1
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Karube K, Satou A, Kato S. New classifications of B-cell neoplasms: a comparison of 5th WHO and International Consensus classifications. Int J Hematol 2024:10.1007/s12185-024-03781-5. [PMID: 38805112 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a new classification of lymphoid neoplasms, a revision of the previously used Revised 4th Edition of their classification (WHO-4R). However, this means that two classifications are now in simultaneous use: the 5th Edition of the WHO classification (WHO-5) and the International Consensus Classification (ICC). Instead of a comprehensive review of each disease entity, as already described elsewhere, this review focuses on revisions made in both the WHO-5 and ICC from WHO-4R and discrepancies between them regarding B-cell neoplasms. Similarities include cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma, cold agglutinin disease, non-primary effusion lymphoma-type effusion-based lymphoma, and gray zone lymphoma. Differences include plasma cell neoplasms, high-grade B-cell lymphoma (double hit lymphoma), follicular lymphoma, LPD with immune deficiency and dysregulation, extranodal large B-cell lymphoma, transformations of indolent B-cell lymphomas, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Understanding the similarities and differences between the two latest classifications will aid daily diagnostic practice and future research on lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Karube
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Akira Satou
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kato
- Center for Clinical Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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2
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Fantini MC, Onali S, Gasbarrini A, Lopetuso LR. Immune system and gut microbiota senescence in elderly IBD patients. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2024; 70:59-67. [PMID: 34278753 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the loss of immune tolerance against gut microbiota causes chronic inflammation and the progressive accumulation of organ damage in genetically susceptible individuals. In the elderly, IBD is often characterized by a different disease behavior when compared with pediatric and young adult disease. Besides disease behavior, another aspect of the multifaceted impact of age on elderly IBD course is increased susceptibility to infections. In this context, age-of-onset-dependent IBD behavior and clinical course are two major contributors to immune system senescence and change of gut microbiota in older subjects. Here, we review the available literature linking immunosenescence and age-dependent changes in the gut microbiota composition to IBD pathogenesis speculating on their possible implications in disease expression in this age class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy -
| | - Sara Onali
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Loris R Lopetuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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3
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Li F, Wang Y, Dou H, Chen X, Wang J, Xiao M. Association of immune inflammatory biomarkers with pathological complete response and clinical prognosis in young breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1349021. [PMID: 38380360 PMCID: PMC10877026 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1349021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The persistence of inflammatory stimulus has a tight relationship with the development of age-related diseases, ultimately resulting in a gradual escalation in the prevalence of tumors, but this phenomenon is rare in young cancer patients. Breast cancer arising in young women is characterized by larger tumor diameters and more aggressive subtypes, so neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) can be especially appropriate for this population. Immune inflammatory biomarkers have been reportedly linked to the prognosis of some malignant tumor types, with varying results. In this study, we investigated the possible predictive value of blood-based markers in young breast cancer patients undergoing NACT, in addition to the association between the clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods From December 2011 to October 2018, a total of 215 young breast cancer patients referred to Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital received NACT and surgery were registered in this retrospective study. The pretreatment complete blood counts were used to calculate the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV). Results NLR, PLR, MLR, and PIV optimal cut-off values were 1.55, 130.66, 0.24, and 243.19, as determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that PIV, HR status, HER-2 status, and Ki-67 index were all independent predictive factors for pathological complete response. Subgroup analysis revealed that young breast cancer patients in the population characterized by low PIV and HR negative group were more likely to get pCR (P=0.001). The five-year overall survival (OS) rate was 87.9%, and Cox regression models identified PIV as independently related to OS. Conclusion In the present study, the pretreatment PIV was found to be a useful prognostic indicator for pCR and long-term survival in young breast cancer patients undergoing NACT. High immune and inflammation levels, MLR and PIV were connected to poor clinical prognosis in young breast cancer patients. PIV is a promising biomarker to guide strategic decisions in treating young breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Xiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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4
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Gödde D, Degener S, Walles C, Keller R, Graf K, Tosch M, Krege S, Musch M, Kvasnicka HM, Ackermann M, Störkel S, von Rundstedt FC. Degenerative Changes in Aging Human Pelvic Lymph Nodes-A Reason to Rethink Staging and Therapy of Regional Malignancies? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4754. [PMID: 37835449 PMCID: PMC10571730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastases are common in pelvic urological tumors, and the age-related remodeling process of the pelvic lymph nodes influences metastatic behavior. The aim of this work is to characterize age-related degenerative changes in the pelvic lymph nodes with respect to their occurrence and extent. A total of 5173 pelvic lymph nodes of 390 patients aged 44 to 79 years (median 68 years, IQR 62-71 years) were histologically examined for degenerative structural changes. Lymph node size, lipomatous atrophy, capsular fibrosis, framework fibrosis, and calcifications were recorded semi-quantitatively and evaluated by age group. Significantly more lymph nodes <10 mm were found in older patients (p = 0.001). The incidence of framework fibrosis, capsular fibrosis, and calcifications increased significantly with increasing patient age (p < 0.001). In lipomatous atrophy, an increase in mild to moderate lipomatous atrophy was observed with increasing age (p < 0.001). In this, the largest study to date on this topic, age-related degenerative changes in pelvic lymph nodes were proven. Due to the consecutive decrease in hte filtration function of pelvic lymph nodes with increasing age, staging and therapy of metastatic pelvic urologic carcinomas should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gödde
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Stephan Degener
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Urology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christine Walles
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rosalie Keller
