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Lu Y, Sun Y, Zhang J, Kong M, Zhao Z, Sun B, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Chen S, Wang C, Tong Y, Wen L, Huang M, Wu F, Zhang L. The deubiquitinase USP2a promotes tumor immunosuppression by stabilizing immune checkpoint B7-H4 in lung adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR-activating mutants. Cancer Lett 2024; 596:217020. [PMID: 38849009 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
B7-H4 is an immune checkpoint crucial for inhibiting CD8+ T-cell activity. A clinical trial is underway to investigate B7-H4 as a potential immunotherapeutic agent. However, the regulatory mechanism of B7-H4 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) remains poorly understood. In this study, we discovered that proteasome inhibitors effectively increased B7-H4 expression, while EGFR-activating mutants promoted B7-H4 expression through the UPP. We screened B7-H4 binding proteins by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry and found that USP2a acted as a deubiquitinase of B7-H4 by removing K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains from B7-H4, leading to a reduction in B7-H4 degradation. EGFR mutants enhanced B7-H4 stability by upregulating USP2a expression. We further investigated the role of USP2a in tumor growth in vivo. Depletion of USP2a in L858R/LLC cells inhibited tumor cell proliferation, consequently suppressing tumor growth in immune-deficient nude mice by destabilizing downstream molecules such as Cyclin D1. In an immune-competent C57BL/6 mouse tumor model, USP2a abrogation facilitated infiltration of CD95+CD8+ effector T cells and hindered infiltration of Tim-3+CD8+ and LAG-3+CD8+ exhausted T cells by destabilizing B7-H4. Clinical lung adenocarcinoma samples showed a significant correlation between B7-H4 abundance and USP2a expression, indicating the contribution of the EGFR/USP2a/B7-H4 axis to tumor immunosuppression. In summary, this study elucidates the dual effects of USP2a in tumor growth by stabilizing Cyclin D1, promoting tumor cell proliferation, and stabilizing B7-H4, contributing to tumor immunosuppression. Therefore, USP2a represents a potential target for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Kong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boshu Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Zhaxin Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaomu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Tong
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangzhu Wen
- He Cheng Biotechnology Suzhou Co.Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Moli Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Huang Y, Che X, Wang PW, Qu X. p53/MDM2 signaling pathway in aging, senescence and tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 101:44-57. [PMID: 38762096 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has emerged that there is an association between aging, senescence and tumorigenesis. Senescence, a biological process by which cells cease to divide and enter a status of permanent cell cycle arrest, contributes to aging and aging-related diseases, including cancer. Aging populations have the higher incidence of cancer due to a lifetime of exposure to cancer-causing agents, reduction of repairing DNA damage, accumulated genetic mutations, and decreased immune system efficiency. Cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, accelerate aging. There is growing evidence that p53/MDM2 (murine double minute 2) axis is critically involved in regulation of aging, senescence and oncogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the functions and mechanisms of p53/MDM2-mediated senescence, aging and carcinogenesis. Moreover, we highlight the small molecular inhibitors, natural compounds and PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) that target p53/MDM2 pathway to influence aging and cancer. Modification of p53/MDM2 could be a potential strategy for treatment of aging, senescence and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Peter W Wang
- Department of Medicine, Oasis Medical Research Center, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China.
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Ohki R, Itahana K, Iwakuma T. "The 10th International MDM2 Workshop": Opening up new avenues for MDM2 and p53 research, the First International MDM2 Workshop in Asia. Genes Cells 2024; 29:451-455. [PMID: 38553254 PMCID: PMC11164626 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The 10th International MDM2 Workshop was held at the National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCCRI) in Tokyo, Japan, from October 15 to 18, 2023. It attracted 166 participants from 12 countries. The meeting featured 52 talks and 41 poster presentations. In the first special session, six invited speakers gave educational and outstanding talks on breakthroughs in MDM2 research. Three keynote speakers presented emerging p53-independent functions of MDM2/MDM4, functional association of MDM2/p53 with cancer immunity, and drug discovery targeting the MDM2/MDM4-p53 pathway. Additionally, 19 invited speakers introduced their new findings. Twenty-one presenters, many of whom were young investigators, postdocs, and students, were selected from submitted abstracts and reported their exciting and unpublished results. For poster presenters, outstanding poster awards were given to the best presenters. There were many inspiring questions and discussions throughout the meeting. Social events like a welcome party, a workshop dinner, and an optional tour enabled further scientific interactions among the participants. The meeting successfully provided an exciting platform for scientific exchange. The experience gained from organizing this meeting will be handed over to the next organizers of the 11th International MDM2 Workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Ohki
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Wang W, Albadari N, Du Y, Fowler JF, Sang HT, Xian W, McKeon F, Li W, Zhou J, Zhang R. MDM2 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: The Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:414-453. [PMID: 38697854 PMCID: PMC11068841 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 35 years ago, MDM2 has emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapy. MDM2's activities extend from carcinogenesis to immunity to the response to various cancer therapies. Since the report of the first MDM2 inhibitor more than 30 years ago, various approaches to inhibit MDM2 have been attempted, with hundreds of small-molecule inhibitors evaluated in preclinical studies and numerous molecules tested in clinical trials. Although many MDM2 inhibitors and degraders have been evaluated in clinical trials, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MDM2 inhibitor on the market. Nevertheless, there are several current clinical trials of promising agents that may overcome the past failures, including agents granted FDA orphan drug or fast-track status. We herein summarize the research efforts to discover and develop MDM2 inhibitors, focusing on those that induce MDM2 degradation and exert anticancer activity, regardless of the p53 status of the cancer. We also