1
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Chuang WY, Lee CW, Fan WL, Liu TT, Lin ZH, Wang KC, Huang PJ, Yeh YM, Lin TC. Wnt-5a-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 Signaling Provokes Metastatic Colonization and Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma, and Prunetin Supresses the Axis Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1967-1985. [PMID: 39069169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Wnt-5a is a protein encoded by the WNT5A gene and is a ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2). However, its biological impact on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. In this study, the prognostic significance of concurrent WNT5A and ROR2 expression levels was observed to predict unfavorable overall survival and disease-specific survival. High Wnt-5a expression was detected in a ccRCC cell line panel but not in HK-2 cells, a normal proximal tubular cell line. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase by 5-azacytidine in 786-O and Caki-2 cells resulted in Wnt-5a up-regulation, indicating potential epigenetic modification. Furthermore, there was a repression of cell movement in vitro and metastatic colonization in vivo on WNT5A and ROR2 knockdown. Suppressions of angiogenesis in vivo and tubular-like structure formation in endothelial cells in vitro were also observed after silencing WNT5A and ROR2 expression. In addition, alteration in the downstream gene signature of the Wnt-5a-ROR2 signaling was similar to that in metastasis-associated gene 1-β-catenin axis. Moreover, prunetin treatment reversed the gene signature derived from Wnt-5a-ROR2 signaling activation and to abolish ccRCC cell migration and proliferation. Overall, this study demonstrates the clinical and functional significance of the Wnt-5a-ROR2 axis and identifies prunetin as a potential precision medicine for patients with ccRCC harboring aberrant Wnt-5a-ROR2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Lee
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lang Fan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Han Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Wang
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Yeh
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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2
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Liu Q, Zhao X, Shao X, Cheng P, Cui J, Han S. ROR2 promotes cell cycle progression and cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in gastric cancer. Mol Carcinog 2024. [PMID: 39150155 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Proliferation is a critical characteristic of the progression of gastric cancer (GC). Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), the orphan receptor tyrosine kinase-like receptor, exhibits effects on tumor growth due to its abnormal expression in cancer. The goal of our study was to assess the potential regulatory role exerted by the ROR2 on GC cells. Through previous bioinformatics analysis, we discovered an association between ROR2 and the G2/M phase of the GC cell cycle. However, little is known about the link between ROR2 and the G2/M phase cell cycle in GC. Here, the findings of our study indicate that ROR2, after transcribed expression by Twist1, activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K signal transduction pathway, thus leading to the acceleration of the G2/M phase and subsequent promotion of cell proliferation in GC. Furthermore, the functional link among ROR2, Twist1, and G2/M phase of cell cycle was also confirmed in mouse xenograft tissues and human tissues. ROR2 expression was correlated with Twist expression and lower survival in vivo. Notably, our suggestion is that focusing on ROR2 as a potential therapeutic approach could show potential for the management of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowen Shao
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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3
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Mohamed AH, Shafie A, Abdulmonem WA, Alzahrani HS, Ashour AA, Hjazi A, Jamal A, Aldreiwish AD, Kamal MA, Ahmad F, Khan N. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential therapeutic benefits and challenges in the treatment and pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155422. [PMID: 38981347 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are acknowledged for their remarkable ability to undergo differentiation into various cell types. In addition, they exhibit anti-tumor characteristics, prompting endeavors to modify MSCs for employment in cancer therapies. On the contrary, it is imperative to recognize that MSCs have been extensively linked to pathways that facilitate the advancement of tumors. Numerous research studies have sought to modify MSCs for clinical application; however, the outcomes have been ambiguous, potentially due to the heterogeneity of MSC populations. Furthermore, the conflicting roles of MSCs in suppressing and promoting tumor growth present a challenge to the appropriateness of their use in anti-cancer therapies. Currently, there exists a lack of comprehensive comprehension concerning the anti-tumor and pro-tumor characteristics of MSCs for gastric cancer (GC). This article discusses the influence of MSCs on GC, the underlying mechanisms, the origins of MSCs, and their effects. This review article also elucidates how MSCs exhibit dual characteristics of promoting and inhibiting tumor growth. Hence, it is of utmost importance that clinical inquiries aimed at utilizing MSCs as a therapeutic intervention for cancer consider the potentiality of MSCs to accelerate the progression of GC. It is crucial to exercise caution throughout the process of developing MSC-based cellular therapies to enhance their anti-cancer attributes while simultaneously eliminating their tumor-promoting impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma'a H Mohamed
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hilla, Babil 51001, Iraq.
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Swed Alzahrani
- Counselling healthy marriage, maternity and children hospital, Jeddah second cluster, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Adnan Ashour
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry. Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allolo D Aldreiwish
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Azhar Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazia Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Han R, Yang J, Zhu Y, Gan R. Wnt signaling in gastric cancer: current progress and future prospects. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1410513. [PMID: 38952556 PMCID: PMC11216096 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1410513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Levels of the Wnt pathway components are abnormally altered in gastric cancer cells, leading to malignant cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, poor prognosis and chemoresistance. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of Wnt signaling pathway in gastric cancer. We systematically reviewed the molecular mechanisms of the Wnt pathway in gastric cancer development; and summarize the progression and the challenges of research on molecular agents of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Hunan, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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5
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Yamauchi N, Otsuka M, Ishikawa T, Kakeji Y, Kikuchi A, Masuda A, Kodama Y, Minami Y, Kamizaki K. Role of Wnt5b-Ror1 signaling in the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Genes Cells 2024; 29:503-511. [PMID: 38531660 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most refractory cancers with the worst prognosis. Although several molecules are known to be associated with the progression of PDAC, the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of PDAC remain largely elusive. The Ror-family receptors, Ror1 and Ror2, which act as a receptor(s) for Wnt-family ligands, particularly Wnt5a, are involved in the progression of various types of cancers. Here, we show that higher expression of Ror1 and Wnt5b, but not Ror2, are associated with poorer prognosis of PDAC patients, and that Ror1 and Wnt5b are expressed highly in a type of PDAC cell lines, PANC-1 cells. Knockdown of either Ror1 or Wnt5b in PANC-1 cells inhibited their proliferation significantly in vitro, and knockout of Ror1 in PANC-1 cells resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we show that Wnt5b-Ror1 signaling in PANC-1 cells promotes their proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner by modulating our experimental setting in vitro. Collectively, these findings indicate that Wnt5b-Ror1 signaling might play an important role in the progression of some if not all of PDAC by promoting proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Yamauchi
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mako Otsuka
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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6
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Kamizaki K, Minami Y, Nishita M. Role of the Ror family receptors in Wnt5a signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:489-501. [PMID: 38587578 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Ror-family receptors, Ror1 and Ror2, are type I transmembrane proteins that possess an extracellular cysteine-rich domain, which is conserved throughout the Frizzled-family receptors and is a binding site for Wnt ligands. Both Ror1 and Ror2 function primarily as receptors or co-receptors for Wnt5a to activate the β-catenin-independent, non-canonical Wnt signaling, thereby regulating cell polarity, migration, proliferation, and differentiation depending on the context. Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed highly in many tissues during embryogenesis but minimally or scarcely in adult tissues, with some exceptions. In contrast, Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed in many types of cancers, and their high expression often contributes to the progression of the disease. Therefore, Ror1 and Ror2 have been proposed as potential targets for the treatment of the malignancies. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of Ror1/Ror2 expression and discuss how Wnt5a-Ror1/Ror2 signaling is mediated and regulated by their interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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7
