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Krutz NL, Kimber I, Winget J, Nguyen MN, Limviphuvadh V, Maurer-Stroh S, Mahony C, Gerberick GF. Identification and semi-quantification of protein allergens in complex mixtures using proteomic and AllerCatPro 2.0 bioinformatic analyses: a proof-of-concept investigation. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2305452. [PMID: 38291955 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2305452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for botanicals and natural substances in consumer products has increased in recent years. These substances usually contain proteins and these, in turn, can pose a risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and allergy. However, no method has yet been accepted or validated for assessment of potential allergenic hazards in such materials. In the studies here, a dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach is proposed to evaluate holistically allergenic hazards in complex mixtures of plants, insects, or animal proteins. Twelve commercial preparations of source materials (plant products, dust mite extract, and preparations of animal dander) known to contain allergenic proteins were analyzed by label-free proteomic analyses to identify and semi-quantify proteins. These were then evaluated by bioinformatics using AllerCatPro 2.0 (https://allercatpro.bii.a-star.edu.sg/) to predict no, weak, or strong evidence for allergenicity and similarity to source-specific allergens. In total, 4,586 protein sequences were identified in the 12 source materials combined. Of these, 1,665 sequences were predicted with weak or strong evidence for allergenic potential. This first-tier approach provided top-level information about the occurrence and abundance of proteins and potential allergens. With regards to source-specific allergens, 129 allergens were identified. The sum of the relative abundance of these allergens ranged from 0.8% (lamb's quarters) to 63% (olive pollen). It is proposed here that this dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach has the potential to provide detailed information on the presence and relative abundance of allergens, and can play an important role in identifying potential allergenic hazards in complex protein mixtures for the purposes of safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Krutz
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Global Product Stewardship, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Minh N Nguyen
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vachiranee Limviphuvadh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
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Jung J, Enos CW, Lam KK, Han JK. The Role of Inhalant Allergens on the Clinical Manifestations of Atopic Dermatitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2024; 38:258-263. [PMID: 38623643 DOI: 10.1177/19458924241246855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalant allergens provide a source of environmental factors that contribute to the development of clinical symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE To review the relationship between inhalant allergens and AD. METHODS A literature review was conducted using three databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, ClinicalKey, and Web of Science. Search terms, including "atopic dermatitis," "atopic eczema," and "eczema," were used in combination with "inhalant allergen," "inhaled allergen," and "aeroallergen" to identify relevant published manuscripts that highlight the relationship between AD and exposures to inhalant allergens. RESULTS Fifteen articles were suitable for review. The studies included in the review investigated the effect of inhalant allergens on the clinical manifestations of AD through bronchial provocation, direct skin contact, and allergen sensitization. CONCLUSION There is a significant relationship between exposures to inhalant allergens and AD. Inhalant allergens may aggravate AD symptoms by either bronchial provocation or direct skin contact. Sensitization of inhalant allergens, mainly house dust mites, follows a specific age-related pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekeun Jung
- Divisions of Rhinology, Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, and Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Clinton W Enos
- Department of Dermatology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Kent K Lam
- Divisions of Rhinology, Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, and Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Joseph K Han
- Divisions of Rhinology, Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, and Allergy, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Giusti D, Guemari A, Perotin JM, Fontaine JF, Tonye Libyh M, Gatouillat G, Tabary T, Pham BN, Vitte J. Molecular allergology: a clinical laboratory tool for precision diagnosis, stratification and follow-up of allergic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2024-0305. [PMID: 38815141 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Identification of the molecular culprits of allergic reactions leveraged molecular allergology applications in clinical laboratory medicine. Molecular allergology shifted the focus from complex, heterogeneous allergenic extracts, e.g. pollen, food, or insect venom, towards genetically and immunologically defined proteins available for in vitro diagnosis. Molecular allergology is a precision medicine approach for the diagnosis, stratification, therapeutic management, follow-up and prognostic evaluation of patients within a large range of allergic diseases. Exclusively available for in vitro diagnosis, molecular allergology is nonredundant with any of the current clinical tools for allergy investigation. As an example of a major application, discrimination of genuine sensitization from allergen cross-reactivity at the molecular level allows the proper targeting of the culprit allergen and thus dramatically improves patient management. This review aims at introducing clinical laboratory specialists to molecular allergology, from the biochemical and genetic bases, through immunological concepts, to daily use in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Giusti
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA7509 IRMAIC, Reims, France
| | - Amir Guemari
- Univ Montpellier, Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IDESP), INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, INSERM UMR 1250, Reims, France
| | | | - Marcelle Tonye Libyh
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Gregory Gatouillat
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Thierry Tabary
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Bach-Nga Pham
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA7509 IRMAIC, Reims, France
| | - Joana Vitte
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology and Pathology Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, INSERM UMR 1250, Reims, France
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Sharma E, Vitte J. A systematic review of allergen cross-reactivity: Translating basic concepts into clinical relevance. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2024; 3:100230. [PMID: 38524786 PMCID: PMC10959674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Access to the molecular culprits of allergic reactions allows for the leveraging of molecular allergology as a new precision medicine approach-one built on interdisciplinary, basic, and clinical knowledge. Molecular allergology relies on the use of allergen molecules as in vitro tools for the diagnosis and management of allergic patients. It complements the conventional approach based on skin and in vitro allergen extract testing. Major applications of molecular allergology comprise accurate identification of the offending allergen thanks to discrimination between genuine sensitization and allergen cross-reactivity, evaluation of potential severity, patient-tailored choice of the adequate allergen immunotherapy, and prediction of its expected efficacy and safety. Allergen cross-reactivity, defined as the recognition of 2 or more allergen molecules by antibodies or T cells of the same specificity, frequently interferes with allergen extract testing. At the mechanistic level, allergen cross-reactivity depends on the allergen, the host's immune response, and the context of their interaction. The multiplicity of allergen molecules and families adds further difficulty. Understanding allergen cross-reactivity at the immunologic level and translating it into a daily tool for the management of allergic patients is further complicated by the ever-increasing number of characterized allergenic molecules, the lack of dedicated resources, and the need for a personalized, patient-centered approach. Conversely, knowledge sharing paves the way for improved clinical use, innovative diagnostic tools, and further interdisciplinary research. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive and unbiased state-of-the art systematic review on allergen cross-reactivity. To optimize learning, we enhanced the review with basic, translational, and clinical definitions, clinical vignettes, and an overview of online allergen databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Vitte
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IDESP), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM UMR-S 1250 P3CELL and University Hospital of Reims, Immunology Laboratory, Reims, France
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Du Z, Xu Y, Liu C, Li Y. pLM4Alg: Protein Language Model-Based Predictors for Allergenic Proteins and Peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:752-760. [PMID: 38113537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of allergy demands efficient and accurate bioinformatic tools to expedite allergen identification and risk assessment while also reducing wet experiment expenses and time. Recently, pretrained protein language models (pLMs) have successfully predicted protein structure and function. However, to our best knowledge, they have not been used for predicting allergenic proteins/peptides. Therefore, this study aims to develop robust models for allergenic protein/peptide prediction using five pLMs of varying sizes and systematically assess their performance through fine-tuning with a convolutional neural network. The developed pLM4Alg models have achieved state-of-the-art performance with accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient, and area under the curve scoring 93.4-95.1%, 0.869-0.902, and 0.981-0.990, respectively. Moreover, pLM4Alg is the first model capable of handling prediction tasks involving residue-missed sequences and sequences containing nonstandard amino acid residues. To facilitate easy access, a user-friendly web server (https://f6wxpfd3sh.us-east-1.awsapprunner.com) has been established. pLM4Alg is expected to become the leading machine learning-based prediction model for allergenic peptides and proteins. Its collaboration with other predictors holds great promise for accelerating allergy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiao Du