- Clinic for Otolaryngology, HELIOS-Hospital, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Katharina Graf
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Centre for Clinical Trials, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Marco Tosch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Susanne Krege
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Urologic Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Musch
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Urologic Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Michael Kvasnicka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Störkel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Carl von Rundstedt
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Urology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sakanishi T, Sechi LA, Hattori N. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Tokyo-172 vaccine provides age-related neuroprotection in actively induced and spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:70-80. [PMID: 36745025 PMCID: PMC10081113 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system in young adults but still has no cure. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is reported to have non-specific anti-inflammatory effects and therapeutic benefits in autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis. However, the precise mechanism of action of BCG and the host immune response to it remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of the BCG Tokyo-172 vaccine in suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Groups of young and mature adult female C57BL/6J mice were BCG-vaccinated 1 month prior or 6 days after active EAE induction using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide. Another group of 2D2 TCRMOG transgenic female mice was BCG-vaccinated before and after the onset of spontaneous EAE. BCG had an age-associated protective effect against active EAE only in wild-type mice vaccinated 1 month before EAE induction. Furthermore, the incidence of spontaneous EAE was significantly lower in BCG vaccinated 2D2 mice than in non-vaccinated controls. Protection against EAE was associated with reduced splenic T-cell proliferation in response to MOG35-55 peptide together with high frequency of CD8+ interleukin-10-secreting T cells in the spleen. In addition, microglia and astrocytes isolated from BCG-vaccinated mice showed polarization to anti-inflammatory M2 and A2 phenotypes, respectively. Our data provide new insights into the cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms underlying BCG vaccine-induced neuroprotection, potentially useful for developing better strategies for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Juntendo University, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
- SC Microbiologia AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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6
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Núñez-Cortés R, López-Bueno R, Torres-Castro R, Soto-Carmona C, Ortega-Palavecinos M, Pérez-Alenda S, Solis-Navarro L, Díaz-Cambronero Ó, Martinez-Arnau FM, Calatayud J. Risk Factors for One-Year Mortality in Hospitalized Adults with Severe COVID-19. Aging Dis 2023; 14:14-20. [PMID: 36818568 PMCID: PMC9937706 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the body's immunity declines with age, elderly-hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 might be at higher mortality risk. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to examine the possible risk factors (demographic, social or comorbidities) most associated with mortality one-year after diagnosis of COVID-19. Routine data were collected from a cohort of hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19. The primary endpoint was mortality at one-year after diagnosis of COVID-19. We used a Cox proportional hazard model to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for both all-cause and specific cardiorespiratory mortality. A fully adjusted model included sex, socioeconomic status, institutionalization status, disability, smoking habit, and comorbidities as confounders. A total of 368 severe cases hospitalized on average 67.3 ± 15.9 years old were included. Participants aged ≥ 71 years had significantly higher HRs for all-cause mortality (adjusted HRs = 2.86, 95%CI: 2.01-4.07) and cardiorespiratory mortality (adjusted HRs = 2.86, 95%CI: 1.99-4.12). The association between age and mortality after diagnosis of COVID-19 due to both all-causes and cardiorespiratory mortality showed a consistent dose-response fashion. Institutionalization, disability, and socioeconomic status also showed a significant association with mortality. In conclusion, aging itself was the most important risk factor associated with mortality one year after diagnosis of COVID-19. People with disabilities, institutionalized or low socioeconomic status are significantly more likely to die after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Núñez-Cortés
- Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departament of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Clínico Dra. Eloisa Díaz de La Florida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rubén López-Bueno
- Department of Physical Medicine and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Spain.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rodrigo Torres-Castro
- Departament of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,International Physiotherapy Research Network (PhysioEvidence), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lilian Solis-Navarro
- Departament of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Óscar Díaz-Cambronero
- Department Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitari i Politécnic la Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Perioperative Medicine Research Group. Biomedical Research Institute la Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco M. Martinez-Arnau
- Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Francisco M. Martinez-Arnau, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Chi M, Tian Z, Ma K, Li Y, Wang L, Nasser MI, Liu C. The diseased kidney: aging and senescent immunology. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2022; 19:58. [PMCID: PMC9666969 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractImmunosenescence is the deterioration of the innate and adaptive immune systems associated with aging and is primarily characterized by a reduction in T cell production and accumulation of atypical subsets. Age-related immunological dysfunction leads to impaired immune protection and persistent low-grade chronic inflammation, resulting in a decreased vaccination response and increased vulnerability to infection, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease in the elderly. As the elderly constitute a growing proportion of the population with renal disease, immunosenescence is a normal aging process that is prevalent among older people. In addition, immunosenescence seems to be more pronounced in patients with kidney diseases than in healthy controls, as shown by severe chronic inflammation, accumulation of immune cells with the senescent phenotype (CD28− T cells, CD14+CD16+ monocytes), and proinflammatory cytokine production. Immunosenescence inhibits immunological clearance and renal tissue regeneration, thereby increasing the risk of permanent renal damage, infection, and cardiovascular events in patients with kidney disease, lowering the prognosis, and even influencing the efficacy of renal replacement treatment. Biological drugs (senomorphics and senolytics) target the aging immune system and exert renoprotective effects. This review aims to emphasize the features of immunosenescence and its influence on kidney diseases and immunotherapy, highlighting the future directions of kidney disease treatment using senescence-focused techniques.
