1
|
Lubner RJ, Rubel K, Chandra RK, Turner JH, Chowdhury NI. Particulate matter exposure is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines and eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2024; 79:1219-1229. [PMID: 38180309 PMCID: PMC11062815 DOI: 10.1111/all.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is thought to result from complex interactions between the host immune system, microbiota, and environmental exposures. Currently, there is limited data regarding the impact of ambient particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) in the pathogenesis of CRS, despite evidence linking PM2.5 to other respiratory diseases. We hypothesized that PM2.5 may result in differential cytokine patterns that could inform our mechanistic understanding of the effect of environmental factors on CRS. METHODS We conducted an analysis of data prospectively collected from 308 CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Cytokines were quantified in intraoperative mucus specimens using a multiplex flow cytometric bead assay. Clinical and demographic data including zip codes were extracted and used to obtain tract-level income and rurality measures. A spatiotemporal machine learning model was used to estimate daily PM2.5 levels for the year prior to each patient's surgery date. Spearman correlations and regression analysis were performed to characterize the relationship between mucus cytokines and PM2.5. RESULTS: Several inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-5/IL-13, IL-12, and 21 were significantly correlated with estimated average 6, 9, and 12-month preoperative PM2.5 levels. These relationships were maintained for most cytokines after adjusting for age, income, body mass index, rurality, polyps, asthma, and allergic rhinitis (AR) (p < .05). There were also higher odds of asthma (OR = 1.5, p = .01) and AR (OR = 1.48, p = .03) with increasing 12-month PM2.5 exposure. Higher tissue eosinophil counts were associated with increasing PM2.5 levels across multiple timeframes (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Chronic PM2.5 exposure may be an independent risk factor for development of a mixed, type-2 dominant CRS inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory J Lubner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kolin Rubel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rakesh K Chandra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Naweed I Chowdhury
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gokani SA, Espehana A, Pratas AC, Luke L, Sharma E, Mattock J, Gavrilovic J, Clark A, Wileman T, Philpott CM. Systematic Review of Protein Biomarkers in Adult Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2023; 37:705-729. [PMID: 37491901 PMCID: PMC10548774 DOI: 10.1177/19458924231190568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by differing inflammatory endotypes. The identification of suitable biomarkers could enable personalized approaches to treatment selection. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify and summarize clinical studies of biomarkers in adults with CRS in order to inform future research into CRS endotypes. METHODS We conducted systematic searches of MEDLINE and Web of Science from inception to January 30, 2022 and included all clinical studies of adult CRS patients and healthy controls measuring biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or Luminex immunoassays. Outcomes included the name and tissue type of identified biomarkers and expression patterns within CRS phenotypes. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS We identified 78 relevant studies involving up to 9394 patients, predominantly with CRS with nasal polyposis. Studies identified 80 biomarkers from nasal tissue, 25 from nasal secretions, 14 from nasal lavage fluid, 24 from serum, and one from urine. The majority of biomarkers found to distinguish CRS phenotypes were identified in nasal tissue, especially in nasal polyps. Serum biomarkers were more commonly found to differentiate CRS from controls. The most frequently measured biomarker was IL-5, followed by IL-13 and IL-4. Serum IgE, IL-17, pentraxin-3 and nasal phospho-janus kinase 2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17A, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and interferon gamma were identified as correlated with disease severity. CONCLUSION We have identified numerous potential biomarkers to differentiate a range of CRS phenotypes. Future studies should focus on the prognostic role of nasal tissue biomarkers or expand on the more limited studies of nasal secretions and nasal lavage fluid.We registered this study in PROSPERO (CRD42022302787).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam A. Gokani
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston, UK
| | | | - Ana C. Pratas
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Louis Luke
- James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston, UK
| | - Ekta Sharma
- University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jelena Gavrilovic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Tom Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Carl M. Philpott
