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Martín-Cruz L, Benito-Villalvilla C, Sirvent S, Angelina A, Palomares O. The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Diseases: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2024. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024; 185:503-518. [PMID: 38408438 DOI: 10.1159/000536335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy represents a major health problem of increasing prevalence worldwide with a high socioeconomic impact. Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying allergic diseases and their treatments has significantly improved over the last years. The generation of allergen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial in the induction of healthy immune responses to allergens, preventing the development and worsening of allergic diseases. SUMMARY In the last decades, intensive research has focused on the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in Treg development and Treg-mediated suppression. These mechanisms are essential for the induction of sustained tolerance by allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) after treatment discontinuation. Compelling experimental evidence demonstrated altered suppressive capacity of Tregs in patients suffering from allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, food allergy, or atopic dermatitis, as well as the restoration of their numbers and functionality after successful AIT. KEY MESSAGE The better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in Treg generation during allergen tolerance induction might well contribute to the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martín-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Benito-Villalvilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Sirvent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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G Vishakantegowda A, Hwang D, Chakrasali P, Jung E, Lee JY, Shin JS, Jung YS. Highly potent and selective phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ inhibitors as broad-spectrum anti-rhinoviral agents. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:704-719. [PMID: 38389877 PMCID: PMC10880896 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections and exacerbate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. hRVs comprise more than 160 strains with considerable genetic variation. Their high diversity and strain-specific interactions with antisera hinder the development of anti-hRV therapeutic agents. Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ) is a key enzyme in the phosphoinositide signalling pathway that is crucial for the replication and survival of various viruses. We identified novel PI4KIIIβ inhibitors, N-(4-methyl-5-arylthiazol)-2-amide derivatives, by generating a hit compound, 1a, from the high-throughput screening of a chemical library, followed by the optimization study of 1a. Inhibitor 7e exhibited the highest activity (EC50 = 0.008, 0.0068, and 0.0076 μM for hRV-B14, hRV-A16, and hRV-A21, respectively) and high toxicity (CC50 = 6.1 μM). Inhibitor 7f showed good activity and low toxicity and provided the highest selectivity index (SI ≥ 4638, >3116, and >2793 for hRV-B14, hRV-A16, and hRV-A21, respectively). Furthermore, 7f showed broad-spectrum activities against various hRVs, coxsackieviruses, and other enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68. The binding mode of the inhibitors was investigated using 7f, and the experimental results of plaque reduction, replicon and cytotoxicity, and time-of-drug-addition assays suggested that 7f acts as a PI4KIIIβ inhibitor. The kinase inhibition activity of this series of compounds against PI4KIIIα and PI4KIIIβ was assessed, and 7f demonstrated kinase inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 0.016 μM for PI4KIIIβ, but not for PI4KIIIα (>10 μM). Therefore, 7f represents a highly potent and selective PI4KIIIβ inhibitor for the further development of antiviral therapy against hRVs or other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash G Vishakantegowda
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Hwang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Prashant Chakrasali
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Jung
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
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Kouis P, Lemonaris M, Xenophontos E, Panayiotou A, Yiallouros PK. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on symptoms control in children with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:3213-3226. [PMID: 37606188 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reported reductions in emergency department visits and hospitalizations for asthma in previous studies have suggested a beneficial effect of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown measures on asthma morbidity. Nevertheless, studies relying on administrative data may overestimate the true impact of lockdowns due to changes in health-seeking behavior and reduced availability of pediatric asthma services during the pandemic. In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature and identified observational cohort studies that focused on nonadministrative data to assess the true impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on symptom control in children with asthma. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted between January 2020 and August 2022 (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews ID: CRD42022354369). The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns across studies was expressed as a standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes and as a summary relative risk (RR) for binary outcomes. RESULTS During the lockdown periods, the pooled asthma symptoms control test score (SMD: 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 3.24, I2 : 98.4%) and the proportion of children with well-controlled asthma (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.71, I2 : 77.6%) were significantly increased. On the other hand, the pooled proportion of children with poorly controlled asthma (RR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.57, I2 : 0.0%) was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS During COVID-19 lockdowns, asthma symptoms and breakthrough disease exacerbations were significantly reduced in children with asthma. Further research is warranted on potential interventions aiming to enhance asthma control after the pandemic while taking into consideration their acceptability and potential tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Kouis
- Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Lemonaris
- Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleana Xenophontos
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Andrie Panayiotou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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4
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Simunovic M, Boyle J, Erbas B, Baker P, Davies JM. Airborne grass pollen and thunderstorms influence emergency department asthma presentations in a subtropical climate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116754. [PMID: 37500047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pollen is considered a major outdoor aeroallergen source worldwide. It is proposed as a mechanism for thunderstorm asthma that lightning during thunderstorms promotes electrical rupture of pollen grains that leads to allergic airway inflammation. However, most evidence of associations between grass pollen and asthma comes from temperate regions. The objective of this study was to investigate short-term associations between airborne grass pollen exposure and asthma emergency department presentations in a subtropical population. METHODS Episode level public hospital presentations for asthma (2016-2020) were extracted for greater Brisbane, Australia, from Queensland Health's Emergency Data Collection. Concentrations of airborne pollen were determined prospectively using a continuous flow volumetric impaction sampler. Daily time series analysis using a generalised additive mixed model were applied to determine associations between airborne grass pollen concentrations, and lightning count data, with asthma presentations. RESULTS Airborne grass pollen showed an association with asthma presentations in Brisbane; a significant association was detected from same day exposure to three days lag. Grass pollen exposure increased daily asthma presentations up to 48.5% (95% CI: 12%, 85.9%) in female children. Lightning did not modify the effect of grass pollen on asthma presentations, however a positive association was detected between cloud-to-cloud lightning strikes and asthma presentations (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION Airborne grass pollen exposure may exacerbate symptoms of asthma requiring urgent medical care of children and adults in a subtropical climate. This knowledge indicates an opportunity for targeted management of respiratory allergic disease to reduce patient and health system burden. For the first time, an influence of lightning on asthma was detected in this context. The outcomes support a need for continued pollen monitoring and surveillance of thunderstorm asthma risk in subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Simunovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Immunity and Infection Control, Centre for Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin Boyle
- Australian E-Health Research Centre, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public Health, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Baker
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janet M Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Immunity and Infection Control, Centre for Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Office of Research, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Kawakami Y, Takazawa I, Fajt ML, Kasakura K, Lin J, Ferrer J, Kantor DB, Phipatanakul W, Heymann PW, Benedict CA, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T. Histamine-releasing factor in severe asthma and rhinovirus-associated asthma exacerbation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:633-640.e4. [PMID: 37301412 PMCID: PMC10917146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine-releasing factor (HRF) is implicated in allergic diseases. We previously showed its pathogenic role in murine models of asthma. OBJECTIVE We aim to present data analysis from 3 separate human samples (sera samples from asthmatic patients, nasal washings from rhinovirus [RV]-infected individuals, and sera samples from patients with RV-induced asthma exacerbation) and 1 mouse sample to investigate correlates of HRF function in asthma and virus-induced asthma exacerbations. METHODS Total IgE and HRF-reactive IgE/IgG as well as HRF in sera from patients with mild/moderate asthma or severe asthma (SA) and healthy controls (HCs) were quantified by ELISA. HRF secretion in culture media from RV-infected adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus transformed human bronchial epithelial cells and in nasal washings from experimentally RV-infected subjects was analyzed by Western blotting. HRF-reactive IgE/IgG levels in longitudinal serum samples from patients with asthma exacerbations were also quantified. RESULTS HRF-reactive IgE and total IgE levels were higher in patients with SA than in HCs, whereas HRF-reactive IgG (and IgG1) level was lower in asthmatic patients versus HCs. In comparison with HRF-reactive IgElow asthmatic patients, HRF-reactive IgEhigh asthmatic patients had a tendency to release more tryptase and prostaglandin D2 on anti-IgE stimulation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells. RV infection induced HRF secretion from adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus transformed bronchial epithelial cells, and intranasal RV infection of human subjects induced increased HRF secretion in nasal washes. Asthmatic patients had higher levels of HRF-reactive IgE at the time of asthma exacerbations associated with RV infection, compared with those after the resolution. This phenomenon was not seen in asthma exacerbations without viral infections. CONCLUSIONS HRF-reactive IgE is higher in patients with SA. RV infection induces HRF secretion from respiratory epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest the role of HRF in asthma severity and RV-induced asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Ikuo Takazawa
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Merritt L Fajt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Joseph Lin
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Julienne Ferrer
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - David B Kantor
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Peter W Heymann
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottsville, Va; Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottsville, Va
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Benedict Laboratory, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation and Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif.
