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Alrehaili BD. Unravelling the therapeutic landscape of bile acid-based therapies in gastrointestinal disorders. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2024:00936815-990000000-00080. [PMID: 38708898 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_53_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bile acids serve as endogenous ligands for nuclear and cell membrane receptors and play a crucial role in bile acid and lipid metabolism. These detergent-like compounds promote bile flow and aid in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine. Synthesized in the liver as end products of cholesterol catabolism, bile acids exhibit a chemical structure comprising a nucleus and a side chain featuring a carboxyl group, with diverse steric arrangements and potential polar substituents. Critical interactions occur between bile acid species and various nuclear and cell membrane receptors, including the farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1. This research aimed to review the literature on bile acids and their roles in treating different diseases. Currently, numerous investigations are concentrating on specific bile acid species that target nuclear receptors in the gastrointestinal system, aiming to improve the treatment of conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Given the global attention this topic has garnered from research groups, it is considered relatively new, thus anticipating some gaps or incomplete data. Bile acid species have a significant therapeutic promise, especially in their ability to activate or inhibit nuclear receptors, such as farnesoid X receptor. This research provides to offer essential information for scientists and medical practitioners interested in discovering new studies that underscore the importance of bile acids in ameliorating and impeding the progression of disorders. Furthermore, it opens avenues for previously overlooked bile acid-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar D Alrehaili
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Jin W, Zheng M, Chen Y, Xiong H. Update on the development of TGR5 agonists for human diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116462. [PMID: 38691888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) or TGR5 is widely distributed across organs, including the small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder. Many studies have established strong correlations between TGR5 and glucose homeostasis, energy metabolism, immune-inflammatory responses, and gastrointestinal functions. These results indicate that TGR5 has a significant impact on the progression of tumor development and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Targeting TGR5 represents an encouraging therapeutic approach for treating associated human ailments. Notably, the GLP-1 receptor has shown exceptional efficacy in clinical settings for diabetes management and weight loss promotion. Currently, numerous TGR5 agonists have been identified through natural product-based approaches and virtual screening methods, with some successfully progressing to clinical trials. This review summarizes the intricate relationships between TGR5 and various diseases emphasizing recent advancements in research on TGR5 agonists, including their structural characteristics, design tactics, and biological activities. We anticipate that this meticulous review could facilitate the expedited discovery and optimization of novel TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangrui Jin
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Hai Xiong
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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3
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Cerqueira ARA, Rodrigues L, Coavoy-Sánchez SA, Teixeira SA, Feitosa KB, Taniguchi EY, Lopes LR, Cassola AC, Muscará MN, Sá-Nunes A, Costa SKP. Aedes aegypti salivary gland extract alleviates acute itching by blocking TRPA1 channels. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1055706. [PMID: 37441000 PMCID: PMC10333701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1055706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) saliva induces a variety of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Interestingly, although it is known that mosquito bites cause allergic reactions in sensitised hosts, the primary exposure of humans to Ae. aegypti does not evoke significant itching. Whether active components in the saliva of Ae. aegypti can counteract the normal itch reaction to injury produced by a histaminergic or non-histaminergic pathway in vertebrate hosts is unknown. This study investigated the effects of Ae. aegypti mosquito salivary gland extract (SGE) on sensitive reactions such as itching and associated skin inflammation. Acute pruritus and plasma extravasation were induced in mice by the intradermal injection of either compound 48/80 (C48/80), the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (Mrgpr) agonist chloroquine (CQ), or the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). The i.d. co-injection of Ae. aegypti SGE inhibited itching, plasma extravasation, and neutrophil influx evoked by C48/80, but it did not significantly affect mast cell degranulation in situ or in vitro. Additionally, SGE partially reduced CQ- and AITC-induced pruritus in vivo, suggesting that SGE affects pruriceptive nerve firing independently of the histaminergic pathway. Activation of TRPA1 significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ in TRPA-1-transfected HEK293t lineage, which was attenuated by SGE addition. We showed for the first time that Ae. aegypti SGE exerts anti-pruriceptive effects, which are partially regulated by the histamine-independent itch TRPA1 pathway. Thus, SGE may possess bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential for treating nonhistaminergic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R. A. Cerqueira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Rodrigues
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simone A. Teixeira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla B. Feitosa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Y. Taniguchi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia R. Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C. Cassola
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N. Muscará
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Soraia K. P. Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1487-1564. [PMID: 36521049 PMCID: PMC9970663 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss 1) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion and 2) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota, and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include a new understanding of the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS, and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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5
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Elhabak M, Salama AAA, Salama AH. Nose-to-brain delivery of galantamine loaded nanospray dried polyacrylic acid/taurodeoxycholate mixed matrix as a protective therapy in lipopolysaccharide-induced Alzheimer's in mice model. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122588. [PMID: 36623740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the promising drug delivery approaches is performed by nanosizing the administered drug product using the nanospray drying technique. In this study, a combination of several formulation factors was integrated and exploited to augment the bioavailability of galantamine hydrobromide (GAL) via the intranasal route. Nanosized polymeric particles were fabricated using the mucoadhesive polymer, polyacrylic acid (PAA), and the permeability booster, sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC). First, a preliminary study was conducted to adjust the nanospray drying conditions. Then, formulations were prepared on the basis of a mixed factorial experimental design and further analyzed using Design Expert® software. Different responses were investigated: particle size, polydispersity index, spray rate, drying efficiency, and percent yield. The optimized formulation was further assessed for physical morphology using the scanning electron microscope, flowability, in vitro drug release, and in vivo brain cell uptake using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The promising formulation (F6), composed of equal ratio of PAA and TDC and 20 mg GAL, exhibited a particle size of 185.55 ± 4.3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.413 ± 0.02, and yield-value of 69.58 ± 5.82 %. It also displayed good flowability, complete drug release within 2 h, and enhanced in vivo fluorescent dye uptake and penetration in brain cells. The efficacy of the optimized formulation was examined using lipopolysaccharide-induced Alzheimer's in mice. Results revealed the advantageous influence of the optimized formulation (F6) through downregulation of NF-κβ, IL-1β and GFAP as well as upregulating TGF-1β in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elhabak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6(th) of October City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abeer A A Salama
