hydroxyacetamido substituted homobenzylic sidechain were identified as the most potent activators of OX2R coupled Gq signaling. Our results also indicate that agonistic activity was stereospecific at both the benzylic and homobenzylic stereogenic centra. We identified methoxyethoxy-substituted pyrido-fused dihydroimidazolimine analog 63c containing a stereogenic benzylic methyl group was the most potent agonist, registering a respectable EC50 of 339 nM and a maximal response (Emax) of 96 % in this assay. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis indicated good brain exposure for several analogs. Our combined results provide important information towards a structurally novel class of orexin receptor agonists distinct from current chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Qiren Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Karen S MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Preethi Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA.
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA.
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Dong P, Dai W, Su M, Wang S, Ma Y, Zhao T, Zheng F, Sun P. The potential role of the orexin system in premenstrual syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1266806. [PMID: 38292774 PMCID: PMC10824941 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1266806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs recurrently during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and disappears after menstruation ends. It is characterized by abnormal changes in both the body and mood, and in certain cases, severe disruptions in daily life and even suicidal tendencies. Current drugs for treating PMS, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, do not yield satisfactory results. Orexin, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus, is garnering attention in the treatment of neurological disorders and is believed to modulate the symptoms of PMS. This paper reviews the advancements in research on sleep disturbances, mood changes, and cognitive impairment caused by PMS, and suggests potential pathways for orexin to address these symptoms. Furthermore, it delves into the role of orexin in the molecular mechanisms underlying PMS. Orexin regulates steroid hormones, and the cyclic fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PMS. Additionally, orexin also modulates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and the inflammatory response involved in coordinating the mechanism of PMS. Unraveling the role of orexin in the pathogenesis of PMS will not only aid in understanding the etiology of PMS but also hold implications for orexin as a novel target for treating PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhong Shan, China
| | - Mengyue Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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10
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Tao Y, Luo J, Xu Y, Wang H, Tian J, Yang S, Yu K, Peng S, Zhang X. Narcolepsy and cardiovascular disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Sleep Med 2024; 113:6-12. [PMID: 37976908 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational findings suggest that patients with narcolepsy are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but the potential causal relationship between narcolepsy and CVDs is unclear. Therefore, Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to explore the association between narcolepsy and CVDs. METHODS Summary statistics related to narcolepsy, coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), any stroke (AS), and any ischemic stroke (AIS) were extracted from the public database of relevant published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Independent single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected as instrumental variables under strict quality control criteria. Inverse variance-weighted (IVW) was the main analytical method to assess causal effects. In addition, we conducted MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), weighted median, MR-Egger, and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis to verify the robustness and reliability of the results. RESULTS The results of the MR study revealed that narcolepsy was significantly associated with an increased risk of HF (OR = 1.714; 95%CI [1.031-2.849]; P = 0.037), CAD (OR = 1.702; 95%CI [1.011-2.864]; P = 0.045). There was no statistically significant causal association between narcolepsy and MI, AS, and AIS. In addition, further sensitivity analysis showed robust results. CONCLUSIONS The results of the two-sample MR study reveal a potential causal relationship between the increased risk of HF and CAD in narcolepsy. These findings emphasize the importance of early monitoring and assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Tao
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jingsong Luo
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care School, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yaxin Xu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, No.173 Longdu South Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Shenbi Yang
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Kexin Yu
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care School, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sihan Peng
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610032, China.
| | - Xiangeng Zhang
- Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, No.173 Longdu South Road, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610100, China.
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11
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Mutti C, Malagutti G, Maraglino V, Misirocchi F, Zilioli A, Rausa F, Pizzarotti S, Spallazzi M, Rosenzweig I, Parrino L. Sleep Pathologies and Eating Disorders: A Crossroad for Neurology, Psychiatry and Nutrition. Nutrients 2023; 15:4488. [PMID: 37892563 PMCID: PMC10610508 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate connection between eating behaviors and sleep habits is often overlooked in clinical practice, despite their profound interdependence. Sleep plays a key role in modulating psychological, hormonal and metabolic balance and exerting an influence on food choices. Conversely, various eating disorders may affect sleep continuity, sometimes promoting the development of sleep pathologies. Neurologists, nutritionists and psychiatrists tend to focus on these issues separately, resulting in a failure to recognize the full extent of the clinical conditions. This detrimental separation can lead to underestimation, misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapeutic interventions. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the tangled relationship between sleep, sleep pathologies and eating disorders, by incorporating the perspective of sleep experts, psychologists and psychiatrists. Our goal is to identify a practical crossroad integrating the expertise of all the involved specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Mutti
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Malagutti
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Maraglino
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Misirocchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy (A.Z.)
| | - Alessandro Zilioli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy (A.Z.)
| | - Francesco Rausa
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Pizzarotti
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Spallazzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy (A.Z.)
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Liborio Parrino
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy (A.Z.)
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12
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Ben-Joseph RH, Saad R, Black J, Dabrowski EC, Taylor B, Gallucci S, Somers VK. Cardiovascular Burden of Narcolepsy Disease (CV-BOND): a real-world evidence study. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad161. [PMID: 37305967 PMCID: PMC10566243 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Narcolepsy is associated with cardiovascular risk factors; however, the risk of new-onset cardiovascular events in this population is unknown. This real-world study evaluated the excess risk of new-onset cardiovascular events in U.S. adults with narcolepsy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study using IBM MarketScan administrative claims data (2014-2019) was conducted. A narcolepsy cohort, comprising adults (≥18 years) with at least two outpatient claims containing a narcolepsy diagnosis, of which at least one was non-diagnostic, was matched to a non-narcolepsy control cohort (1:3) based on cohort entry date, age, sex, geographic region, and insurance type. The relative risk of new-onset cardiovascular events was estimated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to compute adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The narcolepsy and matched non-narcolepsy control cohorts included 12 816 and 38 441 individuals, respectively. At baseline, cohort demographics were generally similar; however, patients with narcolepsy had more comorbidities. In adjusted analyses, the risk of new-onset cardiovascular events was higher in the narcolepsy cohort compared with the control cohort: any stroke (HR [95% CI], 1.71 [1.24, 2.34]); heart failure (1.35 [1.03, 1.76]); ischemic stroke (1.67 [1.19, 2.34]); major adverse cardiac event (1.45 [1.20, 1.74]); grouped instances of stroke, atrial fibrillation, or edema (1.48 [1.25, 1.74]); and cardiovascular disease (1.30 [1.08, 1.56]). CONCLUSION Individuals with narcolepsy are at increased risk of new-onset cardiovascular events compared with individuals without narcolepsy. Physicians should consider cardiovascular risk in patients with narcolepsy when weighing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ragy Saad
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jed Black
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Virend K Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Casale S, Assirelli V, Pizza F, Balsamo A, Gennari M, Pession A, Plazzi G, Cassio A. Auxological and endocrine findings in narcolepsy type 1: seventeen-year follow-up from a pediatric endocrinology center. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1037398. [PMID: 37396177 PMCID: PMC10311432 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1037398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1) is a rare hypersomnia of central origin linked to hypocretin deficiency, most frequently arising at pediatric age. NT1 could be associated with endocrine comorbidities involving the neuroendocrine axis, predominantly obesity, and Central Precocious Puberty (CPP). The primary aim of this study is the evaluation of endocrine and auxological parameters at diagnosis and during follow-up in patients with NT1, treated with Sodium Oxybate (SO) or not. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the auxological, biochemical, and radiological parameters of 112 patients referred to our Center between 2004-2022. The design of our study is cross-sectional at the time of diagnosis followed by a longitudinal follow-up. Results Our study confirms an increased frequency of CPP and obesity in patients with NT1. At first evaluation, obesity was found in 31.3% of patients, while overweight was found in 25.0%. A diagnosis of CPP was made in 19.6% of patients. Interestingly, this group showed a significantly lower level of CSF-hypocretin (hrct-1) at diagnosis compared to others. We found an improvement in BMI SDS in the SO-treated group compared to untreated patients, and this trend persisted also at 36 months of follow-up (0.0 ± 1.3 vs 1.3 ± 0.4; p<0.03). Sixty-three patients reached their final height, with a median SDS of 0.6 ± 1.1 in boys and 0.2 ± 1.2 in girls. Discussion To our knowledge, these are the first results regarding the final height in a large series of pediatric patients with NT1, with a normal range of IGF1-SDS levels and stature SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Casale