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Zhao L, Wu L, Xu W, Wei J, Niu X, Liu G, Yu L, Wu Y, Zhou Q, Liu L. Diagnostic techniques for critical respiratory infections: Update on current methods. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18957. [PMID: 37600408 PMCID: PMC10432708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections, whether chronic or acute, are frequent in both children and adults and result in an economic burden in health care systems. In particular, for an immunocompromised patient, respiratory infection leads to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Most respiratory infections are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, smoking, or air pollution. Over the last two decades, considerable improvements have been made in understanding and identifying respiratory infections. Various biosensing techniques have been developed with a range of targets to identify the infection at earlier stages. Recently, nanomaterials have been effectively applied to improve biosensors and their analytical performances. This review discusses recent biosensor developments for identifying respiratory infections caused by viruses and bacteria assisted by different types of nanomaterials and target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Wei
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaorong Niu
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - GuoYin Liu
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li Yu
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Chaoyang District of the Third Hospital, 1268 Jiuzhou Street, Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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Kumar Biswas B, Soo Shin J, Malpani YR, Hwang D, Jung E, Bong Han S, Vishakantegowda AG, Jung YS. Enteroviral replication inhibition by N-Alkyl triazolopyrimidinone derivatives through a non-capsid binding mode. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 64:128673. [PMID: 35292344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors exhibiting broad-spectrum enteroviral inhibition by targeting viral replication proteins are highly desirable in antiviral drug discovery. We used the previously identified antiviral compound 1 as the starting material to develop a novel compound series with high efficacy against human rhinovirus (hRV). Further optimization of N-substituted triazolopyrimidinone derivatives revealed that the N-alkyl triazolopyrimidinone derivatives (2) had more potent antiviral activity against hRVs than compound 1. The new compounds showed improved selectivity index values, and compound 2c (KR-25210) displayed broad anti-hRV activity, with half-maximal effective concentration values ≤ 2 µM against all tested hRVs. In addition, 2c showed notable activity against other enteroviruses. Drug-likeness elucidation showed that 2c exhibited reasonable human and rat liver microsomal phase-I stability and safe CYP inhibition. Replication studies revealed that 2c is not a capsid inhibitor, and a time-of-addition assay indicated that 2c targets the virus replication stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishyajit Kumar Biswas
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yashwardhan R Malpani
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Hwang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Jung
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Avinash G Vishakantegowda
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Díaz-Perales A, Escribese MM, Garrido-Arandia M, Obeso D, Izquierdo-Alvarez E, Tome-Amat J, Barber D. The Role of Sphingolipids in Allergic Disorders. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:675557. [PMID: 35386967 PMCID: PMC8974723 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.675557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy is defined as a complex chronic inflammatory condition in which genetic and environmental factors are implicated. Sphingolipids are involved in multiple biological functions, from cell membrane components to critical signaling molecules. To date, sphingolipids have been studied in different human pathologies such as neurological disorders, cancer, autoimmunity, and infections. Sphingolipid metabolites, in particular, ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), regulate a diverse range of cellular processes that are important in immunity and inflammation. Moreover, variations in the sphingolipid concentrations have been strongly associated with allergic diseases. This review will focus on the role of sphingolipids in the development of allergic sensitization and allergic inflammation through the activation of immune cells resident in tissues, as well as their role in barrier remodeling and anaphylaxis. The knowledge gained in this emerging field will help to develop new therapeutic options for allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M Escribese
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Obeso
- Centro de Excelencia en Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Izquierdo-Alvarez
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Tome-Amat
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Barber
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Kawakami T, Kasakura K, Kawakami Y, Ando T. Immunoglobulin E-Dependent Activation of Immune Cells in Rhinovirus-Induced Asthma Exacerbation. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:835748. [PMID: 35386658 PMCID: PMC8974681 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.835748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exacerbation is the major cause of asthma morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Respiratory viral infections, particularly rhinovirus (RV) infections, are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations. The risk for bronchoconstriction with RV is associated with allergic sensitization and type 2 airway inflammation. The efficacy of the humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab in treating asthma and reducing the frequency and severity of RV-induced asthma exacerbation is well-known. Despite these clinical data, mechanistic details of omalizumab's effects on RV-induced asthma exacerbation have not been well-defined for years due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In this Perspective, we discuss potential IgE-dependent roles of mast cells and dendritic cells in asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Toshiaki Kawakami
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yu Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Esneau C, Duff AC, Bartlett NW. Understanding Rhinovirus Circulation and Impact on Illness. Viruses 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35062345 PMCID: PMC8778310 DOI: 10.3390/v14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been reported as one of the main viral causes for severe respiratory illnesses that may require hospitalization, competing with the burden of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV in terms of severity, economic cost, and resource utilization. With three species and 169 subtypes, RV presents the greatest diversity within the Enterovirus genus, and despite the efforts of the research community to identify clinically relevant subtypes to target therapeutic strategies, the role of species and subtype in the clinical outcomes of RV infection remains unclear. This review aims to collect and organize data relevant to RV illness in order to find patterns and links with species and/or subtype, with a specific focus on species and subtype diversity in clinical studies typing of respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan W. Bartlett
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (C.E.); (A.C.D.)
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Capitelli L, Bocchino M. A bird's eye view on the role of dendritic cells in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: Perspectives for immune‐based vaccines. Allergy 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/all.15004
expr 869230256 + 930548950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics Istituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli Italy
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics Istituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli Italy
| | - Ludovica Capitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Napoli Italy
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Napoli Italy
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12
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Capitelli L, Bocchino M. A bird's eye view on the role of dendritic cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Perspectives for immune-based vaccines. Allergy 2022; 77:100-110. [PMID: 34245591 PMCID: PMC8441836 DOI: 10.1111/all.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disorder caused by the pandemic diffusion of a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. Clinical manifestations vary from silent infection to severe pneumonia, disseminated thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and death. COVID-19 pathogenesis is still not fully elucidated, while increasing evidence suggests that disease phenotypes are strongly related to the virus-induced immune system's dysregulation. Indeed, when the virus-host cross talk is out of control, the occurrence of an aberrant systemic inflammatory reaction, named "cytokine storm," leads to a detrimental impairment of the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells able to support innate immune and promote adaptive responses. Besides, DCs play a key role in the anti-viral defense. The aim of this review is to focus on DC involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection to better understand pathogenesis and clinical behavior of COVID-19 and explore potential implications for immune-based therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation UnitDepartment of Hematology and Developmental TherapeuticsIstituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation UnitDepartment of Hematology and Developmental TherapeuticsIstituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Ludovica Capitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
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13
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Porsbjerg C, Nieto-Fontarigo JJ, Cerps S, Ramu S, Menzel M, Hvidtfeldt M, Silberbrandt A, Froessing L, Klein D, Sverrild A, Uller L. Phenotype and severity of asthma determines bronchial epithelial immune responses to a viral mimic. Eur Respir J 2021; 60:13993003.02333-2021. [PMID: 34916261 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02333-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterised by an aggravated immune response to respiratory viral infections: This phenomenon is a clinically well-recognised driver of acute exacerbations, but how different phenotypes of asthma respond immunologically to virus is unclear. OBJECTIVES To describe the association between different phenotypes and severity of asthma and bronchial epithelial immune responses to viral stimulation. METHODS In the Immunoreact study, healthy subjects (n=10) and 50 patients with asthma were included; 30 (60%) were atopic, and 34 (68%) were eosinophilic; 14 (28%) had severe asthma. All participants underwent bronchoscopy with collection of bronchial brushings. Bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) were expanded and stimulated with the viral replication mimic poly (I:C) (TLR3 agonist) in vitro. The expression of TLR3-induced pro-inflammatory and anti-viral responses of BECs were analysed using RT-qPCR and multiplex ELISA and compared across asthma phenotypes and severity of disease. RESULTS Patients with atopic asthma had increased induction of IL-4, IFN-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β after poly (I:C) stimulation compared to non-atopic patients, whereas in patients with eosinophilic asthma only IL-6 and IL-8 induction was higher than in non-eosinophilic asthma. Patients with severe asthma displayed a decreased antiviral IFN-β, and increased expression of IL-8, most pronounced in atopic and eosinophilic asthmatics. Furthermore, induction of IL-33 in response to poly (I:C) was increased in severe atopic and in severe eosinophilic asthma, but TSLP only in severe eosinophilic asthma. CONCLUSIONS The bronchial epithelial immune response to a viral mimic stimulation differs between asthma phenotypes and severities, which may be important to consider when targeting novel asthma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Porsbjerg