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Salama
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6(th) of October City, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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6
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Chen Z, Feng J, Hu S, Hua Y, Ma S, Fu W, Yang Q, Zhang X. Bacillus Subtilis Promotes the Release of 5-HT to Regulate Intestinal Peristalsis in STC Mice via Bile Acid and Its Receptor TGR5 Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4410-4421. [PMID: 34797444 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation (STC) is caused by intestinal peristalsis dysfunction and is closely associated with disturbance of the intestinal microecological balance. Bacillus subtilis plays a positive role in the treatment of STC, but its mechanism needs to be further explored. AIMS The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects and mechanism of B. subtilis on the pathophysiology of STC. METHODS A STC mouse model was established with compound diphenoxylate, following which B. subtilis was used to treat STC. The effects and possible mechanism of B. subtilis on STC were investigated by assessing intestinal motility, histology of the colon, release of 5-HT in enterochromaffin cells (ECs) and the TGR5/TRPA1 pathway. Moreover, LC-MS targeted metabolomics was used to analyze the regulation of Bacillus subtilis on bile acid metabolisms in STC mice. RESULTS Bacillus subtilis significantly increased 24 h defecations, fecal moisture and intestinal transport rate of STC mice, improved pathological damage of the colon and showed protective effects on the intestinal tract. The release of 5-HT from ECs and the bile acid receptor TGR5/TRPA1 pathway were significantly increased in STC mice treated with B. subtilis. In addition, the metabolomics results showed that the bile acid contents of STC mice were significantly decreased, and B. subtilis could increase the bile acid composition and content of STC mice. CONCLUSION Bacillus subtilis regulates intestinal peristalsis of STC by promoting the release of 5-HT from ECs through bile acid metabolism and its receptor TGR5 pathway and plays a positive role in the treatment of STC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jiangyi Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Song Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ye Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Shaying Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center/Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Shulpekova Y, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Synitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Lapina N, Nechaev V, Kardasheva S, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. The Role of Bile Acids in the Human Body and in the Development of Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113401. [PMID: 35684337 PMCID: PMC9182388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic process that ensures the outflow of bile. Bile acids include many varieties of amphipathic acid steroids. These are molecules that play a major role in the digestion of fats and the intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds and are also involved in the regulation of many functions of the liver, cholangiocytes, and extrahepatic tissues, acting essentially as hormones. The biological effects are realized through variable membrane or nuclear receptors. Hepatic synthesis, intestinal modifications, intestinal peristalsis and permeability, and receptor activity can affect the quantitative and qualitative bile acids composition significantly leading to extrahepatic pathologies. The complexity of bile acids receptors and the effects of cross-activations makes interpretation of the results of the studies rather difficult. In spite, this is a very perspective direction for pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Synitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Natalia Lapina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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8
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Gu Y, Li L, Yang M, Liu T, Song X, Qin X, Xu X, Liu J, Wang B, Cao H. Bile acid-gut microbiota crosstalk in irritable bowel syndrome. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 49:350-369. [PMID: 35389754 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2058353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction with an increasing prevalence, and its precise aetiology remains unclear. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been found to be associated with IBS pathogenesis. In addition, a high incidence of bile acid diarrhoea and disturbed bile acid metabolism has been observed in IBS patients. The abundant microorganisms inhabited in human gut have essential functions in bile acid biotransformation, and can immensely affect the size and constitution of bile acid pool. Meanwhile, the alterations of bile acid profile can inversely interfere with the gut microbiota. This review discussed the role of intricate correlations between bile acids and gut microbiota in IBS pathogenesis and delineated the possible molecular mechanisms, mainly the signalling induced by farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5. Besides, some biomarkers for identifying bile acid diarrhoea in IBS population were listed, assisting the diagnosis and classification of IBS. Moreover, it also assessed some therapeutic strategies for IBS that regulate the bile acid-gut microbiota axis, such as dietary modulation, probiotics/prebiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotics. Collectively, this article illustrated the relationship between bile acids and gut microbiota in IBS pathophysiology and might offer some novel therapeutic options for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiali Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin TEDA hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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9
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Kiyama G, Nakashima KI, Shimada K, Murono N, Kakihana W, Imai H, Inoue M, Hirai T. Transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 signaling stimulates fibroblast growth factor 21 expression concomitant with up-regulation of the transcription factor nuclear receptor Nr4a1. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112078. [PMID: 34449315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts as an endocrine factor, playing important roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism. It is induced by diverse metabolic and cellular stresses, such as starvation and cold challenge, which in turn facilitate adaptation to the stress environment. The pharmacological action of FGF21 has received much attention, because the administration of FGF21 or its analogs has been shown to have an anti-obesity effect in rodent models. In the present study, we found that 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid, an active constituent isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa, stimulated FGF21 production concomitant with the up-regulation of a transcription factor, nuclear receptor Nr4a1, in C2C12 myotubes. Additionally, significant increases in mFgf21 promoter activity were observed in C2C12 cells overexpressing TGR5 receptor in response to 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid treatment. Treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 was effective at suppressing these stimulatory effects of 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid. Pretreatment with SB203580 also significantly repressed FGF21 mRNA abundance and FGF21 secretion in C2C12 myotubes after 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid stimulation, suggesting that p38 activation is required for the induction of FGF21 by ligand-activated TGR5 in C2C12 myotubes. These findings collectively indicated that TGR5 receptor signaling drives FGF21 expression via p38 activation, at least partly, by mediating Nr4a1 expression. Thus, the novel biological function of 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid as an agent having anti-obesity effects is likely to be mediated through the activation of TGR5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Kiyama
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakashima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shimada
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Naoko Murono
- Community Health Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectual Nursing University, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakihana
- Department of Human Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectual Nursing University, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan
| | - Hideki Imai
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takao Hirai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan.