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Ullah A, Zhao J, Li J, Singla RK, Shen B. Involvement of CXC chemokines (CXCL1-CXCL17) in gastric cancer: Prognosis and therapeutic molecules. Life Sci 2024; 336:122277. [PMID: 37995936 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth-most prevalent and second-most deadly cancer worldwide. Due to the late onset of symptoms, GC is frequently treated at a mature stage. In order to improve the diagnostic and clinical decision-making processes, it is necessary to establish more specific and sensitive indicators valuable in the early detection of the disease whenever a cancer is asymptomatic. In this work, we gathered information about CXC chemokines and GC by using scientific search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, and Web of Science. Researchers believe that GC chemokines, small proteins, class CXC chemokines, and chemokine receptors promote GC inflammation, initiation, and progression by facilitating angiogenesis, tumor transformation, invasion, survival, metastatic spread, host response safeguards, and inter-cell interaction. With our absolute best professionalism, the role of CXC chemokines and their respective receptors in GC diagnosis and prognosis has not been fully explained. This review article updates the general characteristics of CXC chemokines, their unique receptors, their function in the pathological process of GC, and their potential application as possible indicators for GC. Although there have only recently been a few studies focusing on the therapeutic efficacy of CXC chemokine inhibitors in GC, growing experimental evidence points to the inhibition of CXC chemokines as a promising targeted therapy. Therefore, further translational studies are warranted to determine whether specific antagonists or antibodies designed to target CXC chemokines alone or in combination with chemotherapy are useful for diagnosing advanced GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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8
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Sarabia-Sánchez MA, Robles-Flores M. WNT Signaling in Stem Cells: A Look into the Non-Canonical Pathway. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:52-66. [PMID: 37804416 PMCID: PMC10799802 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is crucial for multicellular organisms, wherein the loss of cells is compensated by generating new cells with the capacity for proliferation and differentiation. At the origin of these populations are the stem cells, which have the potential to give rise to cells with both capabilities, and persevere for a long time through the self-renewal and quiescence. Since the discovery of stem cells, an enormous effort has been focused on learning about their functions and the molecular regulation behind them. Wnt signaling is widely recognized as essential for normal and cancer stem cell. Moreover, β-catenin-dependent Wnt pathway, referred to as canonical, has gained attention, while β-catenin-independent Wnt pathways, known as non-canonical, have remained conspicuously less explored. However, recent evidence about non-canonical Wnt pathways in stem cells begins to lay the foundations of a conceivably vast field, and on which we aim to explain this in the present review. In this regard, we addressed the different aspects in which non-canonical Wnt pathways impact the properties of stem cells, both under normal conditions and also under disease, specifically in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Sarabia-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Rogers S, Zhang C, Anagnostidis V, Liddle C, Fishel ML, Gielen F, Scholpp S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts influence Wnt/PCP signaling in gastric cancer cells by cytoneme-based dissemination of ROR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217612120. [PMID: 37722040 PMCID: PMC10523461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217612120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a crucial component in the tumor microenvironment influencing cancer progression. Besides shaping the extracellular matrix, these fibroblasts provide signaling factors to facilitate tumor survival and alter tumor behavior. In gastric cancer, one crucial signaling pathway influencing invasion and metastasis is the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling. The crucial PCP ligand in this context is WNT5A, which is produced by the CAFs, and gastric cancer cells react upon this signal by enhanced polarized migration. Why gastric cancer cells respond to this signal is still unclear, as their expression level for the central WNT5A receptor, ROR2, is very low. Here, we show that CAFs display long and branched filopodia that form an extensive, complex network engulfing gastric cancer cells, such as the gastric cancer cell line AGS. CAFs have a significantly higher expression level of ROR2 than normal gastric fibroblasts and AGS cells. By high-resolution imaging, we observe a direct transfer of fluorescently tagged ROR2 from CAF to AGS cells by signaling filopodia, known as cytonemes. Surprisingly, we find that the transferred ROR2 complexes can activate Wnt/JNK signaling in AGS cells. Consistently, blockage of ROR2 function in the CAFs leads to reduced paracrine Wnt/JNK signaling, cell polarization, and migration of the receiving AGS cells. Complementary, enhanced migration via paracrine ROR2 transfer was observed in a zebrafish in vivo model. These findings demonstrate a fresh role for cytoneme-mediated signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Cytonemes convey Wnt receptors from CAFs to gastric cancer cells, allowing them to respond to Wnt/PCP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Rogers
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Chengting Zhang
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Corin Liddle
- Bioimaging Centre, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabrice Gielen
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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10
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Wang S, Shibata Y, Tanizaki Y, Zhang H, Yan W, Fu L, Shi YB. Comparative Analysis of Transcriptome Profiles Reveals Distinct and Organ-Dependent Genomic and Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone in Xenopus tropicalis Tadpoles. Thyroid 2023; 33:511-522. [PMID: 36503276 PMCID: PMC10122239 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for development and organ metabolism in all vertebrates. T3 has both genomic and nongenomic effects on target cells. While much has been learnt on its genomic effects via T3 receptors (TRs) in vertebrate development, mostly through TR-knockout and TR-knockin studies, little is known about the effects of T3 on gene expression in animals in the absence of TR. We have been studying Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma T3 level peaks and many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms. We have recently generated TR double knockout (TRDKO) Xenopus tropicalis animals. This offers an opportunity to compare the effects of T3 on global gene expression in tadpole tissues in the presence or absence of TR. Methods: We analyzed the effects of T3 on gene expression in tadpole tail and intestine by using RNA-seq analysis on wild-type and TRDKO tadpoles with or without T3 treatment. Results: We observed that removing TRs reduced the number of genes regulated by T3 in both organs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that T3 affected distinct biological processes and pathways in wild-type and TRDKO tadpoles. Many GO terms and KEGG pathways that were enriched among genes regulated in wild-type tissues are likely involved in mediating the effects of T3 on metamorphosis, for example, those related to development, stem cells, apoptosis, and cell cycle/cell proliferation. However, such GO terms and pathways were not enriched among T3-regulated genes in TRDKO tadpoles. Instead, in TRDKO tadpoles, GO terms and pathways related to "metabolism" and "immune response" were highly enriched among T3-regulated genes. We further observed strong divergence in the TR-independent nongenomic effects of T3 in the intestine and tail. Conclusions: Our data suggest that T3 has distinct and organ-dependent effects on gene expression in developing tadpoles. The TR-mediated effects are consistent with the metamorphic changes, in agreement with the fact that TR is necessary and sufficient to mediate the effects of T3 on metamorphosis. T3 appears to have a major effect on metabolism and immune response via TR-independent nongenomic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongen Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Hu J, Li J, Dai C, Ren J, Yang W, He C, Meng F, Dai C, Zeng S. HES1 deficiency impairs development of human intestinal mesenchyme by suppressing WNT5A expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 655:50-58. [PMID: 36933307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Serious intestinal side-effects that target the NOTCH-HES1 pathway in human cancer differentiation therapy make it necessary to understand the pathway at the human organ level. Herein, we endogenously introduced HES1-/- mutations into human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and differentiated them into human intestinal organoids (HIO). The HES1-/- hESCs retained ES cell properties and showed gene expression patterns similar to those of wild-type hESCs when they differentiated into definitive endoderm and hindgut. During the formation of the HES1-/- lumen we noted an impaired development of mesenchymal cells in addition to the increased differentiation of secretory epithelium. RNA-Seq revealed that inhibited development of the mesenchymal cells may have been due to a downregulation of WNT5A signaling. Overexpression of HES1 and silencing of WNT5A in the intestinal fibroblast cell line CCD-18Co indicated that HES1 was involved in the activation of WNT5A-induced fibroblast growth and migration, suggesting the likelihood of the Notch pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk. Our results facilitated the identification of more precise underlying molecular mechanisms displaying distinct roles in HES1 signaling in stromal and epithelial development in human intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Hu
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Can Dai
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Jinlin Ren
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Wenru Yang
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Caixia He
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Congling Dai
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Sicong Zeng
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China; Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China.
