1
|
Edwards DP, Cerullo GR. Biodiversity is central for restoration. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R371-R379. [PMID: 38714168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The global restoration agenda can help solve the biodiversity extinction crisis by regenerating biodiversity-rich ecosystems, maximising conservation benefits using natural regeneration. Yet, conservation is rarely the core objective of restoration, and biodiversity is often neglected in restoration projects targeted towards carbon sequestration or enhancing ecosystem services for improved local livelihoods. Here, we synthesise evidence to show that promoting biodiversity in restoration planning and delivery is integral to delivering other long-term restoration aims, such as carbon sequestration, timber production, enhanced local farm yields, reduced soil erosion, recovered hydrological services and improved human health. For each of these restoration goals, biodiversity must be a keystone objective to the entire process. Biodiversity integration requires improved evidence and action, delivered via a socio-ecological process operating at landscape scales and backed by supportive regulations and finance. Conceiving restoration and biodiversity conservation as synergistic, mutually reinforcing partners is critical for humanity's bids to tackle the global crises of climate change, land degradation and biodiversity extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Gianluca R Cerullo
- Department of Zoology and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang RM, Maré C, Guldemond RAR, Pimm SL, van Aarde RJ. Protecting and connecting landscapes stabilizes populations of the Endangered savannah elephant. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk2896. [PMID: 38181078 PMCID: PMC10776014 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The influence of protected areas on the growth of African savannah elephant populations is inadequately known. Across southern Africa, elephant numbers grew at 0.16% annually for the past quarter century. Locally, much depends on metapopulation dynamics-the size and connections of individual populations. Population numbers in large, connected, and strictly protected areas typically increased, were less variable from year to year, and suffered less from poaching. Conversely, populations in buffer areas that are less protected but still connected have more variation in growth from year to year. Buffer areas also differed more in their growth rates, likely due to more threats and dispersal opportunities in the face of such dangers. Isolated populations showed consistently high growth due to a lack of emigration. This suggests that "fortress" conservation generally maintains high growth, while anthropogenic-driven source-sink dynamics within connected conservation clusters drive stability in core areas and variability in buffers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Huang
- Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Celesté Maré
- Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Robert A. R. Guldemond
- Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Stuart L. Pimm
- Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rudi J. van Aarde
- Conservation Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Löfqvist S, Kleinschroth F, Bey A, de Bremond A, DeFries R, Dong J, Fleischman F, Lele S, Martin DA, Messerli P, Meyfroidt P, Pfeifer M, Rakotonarivo SO, Ramankutty N, Ramprasad V, Rana P, Rhemtulla JM, Ryan CM, Vieira ICG, Wells GJ, Garrett RD. How Social Considerations Improve the Equity and Effectiveness of Ecosystem Restoration. Bioscience 2023; 73:134-148. [PMID: 36896142 PMCID: PMC9991587 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration is an important means to address global sustainability challenges. However, scientific and policy discourse often overlooks the social processes that influence the equity and effectiveness of restoration interventions. In the present article, we outline how social processes that are critical to restoration equity and effectiveness can be better incorporated in restoration science and policy. Drawing from existing case studies, we show how projects that align with local people's preferences and are implemented through inclusive governance are more likely to lead to improved social, ecological, and environmental outcomes. To underscore the importance of social considerations in restoration, we overlay existing global restoration priority maps, population, and the Human Development Index (HDI) to show that approximately 1.4 billion people, disproportionately belonging to groups with low HDI, live in areas identified by previous studies as being of high restoration priority. We conclude with five action points for science and policy to promote equity-centered restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Löfqvist
- Ecosystem Management Group, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Adia Bey
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ariane de Bremond
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Ruth DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jinwei Dong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Forrest Fleischman
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Messerli
- Wyss Academy for Nature, University of in Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tine, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sarobidy O Rakotonarivo
- École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Navin Ramankutty
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramprasad
- Center for Ecology, Development, and Research, Ashoka University, Haryana, and with the Kangra Integrated Sciences and Adaptation Network, Kangra, India
| | | | - Jeanine M Rhemtulla
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Casey M Ryan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geoff J Wells
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael D Garrett