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark .,Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Both authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Juan Jose Nieto-Fontarigo
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.,Both authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sangheeta Ramu
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mandy Menzel
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Respiratory Immunopharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.,Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Silberbrandt
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurits Froessing
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Klein
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asger Sverrild
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Respiratory Immunopharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Poddighe D, Kovzel E. Impact of Anti-Type 2 Inflammation Biologic Therapy on COVID-19 Clinical Course and Outcome. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6845-6853. [PMID: 34934335 PMCID: PMC8684423 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s345665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a general and deep impact on the clinical management of chronic diseases, including respiratory and allergic disorders. At the beginning of the pandemic, one of the main concerns was the potential impact of immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory drugs on COVID-19 clinical course. In this review, we aim to summarize and analyze the available clinical evidence from patients treated with anti-type 2 inflammation biologics (including anti-IgE, anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-4 agents), who developed COVID-19. Overall, the treatment with anti-Th2 biologics can be considered safe during COVID-19. It does not worsen the clinical course and outcome of COVID-19, and it may be actually protective somehow from developing severe forms. Moreover, patients treated with these biological agents do not seem to be more prone to get infected by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Poddighe
- Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
- Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena Kovzel
- Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
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15
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Murray LM, Thillaiyampalam G, Xi Y, Cristino AS, Upham JW. Whole transcriptome analysis of high and low IFN-α producers reveals differential response patterns following rhinovirus stimulation. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1356. [PMID: 34868584 PMCID: PMC8599968 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Viral respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity and economic loss. While rhinoviruses (RV) typically cause little more than the common cold, they can produce severe infections and disease exacerbations in susceptible individuals, such as those with asthma. Variations in the regulation of key antiviral cytokines, particularly type I interferon (IFN‐α and IFN‐β), may contribute to RV susceptibility. To understand this variability, we compared the transcriptomes of high and low type I IFN producers. Methods Blood mononuclear cells from 238 individuals with or without asthma were cultured in the presence or absence of RV. Those samples demonstrating high or low RV‐stimulated IFN‐α production (N = 75) underwent RNA‐sequencing. Results Gene expression patterns were similar in samples from healthy participants and those with asthma. At baseline, the high IFN‐α producer group showed higher expression of genes associated with plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the innate immune response and vitamin D activation, but lower expression of oxidative stress pathways than the low IFN‐α producer group. After RV stimulation, the high IFN‐α producer group showed higher expression of genes found in immune response biological pathways and lower expression of genes linked to developmental and catabolic processes when compared to the low IFN‐α producer group. Conclusions These differences suggest that the high IFN‐α group has a higher level of immune system readiness, resulting in a more intense and perhaps more focussed pathogen‐specific immune response. These results contribute to a better understanding of the variability in type I IFN production between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Murray
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Gayathri Thillaiyampalam
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Yang Xi
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Alexandre S Cristino
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane QLD Australia
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16
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Xu X, Mann M, Qiao D, Li Y, Zhou J, Brasier AR. Bromodomain Containing Protein 4 (BRD4) Regulates Expression of its Interacting Coactivators in the Innate Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:728661. [PMID: 34765643 PMCID: PMC8577543 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.728661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 plays a central role in coordinating the complex epigenetic component of the innate immune response. Previous studies implicated BRD4 as a component of a chromatin-modifying complex that is dynamically recruited to a network of protective cytokines by binding activated transcription factors, polymerases, and histones to trigger their rapid expression via transcriptional elongation. Our previous study extended our understanding of the airway epithelial BRD4 interactome by identifying over 100 functionally important coactivators and transcription factors, whose association is induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. RSV is an etiological agent of recurrent respiratory tract infections associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Using a highly selective small-molecule BRD4 inhibitor (ZL0454) developed by us, we extend these findings to identify the gene regulatory network dependent on BRD4 bromodomain (BD) interactions. Human small airway epithelial cells were infected in the absence or presence of ZL0454, and gene expression profiling was performed. A highly reproducible dataset was obtained which indicated that BRD4 mediates both activation and repression of RSV-inducible gene regulatory networks controlling cytokine expression, interferon (IFN) production, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Index genes of functionally significant clusters were validated independently. We discover that BRD4 regulates the expression of its own gene during the innate immune response. Interestingly, BRD4 activates the expression of NFκB/RelA, a coactivator that binds to BRD4 in a BD-dependent manner. We extend this finding to show that BRD4 also regulates other components of its functional interactome, including the Mediator (Med) coactivator complex and the SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin (SMARC) subunits. To provide further insight into mechanisms for BRD4 in RSV expression, we mapped 7,845 RSV-inducible Tn5 transposase peaks onto the BRD4-dependent gene bodies. These were located in promoters and introns of cytostructural and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation genes. These data indicate that BRD4 mediates the dynamic response of airway epithelial cells to RNA infection by modulating the expression of its coactivators, controlling the expression of host defense mechanisms and remodeling genes through changes in promoter accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Morgan Mann
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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17
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Lanko K, Sun L, Froeyen M, Leyssen P, Delang L, Mirabelli C, Neyts J. Comparative analysis of the molecular mechanism of resistance to vapendavir across a panel of picornavirus species. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105177. [PMID: 34517053 PMCID: PMC8593553 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vapendavir is a rhino/enterovirus inhibitor that targets a hydrophobic pocket in the viral capsid preventing the virus from entering the cell. We set out to study and compare the molecular mechanisms of resistance to vapendavir among clinically relevant Picornavirus species. To this end in vitro resistance selection of drug-resistant isolates was applied in rhinovirus 2 and 14, enterovirus-D68 and Poliovirus 1 Sabin. Mutations in the drug-binding pocket in VP1 (C199R/Y in hRV14; I194F in PV1; M252L and A156T in EV-D68), typical for this class of compounds, were identified. Interestingly, we also observed mutations located outside the pocket (K167E in EV-D68 and G149C in hRV2) that contribute to the resistant phenotype. Remarkably, the G149C substitution rendered the replication of human rhinovirus 2 dependent on the presence of vapendavir. Our data suggest that the binding of vapendavir to the capsid of the G149C isolate may be required to stabilize the viral particle and to allow efficient dissemination of the virus. We observed the dependency of the G149C isolate on other compounds of this class, suggesting that this phenotype is common for capsid binders. In addition the VP1 region containing the G149C substitution has not been associated with antiviral resistance before. Our results demonstrate that the phenotype and genotype of clinically relevant vapendavir-resistant picornavirus species is more complex than generally believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lanko
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathy Froeyen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Loss of regulatory capacity in Treg cells following rhinovirus infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1016-1029.e16. [PMID: 34153372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections with rhinoviruses (RV) are strongly associated with development and exacerbations of asthma, and they pose an additional health risk for subjects with allergy. OBJECTIVE How RV infections and chronic allergic diseases are linked and what role RV plays in the breaking of tolerance in regulatory T (Treg) cells is unknown. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of RV on Treg cells. METHODS Treg cells were isolated from subjects with asthma and controls after experimental infection with the RV-A16 (RV16) and analyzed with next-generation sequencing. Additionally, suppression assays, quantitative PCR assays, and protein quantifications were performed with Treg cells after in vitro RV16 infection. RESULTS RV16 induced a strong antiviral response in Treg cells from subjects with asthma and controls, including the upregulation of IFI44L, MX1, ISG15, IRF7, and STAT1. In subjects with asthma, the inflammatory response was exaggerated and showed a dysregulated immune response compared with that in the controls. Furthermore, subjects with asthma failed to upregulate several immunosuppressive molecules such as CTLA4 and CD69, and they upregulated the inflammasome-related genes PYCARD and AIM2. Additionally, RV16 reduced the suppressive capacity of Treg cells from healthy subjects and subjects with asthma in vitro and increased TH2 cell-type cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS Treg cells from healthy subjects and subjects with asthma displayed an antiviral response after RV infection and showed reduced suppressive capacity. These data suggest that Treg cell function might be altered or impaired during RV infections, which might play an important role in the association between RV and the development of asthma and asthma exacerbations.