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Assirelli
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Gennari
- Pediatric Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cassio
- Pediatric Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Sheibani M, Shayan M, Khalilzadeh M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Orexin receptor antagonists in the pathophysiology and treatment of sleep disorders and epilepsy. Neuropeptides 2023; 99:102335. [PMID: 37003137 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between sleep and epilepsy has been argued over the past decades among scientists. Although the similarities and contrasts between sleep and epilepsy had been considered, their intertwined nature was not revealed until the nineteenth century. Sleep is recognized as a recurring state of mind and body through alternating brain electrical activities. It is documented that sleep disorders are associated with epilepsy. The origin, suppression, and spread of seizures are affected by sleep. As such, in patients with epilepsy, sleep disorders are a frequent comorbidity. Meanwhile, orexin, a wake-promoting neuropeptide, provides a bidirectional effect on both sleep and epilepsy. Orexin and its cognate receptors, orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), orchestrate their effects by activating various downstream signaling pathways. Although orexin was considered a therapeutic target in insomnia shortly after its discovery, its potential usefulness for psychiatric disorders and epileptic seizures has been suggested in the pre-clinical studies. This review aimed to discuss whether the relationship between sleep, epilepsy, and orexin is clearly reciprocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Ma C, Zhou N, Ma K, Niu J, Mi T, He Z, Wen Y, Liu C, He Z, Niu J. Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the ventrolateral preoptic area mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1122803. [PMID: 36998723 PMCID: PMC10043189 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1122803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionFear and sleep impairments common co-exist, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hypothalamic orexinergic neurons are involved in the regulation of sleep-wake and fear expression. The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) is an essential brain region to promote sleep, and orexinergic axonal fibers projecting to the VLPO are involved in the maintenance of sleep-wake. Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the VLPO might mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.MethodsTo verify above hypothesis, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) were recorded for analysis of sleep-wake states before and 24 h after conditioned fear training. The retrograde tracing technique and immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the projections from the hypothalamic orexin neurons to the VLPO and to observe their activation in mice with conditioned fear. Moreover, optogenetic activation or inhibition of hypothalamic orexin-VLPO pathways was performed to observe whether the sleep-wake can be regulated in mice with conditioned fear. Finally, orexin-A and orexin receptor antagonist was administered into the VLPO to certify the function of hypothalamic orexin-VLPO pathways on mediating sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.ResultsIt was found that there was a significant decrease in the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and a significant increase in the wakefulness time in mice with conditioned fear. The results of retrograde tracing technique and immunofluorescence staining showed that hypothalamic orexin neurons projected to the VLPO and observed the CTB labeled orexin neurons were significantly activated (c-Fos+) in the hypothalamus in mice with conditioned fear. Optogenetic activation of hypothalamic orexin to the VLPO neural pathways significantly decreased NREM and REM sleep time and increased wakefulness time in mice with conditioned fear. A significant decrease in NREM and REM sleep time and an increase in wakefulness time were observed after the injection of orexin-A into the VLPO, and the effects of orexin-A in the VLPO were blocked by a pre-administrated dual orexin antagonist (DORA).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the neural pathways from hypothalamic orexinergic neurons to the VLPO mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifen Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiandong Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting Mi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhenquan He
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujun Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhongyi He
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongyi He,
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Jianguo Niu,
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16
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Ball HL, Said H, Chapman K, Fu R, Xiong Y, Burk JA, Rosenbaum D, Veneziano R, Cotten ML. Orexin A, an amphipathic α-helical neuropeptide involved in pleiotropic functions in the nervous and immune systems: Synthetic approach and biophysical studies of the membrane-bound state. Biophys Chem 2023; 297:107007. [PMID: 37037119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
This research reports on the membrane interactions of orexin A (OXA), an α-helical and amphipathic neuropeptide that contains 33 residues and two disulfide bonds in the N-terminal region. OXA, which activates the orexins 1 and 2 receptors in neural and immune cell membranes, has essential pleiotropic physiological effects, including at the levels of arousal, sleep/wakefulness, energy balance, neuroprotection, lipid signaling, the inflammatory response, and pain. As a result, the orexin system has become a prominent target to treat diseases such as sleep disorders, drug addiction, and inflammation. While the high-resolution structure of OXA has been investigated in water and bound to micelles, there is a lack of information about its conformation bound to phospholipid membranes and its receptors. NMR is a powerful method to investigate peptide structures in a membrane environment. To facilitate the NMR structural studies of OXA exposed to membranes, we present a novel synthetic scheme, leading to the production of isotopically-labeled material at high purity. A receptor activation assay shows that the 15N-labeled peptide is biologically active. Biophysical studies are performed using surface plasmon resonance, circular dichroism, and NMR to investigate the interactions of OXA with phospholipid bilayers. The results demonstrate a strong interaction between the peptide and phospholipids, an increase in α-helical content upon membrane binding, and an in-plane orientation of the C-terminal region critical to function. This new knowledge about structure-activity relationships in OXA could inspire the design of novel therapeutics that leverage the anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective functions of OXA, and therefore could help address neuroinflammation, a major issue associated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydn L Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hooda Said
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yawei Xiong
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Joshua A Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Daniel Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Myriam L Cotten
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
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17
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Palagini L, Geoffroy PA, Balestrieri M, Miniati M, Biggio G, Liguori C, Menicucci D, Ferini-Strambi L, Nobili L, Riemann D, Gemignani A. Current models of insomnia disorder: a theoretical review on the potential role of the orexinergic pathway with implications for insomnia treatment. J Sleep Res 2023:e13825. [PMID: 36786121 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia disorder is considered as a stress-related disorder associated with hyperarousal, stress and emotion dysregulation and the instability of the 'flip-flop' switch system. The orexinergic system is well known for its key role in sleep and arousal processes but also in the allostatic system regulating stress and emotions and may thus be of major interest for insomnia and its treatment. Accordingly, we discuss the potential role of orexins on sleep processes, brain systems modulating stress and emotions with potential implications for insomnia pathophysiology. We reviewed available data on the effect of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) on sleep and brain systems modulating stress/emotions with implications for insomnia treatment. We present our findings as a narrative review. Few data in animals and humans have reported that disrupted sleep and insomnia may be related to the overactivation of orexinergic system, while some more consistent data in humans and animals reported the overactivation of orexins in response to acute stress and in stress-related disorders. Taken together these findings may let us hypothesise that an orexins overactivation may be associated with stress-related hyperarousal and the hyperactivation of arousal-promoting systems in insomnia. On the other hand, it is possible that by rebalancing orexins with DORAs we may regulate both sleep and allostatic systems, in turn, contributing to a 'switch off' of hyperarousal in insomnia. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to clarify the role of the orexin system in insomnia and to evaluate the effects of DORAs on sleep, stress and emotions regulating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et D'Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Biggio
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Sleep Disorders Centre, RCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Dual Cannabinoid and Orexin Regulation of Anhedonic Behaviour Caused by Prolonged Restraint Stress. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020314. [PMID: 36831860 PMCID: PMC9954020 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid and orexin systems share many biological functions, including wakefulness, stress response, reward processing, and mood. While these systems work against one another with respect to arousal, chronic stress-induced downregulation of both systems often leads to anhedonia or the inability to experience pleasure from natural rewards. In the current study, a 24 h restraint stress test (24 h RST) reduced sucrose preference in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice. Prior to the stressor, subsets of mice were intraperitoneally administered cannabinoid and orexin receptor agonists, antagonists, and combinations of these drugs. Restraint mice that received the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist SR141716A, orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) agonist YNT-185, and the combination of SR141716A and YNT-185, exhibited less anhedonia compared to vehicle/control mice. Thus, the 24 h RST likely decreased orexin signaling, which was then restored by YNT-185. Receptor colocalization analysis throughout mesocorticolimbic brain regions revealed increased CB1R-OX1R colocalization from SR141716A and YNT-185 treatments. Although a previous study from our group showed additive cataleptic effects between CP55,940 and the dual orexin receptor antagonist (TCS-1102), the opposite combination of pharmacological agents proved additive for sucrose preference. Taken together, these results reveal more of the complex interactions between the endocannabinoid and orexin systems.