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chang L, Wu H, Huang W, Li Y, Chen Y, Li X, Yao Z, Chen X, Lai X, Zheng R, Huang Z, Wu X, Zhang G. IL-21 induces pyroptosis of Treg cells via Akt-mTOR-NLRP3-caspase 1 axis in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:641-655.e14. [PMID: 37164271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which prevent inflammation-induced eosinophil infiltration, are deficient in nasal polyps (NPs) in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). It is concomitant with loss of Foxp3 after certain inflammatory stimuli. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the inflammatory cytokines involved in inducing the loss of Treg cells in NPs. METHODS The abundance of cytokines in ECRS patients or mice were tested using ELISA, immunochemistry, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR), and/or flow cytometry. Expression of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), CD4+ T cells, IL-4, and IL-17A and eosinophils in nasal mucosa of mouse model was investigated by immunochemistry, immunofluorescence, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The percentage and death of induced Treg (iTreg) cells, source of IL-21 in NPs from ECRS and non-ECRS patients, and abundance of different systemic phenotypes of CD4+ T cells in a mouse model were studied by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis, scanning, and transmission electronic microscopy were used to detect pyroptosis of iTreg cells. RESULTS IL-21 was highly expressed in nasal mucosa of ECRS patients and mice, causing pyroptosis and preventing development of iTreg cells in vitro. The elevated IL-21 in NPs from ECRS patients was mainly produced by CD3+ T cells, including T follicular helper, T peripheral helper, TH2, and TH17 cells and CD3+CD4- T cells. T peripheral helper cells and CD3+CD4- T cells were the predominant source of IL-21 in NPs from non-ECRS patients. Blocking IL-21/IL-21R signaling significantly reduced the number of eosinophils and CD4+ T cells along with ECP, IL-4, and IL-17A expression in the nasal mucosa of ECRS mice. It also increased Treg cell percentage and systemically decreased TH2 and TH17 ratios. Akt-mTOR inhibition prevented IL-21-induced pyroptosis in human and mouse iTreg cells. CONCLUSION Elevated IL-21 drives pyroptosis and prevents Treg cell development in ECRS patients. IL-21 induced pyroptosis via activating Akt-mTOR-NLRP3-caspase 1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, the Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouzhou Yao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zizhen Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifu Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gehua Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Czerwaty K, Piszczatowska K, Brzost J, Ludwig N, Szczepański MJ, Dżaman K. Immunological Aspects of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102361. [PMID: 36292050 PMCID: PMC9600442 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is related to persistent inflammation with a dysfunctional relationship between environmental agents and the host immune system. Disturbances in the functioning of the sinus mucosa lead to common clinical symptoms. The major processes involved in the pathogenesis of CRS include airway epithelial dysfunctions that are influenced by external and host-derived factors which activate multiple immunological mechanisms. The molecular bases for CRS remain unclear, although some factors commonly correspond to the disease: bacterial, fungal and viral infections, comorbidity diseases, genetic dysfunctions, and immunodeficiency. Additionally, air pollution leads increased severity of symptoms. CRS is a heterogeneous group of sinus diseases with different clinical courses and response to treatment. Immunological pathways vary depending on the endotype or genotype of the patient. The recent knowledge expansion into mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CRS is leading to a steadily increasing significance of precision medicine in the treatment of CRS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the immunological aspects of CRS, which are essential for ensuring more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czerwaty
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Brzost
- The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mirosław J. Szczepański
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Dżaman
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Y, Zhang N, Xu Z, Zhang L, Bachert C. The development of the mucosal concept in chronic rhinosinusitis and its clinical implications. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 10:707-715. [PMID: 34742931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last 2 decades, an increasing understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in chronic rhinosinusitis opened an avenue from phenotyping to endotyping, from eosinophilic inflammation to type 2 immunity, and from the "ventilation and drainage" paradigm to the mucosal concept for therapeutic considerations. With the advent of type 2 endotyping and targeted biomarkers, precise endotype-driven therapeutic options are possible including biologics and adapted surgical approaches. We here aim to focus on the complexity and heterogeneity of the features of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) endotypes, especially for those with nasal polyps, including its history, latest developments, clinical associations and endotype-driven solutions. In order to better manage uncontrolled severe CRS in clinical practice, medical decisions based on a profound understanding of the pathology and immunology of this heterogeneous disease, aiding a precision-medicine based approach for patient's treatment are pivotal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Huang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhaofeng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China; Beijing key laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China; Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soliai M, Sundaresan AS, Morin A, Hirsch AG, Stanhope C, Kuiper J, Schwartz BS, Ober C, Pinto JM. Two-stage genome-wide association study of chronic rhinosinusitis and disease subphenotypes highlights mucosal immunity contributing to risk. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:814-817. [PMID: 33393196 PMCID: PMC8048969 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Soliai