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Martínez-Blanco M, Menchén-Martínez D, Cámara C, López-Fandiño R, Berin MC, Lozano-Ojalvo D. Coculture of Human Dendritic and T Cells for the Study of Specific T Cell-Mediated Responses Against Food Allergens. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2717:175-190. [PMID: 37737984 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3453-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) connect innate and adaptive immunity by sampling, capturing, processing, and presenting the allergen to distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells. In food allergy, this process leads to the generation of allergen-specific Th2 responses and the production of type 2 cytokines that ultimately induce the synthesis of IgE by allergen-specific B cells. In this chapter, we have described different protocols for the isolation of circulating DCs as well as the generation of DC-like cells derived from autologous peripheral monocytes and the human monocytic THP-1 cell line. Coculture of isolated/generated DCs with CD4+ T cells obtained from PBMCs of allergic subjects allows the study of antigen-specific T cell immune responses against food allergens. Early responses upon allergen recognition can be determined by the upregulation of activation markers such as CD154 (CD40 ligand) and the detection of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13). Delayed allergen-specific CD4+ T cell responses induce the proliferation of these cells and the accumulation of type 2 cytokines in coculture supernatants that can be quantified by different approaches (ELISA, EllaTM, and multiplex assays). Together, the protocols described in this chapter can be used to investigate the features of food proteins to induce food allergy, the influence of environmental factors to generate Th2-polarization, the function of DCs to generate differential immune responses in allergic versus tolerant individuals, and to assess the immunomodulating properties of potential therapeutic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Menchén-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cámara
- Department of Immunology, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Li Y, Sackett PW, Nielsen M, Barra C. NetAllergen, a random forest model integrating MHC-II presentation propensity for improved allergenicity prediction. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2023; 3:vbad151. [PMID: 37901344 PMCID: PMC10603389 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Allergy is a pathological immune reaction towards innocuous protein antigens. Although only a narrow fraction of plant or animal proteins induce allergy, atopic disorders affect millions of children and adults and cost billions in healthcare systems worldwide. In silico predictors can aid in the development of more innocuous food sources. Previous allergenicity predictors used sequence similarity, common structural domains, and amino acid physicochemical features. However, these predictors strongly rely on sequence similarity to known allergens and fail to predict protein allergenicity accurately when similarity diminishes. Results To overcome these limitations, we collected allergens from AllergenOnline, a curated database of IgE-inducing allergens, carefully removed allergen redundancy with a novel protein partitioning pipeline, and developed a new allergen prediction method, introducing MHC presentation propensity as a novel feature. NetAllergen outperformed a sequence similarity-based BLAST baseline approach, and previous allergenicity predictor AlgPred 2 when similarity to known allergens is limited. Availability and implementation The web service NetAllergen and the datasets are available at https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetAllergen-1.0/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter Wad Sackett
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen 2800, Denmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen 2800, Denmark
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martin 1650, Argentina
| | - Carolina Barra
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen 2800, Denmark
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Pfaar O, Fritzsching B, Wolf H, Woehlk C, Wüstenberg E. How does allergen immunotherapy-induced tolerance improve the airway epithelial barrier function: A mechanistical-driven hypothesis. Allergy 2023; 78:2577-2580. [PMID: 37545142 DOI: 10.1111/all.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pfaar
- Section of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Fritzsching
- Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Children's Doctor Service, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Wolf
- Medical Department, Clinical Development, ALK-Abelló Arzneimittel GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Woehlk
- ALK A/S, Research and Development, Translational Research, Immunology, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Eike Wüstenberg
- Medical Department, Clinical Development, ALK-Abelló Arzneimittel GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine (and University Hospital) Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Wu H, Chen B, Wu Y, Gao J, Li X, Tong P, Wu Y, Meng X, Chen H. New Perspectives on Food Matrix Modulation of Food Allergies: Immunomodulation and Component Interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13181-13196. [PMID: 37646334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a multifactorial interplay process influenced not only by the structure and function of the allergen itself but also by other components of the food matrix. For food, before it is thoroughly digested and absorbed, numerous factors make the food matrix constantly change. This will also lead to changes in the chemistry, biochemical composition, and structure of the various components in the matrix, resulting in multifaceted effects on food allergies. In this review, we reveal the relationship between the food matrix and food allergies and outline the immune role of the components in the food matrix, while highlighting the ways and pathways in which the components in the food matrix interact and their impact on food allergies. The in-depth study of the food matrix will essentially explore the mechanism of food allergies and bring about new ideas and breakthroughs for the prevention and treatment of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Bihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
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Torres-Borrego J, Sánchez-Solís M. Dissecting Airborne Allergens. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5856. [PMID: 37762797 PMCID: PMC10532401 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous and very complex group of diseases, and includes different clinical phenotypes depending on symptoms, progression, exacerbation patterns, or responses to treatment, among other characteristics. The allergic phenotype is the most frequent, especially in pediatric asthma. It is characterized by sensitization (the production of specific IgEs) to allergens and frequent comorbidity with rhinitis as well as atopic dermatitis. Given the complexity of allergic asthma, knowledge of it must be approached from different points of view: clinical, histological, physiological, epidemiological, biochemical, and immunological, among others. Since partial approaches do not allow for the understanding of this complexity, it is necessary to have multidimensional knowledge that helps in performing the optimal management of each case, avoiding a "blind men and elephant parable" approach. Allergens are antigens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals, who present symptoms that will depend on the type and intensity of the allergenic load as well as the tissue where the interaction occurs. Airborne allergens cause their effects in the respiratory tract and eyes, and can be indoor or outdoor, perennial, or seasonal. Although allergens such as mites, pollens, or animal dander are generally considered single particles, it is important to note that they contain different molecules which could trigger distinct specific IgE molecules in different patients. General practitioners, pediatricians, and other physicians typically diagnose and treat asthma based on clinical and pulmonary function data in their daily practice. This nonsystematic and nonexhaustive revision aims to update other topics, especially those focused on airborne allergens, helping the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of allergic asthma and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres-Borrego
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Reina Sofia Children’s University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal sn, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Solís
- Pediatric Respiratory and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Avda Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
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He C, Ye X, Yang Y, Hu L, Si Y, Zhao X, Chen L, Fang Q, Wei Y, Wu F, Ye G. DeepAlgPro: an interpretable deep neural network model for predicting allergenic proteins. Brief Bioinform 2023:bbad246. [PMID: 37385595 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergies have become an emerging public health problem worldwide. The most effective way to prevent allergies is to find the causative allergen at the source and avoid re-exposure. However, most of the current computational methods used to identify allergens were based on homology or conventional machine learning methods, which were inefficient and still had room to be improved for the detection of allergens with low homology. In addition, few methods based on deep learning were reported, although deep learning has been successfully applied to several tasks in protein sequence analysis. In the present work, a deep neural network-based model, called DeepAlgPro, was proposed to identify allergens. We showed its great accuracy and applicability to large-scale forecasts by comparing it to other available tools. Additionally, we used ablation experiments to demonstrate the critical importance of the convolutional module in our model. Moreover, further analyses showed that epitope features contributed to model decision-making, thus improving the model's interpretability. Finally, we found that DeepAlgPro was capable of detecting potential new allergens. Overall, DeepAlgPro can serve as powerful software for identifying allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhai Ye
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Hu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Si
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang M, Wang S, Sun X, Deng Z, Niu B, Chen Q. Study on mechanism of increased allergenicity induced by Ara h 3 from roasted peanut using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Changes in Serum Protein-Peptide Patterns in Atopic Children Allergic to Plant Storage Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021804. [PMID: 36675318 PMCID: PMC9861933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Next to cow's milk and eggs, plant foods, i.e., legumes, tree nuts and cereal grains, most often sensitise atopic children. Storage proteins constitutes the most relevant protein fraction of plant foods, causing primary sensitisation. They exhibit strong allergenic properties and immunogenicity. Our goal was to analyse sensitisation to 26 plant storage proteins in a group of 76 children aged 0-5 years with chronic symptoms of atopic dermatitis using Allergy Explorer ALEX2 and to discover changes in serum protein-peptide patterns in allergic patients with the use of MALDI-TOF-MS. We reported that 25% of children were allergic to 2S albumins, 19.7% to 7S globulins, 13.2% to 11S globulins and 1.3% to cereal prolamins. The most common allergenic molecules were Ara h 1 (18.4%), Ara h 2 (17.1%), Ara h 6 (15.8%) and Ara h 3 (11.8%) from peanuts, and the mean serum sIgE concentrations in allergic patients were 10.93 kUA/L, 15.353 kUA/L, 15.359 kUA/L and 9.038 kUA/L, respectively. In children allergic to storage proteins compared to the other patients (both allergic and non-allergic), the cell cycle control protein 50A, testis-expressed sequence 13B, DENN domain-containing protein 5A and SKI family transcriptional corepressor 2 were altered. Our results indicate that the IgE-mediated allergy to storage proteins is a huge problem in a group of young, atopic children, and show the potential of proteomic analysis in the prediction of primary sensitisation to plant foods. It is the next crucial step for understanding the molecular consequences of allergy to storage proteins.