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19
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Dhafar HO, BaHammam AS. Body Weight and Metabolic Rate Changes in Narcolepsy: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1120. [PMID: 36422261 PMCID: PMC9693066 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a known auto-immune disease that presents mainly in the teenage years with irresistible sleep attacks. Patients with narcolepsy, especially NT1, have been found to have a high prevalence of obesity and other metabolic derangements. This narrative review aimed to address the relationship between narcolepsy and changes in weight and metabolic rate, and discuss potential mechanisms for weight gain and metabolic changes and future research agendas on this topic. This article will provide a balanced, up-to-date critical review of the current literature, and delineate areas for future research, in order to understand the pathophysiological metabolic changes in narcolepsy. Articles using predefined keywords were searched for in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared to controls, patients with narcolepsy are more likely to be obese and have higher BMIs and waist circumferences. According to recent research, weight gain in narcolepsy patients may be higher during the disease's outset. The precise mechanisms causing this weight gain remains unknown. The available information, albeit limited, does not support differences in basal or resting metabolic rates between patients with narcolepsy and controls, other than during the time of disease onset. The evidence supporting the role of orexin in weight gain in humans with narcolepsy is still controversial, in the literature. Furthermore, the available data did not show any appreciable alterations in the levels of CSF melanin-concentrating hormone, plasma and CSF leptin, or serum growth hormone, in relation to weight gain. Other mechanisms have been proposed, including a reduction in sympathetic tone, hormonal changes, changes in eating behavior and physical activity, and genetic predisposition. The association between increased body mass index and narcolepsy is well-recognized; however, the relationship between narcolepsy and other metabolic measures, such as body fat/muscle distribution and metabolic rate independent of BMI, is not well documented, and the available evidence is inconsistent. Future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess BMR in patients with narcolepsy under a standard protocol at the outset of narcolepsy, with regular follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza O. Dhafar
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine, Prince Mansour Military Hospital, Taif 26526, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Knez R, Niksic M, Omerovic E. Orexin/hypocretin system dysfunction in patients with Takotsubo syndrome: A novel pathophysiological explanation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1016369. [PMID: 36407467 PMCID: PMC9670121 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1016369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome. Emotional or physical stressors are believed to precipitate TTS, while the pathophysiological mechanism is not yet completely understood. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, an increased incidence of TTS has been reported in some countries; however, the precise pathophysiological mechanism for developing TTS with acute COVID-19 infection is unknown. Nevertheless, observing the symptoms of COVID-19 might lead to new perspectives in understanding TTS pathophysiology, as some of the symptoms of the COVID-19 infection could be assessed in the context of an orexin/hypocretin-system dysfunction. Orexin/hypocretin is a cardiorespiratory neuromodulator that acts on two orexin receptors widely distributed in the brain and peripheral tissues. In COVID-19 patients, autoantibodies against one of these orexin receptors have been reported. Orexin-system dysfunction affects a variety of systems in an organism. Here, we review the influence of orexin-system dysfunction on the cardiovascular system to propose its connection with TTS. We propose that orexin-system dysfunction is a potential novel explanation for the pathophysiology of TTS due to direct or indirect dynamics of orexin signaling, which could influence cardiac contractility. This is in line with the conceptualization of TTS as a cardiovascular syndrome rather than merely a cardiac abnormality or cardiomyopathy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication to present a plausible connection between TTS and orexin-system dysfunction. We hope that this novel hypothesis will inspire comprehensive studies regarding orexin's role in TTS pathophysiology. Furthermore, confirmation of this plausible pathophysiological mechanism could contribute to the development of orexin-based therapeutics in the treatment and prevention of TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajna Knez
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research and Development, Department of Women's and Child Health, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
- Institution for Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Milan Niksic
- Department of Cardiology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Morina IY, Mikhrina AL, Mikhailova EV, Vataev SI, Hismatullina ZR, Romanova IV. Analysis of the Hypothalamic Orexinergic System in Rats with Different Forms of Genetically Determined Epilepsy. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Molecular basis for anti-insomnia drug design from structure of lemborexant-bound orexin 2 receptor. Structure 2022; 30:1582-1589.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Wu Y, Berisha A, Borniger JC. Neuropeptides in Cancer: Friend and Foe? Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200111. [PMID: 35775608 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small regulatory molecules found throughout the body, most notably in the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. They serve as neurotransmitters or hormones in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Cancer cells escape normal growth control mechanisms by altering their expression of growth factors, receptors, or intracellular signals, and neuropeptides have recently been recognized as mitogens in cancer growth and development. Many neuropeptides and their receptors exist in multiple subtypes, coupling with different downstream signaling pathways and playing distinct roles in cancer progression. The consideration of neuropeptide/receptor systems as anticancer targets is already leading to new biological and diagnostic knowledge that has the potential to enhance the understanding and treatment of cancer. In this review, recent discoveries regarding neuropeptides in a wide range of cancers, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, signaling cascades, regulation, and therapeutic potential, are discussed. Current technologies used to manipulate and analyze neuropeptides/receptors are described. Applications of neuropeptide analogs and their receptor inhibitors in translational studies and radio-oncology are rapidly increasing, and the possibility for their integration into therapeutic trials and clinical treatment appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Adrian Berisha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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24
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Woldeamanuel YW, Shrivastava S, Vila-Pueyo M. Editorial: Lifestyle modifications to manage migraine. Front Neurol 2022; 13:966424. [PMID: 36105771 PMCID: PMC9465452 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.966424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel
- Division of Headache & Facial Pain, Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yohannes W. Woldeamanuel
| | | | - Marta Vila-Pueyo
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Department of Medicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Kraichely KN, Clinkscales SE, Hendy CM, Mendoza EA, Parnham S, Giuliano MW. Minimal Increments of Hydrophobic Collapse within the N-Terminus of the Neuropeptide Galanin. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1151-1166. [PMID: 35622960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has a 35-year history as an intriguing target in drug design owing to its implication as a potential anticonvulsant and neuronal trophic factor among many other therapeutically interesting functions including analgesia and mood alteration. In this study, we report the structural characterization of three synthetic fragments of the galanin N-terminus in buffered aqueous solution: hGal(2-12)KK, hGal(1-12)KK, and hGal(1-17)KK. High-field two-dimensional 1H-1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were acquired for these fragments and used to derive distance restraints. We further utilized modified hydrogen bonding and dihedral restraints to reflect chemical shift patterns in the data, which revealed the signature of a weakly folded helix. Together, these sets of restraints were used to generate NMR structures of all three fragments, which depict a core of hydrophobic residues that cluster together regardless of the presence of a helical structure, and correspond to residues in the N-terminus of galanin that have been previously shown to be critical for binding its receptors. The helical structure only appears following the inclusion of Gly(1) in the sequence, and at longer sequence lengths, unlike many other peptides, the helix does not propagate. Rather, a few turns of poorly ordered helix appear to be a secondary consequence of clusters of hydrophobic sidechains that are conserved across all of the peptides in this study; the helices themselves appear ordered as a consequence of this clustering, and these clusters compare directly to those observed recently to make contacts between galanin and two of its receptor subtypes. Collapsed hydrophobic residues therefore organize and compose the functional core of human galanin and raise interesting questions about the nature of the conformational order in ligands that bind cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Kraichely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Sarah E Clinkscales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Cecilia M Hendy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Eric A Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Stuart Parnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Michael W Giuliano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
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26