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Population Health SciencesGeisingerDanvillePA
- Department of Environmental Health and EngineeringJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology‒Head and Neck SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Han L, Chen F. Let-7a-5p regulates the inflammatory response in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Diagn Pathol 2021; 16:27. [PMID: 33785041 PMCID: PMC8008551 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Let-7a-5p is demonstrated to be a tumor inhibitor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the role of let-7a-5p in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has not been reported. This study is designed to determine the pattern of expression and role of let-7a-5p in CRSwNP. METHODS The expression level of let-7a-5p, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in CRSwNP tissues and cells were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot assay was carried out to measure the protein expression of the Ras-MAPK pathway. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were used to explore the relationship between let-7a-5p and IL-6. RESULTS Let-7a-5p was significantly downregulated in CRSwNP tissues and cells. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was increased in CRSwNP tissues, while let-7a-5p mimic inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Besides that, let-7a-5p was negatively correlated with TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in CRSwNP tissues. In our study, IL-6 was found to be a target gene of let-7a-5p. Additionally, let-7-5p mimic obviously reduced the protein levels of Ras, p-Raf1, p-MEK1 and p-ERK1/2, while IL-6 overexpression destroyed the inhibitory effect of let-7a-5p on the Ras-MAPK pathway in CRSwNP. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that let-7a-5p/IL-6 interaction regulated the inflammatory response through the Ras-MAPK pathway in CRSwNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Pudong New District Gongli Hospital/Second Military Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Suqian First People's Hospital, The Suqian Clinical college of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery/ Research Institution of Otorhinolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School), Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yao Y, Chen C, Yu D, Liu Z. Roles of follicular helper and regulatory T cells in allergic diseases and allergen immunotherapy. Allergy 2021; 76:456-470. [PMID: 33098663 DOI: 10.1111/all.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are characterized by overactive type 2 immune responses to allergens and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that follicular helper T (TFH ) cells, rather than type 2 T-helper (TH 2) cells, play a crucial role in controlling IgE production. However, follicular regulatory T (TFR ) cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T (TREG ) cells resident in B-cell follicles, restricts TFH cell-mediated help in extrafollicular antibody production, germinal center (GC) formation, immunoglobulin affinity maturation, and long-lived, high-affinity plasma and memory B-cell differentiation. In mouse models of allergic asthma and food allergy, CXCR5+ TFH cells, not CXCR5- conventional TH 2 cells, are needed to support IgE production, otherwise exacerbated by CXCR5+ TFR cell deletion. Upregulation of TFH cell activities, including a skewing toward type 2 TFH (TFH 2) and IL-13 producing TFH (TFH 13) phenotypes, and defects in TFR cells have been identified in patients with allergic diseases. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) reinstates the balance between TFH and TFR cells in patients with allergic diseases, resulting in clinical benefits. Collectively, further understanding of TFH and TFR cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases creates opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Cai‐Ling Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shin SH, Ye MK, Lee DW, Chae MH, Han BD. Nasal Epithelial Cells Activated with Alternaria and House Dust Mite Induce Not Only Th2 but Also Th1 Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082693. [PMID: 32294933 PMCID: PMC7215961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by mucosal inflammation. Airborne allergens are associated with upper and lower airway inflammatory disease. We investigated the effects of airborne allergen stimulation in the nasal epithelial cells and their effect on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells’ (PBMCs) Th immune polarization. Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in nasal polyp tissues. Cultured primary nasal epithelial cells were stimulated with Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP), and Dermatophagoides farina (DF) for 48 hours. IL-6, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP production were measured by ELISA, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression were determined by western blot analyses. PBMCs were cultured with nasal epithelial cell-conditioned media (NECM), and IL-5, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. Innate lymphoid type2 cells (ILC2) were analyzed with flowcytometry. IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP levels were significantly higher in eosinophilic nasal polyps. Alternaria, DP, and DF enhanced IL-33 and TSLP production from the nasal epithelial cells through the NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPK pathway. NECM induced IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production from PBMCs, without increasing ILC2 expression. Alternaria and house dust mites enhanced the chemical mediator production from nasal epithelial cells and these allergens may induce not only Th2 inflammatory responses but also Th1 inflammatory responses in the nasal mucosa.