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Hofer F, Fischer AL, Kamenik AS, Waibl F, Fernández-Quintero ML, Liedl KR. pH-dependent structural diversity of profilin allergens determines thermal stability. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:1007000. [PMID: 36324331 PMCID: PMC9618696 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of profilin allergens is a common class of proteins found in plants, viruses and various eukaryotes including mammals. Profilins are characterized by an evolutionary conserved structural fold, which is responsible for their cross-reactive nature of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Despite their high overall structural similarity, they exhibit substantial differences in their biophysical properties, such as thermal and pH stability. To understand the origin of these functional differences of Amb a 8, Art v 4 and Bet v 2, we performed constant pH molecular dynamics simulation in combination with Gaussian accelerated MD simulations. Depending on the respective protonation at different pH levels, we find distinct differences in conformational flexibility, which are consistent with experimentally determined melting temperatures. These variations in flexibility are accompanied by ensemble shifts in the conformational landscape and quantified and localized by residue-wise B-factors and dihedral entropies. These findings strengthen the link between flexibility of profilin allergens and their thermal stability. Thus, our results clearly show the importance of considering protonation dependent conformational ensembles in solution to elucidate biophysical differences between these structurally similar allergens.
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Jensen SA, Fiocchi A, Baars T, Jordakieva G, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Pali-Schöll I, Passanisi S, Pranger CL, Roth-Walter F, Takkinen K, Assa'ad AH, Venter C, Jensen-Jarolim E. Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines update - III - Cow's milk allergens and mechanisms triggering immune activation. World Allergy Organ J 2022; 15:100668. [PMID: 36185551 PMCID: PMC9483786 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immunopathogenesis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is based on different mechanisms related to immune recognition of protein epitopes, which are affected by industrial processing. Purpose The purpose of this WAO DRACMA paper is to: (i) give a comprehensive overview of milk protein allergens, (ii) to review their immunogenicity and allergenicity in the context of industrial processing, and (iii) to review the milk-related immune mechanisms triggering IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, mixed reactions and non-IgE mediated hypersensitivities. Results The main cow’s milk allergens – α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, caseins, bovine serum albumins, and others – may determine allergic reactions through a range of mechanisms. All marketed milk and milk products have undergone industrial processing that involves heating, filtration, and defatting. Milk processing results in structural changes of immunomodulatory proteins, leads to a loss of lipophilic compounds in the matrix, and hence to a higher allergenicity of industrially processed milk products. Thereby, the tolerogenic capacity of raw farm milk, associated with the whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their lipophilic ligands, is lost. Conclusion The spectrum of immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying cow's milk allergy (CMA) is wide. Unprocessed, fresh cow's milk, like human breast milk, contains various tolerogenic factors that are impaired by industrial processing. Further studies focusing on the immunological consequences of milk processing are warranted to understand on a molecular basis to what extent processing procedures make single milk compounds into allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Jensen
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinics for Ear Nose and Throat, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Allergy Unit - Area of Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ton Baars
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Hassenfeld Childrens' Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,AllergyCare - Allergy Diagnosis Center Vienna, Private Clinics Döbling, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Christina L Pranger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- University Clinics for Ear Nose and Throat, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amal H Assa'ad
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carina Venter
- Childrenás Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,AllergyCare - Allergy Diagnosis Center Vienna, Private Clinics Döbling, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Janssen-Weets B, Kerff F, Swiontek K, Kler S, Czolk R, Revets D, Kuehn A, Bindslev-Jensen C, Ollert M, Hilger C. Mammalian derived lipocalin and secretoglobin respiratory allergens strongly bind ligands with potentially immune modulating properties. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:958711. [PMID: 35991307 PMCID: PMC9385959 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.958711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergens from furry animals frequently cause sensitization and respiratory allergic diseases. Most relevant mammalian respiratory allergens belong either to the protein family of lipocalins or secretoglobins. Their mechanism of sensitization remains largely unresolved. Mammalian lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens are associated with a function in chemical communication that involves abundant secretion into the environment, high stability and the ability to transport small volatile compounds. These properties are likely to contribute concomitantly to their allergenic potential. In this study, we aim to further elucidate the physiological function of lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens and link it to their sensitizing capacity, by analyzing their ligand-binding characteristics. We produced eight major mammalian respiratory allergens from four pet species in E.coli and compared their ligand-binding affinities to forty-nine ligands of different chemical classes by using a fluorescence-quenching assay. Furthermore, we solved the crystal-structure of the major guinea pig allergen Cav p 1, a typical lipocalin. Recombinant lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens are of high thermal stability with melting temperatures ranging from 65 to 90°C and strongly bind ligands with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range, particularly fatty acids, fatty alcohols and the terpene alcohol farnesol, that are associated with potential semiochemical and/or immune-modulating functions. Through the systematic screening of respiratory mammalian lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens with a large panel of potential ligands, we observed that total amino acid composition, as well as cavity shape and volume direct affinities to ligands of different chemical classes. Therefore, we were able to categorize lipocalin allergens over their ligand-binding profile into three sub-groups of a lipocalin clade that is associated with functions in chemical communication, thus strengthening the function of major mammalian respiratory allergens as semiochemical carriers. The promiscuous binding capability of hydrophobic ligands from environmental sources warrants further investigation regarding their impact on a molecule's allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Janssen-Weets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Kerff
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Center for Protein Engineering-InBioS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kyra Swiontek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stéphanie Kler
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dominique Revets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carsten Bindslev-Jensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Christiane Hilger
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17
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Guryanova SV, Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Bohle B, Ovchinnikova TV. How Do Pollen Allergens Sensitize? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900533. [PMID: 35782860 PMCID: PMC9245541 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pollen is one of the main sources of allergens causing allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Several allergens in plant pollen are panallergens which are also present in other allergen sources. As a result, sensitized individuals may also experience food allergies. The mechanism of sensitization and development of allergic inflammation is a consequence of the interaction of allergens with a large number of molecular factors that often are acting in a complex with other compounds, for example low-molecular-mass ligands, which contribute to the induction a type 2-driven response of immune system. In this review, special attention is paid not only to properties of allergens but also to an important role of their interaction with lipids and other hydrophobic molecules in pollen sensitization. The reactions of epithelial cells lining the nasal and bronchial mucosa and of other immunocompetent cells will also be considered, in particular the mechanisms of the activation of B and T lymphocytes and the formation of allergen-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Melnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Bogdanov
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M. M. Shemyakin & Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova,
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18
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Dietary Linolenic Acid Increases Sensitizing and Eliciting Capacities of Cow's Milk Whey Proteins in BALB/c Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040822. [PMID: 35215473 PMCID: PMC8877816 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Lactalbumin (BLA) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG) are the major whey proteins causing allergic reactions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) stand among the extrinsic factors of the food matrix that can bind BLA and BLG and change their bioactivities, but their contribution to change the allergenic properties of these proteins has not been investigated. Here, we aimed to determine how PUFAs influence BLA and BLG to sensitize and trigger allergic responses in BALB/c mice. First, tricine-SDS-PAGE and spectroscopic assays identified that α-linolenic acid (ALA, as a proof-of-concept model) can induce BLA and BLG to form cross-linked complexes and substantially modify their conformation. Then, BALB/c mice (n = 10/group) were orally sensitized and challenged with BLA and BLG or ALA-interacted BLA and BLG, respectively. Allergic reactions upon oral challenge were determined by measuring clinical allergic signs, specific antibodies, levels of type-1/2 cytokines, the status of mast cell activation, and percentage of cell populations (B and T cells) in different tissues (PP, MLN, and spleen). Overall, systemic allergic reaction was promoted in mice gavage with ALA-interacted BLA and BLG by disrupting the Th1/Th2 balance toward a Th2 immune response with the decreased number of Tregs. Enhanced induction of Th2-related cytokines, as well as serum-specific antibodies and mast cell activation, was also observed. In this study, we validated that ALA in the food matrix promoted both the sensitization and elicitation of allergic reactions in BALB/c mice.