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Yin J, Kang Y, McGrath AP, Chapman K, Sjodt M, Kimura E, Okabe A, Koike T, Miyanohana Y, Shimizu Y, Rallabandi R, Lian P, Bai X, Flinspach M, De Brabander JK, Rosenbaum DM. Molecular mechanism of the wake-promoting agent TAK-925. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2902. [PMID: 35614071 PMCID: PMC9133036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The OX2 orexin receptor (OX2R) is a highly expressed G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in the brain that regulates wakefulness and circadian rhythms in humans. Antagonism of OX2R is a proven therapeutic strategy for insomnia drugs, and agonism of OX2R is a potentially powerful approach for narcolepsy type 1, which is characterized by the death of orexinergic neurons. Until recently, agonism of OX2R had been considered 'undruggable.' We harness cryo-electron microscopy of OX2R-G protein complexes to determine how the first clinically tested OX2R agonist TAK-925 can activate OX2R in a highly selective manner. Two structures of TAK-925-bound OX2R with either a Gq mimetic or Gi reveal that TAK-925 binds at the same site occupied by antagonists, yet interacts with the transmembrane helices to trigger activating microswitches. Our structural and mutagenesis data show that TAK-925's selectivity is mediated by subtle differences between OX1 and OX2 receptor subtypes at the orthosteric pocket. Finally, differences in the polarity of interactions at the G protein binding interfaces help to rationalize OX2R's coupling selectivity for Gq signaling. The mechanisms of TAK-925's binding, activation, and selectivity presented herein will aid in understanding the efficacy of small molecule OX2R agonists for narcolepsy and other circadian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, No. 26 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyong Kang
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Aaron P McGrath
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Megan Sjodt
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Eiji Kimura
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Okabe
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Koike
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyanohana
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rameshu Rallabandi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Peng Lian
- BioHPC at the Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mack Flinspach
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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27
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Dale NC, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Pfleger KDG, Johnstone EKM. Orexin Signaling: A Complex, Multifaceted Process. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:812359. [PMID: 35496914 PMCID: PMC9044999 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.812359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system comprises two G protein-coupled receptors, OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX1R and OX2R, respectively), along with two endogenous agonists cleaved from a common precursor (prepro-orexin), orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B). For the receptors, a complex array of signaling behaviors has been reported. In particular, it becomes obvious that orexin receptor coupling is very diverse and can be tissue-, cell- and context-dependent. Here, the early signal transduction interactions of the orexin receptors will be discussed in depth, with particular emphasis on the direct G protein interactions of each receptor. In doing so, it is evident that ligands, additional receptor-protein interactions and cellular environment all play important roles in the G protein coupling profiles of the orexin receptors. This has potential implications for our understanding of the orexin system’s function in vivo in both central and peripheral environments, as well as the development of novel agonists, antagonists and possibly allosteric modulators targeting the orexin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger,
| | - Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
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28
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Zhang R, Li D, Mao H, Wei X, Xu M, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Wang C, Xin Q, Chen X, Li G, Ji B, Yan M, Cai X, Dong B, Randeva HS, Liu C, Chen J. Disruption of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor and orexin receptor 1 heterodimer formation affects novel G protein-dependent signaling pathways and has antidepressant effects in vivo. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:122. [PMID: 35338110 PMCID: PMC8956632 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimers are new targets for the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence supports the importance of serotonergic and orexin-producing neurons in numerous physiological processes, possibly via a crucial interaction between 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and orexin receptor 1 (OX1R). However, little is known about the function of 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimers. It is unclear how the transmembrane domains (TMs) of the dimer affect its function and whether its modulation mediates antidepressant-like effects. Here, we examined the mechanism of 5-HT1AR/OX1R dimerization and downstream G protein-dependent signaling. We found that 5-HT1AR and OX1R form constitutive heterodimers that induce novel G protein-dependent signaling, and that this heterodimerization does not affect recruitment of β-arrestins to the complex. In addition, we found that the structural interface of the active 5-HT1AR/OX1R dimer transforms from TM4/TM5 in the basal state to TM6 in the active conformation. We also used mutation analyses to identify key residues at the interface (5-HT1AR R1514.40, 5-HT1AR Y1985.41, and OX1R L2305.54). Injection of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats with TM4/TM5 peptides improved their depression-like emotional status and decreased the number of endogenous 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimers in the rat brain. These antidepressant effects may be mediated by upregulation of BDNF levels and enhanced phosphorylation and activation of CREB in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. This study provides evidence that 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimers are involved in the pathological process of depression. Peptides including TMs of the 5-HT1AR/OX1R heterodimer interface are candidates for the development of compounds with fast-acting antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Zhang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dandan Li
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaonan Wei
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - MingDong Xu
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qing Xin
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Guorong Li
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Maocai Yan
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Cai
- grid.268079.20000 0004 1790 6079Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bo Dong
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China. .,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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29
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Ramser A, Dridi S. Avian Orexin: Feed Intake Regulator or Something Else? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030112. [PMID: 35324840 PMCID: PMC8950792 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally named for its expression in the posterior hypothalamus in rats and after the Greek word for “appetite”, hypocretin, or orexin, as it is known today, gained notoriety as a neuropeptide regulating feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and sleep. Orexin has been proven to be involved in both central and peripheral control of neuroendocrine functions, energy balance, and metabolism. Since its discovery, its ability to increase appetite as well as regulate feeding behavior has been widely explored in mammalian food production animals such as cattle, pigs, and sheep. It is also linked to neurological disorders, leading to its intensive investigation in humans regarding narcolepsy, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, in non-mammalian species, research is limited. In the case of avian species, orexin has been shown to have no central effect on feed-intake, however it was found to be involved in muscle energy metabolism and hepatic lipogenesis. This review provides current knowledge and summarizes orexin’s physiological roles in livestock and pinpoints the present lacuna to facilitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ramser
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(479)-575-2583; Fax: +1-(479)-575-7139
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Effects of the selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist JNJ-48816274 on sleep initiated in the circadian wake maintenance zone: a randomised trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:719-727. [PMID: 34628482 PMCID: PMC8782905 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of orexinergic peptides are diverse and are mediated by orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors. Antagonists that target both receptors have been shown to promote sleep initiation and maintenance. Here, we investigated the role of the orexin-2 receptor in sleep regulation in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period crossover clinical trial using two doses (20 and 50 mg) of a highly selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) (JNJ-48816274). We used a phase advance model of sleep disruption where sleep initiation is scheduled in the circadian wake maintenance zone. We assessed objective and subjective sleep parameters, pharmacokinetic profiles and residual effects on cognitive performance in 18 healthy male participants without sleep disorders. The phase advance model alone (placebo condition) resulted in disruption of sleep at the beginning of the sleep period compared to baseline sleep (scheduled at habitual time). Compared to placebo, both doses of JNJ-48816274 significantly increased total sleep time, REM sleep duration and sleep efficiency, and reduced latency to persistent sleep, sleep onset latency, and REM latency. All night EEG spectral power density for both NREM and REM sleep were unaffected by either dose. Participants reported significantly better quality of sleep and feeling more refreshed upon awakening following JNJ-48816274 compared to placebo. No significant residual effects on objective performance measures were observed and the compound was well tolerated. In conclusion, the selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist JNJ-48816274 rapidly induced sleep when sleep was scheduled earlier in the circadian cycle and improved self-reported sleep quality without impact on waking performance.