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of allergen-specific T-follicular helper cells in immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 18:495-501. [PMID: 30124489 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The discovery of novel T-cell subsets including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells has broadened our knowledge on the complex immune networks in allergic diseases. This review summarizes the evidence for Tfh cells in controlling immune responses to allergens with a particular focus on immunoglobulin E (IgE) production and discusses the implication of such regulation in allergen-specific immunotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS Tfh cells support the production of IgE in animal models for allergic diseases. Among Tfh cells, the type 2 subset (Tfh2) is considered as the major player that secretes IL-4 and promotes the isotype switching to IgE. In human inflammatory airway diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and nasal polyps, the increased frequencies of circulating or tissue Tfh2 cells have been reported. Notably, the frequencies of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1 (Der p 1)-specific IL-4 Tfh cells in blood positively correlated with serum Der p-specific IgE levels in allergic rhinitis patients. After allergen immunotherapy (AIT), Der p 1-specific IL-4 Tfh cells declined in allergic rhinitis patients, which associated with the remission of clinical symptoms. SUMMARY Allergen-specific IL-4 Tfh cells contribute to the production of allergen-specific IgE and correlate with clinical efficacy of AIT in allergic rhinitis patients, which suggest allergen-specific Tfh cells as a promising therapeutic target and biomarker for AIT in allergic rhinitis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dogan M, Sahin M, Yenisey C. Increased TSLP, IL-33, IL-25, IL-19, IL 21 and amphiregulin (AREG) levels in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:1685-1691. [PMID: 30888496 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The surrogate indicating biomarkers in patients with CRSwNP need further evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and amphiregulin (AREG) cytokines in patients with CRSwNP. METHODS Sinonasal tissue samples were collected from 33 patients with CRSwNP and 29 controls. Levels of AREG, IL-19, IL-21, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in nasal polyp and control sinonasal tissues were determined following the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS We found that AREG, IL-19, IL-21, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP levels were significantly higher in the CRSwNP group compared to the control group (p < 0.000; p < 0.000; p < 0.000; p < 0.000; p < 0.003; p < 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that AREG, IL-19, IL-21, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP were significantly increased in tissue samples of CRSwNP patients and may be considered as molecular indicators and targets for therapeutic developments for patients with CRSwNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Dogan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, 09100, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Cigdem Yenisey
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei Y, Ma R, Zhang J, Wu X, Yu G, Hu X, Li J, Liu Z, Ji W, Li H, Wen W. Excessive periostin expression and Th2 response in patients with nasal polyps: association with asthma. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:6585-6597. [PMID: 30746204 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Periostin has been shown to be upregulated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), especially in the CRSwNP patients with asthma. However, the underlying mechanism that how periostin contributes to the polyp genesis remains unclear. Methods In this study, we collected 63 CRSwNP patients' nasal polyps (NPs) and 25 control subjects' uncinated tissues. The expressions of periostin, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and other proinflammatory cytokines were examined using IHC staining, qRT-PCR, Western blot (WB), ELISA and FACS. The eosinophil infiltration, phenotype profiles and clinical characteristics of 2 NP subtypes (eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic) were evaluated. We examined the effects and mechanisms of periostin on human nasal epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). Results The expressions of periostin in NPs with asthma were higher than without asthma and the control nasal mucosa and positively associated with the TSLP (P<0.05). And the periostin levels was positively associated with the basement membrane thickness, goblet cell hyperplasia and tissue eosinophilia polyp tissues, as well as the clinical parameters (computed tomography scores, polyp size, and polyp recurrence after endoscopic surgery). In vitro experiments show that type 2 T-helper (Th2) cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13 and TGF-β1 stimulates epithelial cells derived from polyp tissues to produce periostin through ERK and STAT6 signal pathways (P<0.05). Autocrine or recombinant periostin activates epithelial cells to produce TSLP via NF-κB signal pathways (P<0.05). The supernatant of periostin-treated epithelial cells activates dendritic cells (DCs), which subsequently induce naïve T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells and express IL-4 and IL-13. Conclusions Our findings indicate periostin may play an important role in the polyp genesis, which can be considered as a therapeutic target for the management of CRSwNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Renqiang Ma
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xingmei Wu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Guodong Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Xianting Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Li
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhuofu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wendong Ji