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19
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Hazebrouck S, Canon N, Dreskin SC. The Effector Function of Allergens. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:818732. [PMID: 35386644 PMCID: PMC8974742 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.818732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergens are antigens that generate an IgE response (sensitization) in susceptible individuals. The allergenicity of an allergen can be thought of in terms of its ability to sensitize as well as its ability to cross-link IgE/IgE receptor complexes on mast cells and basophils leading to release of preformed and newly formed mediators (effector activity). The identity of the allergens responsible for sensitization may be different from those that elicit an allergic response. Effector activity is determined by (1) the amount of specific IgE (sIgE) and in some circumstances the ratio of sIgE to total IgE, (2) the number of high affinity receptors for IgE (FcεR1) on the cell surface, (3) the affinity of binding of sIgE for its epitope and, in a polyclonal response, the collective avidity, (4) the number and spatial relationships of IgE binding epitopes on the allergen and (5) the presence of IgG that can bind to allergen and either block binding of sIgE and/or activate low affinity IgG receptors that activate intracellular inhibitory pathways. This review will discuss these important immunologic and physical properties that contribute to the effector activity of allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hazebrouck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicole Canon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stephen C. Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen C. Dreskin
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20
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Mullins E, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, George Firbank L, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Fernandez Dumont A, Moreno FJ. Scientific Opinion on development needs for the allergenicity and protein safety assessment of food and feed products derived from biotechnology. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07044. [PMID: 35106091 PMCID: PMC8787593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion addresses the formulation of specific development needs, including research requirements for allergenicity assessment and protein safety, in general, which is urgently needed in a world that demands more sustainable food systems. Current allergenicity risk assessment strategies are based on the principles and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius for the safety assessment of foods derived from 'modern' biotechnology initially published in 2003. The core approach for the safety assessment is based on a 'weight-of-evidence' approach because no single piece of information or experimental method provides sufficient evidence to predict allergenicity. Although the Codex Alimentarius and EFSA guidance documents successfully addressed allergenicity assessments of single/stacked event GM applications, experience gained and new developments in the field call for a modernisation of some key elements of the risk assessment. These should include the consideration of clinical relevance, route of exposure and potential threshold values of food allergens, the update of in silico tools used with more targeted databases and better integration and standardisation of test materials and in vitro/in vivo protocols. Furthermore, more complex future products will likely challenge the overall practical implementation of current guidelines, which were mainly targeted to assess a few newly expressed proteins. Therefore, it is timely to review and clarify the main purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment and the vital role it plays in protecting consumers' health. A roadmap to (re)define the allergenicity safety objectives and risk assessment needs will be required to inform a series of key questions for risk assessors and risk managers such as 'what is the purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment?' or 'what level of confidence is necessary for the predictions?'.
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21
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Vidal-Quist JC, Ortego F, Hernández-Crespo P. Contribution of cysteine and serine proteases to proteolytic digestion in an allergy-eliciting house dust mite. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104285. [PMID: 34284041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The digestive physiology of house dust mites (HDM) is of interest to understand their allergenicity towards humans since many of their allergens are digestive enzymes and/or are excreted into airborne fecal pellets. The aim of this study is to provide insight on the biochemical basis of proteolytic digestion in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the most widespread HDM species. First, assays using non-specific protein substrates on purified fecal and body extracts determined that body-associated activity is almost exclusively dependent on cysteine proteases, and specifically on major allergen Der p 1. By contrast, cysteine and serine proteases contributed similarly to the activity estimated on fecal extracts. Second, the screening of group-specific peptide-based protease inhibitors followed by ingestion bioassays revealed that the human skin-derived cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin A produces a significant reduction in mite feeding (i.e. excreted guanine), and triggers the overproduction of Der p 1 (3-fold increase by ELISA). Noteworthy, the inhibition of cysteine proteases by cystatin A also resulted in a reduction in three non-target serine protease activities. Further incubation of these extracts with exogenous Der p 1, but not with other commercial cysteine proteases, restored trypsin (Der p 3) and chymotrypsin (Der p 6) activities, indicating that Der p 1 is responsible for their activation in vivo. Finally, the role of serine proteases on the mite's digestive physiology is discussed based on their remarkable activity in fecal extracts and the autocoprophagic behavior reported in mites in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal-Quist
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain.
| | - Félix Ortego
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain
| | - Pedro Hernández-Crespo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain
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22
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Wang X, Zhou L, Wei G, Zhang H, Yang B. Prevalence of allergen-specific IgE in southern China: a multicenter research. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18894-18911. [PMID: 34297699 PMCID: PMC8351705 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying allergen distribution is meaningful and significant for effective diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. This study compared the allergen sensitivity in four southern China cities. We enrolled 55,432 participants (27,408 male, 28,024 female) between 2007 and 2019. The allergen-specific IgE levels were compared by the χ2 test. The five prevalent sensitivities were for mite mix (10,985, 19.82%), cockroach (4,860, 8.77%), crab (4,450, 8.03%), fish mix (3,874, 6.99%), and house dust (3,486, 6.29%). Almost all allergen sensitivities decreased with age, particularly from infant to middle aged participants (p < 0.05). An exception was Shenzhen, where food allergen positive rates remained constant in all age groups studied. The proportion of male sensitive to at least one food allergen (OR 1.130; 95% CI 1.088–1.174, p < 0.0025) or aeroallergen (OR, 1.117; 95% CI, 1.078–1.158, p < 0.0025) was higher than female in all four cities. Except for dog dander and tree mix, all aeroallergens differed significantly between seasons (p < 0.05). Liuzhou had the highest rates of food allergen- and aeroallergen-positive participants. The allergen-specific IgE distribution differed among the studied cities, with significant seasonal differences. Young age, male sex, and aeroallergens were risk factors for allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue'an Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing University Sanxia Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Guixi Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou 545000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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23
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Keumatio Doungstop BC, van Vliet SJ, van Ree R, de Jong EC, van Kooyk Y. Carbohydrates in allergy: from disease to novel immunotherapies. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:635-648. [PMID: 34052120 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory allergic disorders are a global public health problem that are responsible for substantial morbidity and healthcare expenditure. Despite the availability of allergen immunotherapy (AIT), its efficacy is suboptimal and regimens are lengthy, with a significant risk of potentially severe side effects. Studies on the recognition of allergens by immune cells through carbohydrate-lectin interactions, which play a crucial role in immune modulation and pathogenesis of allergy, have paved the way for improvements in AIT. We highlight innovative approaches for more effective and safer AIT, including the use of allergens conjugated to specific carbohydrates that bind to C-type lectins (CLRs) and sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) on immune cells to induce suppressive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Keumatio Doungstop
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), location Vrije Universiteit Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E C de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y van Kooyk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Human monocyte-derived type 1 and 2 macrophages recognize Ara h 1, a major peanut allergen, by different mechanisms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10141. [PMID: 33980880 PMCID: PMC8115286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has suggested that major peanut allergen Ara h 1 activates dendritic cells (DCs) via interaction with DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin), a C-type lectin receptor, and contributes to development of peanut allergy. Since macrophages, as well as DCs, play a crucial role in innate immunity, we investigated whether natural Ara h 1 (nAra h 1) activates two different subsets of macrophages, human monocyte derived macrophage type 1 (hMDM1: pro-inflammatory model) and type 2 (hMDM2: anti-inflammatory model). hMDM1 and hMDM2 predominantly produced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in response to nAra h 1, respectively. hMDM2 took up nAra h 1 and expressed DC-SIGN at higher levels than hMDM1. However, small interfering RNA knockdown of DC-SIGN did not suppress nAra h 1 uptake and nAra h 1-mediated cytokine production in hMDM2. Inhibitors of scavenger receptor class A type I (SR-AI) suppressed the response of hMDM2, but not of hMDM1, suggesting that SR-AI is a major receptor in hMDM2 for nAra h 1 recognition and internalization. nAra h 1 appears to exert stimulatory capacity on DC and macrophages via different receptors. This study advances our understanding how a major peanut allergen interacts with innate immunity.