- Environmental Policy Lab, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Conservation Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prieto PV, Bukoski JJ, Barros FSM, Beyer HL, Iribarrem A, Brancalion PHS, Chazdon RL, Lindenmayer DB, Strassburg BBN, Guariguata MR, Crouzeilles R. Predicting landscape-scale biodiversity recovery by natural tropical forest regrowth. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13842. [PMID: 34705299 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural forest regrowth is a cost-effective, nature-based solution for biodiversity recovery, yet different socioenvironmental factors can lead to variable outcomes. A critical knowledge gap in forest restoration planning is how to predict where natural forest regrowth is likely to lead to high levels of biodiversity recovery, which is an indicator of conservation value and the potential provisioning of diverse ecosystem services. We sought to predict and map landscape-scale recovery of species richness and total abundance of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in tropical and subtropical second-growth forests to inform spatial restoration planning. First, we conducted a global meta-analysis to quantify the extent to which recovery of species richness and total abundance in second-growth forests deviated from biodiversity values in reference old-growth forests in the same landscape. Second, we employed a machine-learning algorithm and a comprehensive set of socioenvironmental factors to spatially predict landscape-scale deviation and map it. Models explained on average 34% of observed variance in recovery (range 9-51%). Landscape-scale biodiversity recovery in second-growth forests was spatially predicted based on socioenvironmental landscape factors (human demography, land use and cover, anthropogenic and natural disturbance, ecosystem productivity, and topography and soil chemistry); was significantly higher for species richness than for total abundance for vertebrates (median range-adjusted predicted deviation 0.09 vs. 0.34) and invertebrates (0.2 vs. 0.35) but not for plants (which showed a similar recovery for both metrics [0.24 vs. 0.25]); and was positively correlated for total abundance of plant and vertebrate species (Pearson r = 0.45, p = 0.001). Our approach can help identify tropical and subtropical forest landscapes with high potential for biodiversity recovery through natural forest regrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Prieto
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacob J Bukoski
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Felipe S M Barros
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Centro de Referencia en Tecnologías de la Información para la Gestión con Software Libre (CeRTIG+SoL), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Misiones, Argentina
- Departamento de Geografía, Instituto Superior Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Misiones, Argentina
- Instituto Misionero de Biodiversidad, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Hawthorne L Beyer
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alvaro Iribarrem
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Crouzeilles
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Mestrado Profissional em Ciências do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shennan‐Farpón Y, Mills M, Souza A, Homewood K. The role of agroforestry in restoring Brazil's Atlantic Forest: Opportunities and challenges for smallholder farmers. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Shennan‐Farpón
- ZSL Institute of Zoology London UK
- UCL Department of Anthropology University College London London UK
| | - Morena Mills
- Faculty of Natural Sciences Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London UK
| | - Aline Souza
- IPÊ Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas Rua Ricardo Fogaroli São Paulo Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ecosystem Services from Ecological Agroforestry in Brazil: A Systematic Map of Scientific Evidence. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Brazil has great potential to expand the area under agroforestry, and thereby simultaneously enhance multiple ecosystem services. However, divergent interests are currently polarized between drastic environmental deregulation and public resource allocation to chemical-intensive land use versus conservation and sustainable agriculture. This highlights an urgent need for a comprehensive overview of the evidence of the benefits to society generated by agroforestry across Brazil. (2) We present a systematic map of the scientific evidence related to the effects of agroforestry on ecosystem services in Brazil. (3) Reviewing 158 peer-reviewed articles, published in international scientific journals (database: Web of Science), we identified a disproportionate emphasis on the Atlantic Forest. Very little research has been published on the Cerrado savanna, Pampa grasslands and Pantanal wetlands. Regulating services were much more frequently studied (85%) than provisioning (13%), while cultural services represent a major gap. A consistent positive effect of agroforestry was demonstrated for soil quality, habitat and food provisioning. Trade-offs were demonstrated for soils and habitats. (4) Our analysis identifies high-priority gaps given their critical importance for human well-being which should be filled: agroforestry effects on water provision and regulation. Moreover, they should assess other ES such as erosion control, flood protection and pest control to enable a more reliable inference about trade-offs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Sacco A, Hardwick KA, Blakesley D, Brancalion PHS, Breman E, Cecilio Rebola L, Chomba S, Dixon K, Elliott S, Ruyonga G, Shaw K, Smith P, Smith RJ, Antonelli A. Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1328-1348. [PMID: 33494123 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Urgent solutions to global climate change are needed. Ambitious tree-planting initiatives, many already underway, aim to sequester enormous quantities of carbon to partly compensate for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are a major cause of rising global temperatures. However, tree planting that is poorly planned and executed could actually increase CO2 emissions and have long-term, deleterious impacts on biodiversity, landscapes and livelihoods. Here, we highlight the main environmental risks of large-scale tree planting and propose 10 golden rules, based on some of the most recent ecological research, to implement forest ecosystem restoration that maximizes rates of both carbon sequestration and biodiversity recovery while improving livelihoods. These are as follows: (1) Protect existing forest first; (2) Work together (involving all stakeholders); (3) Aim to maximize biodiversity recovery to meet multiple goals; (4) Select appropriate areas for restoration; (5) Use natural regeneration wherever possible; (6) Select species to maximize biodiversity; (7) Use resilient plant material (with appropriate genetic variability and provenance); (8) Plan ahead for infrastructure, capacity and seed supply; (9) Learn by doing (using an adaptive management approach); and (10) Make it pay (ensuring the economic sustainability of the project). We focus on the design of long-term strategies to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises and support livelihood needs. We emphasize the role of local communities as sources of indigenous knowledge, and the benefits they could derive from successful reforestation that restores ecosystem functioning and delivers a diverse range of forest products and services. While there is no simple and universal recipe for forest restoration, it is crucial to build upon the currently growing public and private interest in this topic, to ensure interventions provide effective, long-term carbon sinks and maximize benefits for biodiversity and people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Blakesley
- Wildlife Landscapes, Maidstone, UK
- Autism and Nature, Maidstone, UK
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Loic Cecilio Rebola
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Kingsley Dixon
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Elliott
- Forest Restoration Research Unit and Environmental Science Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Kirsty Shaw
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | - Paul Smith
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Forest and Landscape Restoration: A Review Emphasizing Principles, Concepts, and Practices. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land10010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is considered worldwide as a powerful approach to recover ecological functionality and to improve human well-being in degraded and deforested landscapes. The literature produced by FLR programs could be a valuable tool to understand how they align with the existing principles of FLR. We conducted a systematic qualitative review to identify the main FLR concepts and definitions adopted in the literature from 1980 to 2017 and the underlying actions commonly suggested to enable FLR implementation. We identified three domains and 12 main associated principles—(i) Project management and governance domain contains five principles: (a) Landscape scale, (b) Prioritization, (c) Legal and normative compliance, (d) Participation, (e) Adaptive management; (ii) Human aspect domain with four principles: (a) Enhance livelihoods, (b) Inclusiveness and equity, (c) Economic diversification, (d) Capacity building; (iii) Ecological Aspects domain with three principles: (a) Biodiversity conservation, (b) Landscape heterogeneity and connectivity, (c) Provision of ecosystem goods and services. Our results showcase variations in FLR principles and how they are linked with practice, especially regarding the lack of social aspects in FLR projects. Finally, we provide a starting point for future tools aiming to improve guidance frameworks for FLR.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chagas G, Salk CF, Vidal EJ, Souza SEXF, Brancalion PHS. Exploiting fruits of a threatened palm to trigger restoration of Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Germano Chagas
- Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, PO Box 9, São Paulo São Paulo 13418‐900 Brazil
| | - Carl F. Salk
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Uppsala 750 07 Sweden
- Faculty of International Studies Utsunomiya University Utsunomiya Tochigi 321‐8505 Japan
| | - Edson J. Vidal
- Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, PO Box 9, São Paulo São Paulo 13418‐900 Brazil
| | - Saulo E. X. F. Souza
- Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, PO Box 9, São Paulo São Paulo 13418‐900 Brazil
| | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, PO Box 9, São Paulo São Paulo 13418‐900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gastauer M, Cavalcante RBL, Caldeira CF, Nunes SDS. Structural Hurdles to Large-Scale Forest Restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.593557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Abstract
Restoration depends on purpose and context. At the core it entails innovation to halt ongoing and reverse past degradation. It aims for increased functionality, not necessarily recovering past system states. Location-specific interventions in social-ecological systems reducing proximate pressures, need to synergize with transforming generic drivers of unsustainable land use. After reviewing pantropical international research on forests, trees, and agroforestry, we developed an options-by-context typology. Four intensities of land restoration interact: R.I. Ecological intensification within a land use system, R.II. Recovery/regeneration, within a local social-ecological system, R.III. Reparation/recuperation, requiring a national policy context, R.IV. Remediation, requiring international support and investment. Relevant interventions start from core values of human identity while addressing five potential bottlenecks: Rights, Know-how, Markets (inputs, outputs, credit), Local Ecosystem Services (including water, agrobiodiversity, micro/mesoclimate) and Teleconnections (global climate change, biodiversity). Six stages of forest transition (from closed old-growth forest to open-field agriculture and re-treed (peri)urban landscapes) can contextualize interventions, with six special places: water towers, riparian zone and wetlands, peat landscapes, small islands and mangroves, transport infrastructure, and mining scars. The typology can help to link knowledge with action in people-centric restoration in which external stakeholders coinvest, reflecting shared responsibility for historical degradation and benefits from environmental stewardship.