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiping Wen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hong HY, Chen FH, Sun YQ, Hu XT, Wei Y, Fan YP, Zhang J, Wang DH, Xu R, Li HB, Shi JB. Local IL-25 contributes to Th2-biased inflammatory profiles in nasal polyps. Allergy 2018; 73:459-469. [PMID: 28771767 DOI: 10.1111/all.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-25 has been proposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This study aimed to evaluate the association of IL-25 with the Th2-biased inflammatory profiles in CRSwNP. METHODS Nasal polyp (NP) tissues and control uncinate process tissues were collected from 92 patients with CRSwNP, 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and 16 normal control subjects. IL-25 expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and ELISA. The inflammatory profiles and clinical characteristics of 2 NP subtypes (IL-25high and IL-25low ) were evaluated, and the effects of IL-25 on Th2 cytokine production in cultured dispersed polyp cells were examined in vitro. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of IL-25 were significantly increased in the polyp tissues compared with the control uncinate process tissues. The IL-25high subtype showed greater computed tomography scores, endoscopic scores, and Th2 response. Exposure to IL-25 activated type 2 innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells in NP simultaneously which further increased Th2 cytokine production in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Local IL-25 plays a crucial role in promoting Th2-biased inflammatory profiles in NP and may serve as a promising therapeutic target in CRSwNP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H.-Y. Hong
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Otolaryngology; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Zhuhai China
| | - F.-H. Chen
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y.-Q. Sun
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - X.-T. Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Wei
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y.-P. Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Zhuhai China
| | - J. Zhang
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - D.-H. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - R. Xu
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - H.-B. Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Department of Otolaryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J.-B. Shi
- Allergy Center; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo J, Guo H, Liu Z, Peng T, Hu X, Han M, Yang X, Zhou X, Li H. Analysis of Peripheral B Cell Subsets in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:236-243. [PMID: 29676070 PMCID: PMC5911442 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.3.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Recent evidence suggests that B cells can both promote and inhibit the development and progression of allergic disease. However, the characteristics of B cell subsets in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been well documented. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of B cell subsets in the peripheral blood of AR patients. Methods Forty-seven AR patients and 54 healthy controls were enrolled in this study, and the B cell subsets in peripheral blood of all subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry. Moreover, the serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgE concentrations secreted into the cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results We found the peripheral blood of AR patients contained higher percentages of memory B cells, plasma cells, and CD19+CD24hiCD27+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) than those of age-matched healthy controls (P<0.05), while the percentages of naïve B cells and CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Bregs were significantly lower in AR patients than in healthy individuals (P<0.05). In addition, the serum total IgE and IgE concentrations secreted into the cultured PBMCs were elevated in AR patients than in the healthy controls (P<0.05). Conclusions Our findings indicate that AR patients were characterized by increase in terminally differentiated memory B cells or plasma cells and decreases in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Breg cells in the peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanhuan Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuofu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianting Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roberts G, Boyle R, Bryce PJ, Crane J, Hogan SP, Saglani S, Wickman M, Woodfolk JA. Developments in the field of clinical allergy in 2015 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:1389-1397. [PMID: 27748974 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the second of two papers, we describe developments in the field of clinical allergy as documented by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2015. Epidemiology, clinical allergy, asthma and rhinitis are all covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. .,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.
| | - R Boyle
- Paediatric Research Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P J Bryce
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miljkovic D, Psaltis AJ, Wormald PJ, Vreugde S. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps Is Characterized by Increased Mucosal and Blood Th17 Effector Cytokine Producing Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:898. [PMID: 29311948 PMCID: PMC5742278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have implied a role for Th17 cells in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. However, the capacity of these cells to produce Th17 cytokines is still unknown. Here we sought to quantify IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 cytokines produced by Th17 cells in mucosal tissue and peripheral blood of CRSwNP, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and control patients. Methods: Samples were prospectively collected from CRS patients and non-CRS controls. We used flow cytometry to characterize the Th17 cells and their cytokines in sinonasal tissue and peripheral blood. Results: A total of 36 patients were recruited to the study. CRSwNP patients had significantly more tissue IL-17A (9.53 ± 2.71 vs. 1.11 ± 0.43 vs. 0.77 ± 0.07), IL-17F (4.96 ± 1.48 vs. 0.88 ± 0.31 vs. 0.56 ± 0.04), IL-21 (5.55 ± 2.01 vs. 1.60 ± 0.71 vs. 1.53 ± 0.55) and IL-22 (4.73 ± 1.58 vs. 0.70 ± 0.28 vs. 0.88 ± 0.26) producing Th17 cells compared to CRSsNP and control mucosa per mg of tissue, respectively. Allergic CRSwNP patients had decreased numbers of IL-21 producing Th17 cells compared to non-Allergic CRSwNP. (1.69 ± 0.57 vs. 9.41 ± 3.23) per mg of tissue, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.05). Conclusion: In summary our study identified increased numbers of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 positive Th17 cells in CRSwNP patient polyps and peripheral blood suggesting an altered activation state of those cells both locally and systemically. Atopic CRSwNP had decreased amounts of tissue Th17 cell derived IL-21 implying a potential protective role for IL-21 in CRSwNP allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Miljkovic