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10
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Yang ZH, Liu F, Zhu XR, Suo FY, Jia ZJ, Yao SK. Altered profiles of fecal bile acids correlate with gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3609-3629. [PMID: 34239273 PMCID: PMC8240054 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i24.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota and its metabolites may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Several clinical studies have recently shown that patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) have altered profiles of fecal bile acids (BAs). It was observed that BA receptors Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) participate in intestinal inflammatory responses by regulating NF-ĸB signaling. We hypothesized that altered profiles of fecal BAs might be correlated with gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in patients with UC. AIM To investigate the changes in fecal BAs and analyze the relationship of BAs with gut microbiota and inflammation in patients with UC. METHODS The present study used 16S rDNA sequencing technology to detect the differences in the intestinal flora between UC patients and healthy controls (HCs). Fecal BAs were measured by targeted metabolomics approaches. Mucosal TGR5 and VDR expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, and serum inflammatory cytokine levels were detected by ELISA. RESULTS Thirty-two UC patients and twenty-three HCs were enrolled in this study. It was found that the diversity of gut microbiota in UC patients was reduced compared with that in HCs. Firmicutes, Clostridium IV, Butyricicoccus, Clostridium XlVa, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia were significantly decreased in patients with UC (P = 3.75E-05, P = 8.28E-07, P = 0.0002, P = 0.003, P = 0.0003, and P = 0.0004, respectively). Proteobacteria, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Streptococcus were significantly enriched in the UC group (P = 2.99E-09, P = 3.63E-05, P = 8.59E-05, P = 0.003, and P = 0.016, respectively). The concentrations of fecal secondary BAs, such as lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, and taurolithocholate, in UC patients were significantly lower than those in HCs (P = 8.1E-08, P = 1.2E-07, P = 3.5E-04, P = 1.9E-03, and P = 1.8E-02, respectively) and were positively correlated with Butyricicoccus, Roseburia, Clostridium IV, Faecalibacterium, and Clostridium XlVb (P < 0.01). The concentrations of primary BAs, such as taurocholic acid, cholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholate, and glycochenodeoxycholate, in UC patients were significantly higher than those in HCs (P = 5.3E-03, P = 4E-02, P = 0.042, and P = 0.045, respectively) and were positively related to Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.01). The expression of TGR5 was significantly elevated in UC patients (0.019 ± 0.013 vs 0.006 ± 0.003, P = 0.0003). VDR expression in colonic mucosal specimens was significantly decreased in UC patients (0.011 ± 0.007 vs 0.016 ± 0.004, P = 0.033). CONCLUSION Fecal BA profiles are closely related to the gut microbiota and serum inflammatory cytokines. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota and altered constitution of fecal BAs may participate in regulating inflammatory responses via the BA receptors TGR5 and VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Huan Yang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Zhu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fei-Ya Suo
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zi-jun Jia
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shu-Kun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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11
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Tough IR, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Synthetic G protein-coupled bile acid receptor agonists and bile acids act via basolateral receptors in ileal and colonic mucosa. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13943. [PMID: 32656959 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein-coupled bile acid (BA) receptor, GPBA (previously named TGR5), mediates BA gastrointestinal (GI) activities. Our aim was to elucidate the mucosal and motility responses to selective GPBA agonists compared with conjugated BA (eg, taurodeoxycholate, TDCA) in mouse and human colon. METHODS Ion transport responses to GPBA agonists or BAs were measured in mucosal preparations with intact submucous innervation, from C57Bl/6, PYY-/-, or GPBA-/- mice and compared with GPBA signaling in human colon. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying GPBA agonism in mucosae and on natural fecal pellet propulsion. KEY RESULTS GPBA agonist Merck V stimulated basolateral responses involving peptide YY (PYY), cholinergic, and 5-HT mechanisms in colonic mucosa. The PYY-mediated GPBA signal was glucose-sensitive. Luminal TDCA crossed the epithelial lining via the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (ASBT) and its inhibitor, GSK2330672 significantly reduced luminal, but not basolateral TDCA activity. Merck V also slowed natural fecal pellet progression in wild-type and PYY-/- colons but not in GPBA-/- colon, while TDCA increased motility in wild-type colon. The antimotile GPBA effect was reversed by blockade of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors or nitric oxide synthase, indicating involvement of GLP-1 and nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We conclude that several different targets within the lamina propria express GPBA, including L cells (that release PYY and GLP-1), enterochromaffin cells and neurons (that release 5-HT), and other enteric neurons. Furthermore, luminal-conjugated BAs require transport across the epithelium via ASBT in order to activate basolateral GPBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Tough
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen M Cox
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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12
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Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Wang DQH. Bile Acids and GPBAR-1: Dynamic Interaction Involving Genes, Environment and Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3709. [PMID: 33266235 PMCID: PMC7760347 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. BA undergo continuous enterohepatic recycling through intestinal biotransformation by gut microbiome and reabsorption into the portal tract for uptake by hepatocytes. BA are detergent molecules aiding the digestion and absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins, but also act as important signaling molecules via the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the membrane-associated G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) in the distal intestine, liver and extra hepatic tissues. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the BA pool is finely regulated to prevent BA overload and liver injury. By contrast, hydrophilic BA can be hepatoprotective. The ultimate effects of BA-mediated activation of GPBAR-1 is poorly understood, but this receptor may play a role in protecting the remnant liver and in maintaining biliary homeostasis. In addition, GPBAR-1 acts on pathways involved in inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity, and sinusoidal blood flow. Recent evidence suggests that environmental factors influence GPBAR-1 gene expression. Thus, targeting GPBAR-1 might improve liver protection, facilitating beneficial metabolic effects through primary prevention measures. Here, we discuss the complex pathways linked to BA effects, signaling properties of the GPBAR-1, mechanisms of liver damage, gene-environment interactions, and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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13
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Metabolic Profiling of CSF from People Suffering from Sporadic and LRRK2 Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112394. [PMID: 33142859 PMCID: PMC7693941 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF from unique groups of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients was biochemically profiled to identify previously unreported metabolic pathways linked to PD pathogenesis, and novel biochemical biomarkers of the disease were characterized. Utilizing both 1H NMR and DI-LC-MS/MS we quantitatively profiled CSF from patients with sporadic PD (n = 20) and those who are genetically predisposed (LRRK2) to the disease (n = 20), and compared those results with age and gender-matched controls (n = 20). Further, we systematically evaluated the utility of several machine learning techniques for the diagnosis of PD. 1H NMR and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, in combination with bioinformatic analyses, provided useful information highlighting previously unreported biochemical pathways and CSF-based biomarkers associated with both sporadic PD (sPD) and LRRK2 PD. Results of this metabolomics study further support our group’s previous findings identifying bile acid metabolism as one of the major aberrant biochemical pathways in PD patients. This study demonstrates that a combination of two complimentary techniques can provide a much more holistic view of the CSF metabolome, and by association, the brain metabolome. Future studies for the prediction of those at risk of developing PD should investigate the clinical utility of these CSF-based biomarkers in more accessible biomatrices. Further, it is essential that we determine whether the biochemical pathways highlighted here are recapitulated in the brains of PD patients with the aim of identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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14
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Mizuno H, Kihara Y. Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:223-258. [PMID: 32894513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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Fu X, Xiao Y, Golden J, Niu S, Gayer CP. Serum bile acids profiling by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and its application on pediatric liver and intestinal diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:787-797. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundA method for bile acid profiling measuring 21 primary and secondary bile acids in serum samples was developed and validated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample preparation included spiking with internal standards followed by protein precipitation, centrifugation, drying under nitrogen gas and reconstitution. Extracted samples were injected onto a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (150 × 4.60 mm, 2.6 μm).MethodsData was collected with LC-MS/MS operated in negative ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and single reaction monitoring (SRM). The analytical run time was 12 min.ResultsThe method showed excellent linearity with high regression coefficients (>0.99) over a range of 0.05 and 25 μM for all analytes tested. The method also showed acceptable intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision. As a proof of concept, the analytical method was applied to patients with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD), biliary atresia (BA), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and distinct bile acids profiles were demonstrated.ConclusionsThe method could be poised to identify possible biomarkers for non-invasive early diagnosis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LeBonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N Dunlap St, Memphis, TN 38103, USA, E-mail:
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Golden