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19
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Jakiela B, Rebane A, Soja J, Bazan-Socha S, Laanesoo A, Plutecka H, Surmiak M, Sanak M, Sladek K, Bochenek G. Remodeling of bronchial epithelium caused by asthmatic inflammation affects its response to rhinovirus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12821. [PMID: 34140575 PMCID: PMC8211645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are frequent cause of asthma exacerbations, however the influence of airway inflammation on the severity of viral infection is poorly understood. Here, we investigated how cytokine-induced remodeling of airway epithelium modulates antiviral response. We analyzed gene expression response in in vitro differentiated bronchial epithelium exposed to cytokines and next infected with HRV16. IL-13-induced mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) was associated with impaired ciliogenesis and induction of antiviral genes, resulting in lower susceptibility to HRV. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition caused by TGF-β was associated with increased virus replication and boosted innate response. Moreover, HRV infection per se caused transient upregulation of MCM markers and growth factors, followed by low-level virus replication and shedding. Our data suggest that the outcome of HRV infection depends on the type of lower airway inflammation and the extent of epithelial damage. Type-2 inflammation (eosinophilic asthma) may induce antiviral state of epithelium and decrease virus sensitivity, while growth factor exposure during epithelial repair may facilitate virus replication and inflammatory response. Additionally, responses to HRV were similar in cells obtained from asthma patients and control subjects, which implicates that antiviral mechanisms are not intrinsically impaired in asthma, but may develop in the presence of uncontrolled airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Jakiela
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ana Rebane
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jerzy Soja
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Stanislawa Bazan-Socha
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anet Laanesoo
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Plutecka
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sladek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bochenek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
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20
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Cao L, Lee S, Krings JG, Rauseo AM, Reynolds D, Presti R, Goss C, Mudd PA, O'Halloran JA, Wang L. Asthma in patients with suspected and diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:535-541.e2. [PMID: 33639262 PMCID: PMC7905379 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma are comparatively susceptible to respiratory viral infections and more likely to develop severe symptoms than people without asthma. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is necessary to adequately evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of the population with asthma in the population tested for and diagnosed as having COVID-19. OBJECTIVE To perform a study to assess the impact of asthma on COVID-19 diagnosis, presenting symptoms, disease severity, and cytokine profiles. METHODS This was an analysis of a prospectively collected cohort of patients suspected of having COVID-19 who presented for COVID-19 testing at a tertiary medical center in Missouri between March 2020 and September 2020. We classified and analyzed patients according to their pre-existing asthma diagnosis and subsequent COVID-19 testing results. RESULTS Patients suspected of having COVID-19 (N = 435) were enrolled in this study. The proportions of patients testing positive for COVID-19 were 69.2% and 81.9% in the groups with asthma and without asthma, respectively. The frequencies of relevant symptoms were similar between the groups with asthma with positive and negative COVID-19 test results. In the population diagnosed as having COVID-19 (n = 343), asthma was not associated with several indicators of COVID-19 severity, including hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, death due to COVID-19, and in-hospital mortality after multivariate adjustment. Patients with COVID-19 with asthma exhibited significantly lower levels of plasma interleukin-8 than patients without asthma (adjusted P = .02). CONCLUSION The population with asthma is facing a challenge in preliminary COVID-19 evaluation owing to an overlap in the symptoms of COVID-19 and asthma. However, asthma does not increase the risk of COVID-19 severity if infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Cao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Sandra Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - James G Krings
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Adriana M Rauseo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Reynolds
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rachel Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip A Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Leyao Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
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21
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Menzella F, Ghidoni G, Galeone C, Capobelli S, Scelfo C, Facciolongo NC. Immunological Aspects Related to Viral Infections in Severe Asthma and the Role of Omalizumab. Biomedicines 2021; 9:348. [PMID: 33808197 PMCID: PMC8066139 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations, both in adults and children. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels. In the course of immune responses to viruses, an initial activation of innate immunity typically occurs and the production of type I and III interferons is essential in the control of viral spread. However, the Th2 inflammatory environment still appears to be protective against viral infections in general and in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections as well. As for now, literature data, although extremely limited and preliminary, show that severe asthma patients treated with biologics don't have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or progression to severe forms compared to the non-asthmatic population. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, exerts a profound cellular effect, which can stabilize the effector cells, and is becoming much more efficient from the point of view of innate immunity in contrasting respiratory viral infections. In addition to the antiviral effect, clinical efficacy and safety of this biological allow a great improvement in the management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Menzella
- Pneumology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.G.); (S.C.); (C.S.); (N.C.F.)
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22
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Carli G, Cecchi L, Stebbing J, Parronchi P, Farsi A. Is asthma protective against COVID-19? Allergy 2021; 76:866-868. [PMID: 32479648 PMCID: PMC7300712 DOI: 10.1111/all.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Carli
- SOS Allergy and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- SOS Allergy and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London London UK
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- SOS Allergy and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy
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23
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Asha K, Khanna M, Kumar B. Current Insights into the Host Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:59-83. [PMID: 34661891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections often lead to severe illnesses varying from mild or asymptomatic upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia or/and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Common viral infections, including but not limited to influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and coronavirus, are often the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Since the lungs are continuously exposed to foreign particles, including respiratory pathogens, it is also well equipped for recognition and antiviral defense utilizing the complex network of innate and adaptive immune cells. Immediately upon infection, a range of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and an interferon response is generated, thereby making the immune response a two edged sword, on one hand it is required to eliminate viral pathogens while on other hand it's prolonged response can lead to chronic infection and significant pulmonary damage. Since vaccines to all respiratory viruses are not available, a better understanding of the virus-host interactions, leading to the development of immune response, is critically needed to design effective therapies to limit the severity of inflammatory damage, enhance viral clearance and to compliment the current strategies targeting the virus. In this chapter, we discuss the host responses to common respiratory viral infections, the key players of adaptive and innate immunity and the fine balance that exists between the viral clearance and immune-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Virology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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24
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Groaz E, De Clercq E, Herdewijn P. Anno 2021: Which antivirals for the coming decade? ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:49-107. [PMID: 34744210 PMCID: PMC8563371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the development of antiviral drugs, among which anti-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) medications can be considered real success stories, many viral infections remain without an effective treatment. This not only applies to infectious outbreaks caused by zoonotic viruses that have recently spilled over into humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also ancient viral diseases that have been brought under control by vaccination such as variola (smallpox), poliomyelitis, measles, and rabies. A largely unsolved problem are endemic respiratory infections due to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses, whose associated morbidity will likely worsen with increasing air pollution. Furthermore, climate changes will expose industrialized countries to a dangerous resurgence of viral hemorrhagic fevers, which might also become global infections. Herein, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in the search for new antivirals against these different threats that the world population will need to confront with increasing frequency in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Patella V, Delfino G, Florio G, Spadaro G, Chieco Bianchi F, Senna G, Di Gioacchino M. Management of the patient with allergic and immunological disorders in the pandemic COVID-19 era. Clin Mol Allergy 2020; 18:18. [PMID: 33020697 PMCID: PMC7528155 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-020-00134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic COVID-19 abruptly exploded, taking most health professionals around the world unprepared. Italy, the first European country to be hit violently, was forced to activate the lockdown in mid-February 2020. At the time of the spread, a high number of victims were quickly registered, especially in the regions of Northern Italy which have a high rate of highly-polluting production activities. The need to hospitalize the large number of patients with severe forms of COVID-19 led the National Health System to move a large number of specialists from their disciplines to the emergency hospital departments for the treatment of COVID-19. Furthermore, the lockdown itself has limited the possibility for general practitioners and pediatricians to be able to make outpatient visits and/or home care for patients with chronic diseases. Among them, the patient with atopic diseases, such as asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, is worthy of particular attention as she/he is immersed in a studded negative scenario with the onset of spring, a factor that should not be underestimated for those who suffer from pollen allergy. The Italian Society of Asthma Allergology and Clinical Immunology, to quickly deal with the lack of references and specialist medical procedures, has produced a series of indications for immunologic patient care that are reported in this paper, and can be used as guidelines by specialists of our discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Patella
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria Della Speranza" Hospital, Salerno, Italy.,Postgraduate Program in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Delfino
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria Della Speranza" Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Florio
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria Della Speranza" Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Postgraduate Program in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gianerico Senna
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University and General Hospital, Verona, Italy.,Chairman of Italian Society of Allergology, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC), Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center of Advanced Science and Technology, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.,Leonardo Da Vinci, University, Chieti, Italy
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26
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Rich HE, Antos D, Melton NR, Alcorn JF, Manni ML. Insights Into Type I and III Interferons in Asthma and Exacerbations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574027. [PMID: 33101299 PMCID: PMC7546400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a highly prevalent, chronic respiratory disease that impacts millions of people worldwide and causes thousands of deaths every year. Asthmatics display different phenotypes with distinct genetic components, environmental causes, and immunopathologic signatures, and are broadly characterized into type 2-high or type 2-low (non-type 2) endotypes by linking clinical characteristics, steroid responsiveness, and molecular pathways. Regardless of asthma severity and adequate disease management, patients may experience acute exacerbations of symptoms and a loss of disease control, often triggered by respiratory infections. The interferon (IFN) family represents a group of cytokines that play a central role in the protection against and exacerbation of various infections and pathologies, including asthma. Type I and III IFNs in particular play an indispensable role in the host immune system to fight off pathogens, which seems to be altered in both pediatric and adult asthmatics. Impaired IFN production leaves asthmatics susceptible to infection and with uncontrolled type 2 immunity, promotes airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and inflammation which can lead to asthma exacerbations. However, IFN deficiency is not observed in all asthmatics, and alterations in IFN expression may be independent of type 2 immunity. In this review, we discuss the link between type I and III IFNs and asthma both in general and in specific contexts, including during viral infection, co-infection, and bacterial/fungal infection. We also highlight several studies which examine the potential role for type I and III IFNs as asthma-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Rich