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8
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Wang Y, Chang L, Zhu G, Li G, Kong Q, Lv L, Wang Q, Tian C, Li Y, Zhu X, Pan X. Mechanism of thymus rejuvenation in elderly macaques. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:223-232. [PMID: 35876435 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile thymus atrophy is an important factor leading to decreased immune function. Repairing the atrophic thymus tissue structure, rebuilding immune function, and replenishing the number of exogenous stem cells may be effective methods. In this study, BMSCs (Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, BMSCs) were intravenously infused into elderly macaques. We found that thymus area was substantially increased, some thymus tissue regeneration was observed, the degree of thymus tissue fibrosis decreased, collagen fibre deposition decreased, cortical and medulla structures emerge gradually, the number of apoptotic cells decreased significantly, inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Bone marrow mesenchymal cells inhibit the expression of genes related to aging. By sequencing the mRNA transcriptome in thymus tissue, the expression pattern of the tissue transcriptome tended to be similar to the thymus expression pattern in young macaques compared with the old group, reverse aging-related proteins. Based on the results, an intravenous infusion designed to increase the number of stem cells in the body effectively repairs the structure of the thymus and rebuilds immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaohong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China;
| | - Gonghua Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | - Qingpeng Kong
- Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | - Longbao Lv
- Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | | | | | - Ye Li
- 920th hospital, Kunming, China;
| | - Xiangqing Zhu
- 920th hospital , Basic Medical Laboratory, Kunming, China;
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9
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Hester AK, Semwal MK, Cepeda S, Xiao Y, Rueda M, Wimberly K, Venables T, Dileepan T, Kraig E, Griffith AV. Redox regulation of age-associated defects in generation and maintenance of T cell self-tolerance and immunity to foreign antigens. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110363. [PMID: 35172147 PMCID: PMC8898380 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic atrophy reduces naive T cell production and contributes to increased susceptibility to viral infection with age. Expression of tissue-restricted antigen (TRA) genes also declines with age and has been thought to increase autoimmune disease susceptibility. We find that diminished expression of a model TRA gene in aged thymic stromal cells correlates with impaired clonal deletion of cognate T cells recognizing an autoantigen involved in atherosclerosis. Clonal deletion in the polyclonal thymocyte population is also perturbed. Distinct age-associated defects in the generation of antigen-specific T cells include a conspicuous decline in generation of T cells recognizing an immunodominant influenza epitope. Increased catalase activity delays thymic atrophy, and here, we show that it mitigates declining production of influenza-specific T cells and their frequency in lung after infection, but does not reverse declines in TRA expression or efficient negative selection. These results reveal important considerations for strategies to restore thymic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Hester
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Manpreet K Semwal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sergio Cepeda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Meghan Rueda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Kymberly Wimberly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ellen Kraig
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ann V Griffith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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10
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Zhang H, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Hallmarks of the aging T-cell system. FEBS J 2021; 288:7123-7142. [PMID: 33590946 PMCID: PMC8364928 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the generation and differentiation of pathogen-specific short-lived effector T cells while in parallel developing long-lived memory cells to control future encounters with the same pathogen. A complex regulatory network is needed to preserve a population of naïve cells over lifetime that exhibit sufficient diversity of antigen receptors to respond to new antigens, while also sustaining immune memory. In parallel, cells need to maintain their proliferative potential and the plasticity to differentiate into different functional lineages. Initial signs of waning immune competence emerge after 50 years of age, with increasing clinical relevance in the 7th-10th decade of life. Morbidity and mortality from infections increase, as drastically exemplified by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Many vaccines, such as for the influenza virus, are poorly effective to generate protective immunity in older individuals. Age-associated changes occur at the level of the T-cell population as well as the functionality of its cellular constituents. The system highly relies on the self-renewal of naïve and memory T cells, which is robust but eventually fails. Genetic and epigenetic modifications contribute to functional differences in responsiveness and differentiation potential. To some extent, these changes arise from defective maintenance; to some, they represent successful, but not universally beneficial adaptations to the aging host. Interventions that can compensate for the age-related defects and improve immune responses in older adults are increasingly within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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11
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Cakala-Jakimowicz M, Kolodziej-Wojnar P, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Aging-Related Cellular, Structural and Functional Changes in the Lymph Nodes: A Significant Component of Immunosenescence? An Overview. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113148. [PMID: 34831371 PMCID: PMC8621398 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging affects all tissues and organs. Aging of the immune system results in the severe disruption of its functions, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, an increase in autoimmune disorders and cancer incidence, and a decreased response to vaccines. Lymph nodes are precisely organized structures of the peripheral lymphoid organs and are the key sites coordinating innate and long-term adaptive immune responses to external antigens and vaccines. They are also involved in immune tolerance. The aging of lymph nodes results in decreased cell transport to and within the nodes, a disturbance in the structure and organization of nodal zones, incorrect location of individual immune cell types and impaired intercellular interactions, as well as changes in the production of adequate amounts of chemokines and cytokines necessary for immune cell proliferation, survival and function, impaired naïve T- and B-cell homeostasis, and a diminished long-term humoral response. Understanding the causes of these stromal and lymphoid microenvironment changes in the lymph nodes that cause the aging-related dysfunction of the immune system can help to improve long-term immune responses and the effectiveness of vaccines in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cakala-Jakimowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.C.-J.); (M.P.-K.)