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12
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Endo M, Kamizaki K, Minami Y. The Ror-Family Receptors in Development, Tissue Regeneration and Age-Related Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:891763. [PMID: 35493090 PMCID: PMC9043558 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.891763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ror-family proteins, Ror1 and Ror2, act as receptors or co-receptors for Wnt5a and its related Wnt proteins to activate non-canonical Wnt signaling. Ror1 and/or Ror2-mediated signaling plays essential roles in regulating cell polarity, migration, proliferation and differentiation during developmental morphogenesis, tissue-/organo-genesis and regeneration of adult tissues following injury. Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed abundantly in developing tissues in an overlapping, yet distinct manner, and their expression in adult tissues is restricted to specific cell types such as tissue stem/progenitor cells. Expression levels of Ror1 and/or Ror2 in the adult tissues are increased following injury, thereby promoting regeneration or repair of these injured tissues. On the other hand, disruption of Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling is implicated in senescence of tissue stem/progenitor cells that is related to the impaired regeneration capacity of aged tissues. In fact, Ror1 and Ror2 are implicated in age-related diseases, including tissue fibrosis, atherosclerosis (or arteriosclerosis), neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers. In these diseases, enhanced and/or sustained (chronic) expression of Ror1 and/or Ror2 is observed, and they might contribute to the progression of these diseases through Wnt5a-dependent and -independent manners. In this article, we overview recent advances in our understanding of the roles of Ror1 and Ror2-mediated signaling in the development, tissue regeneration and age-related diseases, and discuss their potential to be therapeutic targets for chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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13
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Xiang Z, Hua M, Hao Z, Biao H, Zhu C, Zhai G, Wu J. The Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844001. [PMID: 35281017 PMCID: PMC8907448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were reported to have strong immunomodulatory ability, and inhibit the proliferation of T cells and their immune response through cell-to-cell interactions and the generation of cytokines. With high differentiation potential and self-renewal ability, MSCs are considered to function in alleviating inflammatory responses, promoting tissue regeneration and inhibiting tissue fibrosis formation. As the most common malignancies, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers have high incidence and mortality. The accurate diagnosis, exact prognosis and treatment of GI cancers have always been a hot topic. Therefore, the potential applications of MSCs in terms of GI cancers are receiving more and more attention. Recently, there is increasing evidence that MSCs may serve as a key point in the growth, metastasis, inhibition, treatment and prognosis of GI cancers. In this review, we summarized the roles of MSCs in GI cancers, mainly focusing on esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), liver cancer (LC), colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer. Besides, we proposed MSCs as potential targets and treatment strategies for the effective treatment of GI cancers, which may provide better guidance for the clinical treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglu Hua
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Hao
- Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huang Biao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Zhu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghua Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Okamoto D, Yamauchi N, Takiguchi G, Nishita M, Kakeji Y, Minami Y, Kamizaki K. Autonomous and intercellular chemokine signaling elicited from mesenchymal stem cells regulates migration of undifferentiated gastric cancer cells. Genes Cells 2022; 27:368-375. [PMID: 35261108 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play critical roles in regulating progression of various types of cancer. We have previously shown that Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling in MSCs induces expression of CXCL16, and that CXCL16 secreted from MSCs then binds to its cognate receptor CXCR6 on the surface of an undifferentiated gastric cancer cell line MKN45 cells, eventually leading to proliferation and migration of MKN45 cells. However, it remains unclear about a possible involvement of another (other) cytokine (s) in regulating progression of gastric cancer. Here, we show that CXCL16-CXCR6 signaling is also activated in MSCs through cell-autonomous machinery, leading to up-regulated expression of CCL5. We further show that CCR1 and CCR3, receptors of CCL5, are expressed on the surface of MKN45 cells, and that CCL5 secreted from MSCs promotes migration of MKN45 cells presumably via its binding to CCR1/CCR3. These data indicate that cell-autonomous CXCL16-CXCR6 signaling activated in MSCs up-regulates expression of CCL5, and that subsequent activation of CCL5-CCR1/3 signaling in MKN45 cells through intercellular machinery can promote migration of MKN45 cells. Collectively, these findings postulate the presence of orchestrated chemokine signaling emanated from MSCs to regulate progression of undifferentiated gastric cancer cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Okamoto
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yamauchi
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Gosuke Takiguchi
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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15
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Castro MV, Lopez-Bergami P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the dual role of ROR2 in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103595. [PMID: 35032666 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ROR1 and ROR2 are Wnt receptors that are critical for β-catenin-independent Wnt pathways and have been linked to processes driving tumor progression, such as cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and therapy resistance. Both receptors have garnered interest as potential therapeutic targets since they are largely absent in adult tissue, are overexpressed in several cancers, and, as members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, are easier to target than all other components of the pathway. Unlike ROR1 which always promotes tumorigenesis, ROR2 has a very complex role in cancer acting either to promote or inhibit tumor progression in different tumor types. In the present article, we summarize the findings on ROR2 expression in cancer patients and its impact on clinical outcome. Further, we review the biological processes and signaling pathways regulated by ROR2 that explain its dual role in cancer. Finally, we describe the ongoing strategies to target ROR2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina.
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16
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Yang Y, Meng WJ, Wang ZQ. Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:803974. [PMID: 35047411 PMCID: PMC8761735 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) might be responsible for tumor initiation, relapse, metastasis and treatment resistance of GC. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells and other extracellular components, which plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The properties of CSCs are regulated by cells and extracellular matrix components of the TME in some unique manners. This review will summarize current literature regarding the effects of CSCs and TME on the progression and therapy resistance of GC, while emphasizing the potential for developing successful anti-tumor therapy based on targeting the TME and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Jian Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Roles of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Focus on Sphingosine 1-Shosphate Receptors, Angiotensin II Receptors, and Estrogen-Related GPCRs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112988. [PMID: 34831211 PMCID: PMC8616429 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are common and devastating diseases around the world. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the treatment of GI cancers, the mortality rates remain high, indicating a real need to explore the complex pathogenesis and develop more effective therapeutics for GI cancers. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical signaling molecules involved in various biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, and death, as well as immune responses and inflammation regulation. Substantial evidence has demonstrated crucial roles of GPCRs in the development of GI cancers, which provided an impetus for further research regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms and drug discovery of GI cancers. In this review, we mainly discuss the roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs), angiotensin II receptors, estrogen-related GPCRs, and some other important GPCRs in the development of colorectal, gastric, and esophageal cancer, and explore the potential of GPCRs as therapeutic targets.
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18
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Han J, Fu R, Chen C, Cheng X, Guo T, Huangfu L, Li X, Du H, Xing X, Ji J. CXCL16 Promotes Gastric Cancer Tumorigenesis via ADAM10-Dependent CXCL16/CXCR6 Axis and Activates Akt and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2841-2852. [PMID: 34345211 PMCID: PMC8326113 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of CXC motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) has been demonstrated to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis, served as a prognostic factor in many cancers, with higher relative expression behaving as a marker of tumor progression. However, its role and mechanisms underlying progression and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) are yet to be elucidated. In our investigation, public datasets and human GC tissue samples were used to determine the CXCL16 expression levels. Our results revealed that CXCL16 was upregulated in GC. The high expression CXCL16 in GC was significantly associated with histologic poor differentiation and pTNM staging. And high CXCL16 was positively correlated with the poor survival of GC patients. Gain-and loss-of-function experiments were employed to investigate the biological role of CXCL16 in proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), Akt and MAPK signal pathway related genes were significantly enriched in the high CXCL16 group, which was confirmed by western blot. Moreover, overexpression CXCL16 promoted the disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM10) and the CXC motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) expression, which mediated the CXCL16/CXCR6 positive feedback loop in GC, with activating Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Knocking down ADAM10 would interrupted the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in the carcinogenesis and progression of GC. In conclusion, our findings offered insights into that CXCL16 promoted GC tumorigenesis by enhancing ADAM10-dependent CXCL16/CXCR6 axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Runjia Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Longtao Huangfu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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19
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Nema R, Patel P, Kumar A. Prognostic Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptors in Intestinal-Type Gastric Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:2125-2134. [PMID: 34319035 PMCID: PMC8607102 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.7.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is diagnosed at advanced stages and has high mortality rates. Surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy are the main therapeutic approaches for GC. Despite curative resection, recurrence and metastasis contribute to a high mortality rate in patients with GC. The receptor-tyrosine-kinase-like orphan receptors 1/2 (ROR1/2) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. ROR1 and ROR2 are known to overexpress in the tumor tissues from several types of cancer patients. However, the role of RORs in the prognosis has not been understood. METHODS This study aimed to determine the association of mRNA expression of ROR1, ROR2, and their signaling components WNT5A, NKX2-1, and FOXF1, with the survival outcome of GC patients. We performed Kaplan-Meir survival analysis on publicly available 'The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)' data sets using 'Kaplan-Meir Plotter.' RESULTS High mRNA expression of ROR1, ROR2, NKX2-1, and FOXF1 was significantly correlated with worse overall survival (OS) of GC patients. Interestingly ROR1 and ROR showed a prognostic role in the intestinal subtype, but not in the diffuse subtype of GC. Furthermore, ROR1 was positively correlated with regulatory T cells and M2-type macrophages and negatively correlated with Th17 and natural killer T cells in the tumor stroma of patients with GC. CONCLUSION We conclude that the expression of ROR1, ROR2, and their associated genes correlate with worst prognosis of GC patients, particularly in the intestinal type. .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, India.