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sizhe Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher P. Gayer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Zhu L, Wang W, Xie TH, Zou J, Nie X, Wang X, Zhang MY, Wang ZY, Gu S, Zhuang M, Tan J, Shen C, Dai Y, Yang X, Yao Y, Wei TT. TGR5 receptor activation attenuates diabetic retinopathy through suppression of RhoA/ROCK signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:4189-4203. [PMID: 31957105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902496rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Abnormal energy metabolism in microvascular endothelium is involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Bile Acid G-Protein-Coupled Membrane Receptor (TGR5) has emerged as a novel regulator of metabolic disorders. However, the role of TGR5 in diabetes mellitus-induced microvascular dysfunction in retinas is largely unknown. Herein, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for analyzing bile acid (BA) profiles in diabetic rat retinas and retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) cultured in high glucose medium. The effects of TGR5 agonist on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy were evaluated by HE staining, TUNEL staining, retinal trypsin digestion, and vascular permeability assay. A pharmacological inhibitor of RhoA was used to study the role of TGR5 on the regulation of Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) and western blot, immunofluorescence and siRNA silencing were performed to study the related signaling pathways. Here we show that bile acids were downregulated during DR progression in the diabetic rat retinas and RMECs cultured in high glucose medium. The TGR5 agonist obviously ameliorated diabetes-induced retinal microvascular dysfunction in vivo, and inhibited the effect of TNF-α on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and permeability in vitro. In contrast, knockdown of TGR5 by siRNA aggravated TNF-α-induced actin polymerization and endothelial permeability. Mechanistically, the effects of TGR5 on the improvement of endothelial function was due to its regulatory role on the ROCK signaling pathway. An inhibitor of RhoA significantly reversed the loss of tight junction protein under TNF-α stimulation. Taken together, our findings suggest that insufficient BA signaling plays an important pathogenic role in the development of DR. Upregulation or activation of TGR5 may inhibit RhoA/ROCK-dependent actin remodeling and represent an important therapeutic intervention for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingpeng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Hua Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zou
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Shun Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Miao Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Tan
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Youai Dai
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Xusheng Yang
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
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17
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Urso A, D'Ovidio F, Xu D, Emala CW, Bunnett NW, Perez-Zoghbi JF. Bile acids inhibit cholinergic constriction in proximal and peripheral airways from humans and rodents. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 318:L264-L275. [PMID: 31800261 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00242.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) is associated with chronic lung disease. Bile acids (BAs) are established markers of DGER aspiration and are important risk factors for reduced post-transplant lung allograft survival by disrupting the organ-specific innate immunity, facilitating airway infection and allograft failure. However, it is unknown whether BAs also affect airway reactivity. We investigated the acute effects of 13 BAs detected in post-lung-transplant surveillance bronchial washings (BW) on airway contraction. We exposed precision-cut slices from human and mouse lungs to BAs and monitored dynamic changes in the cross-sectional luminal area of peripheral airways using video phase-contrast microscopy. We also used guinea pig tracheal rings in organ baths to study BA effects in proximal airway contraction induced by electrical field stimulation. We found that most secondary BAs at low micromolar concentrations strongly and reversibly relaxed smooth muscle and inhibited peripheral airway constriction induced by acetylcholine but not by noncholinergic bronchoconstrictors. Similarly, secondary BAs strongly inhibited cholinergic constrictions in tracheal rings. In contrast, TC-G 1005, a specific agonist of the BA receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), did not cause airway relaxation, and Tgr5 deletion in knockout mice did not affect BA-induced relaxation, suggesting that this receptor is not involved. BAs inhibited acetylcholine-induced inositol phosphate synthesis in human airway smooth muscle cells overexpressing the muscarinic M3 receptor. Our results demonstrate that select BAs found in BW of patients with lung transplantation can affect airway reactivity by inhibiting the cholinergic contractile responses of the proximal and peripheral airways, possibly by acting as antagonists of M3 muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreacarola Urso
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Frank D'Ovidio
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dingbang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose F Perez-Zoghbi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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18
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Li S, Hua D, Wang Q, Yang L, Wang X, Luo A, Yang C. The Role of Bacteria and Its Derived Metabolites in Chronic Pain and Depression: Recent Findings and Research Progress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 23:26-41. [PMID: 31760425 PMCID: PMC7064053 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is frequently comorbid with depression in clinical practice. Recently, alterations in gut microbiota and metabolites derived therefrom have been found to potentially contribute to abnormal behaviors and cognitive dysfunction via the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. METHODS PubMed was searched and we selected relevant studies before October 1, 2019. The search keyword string included "pain OR chronic pain" AND "gut microbiota OR metabolites"; "depression OR depressive disorder" AND "gut microbiota OR metabolites". We also searched the reference lists of key articles manually. RESULTS This review systematically summarized the recent evidence of gut microbiota and metabolites in chronic pain and depression in animal and human studies. The results showed the pathogenesis and therapeutics of chronic pain and depression might be partially due to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Importantly, bacteria-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived metabolites, and secondary bile acids, offer new insights into the potential linkage between key triggers in gut microbiota and potential mechanisms of depression. CONCLUSION Studying gut microbiota and its metabolites has contributed to the understanding of comorbidity of chronic pain and depression. Consequently, modulating dietary structures or supplementation of specific bacteria may be an available strategy for treating chronic pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyu Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Correspondence: Chun Yang, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (; )
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19
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Meixiong J, Vasavda C, Snyder SH, Dong X. MRGPRX4 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by bile acids that may contribute to cholestatic pruritus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10525-10530. [PMID: 31068464 PMCID: PMC6535009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903316116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from cholestasis, the slowing or stoppage of bile flow, commonly report experiencing an intense, chronic itch. Numerous pruritogens are up-regulated in cholestatic patient sera, including bile acids (BAs). Acute injection of BAs results in itch in both mice and humans, and BA-modulating therapy is effective in controlling patient itch. Here, we present evidence that human sensory neuron-expressed Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X4 (MRGPRX4), an orphan member of the Mrgpr family of GPCRs, is a BA receptor. Using Ca2+ imaging, we determined that pathophysiologically relevant levels of numerous BAs activated MRGPRX4. No mouse Mrgpr orthologs were activated by BAs. To assess the in vivo relevance of BA activation of MRGPRX4, we generated a humanized mouse with targeted expression of MRGPRX4 in itch-encoding sensory neurons. BAs activated MRGPRX4+ sensory neurons at higher levels compared with WT neurons. Compared with control animals, MRGPRX4+ mice scratched more upon acute injection of BAs and in a model of cholestatic itch. Overall, these data suggest that targeting MRGPRX4 is a promising strategy for alleviating cholestatic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meixiong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Chirag Vasavda
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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20
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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21
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Graham SF, Rey NL, Ugur Z, Yilmaz A, Sherman E, Maddens M, Bahado-Singh RO, Becker K, Schulz E, Meyerdirk LK, Steiner JA, Ma J, Brundin P. Metabolomic Profiling of Bile Acids in an Experimental Model of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040071. [PMID: 30384419 PMCID: PMC6316593 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), considered the most common neurodegenerative disease behind Alzheimer’s disease, accurate diagnosis is dependent on many factors; however, misdiagnosis is extremely common in the prodromal phases of the disease, when treatment is thought to be most effective. Currently, there are no robust biomarkers that aid in the early diagnosis of PD. Following previously reported work by our group, we accurately measured the concentrations of 18 bile acids in the serum of a prodromal mouse model of PD. We identified three bile acids at significantly different concentrations (p < 0.05) when mice representing a prodromal PD model were compared with controls. These include ω-murichoclic acid (MCAo), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). All were down-regulated in prodromal PD mice with TUDCA and UDCA at significantly lower levels (17-fold and 14-fold decrease, respectively). Using the concentration of three bile acids combined with logistic regression, we can discriminate between prodromal PD mice from control mice with high accuracy (AUC (95% CI) = 0.906 (0.777–1.000)) following cross validation. Our study highlights the need to investigate bile acids as potential biomarkers that predict PD and possibly reflect the progression of manifest PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart F Graham
- Beaumont Health, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Zafer Ugur
- Beaumont Health, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Beaumont Health, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
| | - Eric Sherman
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Michael Maddens
- Beaumont Health, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Ray O Bahado-Singh
- Beaumont Health, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Katelyn Becker