| | - Paulina Kolodziej-Wojnar
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.C.-J.); (M.P.-K.)
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12
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She X, Gao X, Wang K, Yang H, Ma K, Cui B, Xi Z. Effects of noise and low-concentration carbon monoxide exposure on rat immunity. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12235. [PMID: 34089209 PMCID: PMC8178495 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immunotoxicity and effects of noise and/or low-concentration carbon monoxide (CO) exposure on immune organs and immune functions in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats exposed to 98 dB(A) white noise and/or 100 ppm CO 4 h/d for 30 d were used to determine the pathological changes in the thymus and spleen, and variations in leukocyte counts, inflammatory factors, and immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. RESULTS The boundaries of the cortex and medulla of the thymus were unclear following noise and combined exposure. The pathological changes in spleen after CO and combined exposure included blurred boundaries of red-pulp and white-pulp, disappearance of normal splenic nodules and neutrophil infiltration. After exposure to noise and in combination, leukocyte and lymphocyte counts decreased significantly. After exposure to low-concentration CO and in combination, serum IgM and IgG levels decreased significantly, but the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ levels increased significantly. Eosinophils and IgA levels decreased significantly following exposure to noise and/or low concentration of CO, while the level of interleukin-1 increased significantly. Monocytes increased significantly only under noise or CO exposure, but not under combined exposure. CONCLUSIONS Noise and/or low-concentration CO exposure may suppress innate and adaptive immune functions and induce inflammatory responses. Noise exposure mainly affected the innate immune function of rats, whereas low-concentration CO exposure mainly affected adaptive immune functions. Combined exposure presented higher immunotoxicity than noise or CO alone, suggesting that exposure to noise and low-concentration CO in the living and working environments can affect the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun She
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiujie Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglian Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kefeng Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
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13
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Bellomo A, Gentek R, Golub R, Bajénoff M. Macrophage-fibroblast circuits in the spleen. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:104-125. [PMID: 34028841 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an integral part of all organs in the body, where they contribute to immune surveillance, protection, and tissue-specific homeostatic functions. This is facilitated by so-called niches composed of macrophages and their surrounding stroma. These niches structurally anchor macrophages and provide them with survival factors and tissue-specific signals that imprint their functional identity. In turn, macrophages ensure appropriate functioning of the niches they reside in. Macrophages thus form reciprocal, mutually beneficial circuits with their cellular niches. In this review, we explore how this concept applies to the spleen, a large secondary lymphoid organ whose primary functions are to filter the blood and regulate immunity. We first outline the splenic micro-anatomy, the different populations of splenic fibroblasts and macrophages and their respective contribution to protection of and key physiological processes occurring in the spleen. We then discuss firmly established and potential cellular circuits formed by splenic macrophages and fibroblasts, with an emphasis on the molecular cues underlying their crosstalk and their relevance to splenic functionality. Lastly, we conclude by considering how these macrophage-fibroblast circuits might be impaired by aging, and how understanding these changes might help identify novel therapeutic avenues with the potential of restoring splenic functions in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bellomo
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel Golub
- Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Lymphopoiesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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14
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Tao H, Li L, Liao NS, Schluns KS, Luckhart S, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Thymic Epithelial Cell-Derived IL-15 and IL-15 Receptor α Chain Foster Local Environment for Type 1 Innate Like T Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623280. [PMID: 33732245 PMCID: PMC7957058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) ensures negative selection of highly self-reactive T cells to establish central tolerance. Whether some of these TRAs could exert their canonical biological functions to shape thymic environment to regulate T cell development is unclear. Analyses of publicly available databases have revealed expression of transcripts at various levels of many cytokines and cytokine receptors such as IL-15, IL-15Rα, IL-13, and IL-23a in both human and mouse TECs. Ablation of either IL-15 or IL-15Rα in TECs selectively impairs type 1 innate like T cell, such as iNKT1 and γδT1 cell, development in the thymus, indicating that TECs not only serve as an important source of IL-15 but also trans-present IL-15 to ensure type 1 innate like T cell development. Because type 1 innate like T cells are proinflammatory, our data suggest the possibility that TEC may intrinsically control thymic inflammatory innate like T cells to influence thymic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Gallo O, Locatello LG, Mazzoni A, Novelli L, Annunziato F. The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:305-316. [PMID: 33244161 PMCID: PMC7690066 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 enters into the human body mainly through the ACE2 + TMPRSS2+ nasal epithelial cells. The initial host response to this pathogen occurs in a peculiar immune microenvironment that, starting from the Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) system, is the product of a long evolutionary process that is aimed to first recognize exogenous airborne agents. In the present work, we want to critically review the latest molecular and cellular findings on the mucosal response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity and in NALT, and to analyze its impact in the subsequent course of COVID-19. Finally, we want to explore the possibility that the regulation of the systemic inflammatory network against the virus can be modulated starting from the initial phases of the nasal and nasopharyngeal response and this may have several clinical and epidemiological implications starting from a mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gallo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanni Locatello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Novelli
- Department of Pathology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Flow Cytometry and Immunotherapy Diagnostic Center, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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16