describe how preclinical and clinical investigations have moved toward combining MDM2 inhibitors with other agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions to accelerate the clinical application of MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, targeting MDM2 remains a promising treatment approach, and targeting MDM2 for protein degradation represents a novel strategy to downregulate MDM2 without the side effects of the existing agents blocking p53-MDM2 binding. Additional preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to finally realize the full potential of MDM2 inhibition in treating cancer and other chronic diseases where MDM2 has been implicated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Overexpression/amplification of the MDM2 oncogene has been detected in various human cancers and is associated with disease progression, treatment resistance, and poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the previous, current, and emerging MDM2-targeted therapies and summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies combining MDM2 inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. The findings of these contemporary studies may lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients with cancers overexpressing MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Najah Albadari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Josef F Fowler
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Hannah T Sang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
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5
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Isermann T, Schneider KL, Wegwitz F, De Oliveira T, Conradi LC, Volk V, Feuerhake F, Papke B, Stintzing S, Mundt B, Kühnel F, Moll UM, Schulz-Heddergott R. Enhancement of colorectal cancer therapy through interruption of the HSF1-HSP90 axis by p53 activation or cell cycle inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.22.581507. [PMID: 38464125 PMCID: PMC10925225 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The stress-associated molecular chaperone system is an actionable target in cancer therapies. It is ubiquitously upregulated in cancer tissues and enables tumorigenicity by stabilizing hundreds of oncoproteins and disturbing the stoichiometry of protein complexes. Most inhibitors target the key component heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). However, although classical HSP90 inhibitors are highly tumor-selective, they fail in phase 3 clinical oncology trials. These failures are at least partly due to an interference with a negative feedback loop by HSP90 inhibition, known as heat-shock response (HSR): in response to HSP90 inhibition there is compensatory synthesis of stress-inducible chaperones, mediated by the transcription factor heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1). We recently identified that wildtype p53 (p53) actively reduces the HSR by repressing HSF1 via a p21-CDK4/6-MAPK-HSF1 axis. Here we test the hypothesis that in HSP90-based therapies simultaneous p53 activation or direct cell cycle inhibition interrupts the deleterious HSF1-HSR axis and improves the efficiency of HSP90 inhibitors. Indeed, we find that the clinically relevant p53 activator Idasanutlin suppresses the HSF1-HSR activity in HSP90 inhibitor-based therapies. This combination synergistically reduces cell viability and accelerates cell death in p53-proficient colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, murine tumor-derived organoids and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Mechanistically, upon combination therapy human CRC cells strongly upregulate p53-associated pathways, apoptosis, and inflammatory immune pathways. Likewise, in the chemical AOM/DSS CRC model in mice, dual HSF1-HSP90 inhibition strongly represses tumor growth and remodels immune cell composition, yet displays only minor toxicities in mice and normal mucosa-derived organoids. Importantly, inhibition of the cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) under HSP90 inhibition phenocopies synergistic repression of the HSR in p53-proficient CRC cells. Even more important, in p53-deficient (mutp53-harboring) CRC cells, an HSP90 inhibition in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors similarly suppresses the HSF1-HSR system and reduces cancer growth. Likewise, p53-mutated PDOs strongly respond to dual HSF1-HSP90 pathway inhibition and thus, providing a strategy to target CRC independent of the p53 status. In sum, activating p53 (in p53-proficient cancer cells) or inhibiting CDK4/6 (independent of the p53 status) provide new options to improve the clinical outcome of HSP90-based therapies and to enhance colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Isermann
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Lucia Schneider
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Björn Papke
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Mundt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute M. Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Ellison V, Polotskaia A, Xiao G, Leybengrub P, Qiu W, Lee R, Hendrickson R, Hu W, Bargonetti J. A CANCER PERSISTENT DNA REPAIR CIRCUIT DRIVEN BY MDM2, MDM4 (MDMX), AND MUTANT P53 FOR RECRUITMENT OF MDC1 AND 53BP1 TO CHROMATIN. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.20.576487. [PMID: 38328189 PMCID: PMC10849484 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The influence of the metastasis promoting proteins mutant p53 (mtp53) and MDM2 on Cancer Persistent Repair (CPR) to promote cancer cell survival is understudied. Interactions between the DNA repair choice protein 53BP1 and wild type tumor suppressor protein p53 (wtp53) regulates cell cycle control. Cancer cells often express elevated levels of transcriptionally inactive missense mutant p53 (mtp53) that interacts with MDM2 and MDM4/MDMX (herein called MDMX). The ability of mtp53 to maintain a 53BP1 interaction while in the context of interactions with MDM2 and MDMX has not been described. We asked if MDM2 regulates chromatin-based phosphorylation events in the context of mtp53 by comparing the chromatin of T47D breast cancer cells with and without MDM2 in a phospho-peptide stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC) screen. We found reduced phospho-53BP1 chromatin association, which we confirmed by chromatin fractionation and immunofluorescence in multiple breast cancer cell lines. We used the Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) in breast cancer cell lines and detected 53BP1 in close proximity to mtp53, MDM2, and the DNA repair protein MDC1. Through disruption of the mtp53-MDM2 interaction, by either Nutlin 3a or a mtp53 R273H C-terminal deletion, we uncovered that mtp53 was required for MDM2-53BP1 interaction foci. Our data suggests that mtp53 works with MDM2 and 53BP1 to promote CPR and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Ellison
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
| | - Alla Polotskaia
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
| | - Gu Xiao
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
| | - Pamella Leybengrub
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
| | - Weigang Qiu
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