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Emily Schulz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Lindsay K Meyerdirk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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22
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Li WT, Luo QQ, Wang B, Chen X, Yan XJ, Qiu HY, Chen SL. Bile acids induce visceral hypersensitivity via mucosal mast cell-to-nociceptor signaling that involves the farnesoid X receptor/nerve growth factor/transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 axis. FASEB J 2018; 33:2435-2450. [PMID: 30260705 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800935rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased colonic bile acid (BA) exposure, frequent in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), can affect gut function. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is implicated in the development of visceral hypersensitivity (VH). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BAs cause VH via mucosal mast cell (MMC)-to-nociceptor signaling, which involves the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/NGF/transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 axis. BAs were intracolonically administered to rats for 15 d. Visceral sensitivity to colorectal distention and colonic NGF expression were examined. BAs caused VH, an effect that involved MMC-derived NGF and was accompanied by enhanced TRPV1 expression in the dorsal root ganglia. Anti-NGF treatment and TRPV1 antagonism inhibited BA-induced VH. BAs induced NGF mRNA and protein expression and release in cultured mast cells. Colonic supernatants from patients with IBS-D with elevated colonic BA content transcriptionally induced NGF expression. In FXR-/- mice, visceral sensitivity and colonic NGF expression were unaltered after BA treatment. Pharmacological antagonism and FXR silencing suppressed BA-induced NGF expression and release in mast cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) 3/6/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling was mechanistically responsible for FXR-mediated NGF expression and secretion. The findings show an MMC-dependent and FXR-mediated pronociceptive effect of BAs and identify the BA/FXR/NGF/TRPV1 axis as a key player in MMC-to-neuron communication during pain processing in IBS.-Li, W.-T., Luo, Q.-Q., Wang, B., Chen, X., Yan, X.-J., Qiu, H.-Y., Chen, S.-L. Bile acids induce visceral hypersensitivity via mucosal mast cell-to-nociceptor signaling that involves the farnesoid X receptor/nerve growth factor/transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Qing Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yi Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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23
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Chang S, Kim YH, Kim YJ, Kim YW, Moon S, Lee YY, Jung JS, Kim Y, Jung HE, Kim TJ, Cheong TC, Moon HJ, Cho JA, Kim HR, Han D, Na Y, Seok SH, Cho NH, Lee HC, Nam EH, Cho H, Choi M, Minato N, Seong SY. Taurodeoxycholate Increases the Number of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells That Ameliorate Sepsis in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1984. [PMID: 30279688 PMCID: PMC6153344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) control metabolism and inflammation by interacting with several receptors. Here, we report that intravenous infusion of taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) decreases serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, normalizes hypotension, protects against renal injury, and prolongs mouse survival during sepsis. TDCA increases the number of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCLT) distinctive from MDSCs obtained without TDCA treatment (MDSCL) in the spleen of septic mice. FACS-sorted MDSCLT cells suppress T-cell proliferation and confer protection against sepsis when adoptively transferred better than MDSCL. Proteogenomic analysis indicated that TDCA controls chromatin silencing, alternative splicing, and translation of the immune proteome of MDSCLT, which increases the expression of anti-inflammatory molecules such as oncostatin, lactoferrin and CD244. TDCA also decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as neutrophil elastase. These findings suggest that TDCA globally edits the proteome to increase the number of MDSCLT cells and affect their immune-regulatory functions to resolve systemic inflammation during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooghee Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungyoon Moon
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Sun Jung
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hi-Eun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Moon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yirang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hai-Chon Lee
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Nam
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyosuk Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seung-Yong Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Zhang Y, Zhang GX, Wang K, Tan Y, Zhan C. Obstructive jaundice induced kidney damage is mediated by down-regulation of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1234-1240. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i20.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes in the expression of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 in obstructive jaundice (OJ) induced renal injury.
METHODS Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups to undergo either sham operation (CON) or bile duct ligation (BDL). The animals were operated by surgical ligation of the common bile duct to establish an OJ model. Two weeks post operation, serum samples were collected to assess renal associated biochemical markers including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), serum urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and uric acid (UA). In addition, the urine of the rats was collected for urine chemistry analysis. Transcription and translation of FXR and TGR5 genes were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Tissue sections of the kidneys were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and examined for microscopically pathological changes.
RESULTS Compared with the CON group, the protein and mRNA expression of FXR and TGR5 was significantly decreased in the kidneys of the BDL rats. HE staining revealed that the kidneys of the BDL rats had decreased glomerular density and the local epithelial cells of the tubules shed. Also, the small tube lacuna was expanded, accompanied with the presence of a large number of unstructured substances.
CONCLUSION This in vivo study demonstrated significant down-regulation of the bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 in the kidneys of OJ rats, suggesting their role in kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Gui-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China,Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chen Zhan
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
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25
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Cooper A, Singh S, Hook S, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ. Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:316-353. [PMID: 28655732 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein-coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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26
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Wang Q, Li ZX, Liu BW, He ZG, Liu C, Chen M, Liu SG, Wu WZ, Xiang HB. Altered expression of differential gene and lncRNA in the lower thoracic spinal cord on different time courses of experimental obstructive jaundice model accompanied with altered peripheral nociception in rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106098-106112. [PMID: 29285317 PMCID: PMC5739704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal origin of jaundice-induced altered peripheral nociceptive response poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to first validate rats with bile duct ligation (BDL) as a jaundice model accompanied by altered peripheral nociceptive response, and then to analyze differential gene and lncRNA expression patterns in the lower thoracic spinal cord on different time courses after BDL operation by using high-throughput RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, followed by clustering analysis, Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis. As a result, a total of 2033 lncRNAs were differentially expressed 28d after BDL, in which 1545 probe sets were up-regulated and 488 probe sets were down-regulated, whereas a total of 2800 mRNAs were differentially expressed, in which 1548 probe sets were up-regulated and 1252 probe sets were down-regulated. The RNAseq data of select mRNAs and lncRNAs was validated by RT-qPCR. 28d after BDL, the expressions of lncRNA NONRATT002335 and NONRATT018085 were significantly up-regulated whereas the expression of lncRNA NONRATT025415, NONRATT025388 and NONRATT025409 was significantly down-regulated. 14d after BDL, the expressions of lncRNA NONRATT002335 and NONRATT018085 were significantly up-regulated; the expression of lncRNA NONRATT025415, NONRATT025388 and NONRATT025409 was significantly down-regulated. In conclusion, the present study showed that jaundice accompanied with decreased peripheral nociception involved in the changes of gene and lncRNA expression profiles in spinal cord. These findings extend current understanding of spinal mechanism for obstructive jaundice accompanied by decreased peripheral nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Wen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - San-Guang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zhong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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27
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A novel partial agonist of GPBA reduces blood glucose level in a murine glucose tolerance test. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:130-137. [PMID: 28823924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GPBA is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by bile acids. Because activation of GPBA leads to increased cAMP levels and secretion of incretins and insulin, GPBA has been proposed as a promising drug target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Previously, we have developed a ligand-screening system to identify novel agonists of GPBA by means of a fusion protein of GPBA with G protein stimulatory α subunit (Gsα) and by a [35S]GTPγS-binding assay. To express the GPBA-Gsα fusion protein, transgenic silkworms were employed in this study, and cell membrane fractions were prepared from their fat body or pupae. We applied them to the screening of a chemical library that contains 10,625 compounds from the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo). Eventually, a unique partial agonist, GUM2, was successfully identified. Our results indicated that the GPCR-Gα fusion proteins were beneficial for ligand identification and that the transgenic silkworms were useful for large-scale production of GPCRs. In HEK293 cells transiently expressing GPBA, GUM2 showed 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 3.5 ± 2.4μM and induced GPBA internalization as effectively as did an endogenous agonist, TLC. We also confirmed that GUM2 stimulates insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. Moreover, a single 2mg/kg dose of GUM2 significantly reduced blood glucose levels in mice during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test even though GUM2 is only a partial agonist with a low intrinsic activity. We concluded that GUM2 is a good candidate for research on GPBA signaling under physiological conditions and for the development of GPBA-targeting therapeutic compounds.