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20
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Li Y, Zhong X, Zhang Y, Lu X. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastric Cancer: Vicious but Hopeful. Front Oncol 2021; 11:617677. [PMID: 34046337 PMCID: PMC8144497 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.617677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression depends on the collaborative interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma. First-line therapies direct against cancer cells may not reach a satisfactory outcome, such as gastric cancer (GC), with high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, novel treatments and drugs target the effects of stroma components are to be promising alternatives. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent the decisive components of tumor stroma that are found to strongly affect GC development and progression. MSC from bone marrow or adjacent normal tissues express homing profiles in timely response to GC-related inflammation signals and anchor into tumor bulks. Then the newly recruited “naïve” MSC would achieve phenotype and functional alternations and adopt the greater tumor-supporting potential under the reprogramming of GC cells. Conversely, both new-comers and tumor-resident MSC are able to modulate the tumor biology via aberrant activation of oncogenic signals, metabolic reprogramming and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. And they also engage in remodeling the stroma better suited for tumor progression through immunosuppression, pro-angiogenesis, as well as extracellular matrix reshaping. On the account of tumor tropism, MSC could be engineered to assist earlier diagnosis of GC and deliver tumor-killing agents precisely to the tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, intercepting and abrogating vicious signals derived from MSC are of certain significance for the combat of GC. In this review, we mainly summarize current advances concerning the reciprocal metabolic interactions between MSC and GC and their underlying therapeutic implications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingwei Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Carino A, Graziosi L, Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Marino E, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E, Donini A, Fiorucci S. Analysis of Gastric Cancer Transcriptome Allows the Identification of Histotype Specific Molecular Signatures With Prognostic Potential. Front Oncol 2021; 11:663771. [PMID: 34012923 PMCID: PMC8126708 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.663771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy but the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Therapy for gastric cancer remain largely suboptimal making the identification of novel therapeutic targets an urgent medical need. In the present study we have carried out a high-throughput sequencing of transcriptome expression in patients with gastric cancers. Twenty-four patients, among a series of 53, who underwent an attempt of curative surgery for gastric cancers in a single center, were enrolled. Patients were sub-grouped according to their histopathology into diffuse and intestinal types, and the transcriptome of the two subgroups assessed by RNAseq analysis and compared to the normal gastric mucosa. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the two histopathology phenotypes express two different patterns of gene expression. A total of 2,064 transcripts were differentially expressed between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues: 772 were specific for the intestinal type and 407 for the diffuse type. Only 885 transcripts were simultaneously differentially expressed by both tumors. The per pathway analysis demonstrated an enrichment of extracellular matrix and immune dysfunction in the intestinal type including CXCR2, CXCR1, FPR2, CARD14, EFNA2, AQ9, TRIP13, KLK11 and GHRL. At the univariate analysis reduced levels AQP9 was found to be a negative predictor of 4 years survival. In the diffuse type low levels CXCR2 and high levels of CARD14 mRNA were negative predictors of 4 years survival. In summary, we have identified a group of genes differentially regulated in the intestinal and diffuse histotypes of gastric cancers with AQP9, CARD14 and CXCR2 impacting on patients' prognosis, although CXCR2 is the only factor independently impacting overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Graziosi
- S.C.Gastroenterologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marino
- S.C.Gastroenterologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Annibale Donini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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22
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Hsieh MJ, Weng CC, Lin YC, Wu CC, Chen LT, Cheng KH. Inhibition of β-Catenin Activity Abolishes LKB1 Loss-Driven Pancreatic Cystadenoma in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094649. [PMID: 33924999 PMCID: PMC8125161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and remains one of our most recalcitrant and dismal diseases. In contrast to many other malignancies, there has not been a significant improvement in patient survival over the past decade. Despite advances in our understanding of the genetic alterations associated with this disease, an incomplete understanding of the underlying biology and lack of suitable animal models have hampered efforts to develop more effective therapies. LKB1 is a tumor suppressor that functions as a primary upstream kinase of adenine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is an important mediator in the regulation of cell growth and epithelial polarity pathways. LKB1 is mutated in a significant number of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) patients and in a small proportion of sporadic cancers, including PC; however, little is known about how LKB1 loss contributes to PC development. Here, we report that a reduction in Wnt/β-catenin activity is associated with LKB1 tumor-suppressive properties in PC. Remarkably, in vivo functional analyses of β-catenin in the Pdx-1-Cre LKB1L/L β-cateninL/L mouse model compared to LKB1 loss-driven cystadenoma demonstrate that the loss of β-catenin impairs cystadenoma development in the pancreas of Pdx-1Cre LKB1L/L mice and dramatically restores the normal development and functions of the pancreas. This study further determined the in vivo and in vitro therapeutic efficacy of the β-catenin inhibitor FH535 in suppressing LKB1 loss-driven cystadenoma and reducing PC progression that delineates the potential roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PC harboring LKB1 deficiency.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/etiology
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome/genetics
- Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- beta Catenin/antagonists & inhibitors
- beta Catenin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jen Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (M.-J.H.); (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.W.)
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (M.-J.H.); (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (M.-J.H.); (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (M.-J.H.); (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (M.-J.H.); (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.W.)
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-T.C.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Kuang-Hung Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (M.-J.H.); (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-C.W.)
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-T.C.); (K.-H.C.)
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Abstract
Today, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Lately, cytokine and chemokine imbalances have gained attention amongst different involved pathways in cancer development and attracted much consideration in cancer research. CXCL16, as a member of the CXC subgroup of chemokines, has been attributed to be responsible for immune cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. The aberrant expression of CXCL16 has been observed in various cancers. This chemokine has been shown to play a conflicting role in tumour development through inducing pro-inflammatory conditions. The infiltration of various immune and non-immune cells such as lymphocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts and myeloid-derived suppressor cells by CXCL16 into the tumour microenvironment has complicated the tumour fate. Given this diverse role of CXCL16 in cancer, a better understanding of its function might build-up our knowledge about tumour biology. Hence, this study aimed to review the impact of CXCL16 in cancer and explored its therapeutic application. Consideration of these findings might provide opportunities to achieve novel approaches in cancer treatment and its prognosis.
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24
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The Role of CXCL16 in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073490. [PMID: 33800554 PMCID: PMC8036711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL16 is a chemotactic cytokine belonging to the α-chemokine subfamily. It plays a significant role in the progression of cancer, as well as the course of atherosclerosis, renal fibrosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Since there has been no review paper discussing the importance of this chemokine in various diseases, we have collected all available knowledge about CXCL16 in this review. In the first part of the paper, we discuss background information about CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6. Next, we focus on the importance of CXCL16 in a variety of diseases, with an emphasis on cancer. We discuss the role of CXCL16 in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Next, we describe the role of CXCL16 in the tumor microenvironment, including involvement in angiogenesis, and its significance in tumor-associated cells (cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), microglia, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), myeloid suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg)). Finally, we focus on the antitumor properties of CXCL16, which are mainly caused by natural killer T (NKT) cells. At the end of the article, we summarize the importance of CXCL16 in cancer therapy.
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25
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Qin Y, Wang F, Ni H, Liu Y, Yin Y, Zhou X, Gao G, Li Q, Qi X, Li J. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in gastric cancer affect malignant progression via the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. J Cancer 2021; 12:3011-3023. [PMID: 33854601 PMCID: PMC8040897 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are principal constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a critical role in tumor progression. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis regulates multiple facets of the TME. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between CXCL12 expression in CAFs and the malignant progression of gastric cancer (GC). Methods: In the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database, we performed transcriptome analysis on paired gastric cancer RNA sequencing samples, and scRNA analysis was performed on advanced malignant GC samples from the scRNA sequencing data set. Fibroblast cells were co-cultured with GC cells, and invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) were determined. After blocking the expression of fibroblast CXCL12, cells were co-cultured with a GC cell line. Detection of GC cell line invasion, migration, EMT and CXCR4, Wnt5a and β-Catenin expression levels was performed. Primary CAFs and gastric normal fibroblasts were isolated and CXCL12 mRNA and protein expression were determined. In addition, a cohort of 285 GC cases was established, protein expression was evaluated immunohistochemically, and prognostic results were analyzed. Results: GC transcriptome analysis suggested that cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the Wnt signaling pathway in GC tissues were significantly up-regulated. scRNA analysis of advanced malignant GC samples showed that severe intestinal metaplasia (SIM) in GC specimens of different malignant grades had obvious fibroblast clusters compared to non-atrophic gastritis (NAG) and early gastric cancer (EGC). In the SIM group, fibroblast cluster, CXCL12, CXCR4, and Wnt5a were overexpressed. Co-culturing with fibroblast cells significantly increased the invasion, migration, and EMT of GC cells, and blocking CXCL12 in CAFs disturbed the expression of Wnt5a and β-catenin. In our cohort of GC patients, high CXCL12 expression in CAFs significantly correlated with histological grade (P = 0.012) and TNM stage (P = 0.014), as well as with poor overall survival (p = 0.0107). Conclusion: High expression of CXCL12 in CAFs in a GC microenvironment can affect the migration, invasion, and EMT of GC cells. Furthermore, it can cause poor prognosis in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Hengli Ni
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guihua Gao
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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26