| | - Rusia Lee
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
- The Graduate Center City University of New York, Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, New York, NY
| | | | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Jill Bargonetti
- Hunter College, The Department of Biological Sciences, Belfer Research Building, New York, NY
- The Graduate Center City University of New York, Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, New York, NY
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Georgescu MM. Translation into Clinical Practice of the G1-G7 Molecular Subgroup Classification of Glioblastoma: Comprehensive Demographic and Molecular Pathway Profiling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:361. [PMID: 38254850 PMCID: PMC10814912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant primary neoplasm of the central nervous system. In a recent breakthrough study on a prospective Discovery cohort, I proposed the first all-inclusive molecular classification of glioblastoma into seven subgroups, G1-G7, based on MAPK pathway activation. New data from a WHO-grade-4 diffuse glioma prospective Validation cohort offers, in this study, an integrated demographic-molecular analysis of a 213-patient Combined cohort. Despite cohort differences in the median age and molecular subgroup distribution, all the prospectively-acquired cases from the Validation cohort mapped into one of the G1-G7 subgroups defined in the Discovery cohort. A younger age of onset, higher tumor mutation burden and expanded G1/EGFR-mutant and G3/NF1 glioblastoma subgroups characterized the glioblastomas from African American/Black relative to Caucasian/White patients. The three largest molecular subgroups were G1/EGFR, G3/NF1 and G7/Other. The fourth largest subgroup, G6/Multi-RTK, was detailed by describing a novel gene fusion ST7-MET, rare PTPRZ1-MET, LMNA-NTRK1 and GOPC-ROS1 fusions and their overexpression mechanisms in glioblastoma. The correlations between the MAPK pathway G1-G7 subgroups and the PI3-kinase/PTEN, TERT, cell cycle G1 phase and p53 pathways defined characteristic subgroup pathway profiles amenable to personalized targeted therapy. This analysis validated the first all-inclusive molecular classification of glioblastoma, showed significant demographic and molecular differences between subgroups, and provided the first ethnic molecular comparison of glioblastoma.
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Zhang S, Guo Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zuo S. Targeting the deubiquitinase USP2 for malignant tumor therapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2023; 50:176. [PMID: 37594087 PMCID: PMC10463009 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin‑proteasome system is a major degradation pathway for >80% of proteins in vivo. Deubiquitylases, which remove ubiquitinated tags to stabilize substrate proteins, are important components involved in regulating the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, they serve multiple roles in tumor development by participating in physiological processes such as protein metabolism, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair and gene transcription. The present review systematically summarized the role of ubiquitin‑specific protease 2 (USP2) in malignant tumors and the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of USP2 in tumor‑associated pathways. USP2 reverses ubiquitin‑mediated degradation of proteins and is involved in aberrant proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and drug resistance of tumors. Additionally, the present review summarized studies reporting on the use of USP2 as a therapeutic target for malignancies such as breast, liver, ovarian, colorectal, bladder and prostate cancers and glioblastoma and highlights the current status of pharmacological research on USP2. The clinical significance of USP2 as a therapeutic target for malignant tumors warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Shenjie Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Shi Zuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- Precision Medicine Research Institute of Guizhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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Dong J, Du C, Xu C, Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Lv X, Zhang L, Li J, Huang C, Wang H, Ma T. Verbenalin attenuates hepatic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in alcohol-associated steatohepatitis by regulating MDMX/PPARα-mediated ferroptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116227. [PMID: 36739928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Verbenalin is a major compound in Verbena officinalis L. Verbena officinalis L was first recorded in the 'Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians.' Verbenalin (VE) is its active constituent and has been found to have many biological effects, including anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, removing jaundice, and treating malaria. It could treat lump accumulation, dysmenorrhea, throat obstruction, edema, jaundice, and malaria. Palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), ethanol, and acetaminophen liver injuries have been proven to benefit from verbenalin. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the effects of verbenalin on the prevention of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) through the regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating MDMX (Murine double minute X)/PPARα (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha)-mediated ferroptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice treated with alcohol followed by the Gao-Binge protocol were administered verbenalin by gavage simultaneously. The mitochondrial mass and morphology were visualized using TEM. AML-12 cells were stimulated with ethanol to mimic ASH in vitro. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and kit determination were simultaneously performed. The target protein of verbenalin was identified by molecular docking, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) further confirmed its interactions. RESULTS Verbenalin alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis in alcohol-associated steatohepatitis. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which verbenalin inhibits abnormal mitochondrial dysfunction, molecular docking was performed, and MDMX was identified as the target protein of verbenalin. CETSA assays revealed a specific interaction between MDMX and verbenalin. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that PPARα played a critical role in promoting the ability of MDMX to affect ferroptosis. Verbenalin regulates MDMX/PPARα-mediated ferroptosis in AML-12 cells. CONCLUSION Verbenalin regulates ferroptosis and highlights the therapeutic potential of verbenalin and ferroptosis inhibition in reducing alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Changlin Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chuanting Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Jun Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Taotao Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule, Anhui Medical University, China.