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Gómez-Esquivel ML, Guidos-Fogelbach GA, Rojo-Gutiérrez MI, Mellado-Abrego J, Bermejo-Guevara MA, Castillo-Narváez G, Velázquez-Sámano G, Velasco-Medina AA, Moya-Almonte MG, Vallejos-Pereira CM, López-Hidalgo M, Godínez-Victoria M, Reyes-López CA. Identification of an allergenic calmodulin from Amaranthus palmeri pollen. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:150-156. [PMID: 33592570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pollens are an important source of allergens that trigger rhinitis or asthma. The allergenic extracts of pollens used to diagnose and treat allergies contain different allergenic antigens. Isolated allergenic proteins are employed in in vitro assays, skin tests and allergenic-specific immunotherapy. Calcium-binding allergens are clinically relevant antigens, and their allergenicity can be affected by Ca2+ binding. In this work, a calmodulin was identified as an allergen from Amaranthus palmeri pollen, an important source of pollinosis in Europe, Asia and North America. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allergenic calmodulin from A. palmeri pollen was isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. Sensitization to isolated calmodulin was evaluated by skin prick tests in patients with allergy to A. palmeri pollen. RESULTS Size-exclusion chromatography yielded two fractions that were recognized by the IgE of patients allergic to A. palmeri pollen. Mass spectrometry analysis of the fractions from reverse-phase chromatography showed peptide sequences that identified a calmodulin. Skin prick tests showed that the isolated calmodulin was recognized by 56% of patients allergic to A. palmeri pollen. CONCLUSION A. palmeri pollen calmodulin could be a clinically relevant allergen in patients sensitized to this source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Luz Gómez-Esquivel
- Sección De Estudios De Posgrado e Investigación, ESM, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan De San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco De Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Ciudad De México, Mexico; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, Col. Frac. "La Escalera", Ticomán, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07320, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Arturo Guidos-Fogelbach
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, Col. Frac. "La Escalera", Ticomán, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07320, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Rojo-Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Col. Magdalena De Las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Jaime Mellado-Abrego
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Col. Magdalena De Las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Bermejo-Guevara
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Col. Magdalena De Las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Gloria Castillo-Narváez
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Col. Magdalena De Las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Velázquez-Sámano
- Servicio De Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General De México, Dr. Balmis No.148 Col. Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06720, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Andrea Aida Velasco-Medina
- Servicio De Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General De México, Dr. Balmis No.148 Col. Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06720, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Margaret Gissett Moya-Almonte
- Servicio De Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General De México, Dr. Balmis No.148 Col. Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06720, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Carla Marcela Vallejos-Pereira
- Servicio De Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General De México, Dr. Balmis No.148 Col. Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06720, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Marisol López-Hidalgo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, Col. Frac. "La Escalera", Ticomán, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07320, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección De Estudios De Posgrado e Investigación, ESM, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan De San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco De Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - César A Reyes-López
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, Col. Frac. "La Escalera", Ticomán, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07320, Ciudad De México, Mexico.
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Ludwig L, Tsukui T, Kageyama M, Farias M. Evaluation of sensitization to the crude extract of Dermatophagoides farinae and its derived allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1, in dogs with atopic dermatitis in Southern Brazil. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110199. [PMID: 33662650 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is associated with the production of IgE antibodies against environmental allergens and allergens of the house dust miteDermatophagoides farinae are frequently implicated in the disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to observe the allergen-specific IgE against crudeD. farinae, Der f 2 and Zen 1 in dogs with atopic dermatitis and report if these dogs are in contact with material that could shelter mite allergens. METHODS 100 dogs with clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis were included after exclusion of other forms of pruritic skin disease and dogs that already received specific or non-specific immunotherapy. These dogs were of different breeds and ages and they were presented at a veterinary teaching hospital and a private service of veterinary dermatology, both located in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. At the time of anamnesis, some questions were applied to know the possibility of these dogs having had contact with furniture and textile material which could shelter house dust mites. Sera samples were obtained and further analyzed by ELISA assay to measure serum IgE levels against these allergens with an established cut-off of 0.200 IgE optical density. RESULTS The allergen-specific IgE positivity against crudeD. farinae (92 %) and Zen 1 (77 %) was higher than Der f 2 (56 %). There was a correlation in sensitization to crude D. farinae and Zen 1 that was not observed between crude D. farinae and Der f 2 and Der f 2 and Zen 1. The sensitization to D. farinae and its allergens was associated with an unrestricted exposition to furniture and textile material. CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: dogs with atopic dermatitis are frequently sensitized to D. farinae and its allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1, may be considered major allergens in these dogs. Zen 1 may be the main allergen responsible for the sensitization to crude D. farinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ludwig
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life and Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, 80215901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - T Tsukui
- Central Research Laboratory, ZENOAQ, 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - M Kageyama
- Central Research Laboratory, ZENOAQ, 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - M Farias
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life and Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, 80215901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Dermatovet Veterinary Clinic, 85 Carmelo Rangel Street, 80440050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Wang C, Lin W, Wang Y, Fu L. Suppression of Hippo Pathway by Food Allergen Exacerbates Intestinal Epithelia Instability and Facilitates Hypersensitivity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000593. [PMID: 33245584 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Hippo signaling is a crucial pathway in innate immune responses, but the relationship between food allergy and Hippo pathway is unknown. The aim of this work is to investigate the regulation of food allergy by Hippo pathway and reveal the molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Two food allergens tropomyosin and ovalbumin are used to challenge a mouse model and CMT93 intestinal epithelia cell model. The allergic responses and the activation of Hippo pathway are tested in these models. In the mouse model, both allergens trigged significant allergic responses, and Hippo pathway is suppressed after allergen challenge. In CMT93, both allergens upregulate the expression of allergic cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33. In TAZ KD CMT93, the Hippo pathway is blocked, and the expression of allergenic cytokines are also suppressed. CONCLUSIONS Both in vivo and in vitro data demonstrate that the two food allergens suppressed Hippo pathway by downregulating TAZ expression, resulting in intestinal epithelia instability, and finally leading to hypersensitivity reactions. These findings provide potential therapeutic targets and molecular markers for food allergy, and provide dietary guidelines for allergenic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Wanglei Lin
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Linglin Fu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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Hofer F, Kamenik AS, Fernández-Quintero ML, Kraml J, Liedl KR. pH-Induced Local Unfolding of the Phl p 6 Pollen Allergen From cpH-MD. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:603644. [PMID: 33511157 PMCID: PMC7835895 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.603644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to endosomal degradation is a decisive contribution to a protein's immunogenicity. It is assumed that the processing kinetics of structured proteins are inherently linked to their probability of local unfolding. In this study, we quantify the impact of endosomal acidification on the conformational stability of the major timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 6. We use state of the art sampling approaches in combination with constant pH MD techniques to profile pH-dependent local unfolding events in atomistic detail. Integrating our findings into the current view on type 1 allergic sensitization, we characterize local protein dynamics in the context of proteolytic degradation at neutral and acidic pH for the wild type protein and point mutants with varying proteolytic stability. We analyze extensive simulation data using Markov state models and retrieve highly reliable thermodynamic and kinetic information at varying pH levels. Thereby we capture the impact of endolysosomal acidification on the structure and dynamics of the Phl p 6 mutants. We find that upon protonation at lower pH values, the conformational flexibilities in key areas of the wild type protein, i.e., T-cell epitopes and early proteolytic cleavage sites, increase significantly. A decrease of the pH even leads to local unfolding in otherwise stable secondary structure elements, which is a prerequisite for proteolytic cleavage. This effect is even more pronounced in the destabilized mutant, while no unfolding was observed for the stabilized mutant. In summary, we report detailed structural models which rationalize the experimentally observed cleavage pattern during endosomal acidification.
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Dumont AF. Statement on in vitro protein digestibility tests in allergenicity and protein safety assessment of genetically modified plants. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06350. [PMID: 33473251 PMCID: PMC7801955 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This statement supplements and updates the GMO Panel guidance document on allergenicity of genetically modified (GM) plants published in 2017. In that guidance document, the GMO Panel considered that additional investigations on in vitro protein digestibility were needed before providing any additional recommendations in the form of guidance to applicants. Thus, an interim phase was proposed to assess the utility of an enhanced in vitro digestion test, as compared to the classical pepsin resistance test. Historically, resistance to degradation by pepsin using the classical pepsin resistance test has been considered as additional information, in a weight-of-evidence approach, for the assessment of allergenicity and toxicity of newly expressed proteins in GM plants. However, more recent evidence does not support this test as a good predictor of allergenic potential for hazard. Furthermore, there is a need for more reliable systems to predict the fate of the proteins in the gastrointestinal tract and how they interact with the relevant human cells. Nevertheless, the classical pepsin resistance test can still provide some information on the physicochemical properties of novel proteins relating to their stability under acidic conditions. But other methods can be used to obtain data on protein's structural and/or functional integrity. It is acknowledged that the classical pepsin resistance test is embedded into international guidelines, e.g. Codex Alimentarius and Regulation (EU) No 503/2013. For future development, a deeper understanding of protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract could enable the framing of more robust strategies for the safety assessment of proteins. Given the high complexity of the digestion and absorption process of dietary proteins, it is needed to clarify and identify the aspects that could be relevant to assess potential risks of allergenicity and toxicity of proteins. To this end, a series of research questions to be addressed are also formulated in this statement.