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Shang D, Liu Y, Chen Z. Exosome-Transmitted miR-128 Targets CCL18 to Inhibit the Proliferation and Metastasis of Urothelial Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:760748. [PMID: 35059433 PMCID: PMC8764124 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.760748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the regulatory function of exosome-transmitted miR-128 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) on urothelial carcinomas (UCs). Methods: Tumor tissues, paracancerous tissues, and serum were collected from 20 patients with UCs (diagnosed at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University). CCL18 was detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. PCR was used to measure the expression levels of CCL18 and mir-183, miR-128, mir-33a in UCs. We acquired exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells and synthesized exosomes overexpressing miR-128 (HMSC-128-EV). The effects of miR-128 on the migration and invasion abilities, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of BUC T24 cells were investigated by co-culturing HMSC-128-EV. The therapeutic potential of miR-128 on disease models was explored by injecting HMSC-128-EV into nude mice. Results: The expression of CCL18 in UCs was significantly higher than that in normal tissues (p < 0.05), and the serum level of CCL18 in patients with UC was significantly increased compared with those in healthy controls (p < 0.05). CCL18 overexpression or downregulation enhanced or suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of BUC T24 cells, resectively (p < 0.05). The exosome-transmitted miR-128 can inhibit cell proliferation (p < 0.05), invasion (p < 0.05), and migration (p < 0.05) in UCs, and these effects can be reversed by CCL18. In terms of apoptosis, miR-128 was able to promote the occurrence of BUC T24 apoptosis (p < 0.05), which can also be reversed by CCL18. In addition, miR-128 can inhibit the proliferation (p < 0.05) and metastasis (p < 0.05) of UCs in nude mice. Conclusion: The miR-128 inhibits the proliferation, invasion, migration of UCs, and promotes its apoptosis by regulating CCL18 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Shang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghao Chen
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kawashima H, Aono Y, Watanabe Y, Waddington JL, Saigusa T. In vivo microdialysis reveals that blockade of accumbal orexin OX 2 but not OX 1 receptors enhances dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:733-745. [PMID: 34989064 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens contains orexinergic neural inputs and orexin OX1 -and OX2 -receptors. Behavioural studies suggest that accumbal orexin receptors modulate accumbal dopaminergic activity-dependent locomotion in rats. We studied the effects of intra-accumbal injection of orexin receptor ligands on accumbal extracellular dopamine levels in freely moving rats, using in vivo microdialysis, and analysed the roles of OX1 - and OX2 -receptors in the regulation of basal accumbal dopamine efflux. The orexin receptor ligands were applied intra-accumbally though a microinjection needle attached with a dialysis probe. Neither the non-selective OX1 - and OX2 -receptor agonist orexin-A nor the preferential OX2 -receptor agonist orexin-B (500.0 pg and 5.0 ng) altered accumbal dopamine levels. The non-selective OX1 - and OX2 -receptor antagonist MK-4305 (suvorexant, 500.0 pg, 2.5 and 5.0 ng) enhanced dopamine efflux. A 2-h tetrodotoxin infusion into nucleus accumbens through the probe or co-administration of orexin-A (500.0 pg) strongly inhibited MK-4305 (5.0 ng)-induced accumbal dopamine efflux. The selective OX2 -receptor antagonist EMPA (90.0 and 900.0 pg, 9.0 ng) increased dopamine efflux. Intra-accumbal infusion of tetrodotoxin abolished EMPA (9.0 ng)-induced dopamine efflux. The selective OX1 -receptor antagonist SB-334867 (10.0 and 20.0 ng) failed to alter dopamine efflux. Co-administration of orexin-B (500.0 pg) inhibited both EMPA (9.0 ng)- and MK-4305 (5.0 ng)-induced dopamine efflux. Intraperitoneal injection of MK-4305 (10.0 mg/kg) did not affect accumbal dopamine efflux. The present study provides in vivo neuropharmacological evidence that accumbal OX2 - but not OX1 -receptors exert inhibitory regulation of basal accumbal dopamine efflux and that blockade of accumbal OX2 -receptors enhances dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawashima
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Oral Molecular Pharmacology, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Aono
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuriko Watanabe
- Department of Oral surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - John L Waddington
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tadashi Saigusa
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Oral Molecular Pharmacology, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Francis N, Borniger JC. Cancer as a homeostatic challenge: the role of the hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:903-914. [PMID: 34561122 PMCID: PMC9901368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation, progression, and metastatic spread of cancer elicits diverse changes in systemic physiology. In this way, cancer represents a novel homeostatic challenge to the host system. Here, we discuss how the hypothalamus, a critical brain region involved in homeostasis senses, integrates and responds to cancer-induced changes in physiology. Through this lens, cancer-associated changes in behavior (e.g., sleep disruption) and physiology (e.g., glucocorticoid dysregulation) can be viewed as the result of an inability to re-establish homeostasis. We provide examples at each level (receptor sensing, integration of systemic signals, and efferent regulatory pathways) of how homeostatic organization becomes disrupted across different cancers. Finally, we lay out predictions of this hypothesis and highlight outstanding questions that aim to guide further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Francis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724,Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Xu L, Liu MZ, Hu DD, Fang F, Xu DJ, Zhang R, Hua XX, Li JB, Zhang L, Huang LN, Mu D. Norepinephrine modulates wakefulness via α1 adrenoceptors in paraventricular thalamic nucleus. iScience 2021; 24:103015. [PMID: 34522858 PMCID: PMC8426266 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) play key roles in modulating sleep and wakefulness. Recent studies have revealed that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a critical wakefulness-controlling nucleus in mice. However, the effects of NE on PVT neurons remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of NE modulating wakefulness in the PVT by using viral tracing, behavioral tests, slice electrophysiology, and optogenetics techniques. We found that the PVT-projecting LC neurons had few collateral projections to other brain nuclei. Behavioral tests showed that specific activation of the LC-PVT projections or microinjection of NE into the PVT accelerated emergence from general anesthesia and enhanced locomotion activity. Moreover, brain slice recording results indicated that NE increased the activity of the PVT neurons mainly by increasing the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents via α1 adrenoceptors. Thus, our results demonstrate that NE modulates wakefulness via α1 adrenoceptors in the PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Liu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dao-Jie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Hua
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Bao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Di Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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Subramanian S, Ravichandran M. Orexin receptors: Targets and applications. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:72-80. [PMID: 34464995 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, elucidating targets from the neural circuits that can be used to treat disorders pertaining to the nervous system and extending their scope to other systems have always proved interesting to researchers. The role of various peptides and neurotransmitters has been elucidated and is being developed as therapeutic targets. Out of these, orexins are neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus that stimulate a specific type of G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCR) called orexin receptors and bring about various physiological and pathological roles. Orexin receptors are of interest not only because of their wide applications such as insomnia, obesity, and inflammatory disorders but also because of their contribution to promising aspects of drug discovery such as optogenetics and their tremendous growth from the stage of being orphans to orexins. This review will discuss in detail the structure of orexin receptors, their physiological role, and various applications in disease states adding a note on agonists and antagonists and finally summarizing the recent drug approvals in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhiksha Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Mirunalini Ravichandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Collier AD, Yasmin N, Khalizova N, Campbell S, Onoichenco A, Fam M, Albeg AS, Leibowitz SF. Sexually dimorphic and asymmetric effects of embryonic ethanol exposure on hypocretin/orexin neurons as related to behavioral changes in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16078. [PMID: 34373563 PMCID: PMC8352948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons expressing the neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) in the hypothalamus promote reward-related behaviors including alcohol consumption and are shown in rodents and zebrafish to be stimulated by embryonic exposure to ethanol (EtOH). We used here in zebrafish three-dimensional analyses of the entire population of Hcrt neurons to examine how embryonic EtOH exposure at low-moderate concentrations (0.1% or 0.5% v/v) alters these neurons in relation to behavior. We found that EtOH in the water for 2 h (22-24 h post fertilization) increases the number of Hcrt neurons on the left but not right side of the brain through a stimulation of cell proliferation, this is accompanied by a decrease in locomotor activity under novel conditions but not after habituation, and these effects are evident in both larvae and adults indicating they are long lasting. Our analyses in adults revealed sexually dimorphic effects, with females consuming more EtOH-gelatin and exhibiting more freezing behavior along with an asymmetric increase in Hcrt neurons and males exhibiting increased aggression with no change in Hcrt. These findings suggest that a long lasting, asymmetric increase in Hcrt neurons induced by EtOH results from an asymmetric increase in proliferation specific to Hcrt and contributes to behavioral changes in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Collier