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Cheng H, Wang X. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in bladder cancer development and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202633. [PMID: 37215134 PMCID: PMC10196180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the common malignant urothelial tumors. Post-translational modification (PTMs), including ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, have been revealed to participate in bladder cancer initiation and progression. Ubiquitination is the common PTM, which is conducted by E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligases play a key role in bladder oncogenesis and progression and drug resistance in bladder cancer. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases in bladder cancer development. Moreover, we provide the evidence of E3 ubiquitin ligases in regulation of immunotherapy in bladder cancer. Furthermore, we mention the multiple compounds that target E3 ubiquitin ligases to improve the therapy efficacy of bladder cancer. We hope our review can stimulate researchers and clinicians to investigate whether and how targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases acts a novel strategy for bladder cancer therapy.
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Tatavosian R, Donovan MG, Galbraith MD, Duc HN, Szwarc MM, Joshi MU, Frieman A, Bilousova G, Cao Y, Smith KP, Song K, Rachubinski AL, Andrysik Z, Espinosa JM. Cell differentiation modifies the p53 transcriptional program through a combination of gene silencing and constitutive transactivation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:952-965. [PMID: 36681780 PMCID: PMC10070495 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a master regulator of cellular responses to stress that is commonly inactivated in diverse cancer types. Despite decades of research, the mechanisms by which p53 impedes tumorigenesis across vastly different cellular contexts requires further investigation. The bulk of research has been completed using in vitro studies of cancer cell lines or in vivo studies in mouse models, but much less is known about p53 action in diverse non-transformed human tissues. Here, we investigated how different cellular states modify the p53 transcriptional program in human cells through a combination of computational analyses of publicly available large-scale datasets and in vitro studies using an isogenic system consisting of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and two derived lineages. Analysis of publicly available mRNA expression and genetic dependency data demonstrated wide variation in terms of expression and function of a core p53 transcriptional program across various tissues and lineages. To monitor the impact of cell differentiation on the p53 transcriptome within an isogenic cell culture system, we activated p53 by pharmacological inhibition of its negative regulator MDM2. Using cell phenotyping assays and genome wide transcriptome analyses, we demonstrated that cell differentiation confines and modifies the p53 transcriptional network in a lineage-specific fashion. Although hundreds of p53 target genes are transactivated in iPSCs, only a small fraction is transactivated in each of the differentiated lineages. Mechanistic studies using small molecule inhibitors and genetic knockdowns revealed the presence of two major regulatory mechanisms contributing to this massive heterogeneity across cellular states: gene silencing by epigenetic regulatory complexes and constitutive transactivation by lineage-specific transcription factors. Altogether, these results illuminate the impact of cell differentiation on the p53 program, thus advancing our understanding of how this tumor suppressor functions in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roubina Tatavosian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Huy N Duc
- Functional Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Molishree U Joshi
- Functional Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Amy Frieman
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ganna Bilousova
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yingqiong Cao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Angela L Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Section of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Functional Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Grinkevich VV, Vema A, Fawkner K, Issaeva N, Andreotti V, Dickinson ER, Hedström E, Spinnler C, Inga A, Larsson LG, Karlén A, Wilhelm M, Barran PE, Okorokov AL, Selivanova G, Zawacka-Pankau JE. Novel Allosteric Mechanism of Dual p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 Inhibition by a Small Molecule. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:823195. [PMID: 35720128 PMCID: PMC9198586 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.823195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration of the p53 tumor suppressor for personalised cancer therapy is a promising treatment strategy. However, several high-affinity MDM2 inhibitors have shown substantial side effects in clinical trials. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action of p53 reactivating molecules with alternative functional principle is of the utmost importance. Here, we report a discovery of a novel allosteric mechanism of p53 reactivation through targeting the p53 N-terminus which promotes inhibition of both p53/MDM2 (murine double minute 2) and p53/MDM4 interactions. Using biochemical assays and molecular docking, we identified the binding site of two p53 reactivating molecules, RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Ion mobility-mass spectrometry revealed that the binding of RITA to serine 33 and serine 37 is responsible for inducing the allosteric shift in p53, which shields the MDM2 binding residues of p53 and prevents its interactions with MDM2 and MDM4. Our results point to an alternative mechanism of blocking p53 interaction with MDM2 and MDM4 and may pave the way for the development of novel allosteric inhibitors of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Grinkevich
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aparna Vema
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Fawkner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Virginia Andreotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleanor R. Dickinson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Hedström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clemens Spinnler
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Inga
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei L. Okorokov
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Galina Selivanova, ; Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau,
| | - Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Galina Selivanova, ; Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau,