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28
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Camilleri M, Sellin JH, Barrett KE. Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Watery Diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:515-532.e2. [PMID: 27773805 PMCID: PMC5285476 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic watery diarrhea poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and is often a disabling condition for patients. Although acute diarrhea is likely to be caused by infection, the causes of chronic diarrhea (>4 weeks in duration) are more elusive. We review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic diarrhea. Drawing on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial transport and barrier function, we discuss how diarrhea can result from a decrease in luminal solute absorption, an increase in secretion, or both, as well as derangements in barrier properties. We also describe the various extraepithelial factors that activate diarrheal mechanisms. Finally, clinical evaluation and tests used in the assessment of patients presenting with chronic diarrhea are reviewed, and an algorithm guiding therapeutic decisions and pharmacotherapy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Joseph H. Sellin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Ackerman HD, Gerhard GS. Bile Acids in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:263. [PMID: 27920719 PMCID: PMC5118426 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, a structurally related group of molecules derived from cholesterol, have a long history as therapeutic agents in medicine, from treatment for primarily ocular diseases in ancient Chinese medicine to modern day use as approved drugs for certain liver diseases. Despite evidence supporting a neuroprotective role in a diverse spectrum of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including several small pilot clinical trials, little is known about their molecular mechanisms or their physiological roles in the nervous system. We review the data reported for their use as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and their underlying molecular basis. While data from cellular and animal models and clinical trials support potential efficacy to treat a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, the relevant bile acids, their origin, and the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which they confer neuroprotection are not known delaying translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Ackerman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ma SY, Ning MM, Zou QA, Feng Y, Ye YL, Shen JH, Leng Y. OL3, a novel low-absorbed TGR5 agonist with reduced side effects, lowered blood glucose via dual actions on TGR5 activation and DPP-4 inhibition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1359-1369. [PMID: 27264313 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM TGR5 agonists stimulate intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release, but systemic exposure causes unwanted side effects, such as gallbladder filling. In the present study, linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor with a large molecular weight and polarity, and MN6, a previously described TGR5 agonist, were linked to produce OL3, a novel low-absorbed TGR5 agonist with reduced side-effects and dual function in lowering blood glucose by activation of TGR5 and inhibition of DPP-4. METHODS TGR5 activation was assayed in HEK293 cells stably expressing human or mouse TGR5 and a CRE-driven luciferase gene. DPP-4 inhibition was assessed based on the rate of hydrolysis of a surrogate substrate. GLP-1 secretion was measured in human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells. OL3 permeability was tested in Caco-2 cells. Acute glucose-lowering effects of OL3 were evaluated in ICR and diabetic ob/ob mice. RESULTS OL3 activated human and mouse TGR5 with an EC50 of 86.24 and 17.36 nmol/L, respectively, and stimulated GLP-1 secretion in human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells (3-30 μmol/L). OL3 inhibited human and mouse DPP-4 with IC50 values of 18.44 and 69.98 μmol/L, respectively. Low permeability of OL3 was observed in Caco-2 cells. In ICR mice treated orally with OL3 (150 mg/kg), the serum OL3 concentration was 101.10 ng/mL at 1 h, and decreased to 13.38 ng/mL at 5.5 h post dose, confirming the low absorption of OL3 in vivo. In ICR mice and ob/ob mice, oral administration of OL3 significantly lowered the blood glucose levels, which was a synergic effect of activating TGR5 that stimulated GLP-1 secretion in the intestine and inhibiting DPP-4 that cleaved GLP-1 in the plasma. In ICR mice, oral administration of OL3 did not cause gallbladder filling. CONCLUSION OL3 is a low-absorbed TGR5 agonist that lowers blood glucose without inducing gallbladder filling. This study presents a new strategy in the development of potent TGR5 agonists in treating type 2 diabetes, which target to the intestine to avoid systemic side effects.