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Mao D, Zhou Z, Song S, Li D, He Y, Wei Z, Zhang C. Identification of Stemness Characteristics Associated With the Immune Microenvironment and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626961. [PMID: 33747944 PMCID: PMC7966731 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly heterogeneous disease. In recent years, the prognostic value of the mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) across cancers has been reported. We intended to identify stemness index-associated genes (SI-genes) for clinical characteristic, gene mutation status, immune response, and tumor microenvironment evaluation as well as risk stratification and survival prediction. Methods The correlations between the mRNAsi and GC prognosis, clinical characteristics, gene mutation status, immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironment were evaluated. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify SI-genes from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was employed to calculate the sample SI-gene-based ssGSEA score according to the SI-genes. Then, the correlations between the ssGSEA score and GC prognosis, clinical characteristics, gene mutation status, immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironment were analyzed. Finally, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression algorithm was used to construct a prognostic signature with prognostic SI-genes. The ssGSEA score and prognostic signature were validated using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Results The mRNAsi could predict overall survival (OS), clinical characteristics, the gene mutation status, immune cell infiltration, and the tumor microenvironment composition. Fourteen positive SI-genes and 178 negative SI-genes were screened out using WGCNA. The ssGSEA score, similar to the mRNAsi, was found to be closely related to OS, clinical characteristics, the gene mutation status, immune cell infiltration, and the tumor microenvironment composition. Finally, a prognostic signature based on 18 prognostic SI-genes was verified to more accurately predict GC 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS than traditional clinical prediction models. Conclusion The ssGSEA score and prognostic signature based on 18 prognostic SI-genes are of great value for immune response evaluation, risk stratification and survival prediction in GC and suggest that stemness features are crucial drivers of GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Mao
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Shenglei Song
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulong He
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhewei Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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27
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Xue D, Zheng Y, Wen J, Han J, Tuo H, Liu Y, Peng Y. Role of chemokines in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:809-823. [PMID: 33650640 PMCID: PMC7859922 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, with an unsatisfactory prognosis, although treatments are improving. One of the main challenges for the treatment of HCC is the prevention or management of recurrence and metastasis of HCC. It has been found that chemokines and their receptors serve a pivotal role in HCC progression. In the present review, the literature on the multifactorial roles of exosomes in HCC from PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase were obtained, with a specific focus on the functions and mechanisms of chemokines in HCC. To date, >50 chemokines have been found, which can be divided into four families: CXC, CX3C, CC and XC, according to the different positions of the conserved N‑terminal cysteine residues. Chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response, tumor immune response, proliferation, invasion and metastasis via modulation of various signaling pathways. Thus, chemokines and their receptors directly or indirectly shape the tumor cell microenvironment, and regulate the biological behavior of the tumor. In addition, the potential application of chemokines in chemotaxis of exosomes as drug vehicles is discussed. Exosomes containing chemokines or expressing receptors for chemokines may improve chemotaxis to HCC and may thus be exploited for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Medical Center Laboratory, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Junye Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhao Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Tuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
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28
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Ruan Y, Ogana H, Gang E, Kim HN, Kim YM. Wnt Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:107-121. [PMID: 33123996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated Wnt signaling plays a central role in initiation, progression, and metastasis in many types of human cancers. Cancer development and resistance to conventional cancer therapies are highly associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is composed of numerous stable non-cancer cells, including immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), fibroblasts, endothelial cells (ECs), and stromal cells. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that the relationship between Wnt signaling and the TME promotes the proliferation and maintenance of tumor cells, including leukemia. Here, we review the Wnt pathway, the role of Wnt signaling in different components of the TME, and therapeutic strategies for targeting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heather Ogana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunji Gang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hye Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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He D, Hu J, Yang R, Zeng B, Yang D, Li D, Zhang M, Yang M, Ni Q, Ning R, Fan X, Li X, Mao X, Li Y. Evolutionary analysis of chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 in murine rodents. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103718. [PMID: 32360411 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes in cooperative and/or stand-alone fashions. Despite the significance of rodent animal models in elucidating the function and clinical relevance of the chemokine and its receptor, the evolutionary characterization of these molecules remains deficient for this taxon to a certain extent. In this study, we implemented a comparison of synonymous and nonsynonymous variation rates in combination with the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis and Tajima's test to evaluate the interspecific and intraspecific evolutions of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in murine rodents. Our results indicate that adaptive selection has frequently contributed to genetic diversity of both CXCL16 and CXCR6 in the murine lineage that is asynchronous with a relative dependence between these genes. This signature is radically different from the lineage-specific and concordant adaptive diversity of the primate homologues of these genes, which was reported in a previous study. The diversity identified in the present study shed further light on molecular strategies against the challenges towards CXCL16 and CXCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Diyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Li Y, Wang P, Wu LL, Yan J, Pang XY, Liu SJ. miR-26a-5p Inhibit Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion Through Mediated Wnt5a. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2537-2550. [PMID: 32273724 PMCID: PMC7108881 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s241199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant disease of digestive tract. Clinically, radiation therapy is widely applied in treating GC, while with undesirable outcome due to tumor re-proliferation and recurrence and metastasis after radiation. Therefore, it is crucial to explore potential molecular mechanisms to develop therapeutic strategies. The present study found that miR-26a-5p has low expression in GC patients and could regulate Wnt5a to inhibit tumor growth, which was a potential therapeutic target for GC. To explore the expression and related mechanism of miR-26a-5p and Wnt5a in GC. Patients and Methods MiR-26a-5p and Wnt5a were extracted from the transcriptome data of GC downloaded from TCGA database for analysis. The expression levels of miR-26a-5p and Wnt5a in patients’ tissues and serum were detected by qRT-PCR, and their correlation with patients’ pathological data and survival was analyzed. In addition, miR-26a-5p and Wnt5a overexpression and inhibition vectors were transfected into cells to observe the effects on the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of GC cells. The relationship between miR-26a-5p and Wnt5a was analyzed by dual luciferase report. Results The database and clinical samples showed that miR-26a-5p level was low while Wnt5a was high in GC. MiR-26a-5p level decreased in patients with stage III+IV, lymphatic metastasis and tumor ≥3cm, and Wnt5a was contrary to that of the miR-26a-5p, with diagnostic value. Overexpressed miR-26a-5p and inhibited Wnt5a enhanced apoptosis, decreased proliferation and invasion, reduced Bcl-2 and β-catenin proteins, and elevated Caspase 3, E-cadherin and Bax proteins, while inhibited miR-26a-5p and over-expressed Wnt5a showed the opposite results. Dual luciferase report confirmed that miR-26a-5p targeted to regulate Wnt5a, and rescue experiments found that these effects could be counteracted by reducing miR-26a-5p level. Conclusion Overexpressed miR-26a-5p can inhibit Wnt5a expression, promote cell apoptosis, and suppress cell proliferation and invasion in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Lei Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Pang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Jiang Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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31
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Astudillo P. Wnt5a Signaling in Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:110. [PMID: 32195251 PMCID: PMC7064718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains an important health challenge, accounting for a significant number of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in gastric cancer establishment and progression is highly desirable. The Wnt pathway plays a fundamental role in development, homeostasis, and disease, and abnormal Wnt signaling is commonly observed in several cancer types. Wnt5a, a ligand that activates the non-canonical branch of the Wnt pathway, can play a role as a tumor suppressor or by promoting cancer cell invasion and migration, although the molecular mechanisms explaining these roles have not been fully elucidated. Wnt5a is increased in gastric cancer samples; however, most gastric cancer cell lines seem to exhibit little expression of this ligand, thus raising the question about the source of this ligand in vivo. This review summarizes available research about Wnt5a expression and signaling in gastric cancer. In gastric cancer, Wnt5a promotes invasion and migration by modulating integrin adhesion turnover. Disheveled, a scaffolding protein with crucial roles in Wnt signaling, mediates the adhesion-related effects of Wnt5a in gastric cancer cells, and several studies provide growing support for a model whereby Disheveled-interacting proteins mediates Wnt5a signaling to modulate cytoskeleton dynamics. However, Wnt5a might induce other effects in gastric cancer cells, such as cell survival and induction of gene expression. On the other hand, the available evidence suggests that Wnt5a might be expressed by cells residing in the tumor microenvironment, where feedback mechanisms sustaining Wnt5a secretion and signaling might be established. This review analyzes the possible functions of Wnt5a in this pathological context and discusses potential links to mechanosensing and YAP/TAZ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Astudillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Ikeda T, Nishita M, Hoshi K, Honda T, Kakeji Y, Minami Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived CXCL16 promotes progression of gastric cancer cells by STAT3-mediated expression of Ror1. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1254-1265. [PMID: 32012403 PMCID: PMC7156785 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) have been shown to be recruited to various types of tumor tissues, where they interact with tumor cells to promote their proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, depending on the type of the tumor. We have previously shown that Ror2 receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, Wnt5a, are expressed in MSC, and Wnt5a‐Ror2 signaling in MSC induces expression of CXCL16, which, in turn, promotes proliferation of co–cultured MKN45 gastric cancer cells via the CXCL16‐CXCR6 axis. However, it remains unclear how CXCL16 regulates proliferation of MKN45 cells. Here, we show that knockdown of CXCL16 in MSC by siRNA suppresses not only proliferation but also migration of co–cultured MKN45 cells. We also show that MSC‐derived CXCL16 or recombinant CXCL16 upregulates expression of Ror1 through activation of STAT3 in MKN45 cells, leading to promotion of proliferation and migration of MKN45 cells in vitro. Furthermore, co–injection of MSC with MKN45 cells in nude mice promoted tumor formation in a manner dependent on expression of Ror1 in MKN45 cells, and anti–CXCL16 neutralizing antibody suppressed tumor formation of MKN45 cells co–injected with MSC. These results suggest that CXCL16 produced through Ror2‐mediated signaling in MSC within the tumor microenvironment acts on MKN45 cells in a paracrine manner to activate the CXCR6‐STAT3 pathway, which, in turn, induces expression of Ror1 in MKN45 cells, thereby promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ikeda
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishita
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Department of Human Life Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Nursing, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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33