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Giansanti C, Manzini V, Dickmanns A, Dickmanns A, Palumbieri MD, Sanchi A, Kienle SM, Rieth S, Scheffner M, Lopes M, Dobbelstein M. MDM2 binds and ubiquitinates PARP1 to enhance DNA replication fork progression. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110879. [PMID: 35649362 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM2 oncoprotein antagonizes the tumor suppressor p53 by physical interaction and ubiquitination. However, it also sustains the progression of DNA replication forks, even in the absence of functional p53. Here, we show that MDM2 binds, inhibits, ubiquitinates, and destabilizes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). When cellular MDM2 levels are increased, this leads to accelerated progression of DNA replication forks, much like pharmacological inhibition of PARP1. Conversely, overexpressed PARP1 restores normal fork progression despite elevated MDM2. Strikingly, MDM2 profoundly reduces the frequency of fork reversal, revealed as four-way junctions through electron microscopy. Depletion of RECQ1 or the primase/polymerase (PRIMPOL) reverses the MDM2-mediated acceleration of the nascent DNA elongation rate. MDM2 also increases the occurrence of micronuclei, and it exacerbates camptothecin-induced cell death. In conclusion, high MDM2 levels phenocopy PARP inhibition in modulation of fork restart, representing a potential vulnerability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Giansanti
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Manzini
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Dickmanns
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Achim Dickmanns
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Dilia Palumbieri
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sanchi
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sonja Rieth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of Differentiated Human Oligodendrocytic MO3.13 Cells Shows Upregulation of Genes Involved in Myogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115969. [PMID: 35682649 PMCID: PMC9181232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we examined the differentiation of oligodendrocytic MO3.13 cells and changes in their gene expression after treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA, or with RNA polymerase I (Pol I) inhibitor, CX-5461. We found that MO3.13 cells changed their morphology when treated with both agents. Interestingly, CX-5461, but not PMA, induced noticeable changes in the integrity of the nucleoli. Then, we analyzed the p53 transcriptional activity in MO3.13 cells and found that it was increased in both cell populations, but particularly in cells treated with PMA. Interestingly, this high p53 transcriptional activity in PMA-treated cells coincided with a lower level of an unmodified (non-phosphorylated) form of this protein. Since morphological changes in MO3.13 cells after PMA and CX-5461 treatment were evident, suggesting that cells were induced to differentiate, we performed RNA-seq analysis of PMA-treated cells, to reveal the direction of alterations in gene expression. The analysis showed that the largest group of upregulated genes consisted of those involved in myogenesis and K-RAS signaling, rather than those associated with oligodendrocyte lineage progression.
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Cheng X, Chen R, Zhou T, Zhang B, Li Z, Gao M, Huang Y, Liu H, Su Z. Leveraging the multivalent p53 peptide-MdmX interaction to guide the improvement of small molecule inhibitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1087. [PMID: 35228542 PMCID: PMC8885691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpressed Mdm2 and its 7homolog MdmX impair p53 activity in many cancers. Small molecules mimicking a p53 peptide can effectively inhibit Mdm2 but not MdmX. Here, we show a strategy for improving lead compounds for Mdm2 and MdmX inhibition based on the multivalency of the p53 peptide. Crystal structures of MdmX complexed with nutlin-3a, a strong Mdm2 inhibitor but a weak one for MdmX, reveal that nutlin-3a fits into the ligand binding pocket of MdmX mimicking the p53 peptide. However, due to distinct flexibility around the MdmX ligand binding pocket, the structures are missing many important intermolecular interactions that exist in the MdmX/p53 peptide and Mdm2/nultin-3a complexes. By targeting these flexible regions, we identify allosteric and additive fragments that enhance the binding affinity of nutlin-3a for MdmX, leading to potent Mdm2/MdmX inhibitors with anticancer activity. Our work provides a practical approach to drug design for signal transduction therapy. Peptide fragments derived from the interfaces of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) provide useful templates for designing small molecule PPI inhibitors. Here, the authors utilize the multivalency of an MdmX-binding p53 peptide to develop a weak inhibitor of MdmX into potent Mdm2/MdmX inhibitors.
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MDM2-Driven Ubiquitination Rapidly Removes p53 from Its Cognate Promoters. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010022. [PMID: 35053170 PMCID: PMC8773640 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 is the principal antagonist of the tumor suppressor p53. p53 binds to its cognate DNA element within promoters and activates the transcription of adjacent genes. These target genes include MDM2. Upon induction by p53, the MDM2 protein binds and ubiquitinates p53, triggering its proteasomal degradation and providing negative feedback. This raises the question whether MDM2 can also remove p53 from its target promoters, and whether this also involves ubiquitination. In the present paper, we employ the MDM2-targeted small molecule Nutlin-3a (Nutlin) to disrupt the interaction of MDM2 and p53 in three different cancer cell lines: SJSA-1 (osteosarcoma), 93T449 (liposarcoma; both carrying amplified MDM2), and MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma). Remarkably, removing Nutlin from the culture medium for less than five minutes not only triggered p53 ubiquitination, but also dissociated most p53 from its chromatin binding sites, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. This also resulted in reduced p53-responsive transcription, and it occurred much earlier than the degradation of p53 by the proteasome, arguing that MDM2 removes p53 from promoters prior to and thus independent of degradation. Accordingly, the short-term pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome did not alter the removal of p53 from promoters by Nutlin washout. However, when the proteasome inhibitor was applied for several hours, depleting non-conjugated ubiquitin prior to eliminating Nutlin, this compromised the removal of DNA-bound p53, as did an E1 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor. This suggests that the ubiquitination of p53 by MDM2 is necessary for its clearance from promoters. Depleting the MDM2 cofactor MDM4 in SJSA cells did not alter the velocity by that p53 was removed from promoters upon Nutlin washout. We conclude that MDM2 antagonizes p53 not only by covering its transactivation domain and by destabilization, but also by the rapid, ubiquitin-dependent termination of p53–chromatin interactions.