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Gustafson CE, Kim C, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Influence of immune aging on vaccine responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 145:1309-1321. [PMID: 32386655 PMCID: PMC7198995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired vaccine responses in older individuals are associated with alterations in both the quantity and quality of the T-cell compartment with age. As reviewed herein, the T-cell response to vaccination requires a fine balance between the generation of inflammatory effector T cells versus follicular helper T (TFH) cells that mediate high-affinity antibody production in tandem with the induction of long-lived memory cells for effective recall immunity. During aging, we find that this balance is tipped where T cells favor short-lived effector but not memory or TFH responses. Consistently, vaccine-induced antibodies commonly display a lower protective capacity. Mechanistically, multiple, potentially targetable, changes in T cells have been identified that contribute to these age-related defects, including posttranscription regulation, T-cell receptor signaling, and metabolic function. Although research into the induction of tissue-specific immunity by vaccines and with age is still limited, current mechanistic insights provide a framework for improved design of age-specific vaccination strategies that require further evaluation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Gustafson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Chulwoo Kim
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, Calif.
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17
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Du H, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang S, Wu S, Yuan Z, Zhu X. miRNA-146a-5p mitigates stress-induced premature senescence of D-galactose-induced primary thymic stromal cells. Cytokine 2021; 137:155314. [PMID: 33002743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Senescent thymic stromal cells (TSCs) producing senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) may play a role at later phases of thymic involution. However, the etiology and mechanisms responsible for TSC senescence remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of oxidative stress on TSCs and role of miRNA-146a-5p in stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) were identified. D-galactose (D-gal) induced oxidative stress in primary TSCs and a limited cumulative oxidative stress induced premature senescence but not apoptosis of TSCs. miRNA-146a-5p overexpression can mitigate the SIPS by targeting tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) instead of increasing autophagy clearance. Furthermore, exogenous miRNA-146a-5p reversed the upregulation of chemokines including Cxcl5, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides in TSCs with SIPS. In conclusion, the accumulated oxidative stress may be partially responsible for senescence in TSCs and modulation of miRNA-146a-5p may attenuate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Du
- Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 7 Mulan Road, Economic Development Zone, Benxi, China; Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 7 Mulan Road, Economic Development Zone, Benxi, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 7 Mulan Road, Economic Development Zone, Benxi, China
| | - Siliang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Simeng Wu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Xike Zhu
- Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 7 Mulan Road, Economic Development Zone, Benxi, China.
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18
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Rezzani R, Franco C, Hardeland R, Rodella LF. Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8806. [PMID: 33233845 PMCID: PMC7699871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For years the thymus gland (TG) and the pineal gland (PG) have been subject of increasingly in-depth studies, but only recently a link that can associate the activities of the two organs has been identified. Considering, on the one hand, the well-known immune activity of thymus and, on the other, the increasingly emerging immunological roles of circadian oscillators and the rhythmically secreted main pineal product, melatonin, many studies aimed to analyse the possible existence of an interaction between these two systems. Moreover, data confirmed that the immune system is functionally associated with the nervous and endocrine systems determining an integrated dynamic network. In addition, recent researches showed a similar, characteristic involution process both in TG and PG. Since the second half of the 20th century, evidence led to the definition of an effectively interacting thymus-pineal axis (TG-PG axis), but much has to be done. In this sense, the aim of this review is to summarize what is actually known about this topic, focusing on the impact of the TG-PG axis on human life and ageing. We would like to give more emphasis to the implications of this dynamical interaction in a possible therapeutic strategy for human health. Moreover, we focused on all the products of TG and PG in order to collect what is known about the role of peptides other than melatonin. The results available today are often unclear and not linear. These peptides have not been well studied and defined over the years. In this review we hope to awake the interest of the scientific community in them and in their future pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Franco
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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19
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Castillo SP, Keymer JE, Marquet PA. Do microenvironmental changes disrupt multicellular organisation with ageing, enacting and favouring the cancer cell phenotype? Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000126. [PMID: 33184914 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a singular cellular state, the emergence of which destabilises the homeostasis reached through the evolution to multicellularity. We present the idea that the onset of the cellular disobedience to the metazoan functional and structural architecture, known as the cancer phenotype, is triggered by changes in the cell's external environment that occur with ageing: what ensues is a breach of the social contract of multicellular life characteristic of metazoans. By integrating old ideas with new evidence, we propose that with ageing the environmental information that maintains a multicellular organisation is eroded, rewiring internal processes of the cell, and resulting in an internal shift towards an ancestral condition resulting in the pseudo-multicellular cancer phenotype. Once that phenotype emerges, a new local social contract is built, different from the homeostatic one, leading to tumour formation and the foundation of a novel local ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Castillo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad de Chile (IEB) Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan E Keymer
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Pablo A Marquet
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad de Chile (IEB) Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Valparaíso (ISCV), Valparaíso, Chile.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