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30
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Jeong KY, Park JW. Insect Allergens on the Dining Table. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:159-169. [PMID: 31309888 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190715091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Edible insects are important sources of nutrition, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Recently, edible insects have gained considerable interest as a possible solution to global exhaustion of the food supply with population growth. However, little attention has been given to the adverse reactions caused by insect consumption. Here, we provide an overview of the food allergens in edible insects and offer insights for further studies. Most of the edible insect allergens identified to date are highly cross-reactive invertebrate pan-allergens such as tropomyosin and arginine kinase. Allergic reactions to these allergens may be cross-reactions resulting from sensitization to shellfish and/or house dust mites. No unique insect allergen specifically eliciting a food allergy has been described. Many of the edible insect allergens described thus far have counterpart allergens in cockroaches, which are an important cause of respiratory allergies, but it is questionable whether inhalant allergens can cause food allergies. Greater effort is needed to characterize the allergens that are unique to edible insects so that safe edible insects can be developed. The changes in insect proteins upon food processing or cooking should also be examined to enhance our understanding of edible insect food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Abstract
This review searched for published evidence that could explain how different physicochemical properties impact on the allergenicity of food proteins and if their effects would follow specific patterns among distinct protein families. Owing to the amount and complexity of the collected information, this literature overview was divided in two articles, the current one dedicated to protein families of plant allergens and a second one focused on animal allergens. Our extensive analysis of the available literature revealed that physicochemical characteristics had consistent effects on protein allergenicity for allergens belonging to the same protein family. For example, protein aggregation contributes to increased allergenicity of 2S albumins, while for legumins and cereal prolamins, the same phenomenon leads to a reduction. Molecular stability, related to structural resistance to heat and proteolysis, was identified as the most common feature promoting plant protein allergenicity, although it fails to explain the potency of some unstable allergens (e.g. pollen-related food allergens). Furthermore, data on physicochemical characteristics translating into clinical effects are limited, mainly because most studies are focused on in vitro IgE binding. Clinical data assessing how these parameters affect the development and clinical manifestation of allergies is minimal, with only few reports evaluating the sensitising capacity of modified proteins (addressing different physicochemical properties) in murine allergy models. In vivo testing of modified pure proteins by SPT or DBPCFC is scarce. At this stage, a systematic approach to link the physicochemical properties with clinical plant allergenicity in real-life scenarios is still missing.
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Robledo Retana T, Bradley-Clarke J, Croll T, Rose R, Hoti I, Stagg AJ, Villalba M, Pickersgill RW. Lig v 1 structure and the inflammatory response to the Ole e 1 protein family. Allergy 2020; 75:2395-2398. [PMID: 32359174 DOI: 10.1111/all.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Robledo Retana
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jack Bradley-Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tristan Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth Rose
- Protein Production Facility, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inva Hoti
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mayte Villalba
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard W Pickersgill
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Tsang MSM, Wong CK. Functional interaction between sensory neurons and mast cells in the early stage of house dust mite-induced type 2 inflammation and itch: a novel therapeutic target of allergic disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:899-900. [PMID: 32699349 PMCID: PMC7608109 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Pointner L, Bethanis A, Thaler M, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Gilles S, Ferreira F, Aglas L. Initiating pollen sensitization - complex source, complex mechanisms. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:36. [PMID: 32884636 PMCID: PMC7461309 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the induction of allergic sensitization by pollen are not fully understood. Within the last few decades, findings from epidemiological and experimental studies support the notion that allergic sensitization is not only dependent on the genetics of the host and environmental factors, but also on intrinsic features of the allergenic source itself. In this review, we summarize the current concepts and newest advances in research focusing on the initial mechanisms inducing pollen sensitization. Pollen allergens are embedded in a complex and heterogeneous matrix composed of a myriad of bioactive molecules that are co-delivered during the allergic sensitization. Surprisingly, several purified allergens were shown to lack inherent sensitizing potential. Thus, growing evidence supports an essential role of pollen-derived components co-delivered with the allergens in the initiation of allergic sensitization. The pollen matrix, which is composed by intrinsic molecules (e.g. proteins, metabolites, lipids, carbohydrates) and extrinsic compounds (e.g. viruses, particles from air pollutants, pollen-linked microbiome), provide a specific context for the allergen and has been proposed as a determinant of Th2 polarization. In addition, the involvement of various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), secreted alarmins, innate immune cells, and the dependency of DCs in driving pollen-induced Th2 inflammatory processes suggest that allergic sensitization to pollen most likely results from particular combinations of pollen-specific signals rather than from a common determinant of allergenicity. The exact identification and characterization of such pollen-derived Th2-polarizing molecules should provide mechanistic insights into Th2 polarization and pave the way for novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against pollen allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pointner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Athanasios Bethanis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Thaler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany
- Christine-Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-Care), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Krutz NL, Kimber I, Maurer-Stroh S, Gerberick GF. Determination of the relative allergenic potency of proteins: hurdles and opportunities. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:521-530. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1793895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L. Krutz
- Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Pitre M, L’Hocine L, Achouri A, Blaquière M, Des Roches A. Immunoglobulin E-Binding Pattern of Canadian Peanut Allergic Children and Cross-Reactivity with Almond, Hazelnut and Pistachio. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1091. [PMID: 32707944 PMCID: PMC7464554 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergic individuals can be both co-sensitized and co-allergic to peanut and tree nuts. At the moment, standard diagnostic approaches do not always allow differentiation between clinically relevant sensitization and nonsignificant cross-reactions, and the responsibility of each allergen remains unclear. The objective of this study was therefore to determine a peanut sensitization profile in a cohort of Canadian peanut allergic children and assess the immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecular cross-reactivity between peanut, almond, hazelnut and pistachio. The specific IgE (sIgE) levels of each patient serum were determined by ImmunoCAP, indirect ELISA and immunoblot to examine their sIgE-binding levels and profiles to peanut proteins. Reciprocal inhibition ELISA and immunoblotting were used to study sIgE cross-reactions between peanut and the selected tree nuts using an adjusted and representative serum pool of the nine allergic patients. The results showed that the prepared peanut and tree nut protein extracts allowed for the detection of the majority of peanut and selected tree nut known allergens. The reciprocal inhibition ELISA experiments showed limited sIgE cross-reactivities between peanut and the studied tree nuts, with peanut being most likely the sensitizing allergen and tree nuts the cross-reactive ones. In the case of hazelnut and pistachio, a coexisting primary sensitization to hazelnut and pistachio was also demonstrated in the serum pool. Reciprocal inhibition immunoblotting further revealed that storage proteins (2S albumin, 7S vicilin and 11S legumin) could possibly account for the observed IgE-cross-reactions between peanut and the studied tree nuts in this cohort of allergic individuals. It also demonstrated the importance of conformational epitopes in the exhibited cross-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Pitre
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Blvd. W. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada; (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Lamia L’Hocine
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Blvd. W. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada; (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Allaoua Achouri
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Blvd. W. Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada; (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Martin Blaquière