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Domingue JC, Ao M, Sarathy J, Rao MC. Chenodeoxycholic acid requires activation of EGFR, EPAC, and Ca2+ to stimulate CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion in human colonic T84 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C777-C792. [PMID: 27558159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00168.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are known to initiate intricate signaling events in a variety of tissues, primarily in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Of the known bile acids, only the 7α-dihydroxy species, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and their conjugates, activate processes that stimulate epithelial Cl- secretion. We have previously published that CDCA acts in a rapid manner to stimulate colonic ion secretion via protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated activation of the dominant Cl- channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (Ao M, Sarathy J, Domingue J, Alrefai WA, and Rao MC. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 305: C447-C456, 2013); however, PKA signaling did not account for the entire CDCA response. Here we show that in human colonic T84 cells, CDCA's induction of CFTR activity, measured as changes in short-circuit current (Isc), is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and does not involve the bile acid receptors TGR5 or farnesoid X receptor. CDCA activation of Cl- secretion does not require Src, mitogen-activated protein kinases, or phosphoinositide 3-kinase downstream of EGFR but does require an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ In addition to PKA signaling, we found that the CDCA response requires the novel involvement of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is a known hub for cAMP and Ca2+ cross talk. Downstream of EPAC, CDCA activates Rap2, and changes in free cytosolic Ca2+ were dependent on both EPAC and EGFR activation. This study establishes the complexity of CDCA signaling in the colonic epithelium and shows the contribution of EGFR, EPAC, and Ca2+ in CDCA-induced activation of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jada C Domingue
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mei Ao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jayashree Sarathy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biology, Benedictine University, Lisle, Illinois
| | - Mrinalini C Rao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; .,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Kumar DP, Asgharpour A, Mirshahi F, Park SH, Liu S, Imai Y, Nadler JL, Grider JR, Murthy KS, Sanyal AJ. Activation of Transmembrane Bile Acid Receptor TGR5 Modulates Pancreatic Islet α Cells to Promote Glucose Homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6626-40. [PMID: 26757816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of the TGR5 receptor in the pancreas is not fully understood. We previously showed that activation of TGR5 in pancreatic β cells by bile acids induces insulin secretion. Glucagon released from pancreatic α cells and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) released from intestinal L cells regulate insulin secretion. Both glucagon and GLP-1 are derived from alternate splicing of a common precursor, proglucagon by PC2 and PC1, respectively. We investigated whether TGR5 activation in pancreatic α cells enhances hyperglycemia-induced PC1 expression thereby releasing GLP-1, which in turn increases β cell mass and function in a paracrine manner. TGR5 activation augmented a hyperglycemia-induced switch from glucagon to GLP-1 synthesis in human and mouse islet α cells by GS/cAMP/PKA/cAMP-response element-binding protein-dependent activation of PC1. Furthermore, TGR5-induced GLP-1 release from α cells was via an Epac-mediated PKA-independent mechanism. Administration of the TGR5 agonist, INT-777, to db/db mice attenuated the increase in body weight and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. INT-777 augmented PC1 expression in α cells and stimulated GLP-1 release from islets of db/db mice compared with control. INT-777 also increased pancreatic β cell proliferation and insulin synthesis. The effect of TGR5-mediated GLP-1 from α cells on insulin release from islets could be blocked by GLP-1 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that TGR5 activation mediates cross-talk between α and β cells by switching from glucagon to GLP-1 to restore β cell mass and function under hyperglycemic conditions. Thus, INT-777-mediated TGR5 activation could be leveraged as a novel way to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya P Kumar
- Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
| | | | | | - So Hyun Park
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Sichen Liu
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Yumi Imai
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - John R Grider
- Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
| | - Karnam S Murthy
- Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
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Renga B, Cipriani S, Carino A, Simonetti M, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Reversal of Endothelial Dysfunction by GPBAR1 Agonism in Portal Hypertension Involves a AKT/FOXOA1 Dependent Regulation of H2S Generation and Endothelin-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141082. [PMID: 26539823 PMCID: PMC4634759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GPBAR1 is a bile acids activated receptor expressed in entero-hepatic tissues. In the liver expression of GPBAR1 is restricted to sinusoidal and Kuppfer cells. In the systemic circulation vasodilation caused by GPBAR1 agonists is abrogated by inhibition of cystathione-γ-liase (CSE), an enzyme essential to the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a vasodilatory agent. Portal BAR501 is a semisynthetic bile acid derivative endowed with a potent and selective agonistic activity toward GPBAR1. Methods Cirrhosis was induced in mice by carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) administration for 9 weeks. Liver endothelial dysfunction was induced by feeding wild type and Gpbar1-/- mice with methionine for 4 weeks. In both models, mice were administered BAR501, 15 mg/kg/day. Results By transactivation assay we demonstrate that BAR501 is a selective GPBAR1 agonist devoid of any FXR agonistic activity. In naïve rats, BAR501 effectively reduced hepatic perfusion pressure and counteracted the vasoconstriction activity of norepinephrine. In the CCl4 model, 9 weeks treatment with BAR501 effectively protected against development of endothelial dysfunction by increasing liver CSE expression and activity and by reducing endothelin (ET)-1 gene expression. In mice feed methionine, treatment with BAR501 attenuated endothelial dysfunction and caused a GPBAR1-dependent regulation of CSE. Using human liver sinusoidal cells, we found that modulation of CSE expression/activity is mediated by both genomic (recruitment of CREB to CRE in the CSE promoter) and non-genomic effects, involving a Akt-dependent phosporylation of CSE and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS). BAR501, phosphorylates FOXO1 and inhibits ET-1 transcription in liver sinusoidal cells. Conclusions BAR501, a UDCA-like GPBAR1 agonist, rescues from endothelial dysfunction in rodent models of portal hypertension by exerting genomic and non-genomic effects on CSE, eNOS and ET-1 in liver sinusoidal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Simonetti
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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34
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FFA4 receptor (GPR120): A hot target for the development of anti-diabetic therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Bile acids are well known for their effects on cholesterol homeostasis and lipid digestion. Since the discovery of bile acid receptors, of which there are farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor, and the plasma membrane G-protein receptor, as well as Takeda G-protein coupled receptor clone 5, further roles have been elucidated for bile acids including glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammation. Additionally, treatment with bile acid receptor agonists has shown a decrease in the amount of atherosclerosis plaque formation and decreased portal vascular resistance and portal hypotension in animal models. Furthermore, rodent models have demonstrated antifibrotic activity using bile acid receptor agonists. Early human data using a FXR agonist, obeticholic acid, have shown promising results with improvement of histological activity and even a reduction of fibrosis. Human studies are ongoing and will provide further information on bile acid receptor agonist therapies. Thus, bile acids and their derivatives have the potential for management of liver diseases and potentially other disease states including diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
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36
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Distrutti E, Santucci L, Cipriani S, Renga B, Schiaroli E, Ricci P, Donini A, Fiorucci S. Bile acid activated receptors are targets for regulation of integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:707-19. [PMID: 25708288 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are the end product of cholesterol metabolism. Synthesized in the liver, primary bile acids are secreted by hepatocytes and are transformed by intestinal microbiota into secondary bile acids. In addition to their role in cholesterol and lipid absorption, bile acids act as signaling molecules activating a family of nuclear and G-protein-coupled receptors collectively known as bile acid activated receptors (BARs). These receptors are expressed at high density in enterohepatic tissues, but their expression occurs throughout the body and their activation mediates regulatory functions of bile acids on lipids and glucose metabolism and immunity. In the gastrointestinal tract, BARs maintain intestinal integrity, and their deletion makes the intestine more susceptible to the damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Deficiency in farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 genes alters the expression/activity of cystathione γ-lyase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, two genes involved in the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide, i.e., two gaseous mediators that have been shown to be essential in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis. In addition, farnesoid X receptor regulates the expression of transporters required for secretion of phospholipid by hepatocytes. Because phospholids attenuate intestinal injury caused by acetylsalicylic acid and NSAIDs, BAR agonism could be exploited to protect the intestinal mucosa against injury caused by anti-inflammatory medications. This approach might be useful in the prevention of so-called NSAID enteropathy, a common clinical condition occurring in long-term users of NSAIDs, which is not effectively prevented either by cotreatment with proton pump inhibitors or by the use of coxibs.