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20
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Lian J, Yue Y, Yu W, Zhang Y. Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:151. [PMID: 33168037 PMCID: PMC7653700 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a process of immune dysfunction that occurs with age and includes remodeling of lymphoid organs, leading to changes in the immune function of the elderly, which is closely related to the development of infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignant tumors. T cell-output decline is an important feature of immunosenescence as well as the production of senescence-associated secretory phenotype, increased glycolysis, and reactive oxygen species. Senescent T cells exhibit abnormal phenotypes, including downregulation of CD27, CD28, and upregulation of CD57, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, Tim-3, Tight, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, which are tightly related to malignant tumors. The role of immunosenescence in tumors is sophisticated: the many factors involved include cAMP, glucose competition, and oncogenic stress in the tumor microenvironment, which can induce the senescence of T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Accordingly, these senescent immune cells could also affect tumor progression. In addition, the effect of immunosenescence on the response to immune checkpoint blocking antibody therapy so far is ambiguous due to the low participation of elderly cancer patients in clinical trials. Furthermore, many other senescence-related interventions could be possible with genetic and pharmacological methods, including mTOR inhibition, interleukin-7 recombination, and NAD+ activation. Overall, this review aims to highlight the characteristics of immunosenescence and its impact on malignant tumors and immunotherapy, especially the future directions of tumor treatment through senescence-focused strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Lian
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, Henan Medical College Hospital Workers, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Weina Yu
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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21
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García-Ceca J, Montero-Herradón S, Zapata AG. Thymus aging in mice deficient in either EphB2 or EphB3, two master regulators of thymic epithelium development. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1243-1258. [PMID: 32506584 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial microenvironment is involved in thymus aging, but the possible role of EphB receptors that govern the thymic epithelium development has not been investigated. Herein, we study the changes undergone by the thymus of EphB-deficient mice throughout their life. RESULTS Immune alterations occurring throughout life were more severe in mutant than in wild-type (WT) mice. Mutant thymuses exhibit lower cellularity than WT ones, as well as lower proportions of early thymic progenitors cells and double-positive (CD4+ CD8+ ) thymocytes, but higher of double-negative (CD4- CD8- ) and single-positive (CD4+ CD8- , CD4- CD8+ ) cells. Throughout life, CD4+ naïve cells decreased particularly in mutant mice. In correlation, memory T cells, largely CD8+ cells, increased. Aged thymic epithelium undergoes changes including appearance of big epithelial free areas, decrease of K8+ K5- areas, which, however, contain higher proportions of Ly51+ UEA1- cortical epithelial cells, in correlation with reduced Aire+ medullary epithelial cells. Also, aged thymuses particularly those derived from mutant mice exhibited increased collagen IV, fat-storing cells, and connective cells. CONCLUSIONS The absence of EphB accelerates the alterations undergone throughout life by both thymic epithelium and thymocytes, and the proportions of peripheral naïve and memory T cells, all of which are hallmarks of immune aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Ceca
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Masters AR, Hall A, Bartley JM, Keilich SR, Lorenzo EC, Jellison ER, Puddington L, Haynes L. Assessment of Lymph Node Stromal Cells as an Underlying Factor in Age-Related Immune Impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1734-1743. [PMID: 30721932 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging negatively impacts immunity, resulting in inefficient responses to vaccinations and infections. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are the major stromal cell subset in lymph nodes (LNs) and play an intricate role in the orchestration and control of adaptive immune responses. Although stromal cells have a major impact on immune responses, the impact of aging on LN stromal cells remains unclear. Quantitative analysis of LN stromal cells by flow cytometry revealed that there are no significant differences in the number of stromal cells in young and aged LN at steady state but after influenza infection aged FRCs have delayed expansion as a result of reduced proliferation. Aged LNs also produce reduced levels of homeostatic chemokines, which correlates with reduced homing of naive T cells. Image analysis reveals that young and aged T-cell zone FRCs have similar morphology at steady state and after infection. Furthermore, aged FRCs did not appear to be a contributing factor in the reduced proliferation of young T cells transferred into aged LNs after influenza infection. These results demonstrate that aging alters LN stromal cell response to challenge and these age-related changes may be an underlying contributor to impaired immune responses in the elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- April R Masters
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.,Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Alexxus Hall
- University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.,Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Spencer R Keilich
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.,Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Erica C Lorenzo
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.,Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Laura Haynes
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.,Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
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23
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Yu Y, Zheng S. Research progress on immune aging and its mechanisms affecting geriatric diseases. Aging Med (Milton) 2019; 2:216-222. [PMID: 34553108 PMCID: PMC8445044 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence, also known as immune aging, refers to the degeneration, compensation, and reconstruction of the immune system with aging. Immune aging is an important factor in the increased susceptibility of the elderly to infectious diseases, malignant tumors, and a variety of chronic diseases and has long been a hotspot in geriatrics and immunology research. In this paper, the characteristics and progression of immune aging are briefly reviewed for clinicians' reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yu
- Department of Geriatric MedicineHua Dong HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Songbai Zheng
- Department of Geriatric MedicineHua Dong HospitalShanghaiChina