- Sherbrooke University Hospital Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Sherbrooke, Department of Pediatrics, 580 Bowen south, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E3, Canada;
| | - Anne Des Roches
- Immunoallergy and Rheumatology Service Department of Pediatrics Medical School CHU Sainte-Justine Institution, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
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Hands CM, Sayers RL, Nitride C, Gethings LA, Mills ENC. A multiple reaction monitoring method for determining peanut (Arachis hypogea) allergens in serum using quadrupole and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2815-2827. [PMID: 32125467 PMCID: PMC7196080 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peanut is a major cause of severe IgE-mediated food allergic reactions, which can be exacerbated by factors, such as exercise, that may increase allergen uptake into the circulation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been used to determine allergen uptake into serum, but there are concerns over their specificity and a confirmatory method is required. Mass spectrometry (MS) methods have the potential to provide rigorous alternatives for allergen determination. A suite of peptide targets representing the major clinically relevant peanut allergens previously applied in food analysis were used to develop a targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method for determination of peanut in serum. Depletion of serum using affinity chromatography was found to be essential to allow detection of the peptide targets. A comparison of triple quadrupole and Q-TOF methods showed that one Ara h 2 peptide was only detected by the Q-TOF, the other peptide targets giving similar assay sensitivities with both MS platforms, although transitions for all the peptides were detected more consistently with the Q-TOF. The Q-TOF MRM assay detected peanut from spiked serum more effectively than the triple quadrupole assay, with Ara h 3 being detected down to 3 mg total peanut protein/L of serum, comparable with an Ara h 3-specific ELISA. The poor recoveries observed for both methods are likely due to loss of peanut immune complexes during the serum depletion process. Nevertheless, the Q-TOF MRM method has much promise to confirm the uptake of peanut proteins in serum samples providing immune complexes can be disrupted effectively prior to depletion. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Hands
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rebekah L Sayers
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Chiara Nitride
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Lee A Gethings
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - E N Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Oeo-Santos C, López-Rodríguez JC, García-Mouton C, San Segundo-Acosta P, Jurado A, Moreno-Aguilar C, García-Álvarez B, Pérez-Gil J, Villalba M, Barderas R, Cruz A. Biophysical and biological impact on the structure and IgE-binding of the interaction of the olive pollen allergen Ole e 7 with lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183258. [PMID: 32142819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ole e 7 allergen from Olea europaea pollen possesses a major clinical relevance because it produces severe symptoms, such as anaphylaxis, in allergic patients exposed to high olive pollen counts. Ole e 7 is a non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) characterized by the presence of a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, which may be suitable for hosting and, thus, transporting lipids -as it has been described for other nsLTPs-. The identification of the primary amino acid sequence of Ole e 7, and its production as a recombinant allergen, allowed characterizing its lipid-binding properties and its effect at air-liquid interfaces. Fluorescence and interferometry experiments were performed using different phospholipid molecular species and free fatty acids to analyse the lipid-binding ability and specificity of the allergen. Molecular modelling of the allergen was used to determine the potential regions involved in lipid interaction. Changes in Ole e 7 structure after lipid interaction were analysed by circular dichroism. Changes in the IgE binding upon ligand interaction were determined by ELISA. Wilhelmy balance measurements and fluorescence surfactant adsorption tests were performed to analyse the surface activity of the allergen. Using these different approaches, we have demonstrated the ability of Ole e 7 to interact and bind to a wide range of lipids, especially negatively charged phospholipids and oleic acid. We have also identified the protein structural regions and the residues potentially involved in that interaction, suggesting how lipid-protein interactions could define the behaviour of the allergen once inhaled at the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Oeo-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Mouton
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)", Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo San Segundo-Acosta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Jurado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Allergy Network ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno-Aguilar
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Allergy Network ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña García-Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)", Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Villalba
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Allergy Network ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Cruz
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)", Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Kamenik AS, Hofer F, Handle PH, Liedl KR. Dynamics Rationalize Proteolytic Susceptibility of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 32154264 PMCID: PMC7045072 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic susceptibility during endolysosomal degradation is decisive for allergic sensitization. In the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 most protease cleavage sites are located within its secondary structure elements, which are inherently inaccessible to proteases. The allergen thus must unfold locally, exposing the cleavage sites to become susceptible to proteolysis. Hence, allergen cleavage rates are presumed to be linked to their fold stability, i.e., unfolding probability. Yet, these locally unfolded structures have neither been captured in experiment nor simulation due to limitations in resolution and sampling time, respectively. Here, we perform classic and enhanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to quantify fold dynamics on extended timescales of Bet v 1a and two variants with higher and lower cleavage rates. Already at the nanosecond-timescale we observe a significantly higher flexibility for the destabilized variant compared to Bet v 1a and the proteolytically stabilized mutant. Estimating the thermodynamics and kinetics of local unfolding around an initial cleavage site, we find that the Bet v 1 variant with the highest cleavage rate also shows the highest probability for local unfolding. For the stabilized mutant on the other hand we only find minimal unfolding probability. These results strengthen the link between the conformational dynamics of allergen proteins and their stability during endolysosomal degradation. The presented approach further allows atomistic insights in the conformational ensemble of allergen proteins and provides probability estimates below experimental detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Toda M. Rice Components with Immunomodulatory Function. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:S9-S12. [PMID: 31619655 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food crops in the world, and the effect of its consumption on human health is of great concern. Evidence has accumulated that rice contains several components, such as γ-oryzanol and rice bran fibers, which modulate the immune system. In addition, rice has other immunologically beneficial characteristics. It has a low allergenic potential and is gluten-free, reducing the risk of development of food allergies and diseases related to gluten sensitivity such as coeliac disease. This review presents the recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulatory function of rice components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Toda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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41
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Abstract
Respiratory allergy including bronchial asthma and food allergy have gained epidemic character in the last decades in industrialized countries. Much has been learned with respect to the pathophysiology of allergic disease and this has facilitated specific therapies. Allergy is a chronic disease, and being so prevalent claims to search for evolutionary causes of the general susceptibility of humans as a species to react to environmental antigens in a Th2 type immune reaction with IgE production. In an evolutionary analysis of Allergy, necessary questions addressed in this review are "Why does IgE exist or why did IgE evolve?" as well as from the point of view of the mismatch hypothesis, "Why is there an Allergy epidemic?" Recent studies on the possible biological and protective role of IgE against parasites, arthropods, venoms or toxins are challenging the widely accepted definition of allergens as generally innocuous antigens. Combining the immunologic danger model and the toxin hypothesis for allergies, the allergic response could have evolved with an adaptive value and allergens could be proxies for other putative noxious agents. The last decades yielded with vast molecular data of allergens. With available bioinformatics tools, we therefore also describe that evolutionary theory could be applied to prevent allergy, estimate cross-reactivity, to design allergen-specific immunotherapy and to assess the risks of novel foods.