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Nushrat Yasmin
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Nailya Khalizova
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Samantha Campbell
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Amanda Onoichenco
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Milisia Fam
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Avi S. Albeg
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Vitale RM, Iannotti FA, Schiano Moriello A, Tunisi L, Piscitelli F, Savopoulos R, Cristino L, De Petrocellis L, Amodeo P, Gray R, Di Marzo V. Identification and Characterization of Cannabidiol as an OX1R Antagonist by Computational and In Vitro Functional Validation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1134. [PMID: 34439801 PMCID: PMC8394412 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential, multifaceted therapeutic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, covers a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, ranging from anxiety to pediatric epilepsy and drug addiction. However, the molecular targets responsible for these effects have been only partially identified. In this view, the involvement of the orexin system, the key regulator in arousal and the sleep/wake cycle, and in motivation and reward processes, including drug addiction, prompted us to explore, using computational and experimental approaches, the possibility that CBD could act as a ligand of orexin receptors, orexin 1 receptor of type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Ligand-binding assays showed that CBD is a selective ligand of OX1R in the low micromolar range (Ki 1.58 ± 0.2 μM) while in vitro functional assays, carried out by intracellular calcium imaging and mobilization assays, showed that CBD acts as an antagonist at this receptor. Finally, the putative binding mode of CBD has been inferred by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and its selectivity toward the OX1R subtype rationalized at the molecular level. This study provides the first evidence that CBD acts as an OX1R antagonist, supporting its potential use in addictive disorders and/or body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Lea Tunisi
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Ranjev Savopoulos
- GW Research Ltd., Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9BZ, UK; (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Roy Gray
- GW Research Ltd., Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9BZ, UK; (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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Savitz A, Wajs E, Zhang Y, Xu H, Etropolski M, Thase ME, Drevets WC. Efficacy and Safety of Seltorexant as Adjunctive Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Phase 2b, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Adaptive Dose-Finding Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:965-976. [PMID: 34324636 PMCID: PMC8653874 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seltorexant, a selective antagonist of human orexin-2 receptors, demonstrated antidepressant effects in a previous exploratory study in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS To replicate and extend this observation, a double-blind, adaptive dose-finding study was performed in patients with MDD who had an inadequate response to 1-3 selective serotonin/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in the current episode. Patients were randomized (2:1:1) to placebo or seltorexant (20 mg or 40 mg) once-daily, administered adjunctively to the antidepressant the patient had been receiving at screening. After an interim analysis (6 weeks post-randomization of 160th patient), newly recruited patients randomly received (3:3:1) placebo or seltorexant 10 mg or 20 mg; the 40-mg dose was no longer assigned. Patients were stratified by baseline Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores (ISI ≥ 15 vs < 15). The primary endpoint was change from baseline Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score at week 6. RESULTS Mixed-Model for Repeated Measures analysis showed a greater improvement in MADRS total score in the seltorexant 20-mg group vs placebo at weeks 3 and 6; least-square means difference (90% CI): -4.5 (-6.96; -2.07), P = .003; and -3.1 (-6.13; -0.16), P = .083, respectively. The improvement in MADRS score at week 6 for seltorexant 20 mg was greater in patients with baseline ISI ≥ 15 vs those with ISI < 15; least-square means difference (90% CI) vs placebo: -4.9 (-8.98; -0.80) and -0.7 (-5.16; 3.76), respectively. The most common (≥5%) adverse events with seltorexant were somnolence, headache, and nausea. CONCLUSIONS A clinically meaningful reduction of depressive symptoms was observed for seltorexant 20 mg. In the subset of patients with sleep disturbance (ISI ≥ 15), a larger treatment difference between seltorexant 20 mg and placebo was observed, warranting further investigation. No new safety signal was identified. REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03227224. PREVIOUS PRESENTATION Poster presented at 58th Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP), December 8-11, 2019, Orlando, FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Savitz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA,Correspondence: Adam Savitz, MD, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 ()
| | - Ewa Wajs
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Yun Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Fremont, California, USA
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mila Etropolski
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael E Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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Nasrollahi S, Karimi S, Hamidi G, Naderitehrani M, Abed A. Blockade of the orexin 1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens' shell reversed the reduction effect of olanzapine on motivation for positive reinforcers. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136137. [PMID: 34311049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Effort-based choice of high reward requires one to decide how much effort to expend for a certain amount of reward. Orexin is a crucial neuropeptide in the physiological aspect especially a variety of affective and cognitive processes. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a region of the neural system that serves effort-related high reward choices andthe Orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) is distributed extensively throughout the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbS). Olanzapine (OLZ), a typical antipsychotic drug, has a high affinity to D2 as an antagonist, and also partial agonistic-like action at D2 receptors has been reported. We examined the interaction of OLZ with the orexinergic receptor 1 in AcbS on effort- related high reward choice when two goal arms were different in the amount of accessible reward. The animals had to pass the barrier for receiving a high reward in one arm (HRA) or obtain a low reward in the other arm without any cost. Before surgery, all animals were selecting the HRA on almost every trial.During test days, the rats received local injections of either DMSO 20% /0.5 µl, as vehicle or SB334867 (30, 100, 300 nM/0.5 µl), as selective OX1R antagonist, within the AcbS. Other group received OLZ (32 µM/0.5 µl DMSO20%) / vehicle alone or 5 min after administration of SB334867 (300 nM/0.5 µl). The results showed that administration of OLZ in the AcbS alters rat's preference for high reward. On the other hand, blocked of the OX1R (300 nM/0.5 µl) in this region could reverse the effect of OLZ, however, administration of the OX1R antagonists alone in the AcbS led to decreasing rat's preference for high reward. This result indicates that the orexin-1 antagonist might affect some effects of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Nasrollahi
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholamali Hamidi
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Monireh Naderitehrani
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Abed