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Xu S, Liu C, Ji H. Concise Review: Therapeutic Potential of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Secretome and Extracellular Vesicles for Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: Progress and Hypotheses. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:344-354. [PMID: 30618085 PMCID: PMC6431606 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication in radiotherapy of thoracic tumors and limits the therapeutic dose of radiation that can be given to effectively control tumors. RILI develops through a complex pathological process, resulting in induction and activation of various cytokines, infiltration by inflammatory cells, cytokine-induced activation of fibroblasts, and subsequent tissue remodeling by activated fibroblasts, ultimately leading to impaired lung function and respiratory failure. Increasing evidence shows that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may play a main role in modulating inflammation and immune responses, promoting survival and repair of damaged resident cells and enhancing regeneration of damaged tissue through soluble paracrine factors and therapeutic extracellular vesicles. Therefore, the use of the MSC-derived secretome and exosomes holds promising potential for RILI therapy. Here, we review recent progress on the potential mechanisms of MSC therapy for RILI, with an emphasis on soluble paracrine factors of MSCs. Hypotheses on how MSC derived exosomes or MSC-released exosomal miRNAs could attenuate RILI are also proposed. Problems and translational challenges of the therapies based on the MSC-derived secretome and exosomes are further summarized and underline the need for caution on rapid clinical translation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:344-354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siguang Xu
- Institute of Lung and Molecular TherapyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Lung and Molecular TherapyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hong‐Long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTexasUSA
- Texas Lung Injury InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTexasUSA
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Ren D, Dai Y, Yang Q, Zhang X, Guo W, Ye L, Huang S, Chen X, Lai Y, Du H, Lin C, Peng X, Song L. Wnt5a induces and maintains prostate cancer cells dormancy in bone. J Exp Med 2018; 216:428-449. [PMID: 30593464 PMCID: PMC6363426 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a from osteoblastic niche induces and maintains the dormancy of prostate cancer cells in bone and inhibits bone metastasis in a preventive manner, uncovering a potential therapeutic utility of Wnt5a in the treatment of bone metastatic prostate cancer. In a substantial fraction of prostate cancer (PCa) patients, bone metastasis appears after years or even decades of latency. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been proposed to be implicated in dormancy of cancer cells. However, how these tumor cells are kept dormant and recur under control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling derived from bone microenvironment remains unknown. Here, we report that Wnt5a from osteoblastic niche induces dormancy of PCa cells in a reversible manner in vitro and in vivo via inducing Siah E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 2 (SIAH2) expression, which represses Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, this effect of Wnt5a-induced dormancy of PCa cells depends on receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), and a negative correlation of ROR2 expression with bone metastasis–free survival is observed in PCa patients. Therefore, these results demonstrate that Wnt5a/ROR2/SIAH2 signaling axis plays a crucial role in inducing and maintaining PCa cells dormancy in bone, suggesting a potential therapeutic utility of Wnt5a via inducing dormancy of PCa cells in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingrong Lai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology, the First People's Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libing Song
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China .,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Wang J, Liu C, Chang X, Qi Y, Zhu Z, Yang X. Fibrosis of mesothelial cell-induced peritoneal implantation of ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6641-6647. [PMID: 30584359 PMCID: PMC6284525 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s183043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal metastasis frequently occurs in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and is the main basis for a poor prognosis. The mechanism underlying preferential ovarian cancer spread to the peritoneum is not well understood. Methods Herein, we investigated the significance and mechanism underlying fibrosis of mesothelial cells promoting peritoneal implantation of ovarian cancer. We have assessed the mesothelial cell fibroblast transformation process in peritoneal tissues of omentum and fibrotic mesothelial cell release of chemokines to promote dissemination by scanning electron microscopy, ELISA, Western blot, and Transwell chamber assay. Results We showed that the fibrosis of mesothelial cells exists in the peritoneum of ovarian cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. Fibrosis of the mesothelial cells was induced by TGF-β1, which upregulates the CXCL12–CXCR4 and CXCL16–CXCR6 axes of mesothelial cells. Conclusion CXCL12–CXCR4 and CXCL16–CXCR6 may be important signaling pathways closely involved in peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer that require further investigation. The findings may lead to developing alternative strategies aimed at preventing and treating the metastasis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinou Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Xiaoying Chang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Yafei Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xianghong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
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36
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miR-129-5p inhibits gemcitabine resistance and promotes cell apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by targeting Wnt5a. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1811-1819. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xu F, He D, Liu J, Ni Q, Lyu Y, Xiong S, Li Y. Genetic diversification of chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 in primates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 85:86-94. [PMID: 29635005 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 are associated with a series of physiological and pathological processes in cooperative and stand-alone fashions. To shed insight into their versatile nature, we studied genetic variations of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in primates. Evolutionary analyses revealed that these genes underwent a similar evolutionary fate. Both genes experienced adaptive diversification with the phylogenetic division of cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys) and hominoids (humans, great apes, and gibbons) from their common ancestor. In contrast, they were conserved in the periods preceding and following the dividing process. In terms of the adaptive diversification between cercopithecoids and hominoids, the adaptive genetic changes have occurred in the mucin-like and chemokine domains of CXCL16 and the N-terminus and transmembrane helixes of CXCR6. In combination with currently available structural and functional information for CXCL16 and CXCR6, the parallels between the evolutionary footprints and the co-occurrence of adaptive diversification at some evolutionary stage suggest that interplay could exist between the diversification-related amino acid sites, or between the domains on which the identified sites are located, in physiological processes such as chemotaxis and/or cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Lyu
- The First Hospital of Kunming Calmette International Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiu Xiong
- Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Mattes B, Dang Y, Greicius G, Kaufmann LT, Prunsche B, Rosenbauer J, Stegmaier J, Mikut R, Özbek S, Nienhaus GU, Schug A, Virshup DM, Scholpp S. Wnt/PCP controls spreading of Wnt/β-catenin signals by cytonemes in vertebrates. eLife 2018; 7:36953. [PMID: 30060804 PMCID: PMC6086664 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling filopodia, termed cytonemes, are dynamic actin-based membrane structures that regulate the exchange of signaling molecules and their receptors within tissues. However, how cytoneme formation is regulated remains unclear. Here, we show that Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) autocrine signaling controls the emergence of cytonemes, and that cytonemes subsequently control paracrine Wnt/β-catenin signal activation. Upon binding of the Wnt family member Wnt8a, the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 becomes activated. Ror2/PCP signaling leads to the induction of cytonemes, which mediate the transport of Wnt8a to neighboring cells. In the Wnt-receiving cells, Wnt8a on cytonemes triggers Wnt/β-catenin-dependent gene transcription and proliferation. We show that cytoneme-based Wnt transport operates in diverse processes, including zebrafish development, murine intestinal crypt and human cancer organoids, demonstrating that Wnt transport by cytonemes and its control via the Ror2 pathway is highly conserved in vertebrates. Communication helps the cells that make up tissues and organs to work together as a team. One way that cells share information with each other as tissues grow and develop is by exchanging signaling proteins. These interact with receptors on the surface of other cells; this causes the cell to change how it behaves. The Wnt family of signaling proteins orchestrate organ development. Wnt proteins influence which types of cells develop, how fast they divide, and how and when they move. Relatively few cells, or small groups of cells, in developing tissues produce Wnt proteins, while larger groups nearby respond to the signals. We do not fully understand how Wnt proteins travel between cells, but recent work revealed an unexpected mechanism – cells seem to hand-deliver their messages. Finger-like structures called cytonemes grow out of the cell membrane and carry Wnt proteins to their destination. If the cytonemes do not form properly the target cells do not behave correctly, which can lead to severe tissue malformation. Mattes et al. have now investigated how cytonemes form using a combination of state-of-the-art genetic and high-resolution imaging techniques. In initial experiments involving zebrafish cells that were grown in the laboratory, Mattes et al. found that the Wnt proteins kick start their own transport; before they travel to their destination, they act on the cells that made them. A Wnt protein called Wnt8a activates the receptor Ror2 on the surface of the signal-producing cell. Ror2 then triggers signals inside the cell that begin the assembly of the cytonemes. The more Ror2 is activated, the more cytonemes the cell makes, and the more Wnt signals it can send out. This mechanism operates in various tissues: Ror2 also controls the cytoneme transport process in living zebrafish embryos, the mouse intestine and human stomach tumors. This knowledge will help researchers to develop new ways to control Wnt signaling, which could help to produce new treatments for diseases ranging from cancers (for example in the stomach and bowel) to degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mattes
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yonglong Dang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gediminas Greicius
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Benedikt Prunsche
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jakob Rosenbauer
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Mikut
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre of Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Alexander Schug
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hong L, Wang S, Li W, Wu D, Chen W. Tumor-associated macrophages promote the metastasis of ovarian carcinoma cells by enhancing CXCL16/CXCR6 expression. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1345-1351. [PMID: 30049511 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the underlying mechanism by which C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16)/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) signaling is activated by tumor-associated macrophages and assists in regulating the metastasis of ovarian carcinoma. Specimens of ovarian carcinoma tissue and adjacent tissue were collected from 20 ovarian carcinoma patients. Human THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages, which were then co-cultured with SKOV3 cells and low concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to simulate the inflammatory microenvironment of ovarian carcinoma. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CXCR6 was transfected into SKOV3 cells; after which, the levels of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) protein and phosphorylated PI3K and Akt were measured. The migration and invasion abilities of the SKOV3 cells were also tested. The levels of TNF-α, interluekin-6 (IL-6), NF-κB p65, CXCL16, and CXCR6 expression in the ovarian carcinoma tissues were higher than those in the precancerous tissues. CXCR6 expression was positively correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL16 expression. Co-culture of SKOV3 cells with macrophages significantly promoted CXCL16, CXCR6, NF-κB, and p65 expression by the SKOV3 cells, increased their levels of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt, and increased the migration and invasion abilities of SKOV3 cells. Silencing of CXCR6 or blocking the PI3K/Akt signal pathway markedly attenuated the expression of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, as well as the migration and invasion abilities of SKOV3 cells. These findings demonstrate that macrophages can promote the migration and invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells by affecting the CXCL16/CXCR6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hong
- Department of Gynecology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengtan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gynecology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Dongcai Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wangsheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, China.