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牟 斐, 陈 曦, 杜 希, 焦 倩, 毕 明, 姜 宏. [Regulatory mechanism of interferon regulatory factor 1 by α-synuclein in mouse Parkinson's disease model]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1641-1648. [PMID: 34916189 PMCID: PMC8685704 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.11.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism by which α-synuclein (α-Syn) regulates interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) expression. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing α-Syn and transgenic mouse model carrying human α-Syn gene with A53T mutation (3 and 6 months old) were examined for IRF-1 mRNA and protein expressions using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The subcellular localization of IRF-1 was determined with immunofluorescence staining and cytoplasmic/nuclear protein isolation. The optimal concentrations of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (0.01-2.0 μmol/L) and lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (5-200 μmol/L) for treatment of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h were determined by examining the cell viability. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 0.2 μmol/L MG132 and 30 μmol/L chloroquine for 24 h (the maximum dose that did not cause cell damage), and the changes of IRF-1 protein expressions was analyzed. The effects of α-Syn on MDM2 protein expression and IRF-1 ubiquitylation were analyzed using Western blotting and ubiquitylation assay. RESULTS α-Syn overexpression did not affect the mRNA level of IRF-1 but significantly increased its protein level (P < 0.01). In α-Synoverexpressing SH-SY5Y cells, IRF-1 translocation was observed from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (P < 0.001). Treatment of the cells with 0.2 μmol/L MG132 significantly aggravated α-Syn-induced increase of IRF-1 protein expression (P < 0.01) while 30 μmol/L chloroquine produced no significant changes in IRF-1 level. α-Syn overexpression caused an obvious decrease of MDM2 protein level and further inhibited the ubiquitylation of IRF-1 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION α-Syn blocks MDM2-mediated ubiquitylation of IRF-1 through ubiquitin proteasome pathway, thereby enhancing IRF-1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- 斐斐 牟
- />青岛大学国家生理学重点(培育)学科,山东 青岛 266071State Key Disciplines of Physiology (Incubation), Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - 曦 陈
- />青岛大学国家生理学重点(培育)学科,山东 青岛 266071State Key Disciplines of Physiology (Incubation), Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - 希恂 杜
- />青岛大学国家生理学重点(培育)学科,山东 青岛 266071State Key Disciplines of Physiology (Incubation), Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - 倩 焦
- />青岛大学国家生理学重点(培育)学科,山东 青岛 266071State Key Disciplines of Physiology (Incubation), Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - 明霞 毕
- />青岛大学国家生理学重点(培育)学科,山东 青岛 266071State Key Disciplines of Physiology (Incubation), Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - 宏 姜
- />青岛大学国家生理学重点(培育)学科,山东 青岛 266071State Key Disciplines of Physiology (Incubation), Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Saleh MN, Patel MR, Bauer TM, Goel S, Falchook GS, Shapiro GI, Chung KY, Infante JR, Conry RM, Rabinowits G, Hong DS, Wang JS, Steidl U, Walensky LD, Naik G, Guerlavais V, Vukovic V, Annis DA, Aivado M, Meric-Bernstam F. Phase 1 Trial of ALRN-6924, a Dual Inhibitor of MDMX and MDM2, in Patients with Solid Tumors and Lymphomas Bearing Wild-type TP53. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5236-5247. [PMID: 34301750 PMCID: PMC9401461 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the first-in-human dose-escalation trial for ALRN-6924, a stabilized, cell-permeating peptide that disrupts p53 inhibition by mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and MDMX to induce cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis in TP53-wild-type (WT) tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two schedules were evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor effects in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas. In arm A, patients received ALRN-6924 by intravenous infusion once-weekly for 3 weeks every 28 days; arm B was twice-weekly for 2 weeks every 21 days. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were enrolled: 41 in arm A (0.16-4.4 mg/kg) and 30 in arm B (0.32-2.7 mg/kg). ALRN-6924 showed dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and increased serum levels of MIC-1, a biomarker of p53 activation. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were gastrointestinal side effects, fatigue, anemia, and headache. In arm A, at 4.4 mg/kg, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were grade 3 (G3) hypotension, G3 alkaline phosphatase elevation, G3 anemia, and G4 neutropenia in one patient each. At the MTD in arm A of 3.1 mg/kg, G3 fatigue was observed in one patient. No DLTs were observed in arm B. No G3/G4 thrombocytopenia was observed in any patient. Seven patients had infusion-related reactions; 3 discontinued treatment. In 41 efficacy-evaluable patients with TP53-WT disease across both schedules the disease control rate was 59%. Two patients had confirmed complete responses, 2 had confirmed partial responses, and 20 had stable disease. Six patients were treated for >1 year. The recommended phase 2 dose was schedule A, 3.1 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS ALRN-6924 was well tolerated and demonstrated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor N. Saleh
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Corresponding Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1226; E-mail: ; and Mansoor N. Saleh, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 3rd Parklands/Limuru Rd., Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: 254-709-93-1500; E-mail:
| | - Manish R. Patel
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Todd M. Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Ki Y. Chung
- Prisma Health Cancer Institute, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey R. Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - David S. Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Judy S. Wang
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, New York
| | | | - Gurudatta Naik
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Aivado
- Aileron Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Corresponding Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1226; E-mail: ; and Mansoor N. Saleh, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 3rd Parklands/Limuru Rd., Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: 254-709-93-1500; E-mail:
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Georgescu MM. Multi-Platform Classification of IDH-Wild-Type Glioblastoma Based on ERK/MAPK Pathway: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4532. [PMID: 34572759 PMCID: PMC8470497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and frequent glioma in the adult population. Because current therapy regimens confer only minimal survival benefit, molecular subgrouping to stratify patient prognosis and therapy design is warranted. This study presents a multi-platform classification of glioblastoma by analyzing a large, ethnicity-inclusive 101-adult-patient cohort. It defines seven non-redundant IDH-wild-type glioblastoma molecular subgroups, G1-G7, corresponding to the upstream receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and RAS-RAF segment of the ERK/MAPK signal transduction pathway. These glioblastoma molecular subgroups are classified as G1/EGFR, G2/FGFR3, G3/NF1, G4/RAF, G5/PDGFRA, G6/Multi-RTK, and G7/Other. The comprehensive genomic analysis was refined by expression landscaping of all RTK genes, as well as of the major associated growth pathway mediators, and used to hierarchically cluster the subgroups. Parallel demographic, clinical, and histologic pattern analyses were merged with the molecular subgrouping to yield the first inclusive multi-platform classification for IDH-wild-type glioblastoma. This straightforward classification with diagnostic and prognostic significance may be readily used in neuro-oncological practice and lays the foundation for personalized targeted therapy approaches.