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Kalashnikova TP, Anisimov GV. [Features of the organization of sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:55-60. [PMID: 34078861 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents modern ideas about the clinical features of sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the macrostructure of sleep, its cyclic organization and possible common links in the pathogenesis of sleep disorders and behavioral problems in patients. The relationship between the structure of sleep and impaired executive functions, the level of social maladjustment in patients with ADHD has been proven. Typical of children with ADHD are difficulty in going to sleep and falling asleep for a long time (resistance to sleep time), increased motor activity associated with sleep, including the association of ADHD with Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movement syndrome (PLMS), daytime sleepiness. The presence of circadian desynchrony in children with ADHD explains the relationship between chronotype, circadian typology, and clinical manifestations of the syndrome. Multidirectional data on the representation of REM sleep by nocturnal polysomnography in children with ADHD depend on age. However, the change in the proportion of REM sleep during the night is considered as a leading factor in the pathogenesis of ADHD manifestations. Various variants of metabolic disorders of melatonin, dopamine, serotonin, aggravated by social jet lag, are considered by the conjugatedcommon pathogenetic mechanisms of sleep disturbance and ADHD. As well as changes in the concentration of iron and ferritin in the blood, which may explain the frequency of RLS and PLMS in children with ADHD. The change in the number of sleep cycles during the night in patients has been demonstrated. Possible strategies for correcting sleep disorders in children with ADHD and their impact on the manifestation of ADHD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G V Anisimov
- The First Medical and Pedagogical Center «Lingua Bona», Perm, Russia
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Waliszewska-Prosół M, Nowakowska-Kotas M, Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Budrewicz S. Migraine and Sleep-An Unexplained Association? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115539. [PMID: 34073933 PMCID: PMC8197397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine and sleep disorders are common chronic diseases in the general population, with significant negative social and economic impacts. The association between both of these phenomena has been observed by clinicians for years and is confirmed by many epidemiological studies. Despite this, the nature of this relationship is still not fully understood. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in understanding the common anatomical structures of and pathogenetic mechanism between sleep and migraine. Based on a literature review, the authors present the current view on this topic as well as ongoing research in this field, with reference to the key points of the biochemical and neurophysiological processes responsible for both these disorders. In the future, a better understanding of these mechanisms will significantly expand the range of treatment options.
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Ma Q, Fu Y. Case Report: Insulinoma Presenting as Excessive Daytime Somnolence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:712392. [PMID: 34899593 PMCID: PMC8660756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.712392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, undiagnosed insulinomas remain a difficult clinical dilemma because its symptoms in most cases can easily be misdiagnosed as other diseases. In this article, we present the case of a 14-year-old girl who presented to our hospital with recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal behavior during sleep that had been going on for 3 months. Insulinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that causes excessive release of insulin, resulting in episodes of hypoglycemia. It usually manifests as autonomic sympathetic symptoms. These symptoms resolved rapidly with the administration of glucose. After successful removal of the tumor, daytime sleepiness and abnormal nighttime behavior of the patient did not reappear.
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Huang C, AlMarabeh S, Cavers J, Abdulla MH, Johns EJ. Effects of intracerebroventricular leptin and orexin-A on the baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rats fed a normal or high-fat diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:585-596. [PMID: 33352624 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of leptin and orexin-A on autonomic baroreflex control in conscious Wistar rats exposed to high-fat (45% fat) or normal (3.4%) diet for 4 weeks. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored during the generation of baroreflex gain curves and acute volume expansion (VEP). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin (1 μg/min) increased RSNA in the normal diet group (0.31 ± 0.04 vs 0.23 ± 0.03 mV/s) and MAP in the high-fat diet group (115 ± 5 vs 105 ± 5 mm Hg, P < .05). Orexin-A (50 ng/min) increased RSNA, HR and MAP in the high-fat diet group (0.26 ± 0.03 vs 0.22 ± 0.02 mV/s, 454 ± 8 vs 417 ± 12 beats/min, 117 ± 1 vs 108 ± 1 mm Hg) and the normal diet group (0.18 ± 0.05 vs 0.17 ± 0.05 mV/s, 465 ± 10 vs 426 ± 6 beats/min, 116 ± 2 vs 104 ± 3 mm Hg). Baroreflex sensitivity for RSNA was increased during ICV leptin by 50% in the normal diet group, compared to 14% in the high-fat diet group (P < .05). Similarly, orexin-A increased baroreflex sensitivity by 56% and 50% in the high-fat and normal diet groups, respectively (all P < .05). During ICV saline, VEP decreased RSNA by 31 ± 5% (P < .05) after 10 minutes and the magnitude of this response was blunted during ICV infusion of leptin (17 ± 2%, P < .05) but not orexin-A in the normal diet group. RSNA response to VEP was not changed during ICV leptin or orexin-A in the high-fat diet group. These findings indicate possible central roles for leptin and orexin-A in modulating the baroreflexes under normal or increased fat intake in conscious rats and potential therapeutic approaches for obesity associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sara AlMarabeh
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Cavers
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohammed H Abdulla
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Edward J Johns
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Yaeger JD, Krupp KT, Gale JJ, Summers CH. Counterbalanced microcircuits for Orx1 and Orx2 regulation of stress reactivity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Huang S, Zhao Z, Ma J, Hu S, Li L, Wang Z, Sun W, Shi X, Li M, Zheng J. Increased plasma orexin-A concentrations are associated with the non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2020; 741:135480. [PMID: 33161104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexin, a neuropeptide primarily secreted by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, has been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies on the relationship between plasma orexin-A levels and PD are rare. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess levels of plasma orexin-A in the progression of PD and to evaluate the correlation between orexin-A levels and non-motor symptoms. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine plasma orexin-A levels in 117 healthy controls and 121 PD patients, including those with early (n = 68), medium (n = 40) and advanced (n = 13) stages of the disease. Evaluation of motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms in PD patients, such as sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychiatric symptoms, autonomic nervous dysfunction, hyposmia and PD-related pain, were assessed by the associated scales. RESULTS Plasma orexin-A levels were significantly higher in PD patients compared to healthy controls. Orexin-A levels were elevated in early-stage and medium-stage PD compared to healthy controls, but were decreased in advanced-stage PD. Orexin-A levels were negatively correlated with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III scores, disease duration, and dopamine receptor agonist doses, and were positively correlated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, REM-sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire, 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Non-motor Symptom Scale items 22-24 scores. CONCLUSIONS We found for the first time that plasma orexin-A levels were increased in early-stage and medium-stage PD and were decreased in advanced-stage PD. Furthermore, orexin-A levels were correlated with the non-motor symptoms of insomnia, REM-sleep behavior disorder, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, and renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shiyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Greene ES, Zampiga M, Sirri F, Ohkubo T, Dridi S. Orexin system is expressed in avian liver and regulates hepatic lipogenesis via ERK1/2 activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19191. [PMID: 33154530 PMCID: PMC7645691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are originally characterized as orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides in mammals. Subsequent studies found orexin to be expressed and perform pleiotropic functions in multiple tissues in mammals. In avian (non-mammalian) species, however, orexin seemed to not affect feeding behavior and its physiological roles are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that orexin and its related receptors are expressed in chicken hepatocytes. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that orexin is localized in the ER, Golgi, and in the lysosomes in LMH cells. Brefeldin A treatment reduced orexin levels in the culture media, but increased it in the cell lysates. Administration of recombinant orexins upregulated the expression of orexin system in the liver of 9-day old chicks, but did not affect feed intake. Recombinant orexins increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein levels in chicken liver, activated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCα), and increased FASN, ATP citrate lyase(ACLY), and malic enzyme (ME) protein expression in LMH cells. Blockade ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 attenuated these stimulating effects of orexin on lipogenic factors. Overexpression of ERK1/2 increased the expression of lipogenic genes, and orexin treatment induced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204, but not that of p38 Thr180/Tyr182 or JNK1/2 Thr183/Tyr185 in chicken liver and LMH cells. Taken together, this is the first report evidencing that orexin is expressed and secreted from chicken hepatocytes, and that orexin induced hepatic lipogenesis via activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - M Zampiga