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Natalie R Melton
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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27
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Goldstein E, Finelli L, O’Halloran A, Liu P, Karaca Z, Steiner CA, Viboud C, Lipsitch M. Hospitalizations Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza in Children, Including Children Diagnosed with Asthma. Epidemiology 2019; 30:918-926. [PMID: 31469696 PMCID: PMC6768705 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty about the burden of hospitalization associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza in children, including those with underlying medical conditions. METHODS We applied previously developed methodology to Health Care Cost and Utilization Project hospitalization data and additional data related to asthma diagnosis/previous history in hospitalized children to estimate RSV and influenza-associated hospitalization rates in different subpopulations of US children between 2003 and 2010. RESULTS The estimated average annual rates (per 100,000 children) of RSV-associated hospitalization with a respiratory cause (ICD-9 codes 460-519) present anywhere in the discharge diagnosis were 2,381 (95% CI(2252,2515)) in children <1 year of age; 710.6 (609.1, 809.2) (1 y old); 395 (327.7, 462.4) (2 y old); 211.3 (154.6, 266.8) (3 y old); 111.1 (62.4, 160.1) (4 y old); 72.3 (29.3, 116.4) (5-6 y of age); 35.6 (9.9,62.2) (7-11 y of age); and 39 (17.5, 60.6) (12-17 y of age). The corresponding rates of influenza-associated hospitalization were lower, ranging from 181 (142.5, 220.3) in <1 year old to 17.9 (11.7, 24.2) in 12-17 years of age. The relative risks for RSV-related hospitalization associated with a prior diagnosis of asthma in age groups <5 y ranged between 3.1 (2.1, 4.7) (<1 y old) and 6.7 (4.2, 11.8) (2 y old; the corresponding risks for influenza-related hospitalization ranged from 2.8 (2.1, 4) (<1y old) to 4.9 (3.8, 6.4) (3 y old). CONCLUSION RSV-associated hospitalization rates in young children are high and decline rapidly with age. There are additional risks for both RSV and influenza hospitalization associated with a prior diagnosis of asthma, with the rates of RSV-related hospitalization in the youngest children diagnosed with asthma being particularly high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Goldstein
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Alissa O’Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Patrick Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Zeynal Karaca
- Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Claudia A. Steiner
- Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Rockville, MD 20850 USA (work performed in that capacity; currently works at Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO 80231 USA)
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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28
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Mills JT, Schwenzer A, Marsh EK, Edwards MR, Sabroe I, Midwood KS, Parker LC. Airway Epithelial Cells Generate Pro-inflammatory Tenascin-C and Small Extracellular Vesicles in Response to TLR3 Stimuli and Rhinovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1987. [PMID: 31497021 PMCID: PMC6712508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of asthma exacerbations, with human rhinoviruses (RV) the most common trigger. RV signals through a number of different receptors, including toll-like receptor (TLR)3. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an immunomodulatory extracellular matrix protein present in high quantities in the airway of people with asthma, and expression is also upregulated in nasal lavage fluid in response to RV infection. Respiratory viral infection has been demonstrated to induce the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) such as exosomes, whilst exosomal cargo can also be modified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of people with asthma. These sEVs may potentiate airway inflammation and regulate the immune response to infection. This study characterizes the relationship between RV infection of bronchial epithelial cells and the release of TN-C, and the release of sEVs following stimulation with the TLR3 agonist and synthetic viral mimic, poly(I:C), as well as the function of the released protein/vesicles. The BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors were infected with RV or treated with poly(I:C). TN-C expression, release and localization to sEVs was quantified. TN-C expression was also assessed following intra-nasal challenge of C57BL/6 mice with poly(I:C). BEAS-2B cells and macrophages were subsequently challenged with TN-C, or with sEVs generated from BEAS-2B cells pre-treated with siRNA targeted to TN-C or control. The results revealed that poly(I:C) stimulation induced TN-C release in vivo, whilst both poly(I:C) stimulation and RV infection promoted release in vitro, with elevated TN-C release from PBECs obtained from people with asthma. Poly(I:C) also induced the release of TN-C-rich sEVs from BEAS-2B cells. TN-C, and sEVs from poly(I:C) challenged cells, induced cytokine synthesis in macrophages and BEAS-2B cells, whilst sEVs from control cells did not. Moreover, sEVs with ~75% reduced TN-C content did not alter the capacity of sEVs to induce inflammation. This study identifies two novel components of the inflammatory pathway that regulates the immune response following RV infection and TLR3 stimulation, highlighting TN-C release and pro-inflammatory sEVs in the airway as relevant to the biology of virally induced exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Mills
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Marsh
- School of Human Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C. Parker
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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29
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Allergic asthma is associated with increased risk of infections requiring antibiotics. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 120:169-176.e1. [PMID: 29413341 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection and allergy have been identified as major risk factors for exacerbation in asthma, especially in the presence of both. However, whether patients with allergic asthma are more susceptible to respiratory infections requiring antibiotics remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate allergy as a risk factor for respiratory infections requiring antibiotics based on register data from a nationwide population of patients with asthma. METHODS A register-based prospective follow-up study was performed using the Danish prescription database. In the inclusion period from 2010 through 2011, we identified patients with allergic asthma 18 to 44 years old. Patients were investigated during the follow-up period from 2012 through 2013, depending on their prescription drug use of antiallergic medication and antibiotics. Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, asthma severity, education, and urban vs rural residence. RESULTS In a nationwide population we identified 60,415 patients with asthma. Based on prescriptions fillings for antiallergic medication, patients were subdivided into (1) nonallergic asthma (n = 35,334, 51.5%) and (2) allergic asthma (n = 25,081, 48.5%). Allergic asthma was associated with an increased risk of filling at least 2 antibiotic prescriptions per year compared with nonallergic asthma (odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.24-1.33, P < .0001). Interestingly, a subgroup analysis showed a protective effect of immunotherapy against the risk of requiring antibiotics (odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.87, P = .0001). CONCLUSION Patients with allergic asthma have an increased risk of being prescribed antibiotics for respiratory infections compared with those with nonallergic asthma. Treatment with allergen immunotherapy appears to have a protective effect against this risk.
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30
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Roberts G. A next-generation anti-IgE monoclonal? Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 46:1370-1371. [PMID: 27790844 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. .,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.
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31
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Da Costa L, Scheers E, Coluccia A, Casulli A, Roche M, Di Giorgio C, Neyts J, Terme T, Cirilli R, La Regina G, Silvestri R, Mirabelli C, Vanelle P. Structure-Based Drug Design of Potent Pyrazole Derivatives against Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8402-8416. [PMID: 30153009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been linked to exacerbations of many pulmonary diseases, thus increasing morbidity and/or mortality in subjects at risk. Unfortunately, the wide variety of RV genotypes constitutes a major hindrance for the development of Rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we have developed a novel series of pyrazole derivatives that potently inhibit the Rhinovirus replication. Compounds 10e and 10h behave as early stage inhibitors of Rhinovirus infection with a broad-spectrum activity against RV-A and RV-B species (EC50 < 0.1 μM). We also evaluate the dynamics of the emerging resistance of these promising compounds and their in vitro genotoxicity. Molecular docking experiments shed light on the pharmacophoric elements interacting with residues of the drug-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Da Costa
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Els Scheers
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , I-00161 Rome , Italy
| | - Manon Roche
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale , 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , I-00161 Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
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32
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Potaczek DP, Unger SD, Zhang N, Taka S, Michel S, Akdağ N, Lan F, Helfer M, Hudemann C, Eickmann M, Skevaki C, Megremis S, Sadewasser A, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Alhamdan F, Akdis M, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Akdis CA, Becker S, Bachert C, Papadopoulos NG, Garn H, Renz H. Development and characterization of DNAzyme candidates demonstrating significant efficiency against human rhinoviruses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1403-1415. [PMID: 30114391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with human rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for millions of common cold episodes and the majority of asthma exacerbations, especially in childhood. No drugs specifically targeting RVs are available. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify specific anti-RV molecules based on DNAzyme technology as candidates to a clinical study. METHODS A total of 226 candidate DNAzymes were designed against 2 regions of RV RNA genome identified to be sufficiently highly conserved between virus strains (ie, the 5'-untranslated region and cis-acting replication element) by using 3 test strains: RVA1, RVA16, and RVA29. All DNAzymes were screened for their cleavage efficiency against in vitro-expressed viral RNA. Those showing any catalytic activity were subjected to bioinformatic analysis of their reverse complementarity to 322 published RV genomic sequences. Further molecular optimization was conducted for the most promising candidates. Cytotoxic and off-target effects were excluded in HEK293 cell-based systems. Antiviral efficiency was analyzed in infected human bronchial BEAS-2B cells and ex vivo-cultured human sinonasal tissue. RESULTS Screening phase-generated DNAzymes characterized by either good catalytic activity or by high RV strain coverage but no single molecule represented a satisfactory combination of those 2 features. Modifications in length of the binding domains of 2 lead candidates, Dua-01(-L12R9) and Dua-02(-L10R11), improved their cleavage efficiency to an excellent level, with no loss in eminent strain coverage (about 98%). Both DNAzymes showed highly favorable cytotoxic/off-target profiles. Subsequent testing of Dua-01-L12R9 in BEAS-2B cells and sinonasal tissue demonstrated its significant antiviral efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Effective and specific management of RV infections with Dua-01-L12R9 might be useful in preventing asthma exacerbations, which should be verified by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Potaczek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian D Unger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Nan Zhang
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Styliani Taka
- PreDicta Consortium; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nesibe Akdağ
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Feng Lan
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christoph Hudemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- PreDicta Consortium; Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Fahd Alhamdan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- PreDicta Consortium; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- PreDicta Consortium; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- PreDicta Consortium; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- PreDicta Consortium; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus Bachert
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- PreDicta Consortium; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Garn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium.