Collapse
|
12
|
Giudice Badari C, Bernardini LE, Almeida DRA, Brancalion PHS, César RG, Gutierrez V, Chazdon RL, Gomes HB, Viani RAG. Ecological outcomes of agroforests and restoration 15 years after planting. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Giudice Badari
- Department of Forestry Sciences University of São Paulo ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 13418‐900 Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Bernardini
- Department of Forestry Sciences University of São Paulo ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 13418‐900 Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Danilo R. A. Almeida
- Department of Forestry Sciences University of São Paulo ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 13418‐900 Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forestry Sciences University of São Paulo ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 13418‐900 Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269‐3043 U.S.A
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast 90 Sippy Downs Drive Sippy Downs QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Haroldo B. Gomes
- Programa de Restauração Ecológica, Sistemas Agroflorestais e Extensão Rural do IPÊ Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas Base No Pontal do Paranapanema – SP, Rua Ricardo Fogaroli, 387 19280‐00 Teodoro Sampaio SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. G. Viani
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant and Animal Production Federal University of São Carlos CCA, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174 13604‐900 Araras SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lennox GD, Gardner TA, Thomson JR, Ferreira J, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Mac Nally R, Aragão LEOC, Ferraz SFB, Louzada J, Moura NG, Oliveira VHF, Pardini R, Solar RRC, Vaz-de Mello FZ, Vieira ICG, Barlow J. Second rate or a second chance? Assessing biomass and biodiversity recovery in regenerating Amazonian forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5680-5694. [PMID: 30216600 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forests (SFs) regenerating on previously deforested land account for large, expanding areas of tropical forest cover. Given that tropical forests rank among Earth's most important reservoirs of carbon and biodiversity, SFs play an increasingly pivotal role in the carbon cycle and as potential habitat for forest biota. Nevertheless, their capacity to regain the biotic attributes of undisturbed primary forests (UPFs) remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of SF recovery, using extensive tropical biodiversity, biomass, and environmental datasets. These data, collected in 59 naturally regenerating SFs and 30 co-located UPFs in the eastern Amazon, cover >1,600 large- and small-stemmed plant, bird, and dung beetles species and a suite of forest structure, landscape context, and topoedaphic predictors. After up to 40 years of regeneration, the SFs we surveyed showed a high degree of biodiversity resilience, recovering, on average among taxa, 88% and 85% mean UPF species richness and composition, respectively. Across the first 20 years of succession, the period for which we have accurate SF age data, biomass recovered at 1.2% per year, equivalent to a carbon uptake rate of 2.25 Mg/ha per year, while, on average, species richness and composition recovered at 2.6% and 2.3% per year, respectively. For all taxonomic groups, biomass was strongly associated with SF species distributions. However, other variables describing habitat complexity-canopy cover and understory stem density-were equally important occurrence predictors for most taxa. Species responses to biomass revealed a successional transition at approximately 75 Mg/ha, marking the influx of high-conservation-value forest species. Overall, our results show that naturally regenerating SFs can accumulate substantial amounts of carbon and support many forest species. However, given that the surveyed SFs failed to return to a typical UPF state, SFs are not substitutes for UPFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James R Thomson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Sunrise Ecological Research Institute, Ocean Grove, Vic, Australia
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Group (TREES), Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, Avenida dos Astronautas, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de Sao Paulo, Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Victor H F Oliveira
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R C Solar
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Z Vaz-de Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- MCTI/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adams C, Rodrigues ST, Calmon M, Kumar C. Impacts of large-scale forest restoration on socioeconomic status and local livelihoods: what we know and do not know. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Adams
- School of Arts Sciences and Humanities (EACH) and Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Arlindo Bétio, 1.000 03828-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Department of Anthropology and The Ostrom Workshop; University of Indiana; Student Building 130, 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN, 47405-7100 USA
| | - Sidney T. Rodrigues
- STR Consultancy; Rua Prof. Pirajá da Silva, 183, ap. 151 05451-090 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Miguel Calmon
- Global Forest and Climate Change Programme; International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington DC 20009 USA
| | - Chetan Kumar
- Global Forest and Climate Change Programme; International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington DC 20009 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martínez‐Ramos M, Pingarroni A, Rodríguez‐Velázquez J, Toledo‐Chelala L, Zermeño‐Hernández I, Bongers F. Natural forest regeneration and ecological restoration in human‐modified tropical landscapes. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martínez‐Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex‐Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Aline Pingarroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex‐Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Jorge Rodríguez‐Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex‐Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Lilibeth Toledo‐Chelala
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex‐Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Isela Zermeño‐Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex‐Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chazdon RL, Uriarte M. Natural regeneration in the context of large‐scale forest and landscape restoration in the tropics. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043 Storrs CT, 06268‐3043 USA
- International Institute for Sustainability Estrada Dona Castorina 124 Horto Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University 1113 Schermerhorn Ext. 1200 Amsterdam Ave.New York NY 10027 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chazdon RL, Guariguata MR. Natural regeneration as a tool for large‐scale forest restoration in the tropics: prospects and challenges. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, 06269‐3043 Storrs CT USA
- International Institute for Sustainability Estrada Dona Castorina 124 Horto, 22460‐320 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Manuel R. Guariguata
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Av. La Molina 1895 La Molina Lima Perú
| |
Collapse
|