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An J, Yao W, Tang W, Jiang J, Shang Y. Hormesis Effect of Methyl Triclosan on Cell Proliferation and Migration in Human Hepatocyte L02 Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18904-18913. [PMID: 34337230 PMCID: PMC8320140 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Methyl triclosan (mTCS) is a methylated derivative of triclosan (TCS), which is extensively used as an antimicrobial component of various nursing products and disinfectants. Current research studies of mTCS mainly focused on the environmental persistence and bioaccumulation potential. Knowledge regarding the toxicity and carcinogenicity of mTCS is limited until now. In this study, the human hepatocyte L02 cells were used to investigate the cellular effects of mTCS under different concentrations (0.1-60 μM). The hormesis effect was observed where a low dose of mTCS (≤5 μM) exposure stimulated the cell proliferation ability, while high-dose exposure (≥20 μM) inhibited cell proliferation. In the same time, low doses of mTCS (0.5 and 1 μM) induced enhanced anchorage-independent proliferation ability and cell migration ability, indicating a positive effect on malignant transformation in L02 cells. Moreover, reactive oxygen species productions were significantly increased after mTCS exposure (≥1 μM), as compared with the control group. Furthermore, expressions of tumor-related genes, mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and proto-oncogene MYC (c-Myc), Jun, and FosB were significantly upregulated, while no significant changes were observed on expressions of apoptosis-related and cell cycle-related genes in L02 cells after exposure of low-dose mTCS. In conclusion, these results indicated that a low dose of mTCS had a hormesis effect in L02 cells on cell proliferation and malignant transformation in vitro, which might be mediated through oxidative stress response.
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21
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Miles X, Vandevoorde C, Hunter A, Bolcaen J. MDM2/X Inhibitors as Radiosensitizers for Glioblastoma Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703442. [PMID: 34307171 PMCID: PMC8296304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the MDM2/X-p53 interaction is recognized as a potential anti-cancer strategy, including the treatment of glioblastoma (GB). In response to cellular stressors, such as DNA damage, the tumor suppression protein p53 is activated and responds by mediating cellular damage through DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Hence, p53 activation plays a central role in cell survival and the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Alterations and reduced activity of p53 occur in 25-30% of primary GB tumors, but this number increases drastically to 60-70% in secondary GB. As a result, reactivating p53 is suggested as a treatment strategy, either by using targeted molecules to convert the mutant p53 back to its wild type form or by using MDM2 and MDMX (also known as MDM4) inhibitors. MDM2 down regulates p53 activity via ubiquitin-dependent degradation and is amplified or overexpressed in 14% of GB cases. Thus, suppression of MDM2 offers an opportunity for urgently needed new therapeutic interventions for GB. Numerous small molecule MDM2 inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy and/or other targeted agents. In addition, considering the major role of both p53 and MDM2 in the downstream signaling response to radiation-induced DNA damage, the combination of MDM2 inhibitors with radiation may offer a valuable therapeutic radiosensitizing approach for GB therapy. This review covers the role of MDM2/X in cancer and more specifically in GB, followed by the rationale for the potential radiosensitizing effect of MDM2 inhibition. Finally, the current status of MDM2/X inhibition and p53 activation for the treatment of GB is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthene Miles
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alistair Hunter
- Radiobiology Section, Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mohanan G, Das A, Rajyaguru PI. Genotoxic stress response: What is the role of cytoplasmic mRNA fate? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000311. [PMID: 34096096 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic stress leads to DNA damage which can be detrimental to the cell. A well-orchestrated cellular response is mounted to manage and repair the genotoxic stress-induced DNA damage. Our understanding of genotoxic stress response is derived mainly from studies focused on transcription, mRNA splicing, and protein turnover. Surprisingly not as much is understood about the role of mRNA translation and decay in genotoxic stress response. This is despite the fact that regulation of gene expression at the level of mRNA translation and decay plays a critical role in a myriad of cellular processes. This review aims to summarize some of the known findings of the role of mRNA translation and decay by focusing on two categories of examples. We discuss examples of mRNA whose fates are regulated in the cytoplasm and RNA-binding proteins that regulate mRNA fates in response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mohanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amiyaranjan Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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23
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Yu D, Xu Z, Cheng X, Qin J. The role of miRNAs in MDMX-p53 interplay. J Evid Based Med 2021; 14:152-160. [PMID: 33988919 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs of 19-24 nucleotides in length and are tightly related to tumorigenesis and progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor p53 and its negative controller MDMX are regulated by miRNAs in different ways. Some miRNAs directly target p53 and regulate its expression and function, whereas some miRNAs target MDMX and regulate p53's activity indirectly. The overexpression of several miRNAs can restore the activity of p53 by negatively regulating MDMX in cancer cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the miRNAs-MDMX-p53 network will put forward potential research directions for developing anticancer therapeutics. In the present review, we mainly focus on the regulatory effects of miRNAs on the MDMX-p53 interplay as well as the role of the miRNAs-MDMX-p53 network in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins in Colorectal Cancer-A Promising