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24
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Bortolomai I, Sandri M, Draghici E, Fontana E, Campodoni E, Marcovecchio GE, Ferrua F, Perani L, Spinelli A, Canu T, Catucci M, Di Tomaso T, Sergi Sergi L, Esposito A, Lombardo A, Naldini L, Tampieri A, Hollander GA, Villa A, Bosticardo M. Gene Modification and Three-Dimensional Scaffolds as Novel Tools to Allow the Use of Postnatal Thymic Epithelial Cells for Thymus Regeneration Approaches. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:1107-1122. [PMID: 31140762 PMCID: PMC6766605 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective functionality of thymic epithelial cells (TECs), due to genetic mutations or injuring causes, results in altered T-cell development, leading to immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. These defects cannot be corrected by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and thymus transplantation has not yet been demonstrated to be fully curative. Here, we provide proof of principle of a novel approach toward thymic regeneration, involving the generation of thymic organoids obtained by seeding gene-modified postnatal murine TECs into three-dimensional (3D) collagen type I scaffolds mimicking the thymic ultrastructure. To this end, freshly isolated TECs were transduced with a lentiviral vector system, allowing for doxycycline-induced Oct4 expression. Transient Oct4 expression promoted TECs expansion without drastically changing the cell lineage identity of adult TECs, which retain the expression of important molecules for thymus functionality such as Foxn1, Dll4, Dll1, and AIRE. Oct4-expressing TECs (iOCT4 TEC) were able to grow into 3D collagen type I scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that the collagen structure reproduced a 3D environment similar to the thymic extracellular matrix, perfectly recognized by TECs. In vivo results showed that thymic organoids transplanted subcutaneously in athymic nude mice were vascularized but failed to support thymopoiesis because of their limited in vivo persistence. These findings provide evidence that gene modification, in combination with the usage of 3D biomimetic scaffolds, may represent a novel approach allowing the use of postnatal TECs for thymic regeneration. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:1107-1122.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Bortolomai
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- UOS MilanoIRGB CNRMilanItaly
| | - Monica Sandri
- Laboratory of Bioceramics and Bio‐Hybrid CompositesInstitute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR)FaenzaItaly
| | - Elena Draghici
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Elena Fontana
- UOS MilanoIRGB CNRMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzanoMilanItaly
| | - Elisabetta Campodoni
- Laboratory of Bioceramics and Bio‐Hybrid CompositesInstitute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR)FaenzaItaly
| | - Genni Enza Marcovecchio
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Paediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation UnitIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Laura Perani
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Experimental Imaging CenterIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Antonello Spinelli
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Experimental Imaging CenterIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Tamara Canu
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Experimental Imaging CenterIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Marco Catucci
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tiziano Di Tomaso
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Lucia Sergi Sergi
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Experimental Imaging CenterIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Angelo Lombardo
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Luigi Naldini
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Laboratory of Bioceramics and Bio‐Hybrid CompositesInstitute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR)FaenzaItaly
| | - Georg A. Hollander
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Developmental Immunology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Villa
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- UOS MilanoIRGB CNRMilanItaly
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR‐Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene TherapyIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
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25
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Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino CM, Ligotti ME, Zareian N, Accardi G. Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2247. [PMID: 31608061 PMCID: PMC6773825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, diminished responses to vaccination, and a susceptibility to age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated immune alteration, extensively reported in previous studies, is the reduction in the number of peripheral blood naïve cells, with a relative increase in the frequency of memory cells. These two alterations, together with inflamm-aging, are considered the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Because aging is a plastic process, it is influenced by both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake of bioactive nutrients and supplements, immune function, and inflammation demonstrate the key role of dietary strategies as regulators of immune response and inflammatory status, hence as possible modulators of the rate of immunosenescence. In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention are clarified. In particular, the use of interleukin-7 as growth factor for naïve T cells, the function of checkpoint inhibitors in improving T cell responses during aging and, the potential of drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases and their interaction with nutrient signaling pathways are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nahid Zareian
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Immunosenescence involves a series of ageing-induced alterations in the immune system and is characterized by two opposing hallmarks: defective immune responses and increased systemic inflammation. The immune system is modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and undergoes profound changes in response to the ageing process. Immune responses are therefore highly age-dependent. Emerging data show that immunosenescence underlies common mechanisms responsible for several age-related diseases and is a plastic state that can be modified and accelerated by non-heritable environmental factors and pharmacological intervention. In the kidney, resident macrophages and fibroblasts are continuously exposed to components of the external environment, and the effects of cellular reprogramming induced by local immune responses, which accumulate with age, might have a role in the increased susceptibility to kidney disease among elderly individuals. Additionally, because chronic kidney disease, especially end-stage renal disease, is often accompanied by immunosenescence, which affects these patients independently of age, and many kidney diseases are strongly age-associated, treatment approaches that target immunosenescence might be particularly clinically relevant.