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Karuna EP, Choi SS, Scales MK, Hum J, Cohen M, Fierro FA, Ho HYH. Identification of a WNT5A-Responsive Degradation Domain in the Kinesin Superfamily Protein KIF26B. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E196. [PMID: 29621187 PMCID: PMC5924538 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncanonical WNT pathways function independently of the β-catenin transcriptional co-activator to regulate diverse morphogenetic and pathogenic processes. Recent studies showed that noncanonical WNTs, such as WNT5A, can signal the degradation of several downstream effectors, thereby modulating these effectors' cellular activities. The protein domain(s) that mediates the WNT5A-dependent degradation response, however, has not been identified. By coupling protein mutagenesis experiments with a flow cytometry-based degradation reporter assay, we have defined a protein domain in the kinesin superfamily protein KIF26B that is essential for WNT5A-dependent degradation. We found that a human disease-causing KIF26B mutation located at a conserved amino acid within this domain compromises the ability of WNT5A to induce KIF26B degradation. Using pharmacological perturbation, we further uncovered a role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in WNT5A regulation of KIF26B degradation. Lastly, based on the identification of the WNT5A-responsive domain, we developed a new reporter system that allows for efficient profiling of WNT5A-KIF26B signaling activity in both somatic and stem cells. In conclusion, our study identifies a new protein domain that mediates WNT5A-dependent degradation of KIF26B and provides a new tool for functional characterization of noncanonical WNT5A signaling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith P Karuna
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Shannon S Choi
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Michael K Scales
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jennie Hum
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Michael Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Fernando A Fierro
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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41
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Flanagan DJ, Austin CR, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Wnt Signalling in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040178. [PMID: 29570681 PMCID: PMC5924520 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates several cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, and is critical for embryonic development. Stem cells are defined by their ability for self-renewal and the ability to be able to give rise to differentiated progeny. Consequently, they are essential for the homeostasis of many organs including the gastrointestinal tract. This review will describe the huge advances in our understanding of how stem cell functions in the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by Wnt signalling, including how deregulated Wnt signalling can hijack these functions to transform cells and lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Chloe R Austin
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
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Inflammatory Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Stem Cell-Like Characteristics of Cancer Cells in an IL-1 β-Dependent Manner. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7096707. [PMID: 29670904 PMCID: PMC5835289 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7096707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the safety of clinical applications of MSCs, thorough understanding of their impacts on tumor initiation and progression is essential. Here, to further explore the complex dialog between MSCs and tumor cells, umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) were employed to be cocultured with either breast or ovarian cancer cells. Though having no obvious influence on proliferation or apoptosis, UC-MSCs exerted intense stem cell-like properties promoting effects on both cancer models. Cocultured cancer cells showed enriched side population, enhanced sphere formation ability, and upregulated pluripotency-associated stem cell markers. Human cytokine array and real-time PCR revealed a panel of MSC-derived prostemness cytokines CCL2, CXCL1, IL-8, and IL-6 which were induced upon coculturing. We further revealed IL-1β, a well-characterized proinflammatory cytokine, to be the inducer of these prostemness cytokines, which was generated from inflammatory UC-MSCs in an autocrine manner. Additionally, with introduction of IL-1RA (an IL-1 receptor antagonist) into the coculturing system, the stem cell-like characteristics promoting effects of inflammatory UC-MSCs were partially blocked. Taken together, these findings suggest that transduced inflammatory MSCs work as a major source of IL-1β in tumor microenvironment and initiate the formation of prostemness niche via regulating their secretome in an IL-1β-dependent manner.
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43
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Dai B, Yan T, Zhang A. ROR2 receptor promotes the migration of osteosarcoma cells in response to Wnt5a. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:112. [PMID: 29213214 PMCID: PMC5707918 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/RhoA signaling pathway mediates Wnt5a-induced cell migration of osteosarcoma cells. However, the specific receptors responding to Wnt5a ligand remain poorly defined in osteosarcoma metastasis. Methods Wound healing assays were used to measure the migration rate of osteosarcoma cells transfected with shRNA or siRNA specific against ROR2 or indicated constructs. We evaluated the RhoA activation in osteosarcoma MG-63 and U2OS cells with RhoA activation assay. A panel of inhibitors of PI3K and Akt treated osteosarcoma cells and blocked kinase activity. Western blotting assays were employed to measure the expression and activation of Akt. Clonogenic assays were used to measure the cell proliferation of ROR2-knockdown or ROR2-overexpressed osteosarcoma cells. Results Wnt5a-induced osteosarcoma cell migration was largely abolished by shRNA or siRNA specific against ROR2. Overexpression of RhoA-CA (GFP-RhoA-V14) was able to rescue the Wnt5a-induced cell migration blocked by ROR2 knockdown. The Wnt5a-induced activation of RhoA was mostly blocked by ROR2 knockdown, and elevated by ROR2 overexpression, respectively. Furthermore, we found that Wnt5a-induced cell migration was significantly retarded by RhoA-siRNA transfection or pretreatment of HS-173 (PI3Kα inhibitor), MK-2206 (Akt inhibitor), A-674563 (Akt1 inhibitor), or CCT128930 (Akt2 inhibitor). The activation of Akt was upregulated or downregulated by transfected with ROR2-Flag or ROR2-siRNA, respectively. Lastly, Wnt5a/ROR2 signaling does not alter the cell proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Conclusions Taken together, we demonstrate that ROR2 receptor responding to Wnt5a ligand activates PI3K/Akt/RhoA signaling and promotes the migration of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People's Hospital, Binhai, 224500 Jiangsu China
| | - Ting Yan
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Ailiang Zhang
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
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Huang R, Liao X, Li Q. Identification and validation of potential prognostic gene biomarkers for predicting survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5243-5254. [PMID: 29138577 PMCID: PMC5679677 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular analysis is a promising source of clinically useful prognostic biomarkers. The aim of this investigation was to identify prognostic biomarkers for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by using the gene expression profile dataset from public database. Methods The gene expression profile dataset and corresponding overall survival (OS) information of three cohorts of AML patients from GSE12417 and The Cancer Genome Atlas AML project (TCGA-LAML) were included in the present study. Prognostic gene screening was performed by using a survival package, whereas time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed using the survivalROC package. Results In the three cohorts, 11 genes were identified that were significantly associated with AML OS. A linear prognostic model of the 11 genes was constructed and weighted by regression coefficient (β) from the multivariate Cox regression analyses of GSE12417 HG-U133A cohort to divide patients into high- and low-risk groups. GSE12417 HG-U133 plus 2.0 and TCGA-LAML were validation cohorts. Patients assigned to the high-risk group exhibited poor OS compared to patients in the low-risk group. The 11-gene signature is a prognostic marker of AML and demonstrates good performance for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS as evaluated by survivalROC in the three cohorts. Conclusion Our study has identified an mRNA signature including 11 genes, which may serve as a potential prognostic marker of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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The Chemokine Receptor CXCR6 Evokes Reverse Signaling via the Transmembrane Chemokine CXCL16. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071468. [PMID: 28698473 PMCID: PMC5535959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse signaling is a signaling mechanism where transmembrane or membrane-bound ligands transduce signals and exert biological effects upon binding of their specific receptors, enabling a bidirectional signaling between ligand and receptor-expressing cells. In this study, we address the question of whether the transmembrane chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16, CXCL16 is able to transduce reverse signaling and investigate the biological consequences. For this, we used human glioblastoma cell lines and a melanoma cell line as in vitro models to show that stimulation with recombinant C-X-C chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) or CXCR6-containing membrane preparations induces intracellular (reverse) signaling. Specificity was verified by RNAi experiments and by transfection with expression vectors for the intact CXCL16 and an intracellularly-truncated form of CXCL16. We showed that reverse signaling via CXCL16 promotes migration in CXCL16-expressing melanoma and glioblastoma cells, but does not affect proliferation or protection from chemically-induced apoptosis. Additionally, fast migrating cells isolated from freshly surgically-resected gliomas show a differential expression pattern for CXCL16 in comparison to slowly-migrating cells, enabling a possible functional role of the reverse signaling of the CXCL16/CXCR6 pair in human brain tumor progression in vivo.