Signaling Network for Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040624. [PMID: 33557398 PMCID: PMC7916307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor suppressor 53 (p53) is a multifunctional protein that regulates cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis and metabolic pathways. In colorectal cancer (CRC), mutations of the gene occur in 60% of patients and are associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and resistance to anti-cancer therapy. In addition, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are distinguished biomarkers overexpressed in CRC that impact on a diverse set of signaling pathways associated with the regulation of apoptosis/autophagy, cell migration, cell cycle and DNA damage response. As these mechanisms are further firmly controlled by p53, a transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in cancer cells. Here, we aim to review the molecular regulatory mechanisms between IAPs and p53 and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting their interrelationship by multimodal treatment options. Abstract Despite recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), patient’s individual response and clinical follow-up vary considerably with tumor intrinsic factors to contribute to an enhanced malignancy and therapy resistance. Among these markers, upregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family effects on tumorigenesis and radiation- and chemo-resistance by multiple pathways, covering a hampered induction of apoptosis/autophagy, regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. These mechanisms are tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor p53 and thus transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in malignant cells. By this, cellular IAP1/2, X-linked IAP, Survivin, BRUCE and LIVIN expression/activity, as well as their intracellular localization is controlled by p53 in a direct or indirect manner via modulating a multitude of mechanisms. These cover, among others, transcriptional repression and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathway. In addition, p53 mutations contribute to deregulated IAP expression and resistance to therapy. This review aims at highlighting the mechanistic and clinical importance of IAP regulation by p53 in CRC and describing potential therapeutic strategies based on this interrelationship.
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Kitamura H, Hashimoto M. USP2-Related Cellular Signaling and Consequent Pathophysiological Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1209. [PMID: 33530560 PMCID: PMC7865608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease (USP) 2 is a multifunctional deubiquitinating enzyme. USP2 modulates cell cycle progression, and therefore carcinogenesis, via the deubiquitination of cyclins and Aurora-A. Other tumorigenic molecules, including epidermal growth factor and fatty acid synthase, are also targets for USP2. USP2 additionally prevents p53 signaling. On the other hand, USP2 functions as a key component of the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex and participates in rhythmic gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and liver. USP2 variants influence energy metabolism by controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic cholesterol uptake, adipose tissue inflammation, and subsequent systemic insulin sensitivity. USP2 also has the potential to promote surface expression of ion channels in renal and intestinal epithelial cells. In addition to modifying the production of cytokines in immune cells, USP2 also modulates the signaling molecules that are involved in cytokine signaling in the target cells. Usp2 knockout mice exhibit changes in locomotion and male fertility, which suggest roles for USP2 in the central nervous system and male genital tract, respectively. In this review, we summarize the cellular events with USP2 contributions and list the signaling molecules that are upstream or downstream of USP2. Additionally, we describe phenotypic differences found in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan;
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Billant O, Friocourt G, Roux P, Voisset C. p53, A Victim of the Prion Fashion. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E269. [PMID: 33450819 PMCID: PMC7828285 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in the late 1970s as an oncogene, a driving force leading to tumor development, p53 turned out to be a key tumor suppressor gene. Now p53 is considered a master gene regulating the transcription of over 3000 target genes and controlling a remarkable number of cellular functions. The elevated prevalence of p53 mutations in human cancers has led to a recurring questioning about the roles of mutant p53 proteins and their functional consequences. Both mutants and isoforms of p53 have been attributed dominant-negative and gain of function properties among which is the ability to form amyloid aggregates and behave in a prion-like manner. This report challenges the ongoing "prion p53" hypothesis by reviewing evidence of p53 behavior in light of our current knowledge regarding amyloid proteins, prionoids and prions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëlle Friocourt
- Inserm, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France;
| | - Pierre Roux
- CRBM, CNRS, UMR5234, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Cécile Voisset
- Inserm, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France;
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28
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Dobbelstein M, Levine AJ. Mdm2: Open questions. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2203-2211. [PMID: 32335977 PMCID: PMC7385351 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mdm2 oncoprotein and its association with p53 were discovered 30 years ago, and a cornucopia of activities and regulatory pathways have been associated with it. In this review, we will raise questions about Mdm2 and its cousin Mdm4 that we consider worth pursuing in future research, reaching from molecular structures and intracellular activities all the way to development, evolution, and cancer therapy. We anticipate that such research will not only close a few gaps in our knowledge but could add new dimensions to our current view. This compilation of questions contributes to the preparation for the 10th Mdm2 Workshop in Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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