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37
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Steroidal scaffolds as FXR and GPBAR1 ligands: from chemistry to therapeutical application. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1109-35. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are experiencing a new life. Next to their ancestral roles in lipid digestion and solubilization, BAs are today recognized signaling molecules involved in many physiological functions. These signaling pathways involve the activation of metabolic nuclear receptors, mainly the BA sensor FXR, and the dedicated membrane G protein-coupled receptor, GPBAR1 (TGR5). As a consequence, the discovery of GPBAR1/FXR selective or dual modulators represents an important answer to the urgent demand of new pharmacological opportunity for several human diseases including dyslipidemia, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Type 2 diabetes and inflammation. Targeted oriented discovery of natural compounds and medicinal chemistry manipulation have allowed the development of promising drug candidates.
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38
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Camilleri M. Intestinal secretory mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:1051-7; quiz e61-2. [PMID: 25041862 PMCID: PMC4297594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although diarrhea is the predominant bowel dysfunction in as many as one-third of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), it is unclear whether there is a specific disorder of intestinal fluid or electrolyte secretion in IBS. Diarrhea is generally considered a result of accelerated colonic transit in patients with IBS. Although a primary secretory diathesis has not been well-documented in patients with IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), several mechanisms that could potentially contribute to intestinal secretion have been reported. Some of these mechanisms also influence motor and secretory dysfunctions that contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS-D. We review the evidence supporting secretion in IBS-D caused by peptides and amines produced by enteroendocrine cells or submucosal neurons, enterocyte secretory processes, and intraluminal factors (bile acids and short-chain fatty acids). Understanding these mechanisms and developing clinical methods for their identification could improve management of patients with IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Renga B, Bucci M, Cipriani S, Carino A, Monti MC, Zampella A, Gargiulo A, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H114-26. [PMID: 25934094 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00087.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GPBAR1 is a bile acid-activated receptor (BAR) for secondary bile acids, lithocholic (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), expressed in the enterohepatic tissues and in the vasculature by endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Despite that bile acids cause vasodilation, it is unclear why these effects involve GPBAR1, and the vascular phenotype of GPBAR1 deficient mice remains poorly defined. Previous studies have suggested a role for nitric oxide (NO) in regulatory activity exerted by GPBAR1 in liver endothelial cells. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a vasodilatory agent generated in endothelial cells by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE). Here we demonstrate that GPBAR1 null mice had increased levels of primary and secondary bile acids and impaired vasoconstriction to phenylephrine. In aortic ring preparations, vasodilation caused by chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a weak GPBAR1 ligand and farnesoid-x-receptor agonist (FXR), was iberiotoxin-dependent and GPBAR1-independent. In contrast, vasodilation caused by LCA was GPBAR1 dependent and abrogated by propargyl-glycine, a CSE inhibitor, and by 5β-cholanic acid, a GPBAR1 antagonist, but not by N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine (l-NIO), an endothelial NO synthase inhibitor, or iberiotoxin, a large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels antagonist. In venular and aortic endothelial (HUVEC and HAEC) cells GPBAR1 activation increases CSE expression/activity and H2S production. Two cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) sites (CREs) were identified in the CSE promoter. In addition, TLCA stimulates CSE phosphorylation on serine residues. In conclusion we demonstrate that GPBAR1 mediates the vasodilatory activity of LCA and regulates the expression/activity of CSE. Vasodilation caused by CDCA involves BKCa channels. The GPBAR1/CSE pathway might contribute to endothelial dysfunction and hyperdynamic circulation in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Gargiulo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy;
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40
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Summers RJ. Editorial. Themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1069-72. [PMID: 24575818 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology stems from the 7th in the series of meetings on the Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (MPGPCR) held at the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Melbourne Australia from the 6th-8th December 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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41
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Camilleri M, Shin A, Busciglio I, Carlson P, Acosta A, Bharucha AE, Burton D, Lamsam J, Lueke A, Donato LJ, Zinsmeister AR. Genetic variation in GPBAR1 predisposes to quantitative changes in colonic transit and bile acid excretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G508-16. [PMID: 25012842 PMCID: PMC4154122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00178.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathobiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is multifaceted. We aimed to identify candidate genes predisposing to quantitative traits in IBS. In 30 healthy volunteers, 30 IBS-constipation, and 64 IBS-diarrhea patients, we measured bowel symptoms, bile acid (BA) synthesis (serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and FGF19), fecal BA and fat, colonic transit (CT by scintigraphy), and intestinal permeability (IP by 2-sugar excretion). We assessed associations of candidate genes controlling BA metabolism (KLB rs17618244 and FGFR4 rs351855), BA receptor (GPBAR1 rs11554825), serotonin (5-HT) reuptake (SLC6A4 through rs4795541 which encodes for the 44-bp insert in 5HTTLPR), or immune activation (TNFSF15 rs4263839) with three primary quantitative traits of interest: colonic transit, BA synthesis, and fecal BA excretion. There were significant associations between fecal BA and CT at 48 h (r = 0.43; P < 0.001) and IP (r = 0.23; P = 0.015). GPBAR1 genotype was associated with CT48 (P = 0.003) and total fecal BA [P = 0.030, false detection rate (FDR) P = 0.033]. Faster CT48 observed with both CC and TT GPBAR1 genotypes was due to significant interaction with G allele of KLB, which increases BA synthesis and excretion. Other univariate associations (P < 0.05, without FDR correction) observed between GPBAR1 and symptom phenotype and gas sensation ratings support the role of GPBAR1 receptor. Associations between SLC6A4 and stool consistency, ease of passage, postprandial colonic tone, and total fecal BA excretion provide data in support of future hypothesis-testing studies. Genetic control of GPBAR1 receptor predisposing to pathobiological mechanisms in IBS provides evidence from humans in support of the importance of GPBAR1 to colonic motor and secretory functions demonstrated in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Andrea Shin
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Irene Busciglio
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paula Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jesse Lamsam
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alan Lueke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Leslie J Donato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Alan R Zinsmeister
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Bunnett NW. Neuro-humoral signalling by bile acids and the TGR5 receptor in the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol 2014; 592:2943-50. [PMID: 24614746 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats, bile acids (BAs) are tightly regulated signalling molecules. Their levels in the intestinal lumen, circulation and tissues fluctuate after feeding and fasting, and as a result of certain diseases and therapies. BAs regulate many cell types in the gut wall and beyond by activating nuclear and plasma membrane receptors. Of these, the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 has emerged as a key mediator of the non-genomic actions of BAs. TGR5 is a cell-surface receptor that couples to Gαs, formation of cAMP, activation of protein kinase A and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and inhibition of inflammatory signalling pathways. TGR5 has been implicated in mediating the actions of BAs on secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose homeostasis, gastrointestinal motility and transit, electrolyte and fluid transport in the colon, bile formation and secretion, sensory transduction and inflammation. TGR5 agonists have been developed as treatments for metabolic, inflammatory and digestive disorders, and emerging evidence suggests that TGR5 mutations are associated with inflammatory diseases. Thus, TGR5 plays an important role in the normal processes of digestion and is a new therapeutic target for important digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia and Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Australia
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