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Togarrati PP, Sasaki RT, Abdel-Mohsen M, Dinglasan N, Deng X, Desai S, Emmerson E, Yee E, Ryan WR, da Silva MCP, Knox SM, Pillai SK, Muench MO. Identification and characterization of a rich population of CD34 + mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in human parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3484. [PMID: 28615711 PMCID: PMC5471181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis during physiological turnovers and injuries. Very little is known about the phenotype, distribution and molecular nature of MSCs in freshly isolated human salivary glands (SGs) as most reports have focused on the analysis of cultured MSCs. Our results demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule CD34 was widely expressed by the MSCs of human major SGs, namely parotid (PAG), sublingual (SLG) and submandibular (SMG) glands. Further, gene expression analysis of CD34+ cells derived from fetal SMGs showed significant upregulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, proliferation, branching, extracellular matrix remodeling and organ development. Moreover, CD34+ SMG cells exhibited elevated expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix, basement membrane proteins, and members of ERK, FGF and PDGF signaling pathways, which play key roles in glandular development, branching and homeostasis. In vitro CD34+ cell derived SG-MSCs revealed multilineage differentiation potential. Intraglandular transplantation of cultured MSCs in immunodeficient mice led to their engraftment in the injected and uninjected contralateral and ipsilateral glands. Engrafted cells could be localized to the stroma surrounding acini and ducts. In summary, our data show that CD34+ derived SG-MSCs could be a promising cell source for adoptive cell-based SG therapies, and bioengineering of artificial SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robson T Sasaki
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Desai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Division of Head and Neck Oncologic/Endocrine/Salivary Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo C P da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Xu Y, Ma YH, Pang YX, Zhao Z, Lu JJ, Mao HL, Liu PS. Ectopic repression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 inhibits malignant transformation of ovarian cancer cells by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317701627. [PMID: 28475014 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317701627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 is an enzyme-linked receptor which specifically modulates WNT5A signaling and plays an important role in tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis; however, the precise role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 in cancer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 in ovarian carcinoma and clarify the biological functions and interactions of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 with non-canonical Wnt pathways in ovarian cancer. The result of the human ovary tissue microarray revealed that the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2-positive rate increased in malignant epithelial ovarian cancers and was extremely higher in the metastatic tumor tissues, which was also higher than that in the malignant ovarian tumor tissues. In addition, high expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 was closely related with ovarian cancer grading. The expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 protein was higher in SKOV3 and A2780 cells than OVCAR3 and 3AO cells. Knockdown of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced morphologic as well as digestive state alterations in stably transfected SKOV3 cells. Detailed study further revealed that silencing of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibited non-canonical Wnt signaling. Our findings suggest that receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 may be an important regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, primarily regulated the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cells, and may display a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Hui Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying-Xin Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Jing Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Luan Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pei-Shu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Aponte PM, Caicedo A. Stemness in Cancer: Stem Cells, Cancer Stem Cells, and Their Microenvironment. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5619472. [PMID: 28473858 PMCID: PMC5394399 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5619472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stemness combines the ability of a cell to perpetuate its lineage, to give rise to differentiated cells, and to interact with its environment to maintain a balance between quiescence, proliferation, and regeneration. While adult Stem Cells display these properties when participating in tissue homeostasis, Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) behave as their malignant equivalents. CSCs display stemness in various circumstances, including the sustaining of cancer progression, and the interaction with their environment in search for key survival factors. As a result, CSCs can recurrently persist after therapy. In order to understand how the concept of stemness applies to cancer, this review will explore properties shared between normal and malignant Stem Cells. First, we provide an overview of properties of normal adult Stem Cells. We thereafter elaborate on how these features operate in CSCs. We then review the organization of microenvironment components, which enables CSCs hosting. We subsequently discuss Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs), which, although their stemness properties are limited, represent essential components of the Stem Cell niche and tumor microenvironment. We next provide insights of the therapeutic strategies targeting Stem Cell properties in tumors and the use of state-of-the-art techniques in future research. Increasing our knowledge of the CSCs microenvironment is key to identifying new therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Aponte
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
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Zhang A, Yan T, Wang K, Huang Z, Liu J. PI3Kα isoform-dependent activation of RhoA regulates Wnt5a-induced osteosarcoma cell migration. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:27. [PMID: 28289332 PMCID: PMC5310072 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway mediated Wnt5a-induced osteosarcoma cell migration. However, the signaling pathways regulating Wnt5a/PI3K/Akt-mediated cell migration remains poorly defined in osteosarcoma cells. Methods We evaluated the activations of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 in osteosarcoma MG-63 and U2OS cells with small G-protein activation assay. Boyden chamber assays were used to confirm the migration of cells transfected indicated constructs or siRNA specific against RhoA. A panel of inhibitors of PI3K and Akt treated osteosarcoma cells and blocked kinase activity. Western blotting and RhoA activation assay were employed to measure the effect of kinase inhibitors and activations of RhoA and Akt. Results We found that Wnt5a had a potent stimulatory effect on RhoA activation, but not on Rac1 and Cdc42 activations. Wnt5a-induced cell migration was largely abolished by siRNA specific against RhoA. DN-RhoA (GFP-RhoA-N19) was also capable of retarding Wnt5a-induced cell migration, but the overexpression of CA-RhoA (GFP-RhoA-V14) was not able to accelerate cell migration. The Wnt5a-induced activation of RhoA was mostly blocked by pretreatment of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and MK-2206 (Akt inhibitor). Furthermore, we found that the Wnt5a-induced activation of RhoA was mostly blocked by pretreatment of HS-173 (PI3Kα inhibitor). Lastly, the phosphorylation of Akt (p-Ser473) was not altered by transfection with siRNA specific against RhoA or DN-RhoA (GFP-RhoA-N19). Conclusions Taken together, we demonstrate that RhoA acts as the downstream of PI3K/Akt signaling (specific PI3Kα, Akt1 and Akt2 isoforms) and mediated Wnt5a-induced the migration of osteosarcoma cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-017-0396-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiang Zhang
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Ting Yan
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Kun Wang
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhihui Huang
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
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Zhang W, Tao H, Chen X, Sugimura H, Wang J, Zhou P. High expression of Wls is associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage in gastric carcinomas. Pathol Int 2017; 67:141-146. [PMID: 28110490 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Wnt protein in carcinogenesis have been well documented in human cancers. Wls is a key modulator for the secretion of Wnt protein. We previously found that Wls was aberrantly expressed in colorectal carcinomas. Studies have revealed that dysregulation of Wnt signal transduction plays an important role in gastric carcinoma. We hypothesized that Wls may play a role in the development and progression of gastric carcinoma. In this study, three gastric cancer cell lines MGC-803, SGC-7901, and AGS, and a set of gastric carcinoma tissue specimens were subjected to immunohistochemistry. The relationship between the expression of Wls and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Wls was negatively detected in MGC-803, positively detected in SGC-7901 and AGS cell lines. Wls was weakly expressed in 9.7% (15/154), moderately in 33.1% (51/154), and strongly in 57.1% (88/154) of tested gastric carcinoma specimens. High expression of Wls was positively associated with well and moderately differentiated tumors (P = 0.035, rs = 0.170), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001, rs = 0.276), and advanced TNM stage (P = 0.006, rs = 0.219). Our data suggest that Wls protein is related to tumor metastasis and advanced TNM stage, and may be used as a new marker for prognosis of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangshu 225400, China
| | - Hong Tao
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Hamamatus 431-3192, Japan
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Hamamatus 431-3192, Japan
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangshu 225400, China
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