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42
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Li B, Zou Z, Meng F, Raz E, Huang Y, Tao A, Ai Y. Dust mite-derived Der f 3 activates a pro-inflammatory program in airway epithelial cells via PAR-1 and PAR-2. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:1-11. [PMID: 30836204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease activity of allergens has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The major allergen Der f 3 from Dermatophagoides farinae harbors serine protease activity, but its immunopathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of Der f 3 on the airway epithelial barrier and on the molecular pathways by which Der f 3 induces inflammation. RNA-seq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in bronchial airway epithelial cells (AEC) between native Der f 3 and heat-inactivated (H) Der f 3, coupled with real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA for validation. Unlike other protease allergens such as that induce Th2-promoting alarmins (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP) in AECs, Der f 3 induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF, which are known to promote Th17 response. These pro-inflammatory mediators were induced by Der f 3 via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways as well as the store-operated calcium signaling. Gene silencing with small interfering RNA in A549 and BEAS-2B cells indicated that activation of AECs by Der f 3 was mainly dependent on protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), while PAR-1 was also required for the full activation of AECs. Double knock-down of PAR-1 and PAR-2 largely impaired Der f 3-inducecd IL-8 production and subsequent signaling pathways. Our data suggest that Der f 3 induces pro-inflammatory mediators in human epithelial cell lines via the PARs-MAPK-NF-κB axis. Our results provide a molecular mechanism by which Der f 3 may trigger the Th17-skewed allergic response toward house dust mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Zehong Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Fanmei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Eyal Raz
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, United States
| | - Yuye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Yuncan Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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Claude M, Lupi R, Picariello G, Drouet M, Larré C, Denery-Papini S, Brossard C. Digestion differently affects the ability of native and thermally aggregated ovalbumin to trigger basophil activation. Food Res Int 2019; 118:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ziegler K, Neumann J, Liu F, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Cremer C, Saloga J, Reinmuth-Selzle K, Pöschl U, Schuppan D, Bellinghausen I, Lucas K. Nitration of Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors Increases Their Innate and Adaptive Immunostimulatory Potential in vitro. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3174. [PMID: 30740114 PMCID: PMC6357940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) can be found in all gluten containing cereals and are, therefore, ingredient of basic foods like bread or pasta. In the gut ATI can mediate innate immunity via activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on immune cells residing in the lamina propria, promoting intestinal, as well as extra-intestinal, inflammation. Inflammatory conditions can induce formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and, thereby, endogenous protein nitration in the body. Moreover, air pollutants like ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can cause exogenous protein nitration in the environment. Both reaction pathways may lead to the nitration of ATI. To investigate if and how nitration modulates the immunostimulatory properties of ATI, they were chemically modified by three different methods simulating endogenous and exogenous protein nitration and tested in vitro. Here we show that ATI nitration was achieved by all three methods and lead to increased immune reactions. We found that ATI nitrated by tetranitromethane (TNM) or ONOO- lead to a significantly enhanced TLR4 activation. Furthermore, in human primary immune cells, TNM nitrated ATI induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and release of Th1 and Th2 cytokines compared to unmodified ATI. Our findings implicate a causative chain between nitration, enhanced TLR4 stimulation, and adaptive immune responses, providing major implications for public health, as nitrated ATI may strongly promote inhalative wheat allergies (baker's asthma), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), other allergies, and autoimmune diseases. This underlines the importance of future work analyzing the relationship between endo- and exogenous protein nitration, and the rise in incidence of ATI-related and other food hypersensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Neumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Cremer
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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Perusko M, van Roest M, Stanic‐Vucinic D, Simons PJ, Pieters RHH, Cirkovic Velickovic T, Smit JJ. Glycation of the Major Milk Allergen β-Lactoglobulin Changes Its Allergenicity by Alterations in Cellular Uptake and Degradation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800341. [PMID: 30004175 PMCID: PMC6174979 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE During food processing, the Maillard reaction (МR) may occur, resulting in the formation of glycated proteins. Glycated proteins are of particular importance in food allergies because glycation may influence interactions with the immune system. This study compared native and extensively glycated milk allergen β-lactoglobulin (BLG), in their interactions with cells crucially involved in allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS BLG was glycated in MR and characterized. Native and glycated BLG were tested in experiments of epithelial transport, uptake and degradation by DCs, T-cell cytokine responses, and basophil cell degranulation using ELISA and flow cytometry. Glycation of BLG induced partial unfolding and reduced its intestinal epithelial transfer over a Caco-2 monolayer. Uptake of glycated BLG by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) was increased, although both BLG forms entered BMDC via the same mechanism, receptor-mediated endocytosis. Once inside the BMDC, glycated BLG was degraded faster, which might have led to observed lower cytokine production in BMDC/CD4+ T-cells coculture. Finally, glycated BLG was less efficient in induction of degranulation of BLG-specific IgE sensitized basophil cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that glycation of BLG by MR significantly alters its fate in processes involved in immunogenicity and allergenicity, pointing out the importance of food processing in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Perusko
- Faculty of Chemistry–Innovation Center d.o.o.11000BelgradeSerbia
| | - Manon van Roest
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesImmunotoxicology GroupUtrecht University3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dragana Stanic‐Vucinic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Belgrade–Faculty of Chemistry11000BelgradeSerbia
| | | | - Raymond H. H. Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesImmunotoxicology GroupUtrecht University3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Belgrade–Faculty of Chemistry11000BelgradeSerbia
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University9000GhentBelgium
- Ghent University Global CampusYeonsu‐Gu21985IncheonSouth Korea
| | - Joost J. Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesImmunotoxicology GroupUtrecht University3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
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46
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Scheurer S, Schülke S. Interaction of Non-Specific Lipid-Transfer Proteins With Plant-Derived Lipids and Its Impact on Allergic Sensitization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1389. [PMID: 29973934 PMCID: PMC6019453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) represent a family of ubiquitous plant proteins belonging to the prolamin superfamily. nsLTPs are characterized by a globular α-helical structure stabilized by four disulfide bonds and a hydrophobic cavity which acts as ligand-binding site for a broad spectrum of lipids and hydrophobic molecules. nsLTPs are involved in membrane biogenesis and in the adaption of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. They display antimicrobial activity by the ability to permeabilize the cell membrane of phytopathogens. Moreover, in the presence of lipids, nsLTPs are suggested to activate the plant immune system by a receptor-dependent mechanism. Additionally, nsLTPs from pollen and plant-derived food, in particular type 1 nsLTPs (9 kDa), are described as potent allergens. Within the nsLTP family Pru p 3 from peach is the clinically most relevant allergen which can cause genuine food allergy and frequently elicits severe clinical reactions. So far, the allergenic properties of nsLTPs are attributed to both their low molecular mass and their high thermal and proteolytic stability which allow them to reach the immune system in a biological intact form. Recently, the interaction of nsLTPs with lipids has been suggested to increase their allergenic properties and to promote the allergic sensitization to these proteins. This review will summarize the current knowledge on diversity of lipid ligands of plant LTPs, and illustrate recent studies performed with allergenic nsLTPs to investigate the effect of lipid binding on the structural modification and IgE-binding properties of proteins, and finally the potential effect on the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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47
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Pablos-Tanarro A, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Martínez-Blanco M, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Egg Yolk Provides Th2 Adjuvant Stimuli and Promotes Sensitization to Egg White Allergens in BALB/c Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800057. [PMID: 29757493 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Egg is the second most frequent source of allergic reactions in children. Egg yolk (EY) amounts to one-third in weight of a fresh whole egg, but its contribution to egg allergy has not been investigated in depth. This study assesses whether EY influences the capacity of egg white (EW) to sensitize and trigger allergic responses. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were exposed to EW, EY, and their mixture, using models of orally (with and without adjuvant) and adjuvant-free intraperitoneally induced allergy. In vitro assays were also conducted to examine epithelial and dendritic cell (DC) functions. Results showed that EY played a role during the sensitizing phase of allergy. EY exerted local Th2-biasing effects through the upregulation of intestinal IL-33 expression and it also favored Th2 polarization directly during DC presentation of allergens to T cells. CONCLUSION The results obtained reveal that EY provides Th2-adjuvant stimuli to the immune system that may increase the susceptibility to develop egg allergy. The joint administration of EW and EY may be a trigger for initiation or maintenance of egg allergy with implications in prevention strategies regarding egg introduction in the diet of susceptible children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pablos-Tanarro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
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The Initiation of Th2 Immunity Towards Food Allergens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051447. [PMID: 29757238 PMCID: PMC5983584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with Th1 immune responses against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the incipient events that generate Th2 responses remain less understood. One difficulty in the identification of universal operating principles stems from the diversity of entities against which cellular and molecular Th2 responses are produced. Such responses are launched against harmful macroscopic parasites and noxious substances, such as venoms, but also against largely innocuous allergens. This suggests that the established understanding about sense and recognition applied to Th1 responses may not be translatable to Th2 responses. This review will discuss processes and signals known to occur in Th2 responses, particularly in the context of food allergy. We propose that perturbations of homeostasis at barrier sites induced by external or internal subverters, which can activate or lower the threshold activation of the immune system, are the major requirement for allergic sensitization. Innate signals produced in the tissue under these conditions equip dendritic cells with a program that forms an adaptive Th2 response.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During the past few decades, modified allergens have been developed for use in allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) with the aim to improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. This review aims to provide an overview of the different types of modified allergens, their mechanism of action and their potential for improving AIT. RECENT FINDINGS In-depth research in the field of allergen modifications as well as the advance of recombinant DNA technology have paved the way for improved diagnosis and research on human allergic diseases. A wide range of structurally modified allergens has been generated including allergen peptides, chemically altered allergoids, adjuvant-coupled allergens, and nanoparticle-based allergy vaccines. These modified allergens show promise for the development of AIT regimens with improved safety and long-term efficacy. Certain modifications ensure reduced IgE reactivity and retained T cell reactivity, which facilities induction of immune tolerance to the allergen. To date, multiple clinical trials have been performed using modified allergens. Promising results were obtained for the modified cat, grass and birch pollen, and house dust mite allergens. The use of modified allergens holds promise for improving AIT efficacy and safety. There is however a need for larger clinical studies to reliably assess the added benefit for the patient of using modified allergens for AIT.
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Marlon M, Andres S, Jorge S, Yuliana E. In <i>Silico</i> Analysis of Cross Reactivity between Lipocalin of Domestic Animals*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2018.84006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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