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alkis J Psaltis
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter J Wormald
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen F, Hong H, Sun Y, Hu X, Zhang J, Xu G, Zhao W, Li H, Shi J. Nasal interleukin 25 as a novel biomarker for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and airway hypersensitiveness: A pilot study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119:310-316.e2. [PMID: 28870448 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airway and is tightly linked with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and asthma. However, the surrogate biomarkers for indicating AHR and asthma in patients with CRSwNP remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the surrogate biomarkers for indicating AHR and asthma in patients with CRSwNP. METHODS In this study, sinonasal tissues were collected from 42 patients with CRSwNP (asthma, n = 17; asymptomatic AHR, n = 11; non-AHR, n = 14), 11 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and 13 controls. The protein and messenger RNA levels of interleukin (IL) 25 and other cytokines in nasal polyp (NP) and control sinonasal tissues were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and multiplex immunoassay, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed to assess the clinical relevance of IL-25. RESULTS We found that the protein and messenger RNA levels of IL-25 were significantly increased in NP tissues compared with the control sinonasal tissues from patients with CRSwNP, patients with CRSsNP, and controls. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the nasal IL-25 protein level and nasal and blood eosinophil counts were independent risk factors for AHR in patients with CRSwNP. According to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, nasal tissue IL-25 had a sensitivity of 91.4% and a specificity of 62.8% (area under the curve, 0.845) at the cutoff level of 5 pg/μL for indicating AHR in this CRSwNP cohort. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that IL-25 was significantly increased in NP tissues and may be considered as the molecular indicator for AHR in patients with CRSwNP. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02110654.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghong Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyu Hong
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Otolaryngology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yueqi Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Xu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu S, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhong J, Yang B, Wu C. IL-12 induced the generation of IL-21- and IFN-γ-co-expressing poly-functional CD4+ T cells from human naive CD4+ T cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3362-72. [PMID: 26566861 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1093703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukine-12 is critical for the differentiation of Th1 cells and can improve the development of Th1 cells with Tfh cell features in mouse model. Human effector CD4(+) T cells also exhibit poly-functionality by co-expressing IL-21 and IFN-γ. However, the effects of IL-12 on regulating generation of human IL-21- and IFN-γ-expressing CD4(+) T cells are still incompletely understood. Our studies found that IL-12 but not IL-21 could induce the differentiation of human naive CD4(+) T cells into multi-cytokine expressing CD4(+) T cells in vitro, which co-expressed IL-21 and IFN-γ with or without IL-2 and TNF-α. At early stage of differentiation, addition of excess exogenous IFN-γ could increase the generation of IL-21- and IFN-γ-expressing CD4(+) T cells, furthermore, anti-IFN-γ depressed the percentage of poly-functional CD4(+) T cells. Phenotypically, IL-21(+)IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cells exhibited more characteristic features about both of Th1 and Tfh cells than IL-21 or IFN-γ single-expressing CD4(+) T cells. Mechamistically, IL-12 modulated the differentiation of IL-21(+)IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cells from naive CD4(+) T cells via the pathways of STAT-1/4, T-bet and BCL(-)6. Different from naive CD4(+) T cells, IL-12 increasing the generation of IL-21(+)IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cells from memory CD4(+) T cells was only involved in STAT-4 pathway but not STAT-1. Poly-functional CD4(+) T cells were contributed to generation and progress of varies diseases and our studies provide basic theoretics for the designs of vaccine and therapies of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Yu
- a Institute of Immunology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Lei Jia
- a Institute of Immunology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- a Institute of Immunology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Junmin Zhong
- b Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Binyan Yang
- a Institute of Immunology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Changyou Wu