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Sirri
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Ohkubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Faesel N, Kolodziejczyk MH, Koch M, Fendt M. Orexin deficiency affects sociability and the acquisition, expression, and extinction of conditioned social fear. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147199. [PMID: 33160959 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the central orexin (hypocretin) system plays an important role in regulating emotional processes in both humans and rodents. Thus, the orexin system has been repeatedly implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders. Among others, symptoms like social fear and social withdrawal are frequently observed in these disorders. Based on this, we investigated the role of orexin deficiency in social (fear) behavior. For that, female and male orexin-deficient mice were tested for (1) sociability and social novelty, and (2) acquisition, expression, and extinction of conditioned social fear. We found that female orexin-deficient mice displayed reduced sociability and decreased preference for social novelty compared to their wild-type littermates. These effects of orexin deficiency were not observed in males. Moreover, orexin deficiency facilitated the acquisition and/or expression of conditioned social fear and impaired the extinction of social fear in both sexes. Taken together, our results indicate an important, partly sex-dependent, regulatory role of the orexin system in social (fear) behavior. Our findings support the hypothesis of orexin being an integrator of motivation, affect, and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Faesel
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Hochschulring 18, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata H Kolodziejczyk
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Hochschulring 18, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Durairaja A, Fendt M. Orexin deficiency modulates cognitive flexibility in a sex-dependent manner. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12707. [PMID: 33070452 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is an important executive function and refers to the ability to adapt behaviors in response to changes in the environment. Of note, many brain disorders are associated with impairments in cognitive flexibility. Several classical neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline are shown to be important for cognitive flexibility, however, there is not much known about the role of neuropeptides. The neuropeptide orexin, which is brain-widely released by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, is a major player in maintaining sleep/wake cycle, feeding behavior, arousal, and motivational behavior. Recent studies showed a role of orexin in attention, cognition and stress-induced attenuation of cognitive flexibility by disrupting orexin signaling locally or systemically. However, it is not known so far whether brain-wide reduction or loss of orexin affects cognitive flexibility. We investigated this question by testing male and female orexin-deficient mice in the attentional set shifting task (ASST), an established paradigm of cognitive flexibility. We found that orexin deficiency impaired the intra-dimensional shift phase of the ASST selectively in female homozygous orexin-deficient mice and improved the first reversal learning phase selectively in male homozygous orexin-deficient mice. We also found that these orexin-mediated sex-based modulations of cognitive flexibility were not correlated with trait anxiety, narcoleptic episodes, and reward consumption. Our findings highlight a sexually dimorphic role of orexin in regulating cognitive flexibility and the need for further investigations of sex-specific functions of the orexin circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Durairaja
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, Filimonova T, Gai A, Glazyrina T, Hubalek IA, Marchenko Y, Overeem LH, Piroso S, Tkachev A, Martelletti P, Sacco S. Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:126. [PMID: 33109076 PMCID: PMC7590682 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine and sleep disorders are common and often burdensome chronic conditions with a high prevalence in the general population, and with considerable socio-economic impact and costs.The existence of a relationship between migraine and sleep disorders has been recognized from centuries by clinicians and epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, the exact nature of this association, the underlying mechanisms and interactions are complex and not completely understood. Recent biochemical and functional imaging studies identified central nervous system structures and neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of migraine and also important for the regulation of normal sleep architecture, suggesting a possible causative role, in the pathogenesis of both disorders, of a dysregulation in these common nervous system pathways.This systematic review summarizes the existing data on migraine and sleep disorders with the aim to evaluate the existence of a causal relationship and to assess the presence of influencing factors. The identification of specific sleep disorders associated with migraine should induce clinicians to systematically assess their presence in migraine patients and to adopt combined treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Tiseo
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, Avezzano, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vacca
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anton Felbush
- Pain Treatment Center, OOO "Vertebra", Samara City, Russia
| | - Tamara Filimonova
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Academician Ye. A. Vagner Perm State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Perm, Russia
| | - Annalisa Gai
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Irina Anna Hubalek
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yelena Marchenko
- V. A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lucas Hendrik Overeem
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charité Centrum Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie CC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena Piroso
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Alexander Tkachev
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, medical genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sacco
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, Avezzano, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Mediavilla C. Bidirectional gut-brain communication: A role for orexin-A. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104882. [PMID: 33068686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that bidirectional gut-brain signaling provides a communication pathway that uses neural, hormonal, and immunological routes to regulate homeostatic mechanisms such as hunger/satiety as well as emotions and inflammation. Hence, disruption of the gut-brain axis can cause numerous pathophysiologies, including obesity and intestinal inflammatory diseases. One chemical mediator in the gut-brain axis is orexin-A, given that hypothalamic orexin-A affects gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and peripheral orexin in the intestinal mucosa can modulate brain functions, making possible an orexinergic gut-brain network. It has been proposed that orexin-A acts on this axis to regulate nutritional processes, such as short-term intake, gastric acid secretion, and motor activity associated with the cephalic phase of feeding. Orexin-A has also been related to stress systems and stress responses via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Recent studies on the relationship of orexin with immune system-brain communications in an animal model of colitis suggested an immunomodulatory role for orexin-A in signaling and responding to infection by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). These studies suggested that orexin administration might be of potential therapeutic value in irritable bowel syndrome or chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, in which gastrointestinal symptoms frequently coexist with behavioral disorders, including loss of appetite, anxiety, depression, and sleeping disorders. Interventions in the orexinergic system have been proposed as a therapeutic approach to these diseases and for the treatment of chemotherapeutic drug-related hyperalgesia and fatigue in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mediavilla
- Department of Psychobiology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.
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