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Jones AC, Mincham KT, Thomas JA, Rosenthal LA, Bosco A, Holt PG, Strickland DH. Atopy-Dependent and Independent Immune Responses in the Heightened Severity of Atopics to Respiratory Viral Infections: Rat Model Studies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1805. [PMID: 30150981 PMCID: PMC6099265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic (Th2high immunophenotype) asthmatics have a heightened susceptibility to common respiratory viral infections such as human rhinovirus. Evidence suggests that the innate interferon response is deficient in asthmatic/atopic individuals, while other studies show no differences in antiviral response pathways. Unsensitized and OVA-sensitized/challenged Th2high (BN rats) and Th2low immunophenotype (PVG rats) animals were inoculated intranasally with attenuated mengovirus (vMC0). Sensitized animals were exposed/unexposed during the acute viral response phase. Cellular and transcriptomic profiling was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In unsensitized PVG rats, vMC0 elicits a prototypical antiviral response (neutrophilic airways inflammation, upregulation of Th1/type I interferon-related pathways). In contrast, response to infection in the Th2high BN rats was associated with a radically altered intrinsic host response to respiratory viral infection, characterized by macrophage influx/Th2-associated pathways. In sensitized animals, response to virus infection alone was not altered compared to unsensitized animals. However, allergen exposure of sensitized animals during viral infection unleashes a notably exaggerated airways inflammatory response profile orders of magnitude higher in BN versus PVG rats despite similar viral loads. The co-exposure responses in the Th2high BN incorporated type I interferon/Th1, alternative macrophage activation/Th2 and Th17 signatures. Similar factors may underlie the hyper-susceptibility to infection-associated airways inflammation characteristic of the human Th2high immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anya C Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jenny A Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Veerapandian R, Snyder JD, Samarasinghe AE. Influenza in Asthmatics: For Better or for Worse? Front Immunol 2018; 9:1843. [PMID: 30147697 PMCID: PMC6095982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and influenza are two pathologic conditions of the respiratory tract that affect millions worldwide. Influenza virus of the 2009 pandemic was highly transmissible and caused severe respiratory disease in young and middle-aged individuals. Asthma was discovered to be an underlying co-morbidity that led to hospitalizations during this influenza pandemic albeit with less severe outcomes. However, animal studies that investigated the relationship between allergic inflammation and pandemic (p)H1N1 infection, showed that while characteristics of allergic airways disease were exacerbated by this virus, governing immune responses that cause exacerbations may actually protect the host from severe outcomes associated with influenza. To better understand the relationship between asthma and severe influenza during the last pandemic, we conducted a systematic literature review of reports on hospitalized patients with asthma as a co-morbid condition during the pH1N1 season. Herein, we report that numerous other underlying conditions, such as cardiovascular, neurologic, and metabolic diseases may have been underplayed as major drivers of severe influenza during the 2009 pandemic. This review synopses, (1) asthma and influenza independently, (2) epidemiologic data surrounding asthma during the 2009 influenza pandemic, and (3) recent advances in our understanding of allergic host–pathogen interactions in the context of allergic airways disease and influenza in mouse models. Our goal is to showcase possible immunological benefits of allergic airways inflammation as countermeasures for influenza virus infections as a learning tool to discover novel pathways that can enhance our ability to hinder influenza virus replication and host pathology induced thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Veerapandian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - John D Snyder
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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35
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Adler FR, Stockmann C, Ampofo K, Pavia AT, Byington CL. Transmission of rhinovirus in the Utah BIG-LoVE families: Consequences of age and household structure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199388. [PMID: 30044794 PMCID: PMC6059387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common cold viruses create significant health and financial burdens, and understanding key loci of transmission would help focus control strategies. This study (1) examines factors that influence when individuals transition from a negative to positive test (acquisition) or a positive to negative test (loss) of rhinovirus (HRV) and other respiratory tract viruses in 26 households followed weekly for one year, (2) investigates evidence for intrahousehold and interhousehold transmission and the characteristics of individuals implicated in transmission, and (3) builds data-based simulation models to identify factors that most strongly affect patterns of prevalence. METHODS We detected HRV, coronavirus, paramyxovirus, influenza and bocavirus with the FilmArray polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platform (BioFire Diagnostics, LLC). We used logistic regression to find covariates affecting acquisition or loss of HRV including demographic characteristics of individuals, their household, their current infection status, and prevalence within their household and across the population. We apply generalized linear mixed models to test robustness of results. RESULTS Acquisition of HRV was less probable in older individuals and those infected with a coronavirus, and higher with a higher proportion of other household members infected. Loss of HRV is reduced with a higher proportion of other household members infected. Within households, only children and symptomatic individuals show evidence for transmission, while between households only a higher number of infected older children (ages 5-19) increases the probability of acquisition. Coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses and bocavirus also show evidence of intrahousehold transmission. Simulations show that age-dependent susceptibility and transmission have the largest effects on mean HRV prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Children are most likely to acquire and most likely to transmit HRV both within and between households, with infectiousness concentrated in symptomatic children. Simulations predict that the spread of HRV and other respiratory tract viruses can be reduced but not eliminated by practices within the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R. Adler
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Chris Stockmann
- Department of Pediatrics Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Krow Ampofo
- Department of Pediatrics Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Pavia
- Department of Pediatrics Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Carrie L. Byington
- Health Sciences Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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36
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Kim J, Shin JS, Ahn S, Han SB, Jung YS. 3-Aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Derivatives Active Against Human Rhinovirus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:667-672. [PMID: 30034598 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human rhinovirus (hRV) is the causative agent of the common cold that often aggravates respiratory complications in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The high rate of mutations and variety of serotypes are limiting the development of anti-hRV drugs, which emphasizes the need for the discovery of novel lead compounds. Previously, we identified antiviral compound 1 that we used here as the starting material for developing a novel compound series with high efficacy against hRV-A and -B. Improved metabolic stability was achieved by substituting an ester moiety with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole group. Specifically, compound 3k exhibited a high efficacy against hRV-B14, hRV-A21, and hRV-A71, with EC50 values of 66.0, 22.0, and 3.7 nM, respectively, and a relevant hepatic stability (59.6 and 40.7% compound remaining after 30 min in rat and human liver microsomes, respectively). An in vivo study demonstrated that 3k possessed a desirable pharmacokinetic profile with low systemic clearance (0.158 L·h-1·kg-1) and modest oral bioavailability (27.8%). Hence, 3k appears to be an interesting candidate for the development of antiviral lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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37
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Lee DCP, Tay NQ, Thian M, Prabhu N, Furuhashi K, Kemeny DM. Prior exposure to inhaled allergen enhances anti-viral immunity and T cell priming by dendritic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190063. [PMID: 29293541 PMCID: PMC5749744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza and asthma are two of the major public health concerns in the world today. During the 2009 influenza pandemic asthma was found to be the commonest comorbid illness of patients admitted to hospital. Unexpectedly, it was also observed that asthmatic patients admitted to hospital with influenza infection were less likely to die or require admission to intensive care compared with non-asthmatics. Using an in vivo model of asthma and influenza infection we demonstrate that prior exposure to Blomia tropicalis extract (BTE) leads to an altered immune response to influenza infection, comprised of less severe weight loss and faster recovery following infection. This protection was associated with significant increases in T cell numbers in the lungs of BTE sensitised and infected mice, as well as increased IFN-γ production from these cells. In addition, elevated numbers of CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) were found in the lung draining lymph nodes following infection of BTE sensitised mice compared to infected PBS treated mice. These CD11b+ DCs appeared to be better at priming CD8 specific T cells both in vivo and ex vivo, a function not normally attributed to CD11b+ DCs. We propose that this alteration in cross-presentation and more efficient T cell priming seen in BTE sensitised mice, led to the earlier increase in T cells in the lungs and subsequently faster clearance of the virus and reduced influenza induced pathology. We believe this data provides a novel mechanism that explains why asthmatic patients may present with less severe disease when infected with influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie C. P. Lee
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil Q. Tay
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marini Thian
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kazuki Furuhashi
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M. Kemeny
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Gaido CM, Granland C, Laing IA, Souëf PNL, Thomas WR, Currie AJ, Hales BJ. T-cell responses against rhinovirus species A and C in asthmatic and healthy children. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:143-153. [PMID: 29124902 PMCID: PMC5818445 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Infections by rhinovirus (RV) species A and C are the most common causes of exacerbations of asthma and a major cause of exacerbations of other acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Infections by both species are prevalent in pre‐school and school‐aged children and, particularly for RV‐C, can cause severe symptoms and a need for hospitalization. While associations between RV infection and asthma are well established, the adaptive immune‐mechanisms by which RV infections influence asthma exacerbations are yet to be defined. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize and compare T‐cell responses between RV‐A and RV‐C and to test the hypothesis that T‐cell responses would differ between asthmatic children and healthy controls. Methods A multi‐parameter flow cytometry assay was used to characterize the in vitro recall T‐cell response against RV‐A and RV‐C in PBMCs from children with acute asthma (n = 22) and controls (n = 26). The responses were induced by pools of peptides containing species‐specific VP1 epitopes of RV‐A and RV‐C. Results Regardless of children's clinical status, all children that responded to the in vitro stimulation (>90%) had a similar magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell responses to RV‐A and RV‐C. However, asthmatic children had a significantly lower number of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs), and healthy controls had significantly more Tregs induced by RV‐A than RV‐C. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The comparable recall memory T‐cell responses in asthmatic and control children to both RV‐A and RV‐C show that differences in the antibody and inflammatory responses previously described are likely to be due to regulation, with a demonstrated candidate being reduced regulatory T‐cells. The reduced Treg numbers demonstrated here could explain the asthmatic's inability to appropriately control immunopathological responses to RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele M Gaido