- a Institute of Immunology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiao L, Jia L, Bai L, He L, Yang B, Wu C, Li H. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of IL-21-expressing CD8(+) T cells in human nasal polyps. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30362. [PMID: 27468819 PMCID: PMC4965861 DOI: 10.1038/srep30362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells are recognized to play an important role in the inflammatory response of nasal polyps (NPs), the biological functions of CD8+ T cells in polypogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed cell markers, cytokine expression and transcription factors in IL-21-expressing CD8+ T cells in polyp tissues of NP patients. The results showed that the majority of IL-21-producing CD8+ T cells were effector memory cells and they co-expressed IFN-γ. IL-21-expressing CD8+ T cells in polyp tissues expressed higher CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS levels than cells in control tissues and showed significantly higher T-bet and Bcl-6 expression levels compared with IL-21−CD8+ T cells. Purified polyp CD8+ T cells promoted IgG production from isolated polyp B cells in vitro, and recombinant IL-12 modulated the expression of IL-21, IFN-γ and CD40L in purified polyp CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the percentage of IL-21+CD8+ T cells in polyp tissues was positively correlated with endoscopic and CT scan scores in NP patients. These findings indicated that polyp CD8+ T cells, by co-expressing IL-21 and IFN-γ and other markers, display a Tfh cell functionality, which is associated with the clinical severity of NP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Magrone T, Galantino M, Di Bitonto N, Borraccino L, Chiaromonte G, Jirillo E. Effects of thermal water inhalation in chronic upper respiratory tract infections in elderly and young patients. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:18. [PMID: 27152115 PMCID: PMC4857412 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic upper respiratory tract infections (cURTI) are very frequent illnesses which occur at any age of life. In elderly, cURTI are complicated by immunosenescence, with involvement of lung immune responsiveness. Results In the present study, 51 elderly (age range: 66–86) and 51 young (age range 24–58) cURTI patients underwent a single cycle (two weeks) of inhalatory therapy with salt-bromide-iodine thermal water in the thermal station “Margherita di Savoia” (Margherita di Savoia, BAT, Italy). Peripheral blood serum cytokines and clinical assessment were performed before therapy (T0) and after six months (T1) and 12 months (T2) from inhalatory treatment. In both elderly and young patients, at baseline an increased release of T helper (h)1-related cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ] and of Th2-related cytokine (IL-4) was documented. Inhalatory treatment reduced the excessive secretion of all the above-cited cytokines. IL-10 values were above normality at all times considered in both groups of patients. In addition, an increase in IL-17 and IL-21 serum levels following therapy was observed in both groups of patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α) baseline values were lower than normal values at T0 in both elderly and young cURTI patients. Their levels increased following inhalatory treatment. Clinically, at T2 a dramatic reduction of frequency of upper respiratory tract infections was recorded in both groups of patients. Conclusion Thermal water inhalation is able to modulate systemic immune response in elderly and young cURTI patients, thus reducing excessive production of Th1 and Th2-related cytokines, on the one hand. On the other hand, increased levels of IL-21 (an inducer of Th17 cells) and of IL-17 may be interpreted as a protective mechanism, which likely leads to neutrophil recruitment in cURTI patients. Also restoration of pro-inflammatory cytokine release following inhalatory therapy may result in microbe eradication. Quite importantly, the maintenance of high levels of IL-10 during the follow-up would suggest a consistent regulatory role of this cytokine in attenuating the pro-inflammatory arm of the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Galantino
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Nunzio Di Bitonto
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Luisella Borraccino
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Gerardo Chiaromonte
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zissler UM, Esser-von Bieren J, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:475-94. [PMID: 26706728 DOI: 10.1111/all.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis early in life, sensitization, asthma endotypes, monitoring of disease and treatment progression are key motivations for the exploration of biomarkers for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The number of genes related to allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma increases steadily; however, prognostic genes have not yet entered clinical application. We hypothesize that the combination of multiple genes may generate biomarkers with prognostic potential. The current review attempts to group more than 161 different potential biomarkers involved in respiratory inflammation to pave the way for future classifiers. The potential biomarkers are categorized into either epithelial or infiltrate-derived or mixed origin, epithelial biomarkers. Furthermore, surface markers were grouped into cell-type-specific categories. The current literature provides multiple biomarkers for potential asthma endotypes that are related to T-cell phenotypes such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and Tregs and their lead cytokines. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma endotypes are also classified by epithelium-derived CCL-26 and osteopontin, respectively. There are currently about 20 epithelium-derived biomarkers exclusively derived from epithelium, which are likely to innovate biomarker panels as they are easy to sample. This article systematically reviews and categorizes genes and collects current evidence that may promote these biomarkers to become part of allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma classifiers with high prognostic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U. M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - J. Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - C. A. Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - A. M. Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; Medical School; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - C. B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Since rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory disease, cytokines as key regulators of inflammation play a central role in its pathophysiology. In acute rhinosinusitis, several proinflammatory cytokines of different types have been identified. Initial information about the involvement of the inflammasome in rhinosinusitis has been gained, but this area remains open for more detailed research. Although it has been accepted now that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) needs to be differentiated into CRS with and without nasal polyps, it has become clear that this distinction is insufficient to clearly define subgroups with uniform pathophysiology and cytokine patterns. While Th1-cytokines are mostly found in CRSsNP and Th2 cytokines in CRSwNP, there is a substantial overlap, and several other cytokines have also been detected. Attempts to identify CRS endotypes based on cytokines are ongoing but not yet generally accepted. Despite the central role of cytokines in rhinosinusitis, no specific cytokine-targeted therapies are currently available, and only very few studies have specifically addressed the effects of such biologicals in rhinosinusitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Martin Wagenmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luo X, Hong H, Tang J, Wu X, Lin Z, Ma R, Fan Y, Xu G, Liu D, Li H. Increased Expression of miR-146a in Children With Allergic Rhinitis After Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 8:132-40. [PMID: 26739406 PMCID: PMC4713876 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose MicroRNAs (miRs) were recently recognized to be important for immune cell differentiation and immune regulation. However, whether miRs were involved in allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) remains largely unknown. This study sought to examine changes in miR-146a and T regulatory cells in children with persistent allergic rhinitis (AR) after 3 months of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Methods Twenty-four HDM-sensitized children with persistent AR were enrolled and treated with SCIT (n=13) or SLIT (n=11) for 3 months. Relative miR-146a and Foxp3 mRNA expression, the TRAF6 protein level, and the ratio of post-treatment to baseline IL-10+CD4+ T cells between the SCIT and SLIT groups were examined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AR patients using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis, respectively. Serum levels of IL-5 and IL-10 were determined using ELISA. Results After 3 months of SIT, both the TNSS and INSS scores were significantly decreased compared to the baseline value (P<0.01). The relative expression of miR-146a and Foxp3 mRNA was significantly increased after both SCIT and SLIT (P<0.01). The ratio of post-treatment to baseline IL-10+CD4+ T cells and the serum IL-10 level were significantly increased in both the SCIT and SLIT groups (P<0.01), whereas the TRAF6 protein level and serum IL-5 level were significantly decreased (P<0.01). No significant differences in these biomarkers were observed between the SCIT and SLIT groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest that miR-146a and its related biomarkers may be comparably modulated after both SCIT and SLIT, highlighting miR-146a as a potential therapeutic target for the improved management of AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyu Hong
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Xingmei Wu
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renqiang Ma
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Geng Xu
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dabo Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huabin Li
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Critical link between glycogen synthase kinase 3β and forkhead box P3 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1698-1700.e12. [PMID: 26431581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
López-Chacón M, Mullol J, Pujols L. Clinical and biological markers of difficult-to-treat severe chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:19. [PMID: 26134430 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways of which two major phenotypes exist, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Some patients with CRS have suboptimal response to current guideline treatments. These patients remain severe and uncontrolled by treatment and have a poor quality of life. It is highly important to identify both clinical and biological markers, so-called biomarkers, in this subset of patients. The presence of nasal polyps and comorbidity with asthma and with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are the most common clinical traits that have been associated to difficult-to-treat severe CRS. In addition to clinical traits, numerous biological markers, with known etiopathogenic roles in CRS, have been associated to difficult-to-treat or recalcitrant CRS. This review summarizes the existing knowledge of the clinical and biological markers associated to difficult-to-treat or uncontrolled severe CRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio López-Chacón
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Human IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in nasal polyps are regulated by IL-12. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12781. [PMID: 26239551 PMCID: PMC4523938 DOI: 10.1038/srep12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the previous study, we found that the levels of IL-21 in nasal polyps (NPs) were significantly increased and associated with polyp size and recurrence. However, it is unclear that the cell source of IL-21 and the regulation of IL-21 in NP tissues. In the present study, we isolated the lymphocytes from NP tissues, uncinate tissues and peripheral blood of patients with NPs. The cells were analyzed for cell surface markers, cytokines and transcriptional factors by flow cytometry. The results indicated that CD4+ T cells were the major IL-21-exprssing cells in NP tissues and the majority of IL-21 producing CD4+ T cells co-expressed IFN-γ or IL-17A. IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in NP tissues exhibited the features of both Tfh and Th1 cells which co-expressed significantly higher amount of CXCR5, ICOS, PD-1, Bcl-6 and T-bet than did IL-21+IFN-γ−CD4+ T cells (p < 0.05). Treatment of the lymphocytes from NP tissues with IL-12 enhanced the production of IL-21 and IFN-γ, especially the frequency of IL-21+IFN−γ+CD4+ T cells (p < 0.05). The blockade of IL-12 inhibited the production of IL-21 and IFN-γ (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that IL-12 positively enhanced the generation of IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells having the features of both Tfh and Th1 cells in NP tissues.
Collapse
|