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Granland
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | - Wayne R Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew J Currie
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Meldrum K, Gant TW, Leonard MO. Diesel exhaust particulate associated chemicals attenuate expression of CXCL10 in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:409-416. [PMID: 28655636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution affects a large proportion of the population particularly in urban areas, with diesel particulates recognised as particular causes for concern in respiratory conditions such as asthma. In this study we examined the response of human primary airway epithelial cells to diesel particulate chemical extracts (DE) and characterised gene expression alterations using RNA-SEQ. Using the antagonist CH223191, DE induced CYP1A1 and attenuation of CXCL10 among other genes were observed to be aryl hydrocarbon receptor dependent. Basal and toll like receptor dependent protein levels for CXCL10 were markedly reduced. Investigation of similar regulation in plasmacytoid dendritic GEN2.2 cells did not show DE dependent regulation of CXCL10. Instillation of DE into mice to recapitulate airway epithelial exposure to chemical extracts in an in vivo setting failed to demonstrate a reduction in CXCL10. There was however an increase in the Th2 type epithelial cell derived inflammatory mediators TSLP and SERPINB2. We also observed an increased macrophages and a decrease in the proportion of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CXCL10 can play a role in allergic airway disease through recruitment of Th1 type CD4+ T-cells, which can act to counterbalance Th2 type allergic responses. Modulation of such chemokines within the airway epithelium may represent a mechanism through which pollutant material can modify respiratory conditions such as allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, UK.
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40
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Kim J, Jung YK, Kim C, Shin JS, Scheers E, Lee JY, Han SB, Lee CK, Neyts J, Ha JD, Jung YS. A Novel Series of Highly Potent Small Molecule Inhibitors of Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5472-5492. [PMID: 28581749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) are the main causative pathogen for common colds and are associated with the exacerbation of asthma. The wide variety in hRV serotypes has complicated the development of rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we developed a novel series of benzothiophene derivatives and their analogues (6-8) that potently inhibit the replication of both hRV-A and hRV-B strains. Compound 6g inhibited the replication of hRV-B14, A21, and A71, with respective EC50 values of 0.083, 0.078, and 0.015 μM. The results of a time-of-addition study against hRV-B14 and hRV-A16 and resistant mutation analysis on hRV-B14 implied that 6g acts at the early stage of the viral replication process, interacting with viral capsid protein. A molecular docking study suggested that 6g has a capsid-binding mode similar to that of pleconaril. Finally, derivatives of 6 also displayed significant inhibition against poliovirus 3 (PV3) replication, implying their potential inhibitory activities against other enterovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyoung Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Els Scheers
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jae-Du Ha
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Heymann PW, Nguyen HT, Steinke JW, Turner RB, Woodfolk JA, Platts-Mills TAE, Martin L, He H, Biagini Myers J, Lindsey M, Sivaprasad U, Medvedovic M, Mahi N, Carper H, Murphy DD, Patrie J, Khurana Hershey GK. Rhinovirus infection results in stronger and more persistent genomic dysregulation: Evidence for altered innate immune response in asthmatics at baseline, early in infection, and during convalescence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178096. [PMID: 28552993 PMCID: PMC5446117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (HRV) is associated with the large majority of virus-induced asthma exacerbations in children and young adults, but the mechanisms remain poorly defined. METHODS Asthmatics and non-asthmatic controls were inoculated with HRV-A16, and nasal epithelial samples were obtained 7 days before, 36 hours after, and 7 days after viral inoculation. RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS At baseline, 57 genes were differentially expressed between asthmatics and controls, and the asthmatics had decreased expression of viral replication inhibitors and increased expression of genes involved in inflammation. At 36 hours (before the emergence of peak symptoms), 1329 genes were significantly altered from baseline in the asthmatics compared to 62 genes in the controls. At this time point, asthmatics lacked an increase in IL-10 signaling observed in the controls. At 7 days following HRV inoculation, 222 genes were significantly dysregulated in the asthmatics, whereas only 4 genes were dysregulated among controls. At this time point, the controls but not asthmatics demonstrated upregulation of SPINK5. CONCLUSIONS As judged by the magnitude and persistence of dysregulated genes, asthmatics have a substantially different host response to HRV-A16 infection compared with non-asthmatic controls. Gene expression differences illuminate biologically plausible mechanisms that contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HRV-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Heymann
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Huyen-Tran Nguyen
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John W. Steinke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Woodfolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lisa Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hua He
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Lindsey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Naim Mahi
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Holliday Carper
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deborah D. Murphy
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Kumar Biswas B, Malpani YR, Ha N, Kwon DH, Soo Shin J, Kim HS, Kim C, Bong Han S, Lee CK, Jung YS. Enterovirus inhibitory activity of C-8-tert-butyl substituted 4-aryl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(4H)-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3582-3585. [PMID: 28587824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of a series of 4-aryl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(4H)-ones (1, Fig. 2) were prepared and tested against representative enteroviruses including Human Coxsackievirus B1 (Cox B1), Human Coxsackievirus B3 (Cox B3), human Poliovirus 3 (PV3), human Rhinovirus 14 (HRV14), human Rhinovirus 21 (HRV 21) and human Rhinovirus 71 (HRV 71). The C-8-tert-butyl group on the tetrahydrobenzene ring in these substances was found to be crucial for their enterovirus activity. One member of this group, 1e, showed single digit micromolar activities (1.6-8.85μM) against a spectrum of viruses screened, and the highest selectivity index (SI) values for Cox B1 (>11.2), for Cox B3 (>11.5), and for PV3 (>51.2), respectively. In contrast, 1p, was the most active analog against the selected HRVs (1.8-2.6μM), and showed the highest selectivity indices among the group of compounds tested. The SI values for 1p were 11.5 for HRV14, 8.4 for HRV21, and 12.1 for HRV71, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishyajit Kumar Biswas
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yashwardhan R Malpani
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Neul Ha
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Kwon
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Soo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Bergauer A, Sopel N, Kroß B, Vuorinen T, Xepapadaki P, Weiss ST, Blau A, Sharma H, Kraus C, Springel R, Rauh M, Mittler S, Graser A, Zimmermann T, Melichar VO, Kiefer A, Kowalski ML, Sobanska A, Jartti T, Lukkarinen H, Papadopoulos NG, Finotto S. IFN-α/IFN-λ responses to respiratory viruses in paediatric asthma. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:13993003.00969-2016. [PMID: 27836955 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00969-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the influence of rhinovirus (RV) in nasopharyngeal fluid (NPF) on type I and III interferon (IFN) responses (e.g. IFN-α and IFN -: λ) and their signal transduction, at baseline and during disease exacerbation, in cohorts of pre-school children with and without asthma.At the time of recruitment into the Europe-wide study PreDicta, and during symptoms, NPF was collected and the local RV colonisation was analysed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were challenged in vitro with RV or not. RNA was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and gene arrays. Serum was analysed with ELISA for IFNs and C-reactive protein.We found that PBMCs from asthmatic children infected in vitro with the RV1b serotype upregulated MYD88, IRF1, STAT1 and STAT2 mRNA, whereas MYD88, IRF1, STAT1 and IRF9 were predominantly induced in control children. Moreover, during symptomatic visits because of disease exacerbation associated with RV detection in NPF, IFN-α production was found increased, while IFN-λ secretion was already induced by RV in asthmatic children at baseline.During asthma exacerbations associated with RV, asthmatic children can induce IFN-α secretion, indicating a hyperactive immune response to repeated respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Bergauer
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Nina Sopel
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Bettina Kroß
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Blau
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Translational Genomics Core, Partners Biobank, Partners HealthCare, Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Springel
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Mittler
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graser
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Allergy and Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker O Melichar
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Allergy and Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiefer
- Children's Hospital, Dept of Allergy and Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Dept of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Sobanska
- Dept of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Lukkarinen
- Dept of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Dept of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Falsey AR, Branche AR. Rhinoviruses. INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMCID: PMC7173525 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are ubiquitous pathogens and the leading cause of the common cold syndrome. HRV are very diverse with more than 100 serotypes identified which cause disease in persons of all ages with the highest incidence documented in young children. Although illness is typically mild and self-limited, lost time from work and school creates a considerable economic burden. Infection of the upper airways is the most common site of infection, although lower airways disease is also well documented, as is the link between HRV infection and exacerbations of asthma. Unfortunately, effective specific antiviral treatments and vaccines remain elusive.
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45
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Guibas GV, Papadopoulos NG. Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN, VOLUME II 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121526 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The upper respiratory system is one of the most common sites of infection for adults, but even more so for children. Several viruses, from variable families, cause upper respiratory infections which, although generally underestimated due to their typically self-limiting nature, underlie enormous healthcare resource utilization and financial burden. Such, otherwise “benign” infections, can have very significant sequelae both in the form of bringing about local complications but also inducing asthma attacks, thus greatly increasing morbidity. Their enormous prevalence also indicates that rigorous research should be undertaken in order to tackle them, in both the prevention and treatment field.
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46
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Kim JH, Ye YM, Ban GY, Shin YS, Lee HY, Nam YH, Lee SK, Cho YS, Jang SH, Jung KS, Park HS. Effects of Immunoglobulin Replacement on Asthma Exacerbation in Adult Asthmatics with IgG Subclass Deficiency. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:526-533. [PMID: 28913992 PMCID: PMC5603481 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.6.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recurrent respiratory tract infection is a common manifestation of primary immunodeficiency disease, and respiratory viruses or bacteria are important triggers of asthma exacerbations. Asthma often coexists with humoral immunodeficiency in adults, and some asthmatics with immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass deficiency (IgGSCD) suffer from recurrent exacerbations. Although some studies suggest a benefit from Ig replacement, others have failed to support its use. This study aimed to assess the effect of Ig replacement on asthma exacerbation caused by respiratory infection as well as the asthma control status of adult asthmatics with IgGSCD. Methods This is a multi-center, open-label study of adult asthmatics with IgGSCD. All patients received monthly intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for 6 months and were evaluated regarding asthma exacerbation related to infection, asthma control status, quality of life, and lung function before and after IVIG infusion. Results A total of 30 patients were enrolled, and 24 completed the study. Most of the patients had a moderate degree of asthma severity with partly (52%) or uncontrolled (41%) status at baseline. IVIG significantly reduced the proportion of patients with asthma exacerbations, lowered the number of respiratory infections, and improved asthma control status, compared to the baseline values (P<0.001). The mean asthma-specific quality of life and asthma control test scores were improved significantly (P=0.009 and P=0.053, respectively); however, there were no significant changes in lung function. Conclusions IVIG reduced the frequency of asthma exacerbations and improved asthma control status in adult asthmatics with IgGSCD, suggesting that IVIG could be an effective treatment option in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Young Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga Young Ban
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Hee Nam
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soo Keol Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - You Sook Cho
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Jang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Ki Suck Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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47
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Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations and risk populations. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:179-85. [PMID: 26836624 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses recent findings into the mechanisms that determine how viruses trigger asthma exacerbations. RECENT FINDINGS Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. This includes new insights into the role of bacteria, the regulation of interferon responses, and the discovery of innate immune pathways that link viral infections with allergic inflammation. Progress has also been made in elucidating the genetic risk factors for asthma exacerbations, most notably the contribution of the ORMDL3/GSDMB locus on 17q, the mechanisms underlying the farming effect, and the discovery that CDHR3 binds to rhinovirus species C. SUMMARY Asthma exacerbations are heterogeneous conditions that involve the complex interplay between environmental exposures and innate and adaptive immune function in genetically predisposed individuals. Recent insights into the interrelationships between these factors provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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48
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Granados A, Peci A, McGeer A, Gubbay JB. Influenza and rhinovirus viral load and disease severity in upper respiratory tract infections. J Clin Virol 2016; 86:14-19. [PMID: 27893998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viral load in respiratory viral infection is unclear. It is proposed that the viral load of some, but not all respiratory viruses correlate with disease severity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if an association exists between viral loads among patients in ambulatory settings, compared to those requiring hospitalization/intensive care unit (ICU) admission with influenza A/H3N2, influenza B, or human rhinovirus (HRV); we also explored the impact of age, gender and co-detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae on patient setting. We hypothesized that hospitalized/ICU patients have higher respiratory virus viral loads compared to ambulatory (e.g. walk-in clinics, family practices)/ER patients. STUDY DESIGN We quantified viral load by in-house real-time RT-PCR in 774 nasopharyngeal swabs with influenza A/H3N2, or B or HRV viruses from various patient settings in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS Mean viral load (log10 copies/ml) of influenza A/H3N2 (6.94) was higher than influenza B (4.96) and HRV (5.58) (p<0.0001). Influenza A/H3N2 viral loads were highest in infants and the elderly; however, increased A/H3N2 viral loads were not associated with hospitalization/ICU admission compared to swabs collected in ambulatory/ER settings. Influenza B viral loads were higher in patients in hospital/ICU settings compared to those in ambulatory settings (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.47). HRV viral loads did not differ by age (p=0.67) or setting (p=0.54); there was no association between S. pneumoniae colonization and setting for any virus. CONCLUSION When compared to ambulatory/ER patients, viral load was higher in hospitalized/ICU patients with influenza B, but not influenza A or HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Granados
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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49
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Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res 2016; 17:156. [PMID: 27871304 PMCID: PMC5117516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. The severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. In this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. Then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the underlying molecular drivers of these networks. Finally, we discuss unique aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza, drawing on insights from genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia.
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50
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Jamieson KC, Warner SM, Leigh R, Proud D. Rhinovirus in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Course of Asthma. Chest 2016; 148:1508-1516. [PMID: 26270739 DOI: 10.1378/chest.15-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the major cause of the common cold. These are generally uncomplicated infections except for occasional cases of otitis media or sinusitis. In individuals with asthma, however, HRV infections can have a major impact on disease development and progression. HRV-induced wheezing illnesses in early life are a significant risk factor for subsequent development of asthma, and growing evidence supports a role of recurrent HRV infections in the development and progression of several aspects of airway remodeling in asthma. In addition, HRV infections are one of the most common triggers for acute exacerbations of asthma, which represent a major burden to health-care systems around the world. None of the currently prescribed medications for asthma are effective in preventing or reversing asthma development and airway remodeling or are ideal for treating HRV-induced exacerbations of asthma. Thus, a better understanding of the role of HRV in asthma is important if we are to develop more effective therapies. In the past decade, we have gained new insights into the role of HRV infections in the development and progression of airway remodeling as well as a new appreciation for the proinflammatory and host defense responses to HRV infections that may help to regulate susceptibility to asthma exacerbations. This article reviews the current understanding of the role HRV infections play in the pathogenesis of asthma and identifies possible avenues to new therapeutic strategies for limiting the effects of HRV infections in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla C Jamieson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Warner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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