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27
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Bastholt L, Schmidt H, Bjerregaard JK, Herrstedt J, Svane IM. Age favoured overall survival in a large population-based Danish patient cohort treated with anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor for metastatic melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2019; 119:122-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Müller L, Di Benedetto S, Pawelec G. The Immune System and Its Dysregulation with Aging. Subcell Biochem 2019; 91:21-43. [PMID: 30888648 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to numerous changes that affect all physiological systems of the body including the immune system, causing greater susceptibility to infectious disease and contributing to the cardiovascular, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases of aging. The immune system is itself also influenced by age-associated changes occurring in such physiological systems as the endocrine, nervous, digestive, cardio-vascular and muscle-skeletal systems. This chapter describes the multidimensional effects of aging on the most important components of the immune system. It considers the age-related changes in immune cells and molecules of innate and adaptive immunity and consequent impairments in their ability to communicate with each other and with their aged environment. The contribution of age-related dysregulation of hematopoiesis, required for continuous replenishment of immune cells throughout life, is discussed in this context, as is the developmentally-programmed phenomenon of thymic involution that limits the output of naïve T cells and markedly contributes to differences between younger and older people in the distribution of peripheral blood T-cell types. How all these changes may contribute to low-grade inflammation, sometimes dubbed "inflammaging", is considered. Due to findings implicating elevated inflammatory immuno-mediators in age-associated chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes, evidence for their possible contribution to neuroinflammation is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svetlana Di Benedetto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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29
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Chen KH, Tsang NM, Chou WC, Tai SF, Liu SC, Lei KF, Chang KP, Chuang WC, Pai PC. Prognostic significance of pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in older patients with metastatic cancer. J Geriatr Oncol 2019; 10:757-762. [PMID: 31085137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment options for older patients with malignancies remain suboptimal. An accurate prognostic stratification could inform treatment decisions, which can potentially improve patient outcomes. Here, we sought to investigate whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may have prognostic significance in patients with metastatic malignant tumors, with a special focus on older individuals. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 3981 patients with histology-proven metastatic cancer who underwent radiotherapy between 2000 and 2013. The pretreatment NLR was determined within 7 days before treatment initiation. Patients aged ≥65 years were considered as older. We analyzed the prognostic significance of NLR for overall survival (OS) across all age groups. RESULTS Compared with their younger counterparts, older patients showed a higher NLR (P < 0.001) and a lower OS (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that a pretreatment NLR below the median was an independent favorable predictor of OS in both older (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.669, 95.0% CI: 0.605-0.740; P < 0.001) and younger patients (HR: 0.704; 95.0% CI: 0.648-0.765; P < 0.001). Regardless of age, patients who underwent systemic therapy showed more favorable OS, especially when NLR was low. In the older subgroup, the OS of patients with a low pretreatment NLR who did not undergo systemic therapy and of those with high pretreatment NLR who underwent systemic therapy was similar. CONCLUSION A low pretreatment NLR predicts a more favorable OS in older patients with metastatic cancer. The most favorable OS was observed in patients with a low pretreatment NLR who received systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Shiao Fwu Tai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | | | - Ping-Ching Pai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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30
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Thompson HL, Smithey MJ, Uhrlaub JL, Jeftić I, Jergović M, White SE, Currier N, Lang AM, Okoye A, Park B, Picker LJ, Surh CD, Nikolich-Žugich J. Lymph nodes as barriers to T-cell rejuvenation in aging mice and nonhuman primates. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12865. [PMID: 30430748 PMCID: PMC6351843 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In youth, thymic involution curtails production of new naïve T cells, placing the onus of T-cell maintenance upon secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). This peripheral maintenance preserves the size of the T-cell pool for much of the lifespan, but wanes in the last third of life, leading to a dearth of naïve T cells in blood and SLO, and contributing to suboptimal immune defense. Both keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and sex steroid ablation (SSA) have been shown to transiently increase the size and cellularity of the old thymus. It is less clear whether this increase can improve protection of old animals from infectious challenge. Here, we directly measured the extent to which thymic rejuvenation benefits the peripheral T-cell compartment of old mice and nonhuman primates. Following treatment of old animals with either KGF or SSA, we observed robust rejuvenation of thymic size and cellularity, and, in a reporter mouse model, an increase in recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in the blood. However, few RTE were found in the spleen and even fewer in the lymph nodes, and SSA-treated mice showed no improvement in immune defense against West Nile virus. In parallel, we found increased disorganization and fibrosis in old LN of both mice and nonhuman primates. These results suggest that SLO defects with aging can negate the effects of successful thymic rejuvenation in immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Thompson
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Ilija Jeftić
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Sarah E. White
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Honors College; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona
| | - Noreen Currier
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Anna M. Lang
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Afam Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Byung Park
- Knight Cancer Center; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Charles D. Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology; Institute for Basic Science; Pohang South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang South Korea
- Division of Developmental Immunology; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology; California
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
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31
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Masters AR, Jellison ER, Puddington L, Khanna KM, Haynes L. Attrition of T Cell Zone Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Number and Function in Aged Spleens. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:155-163. [PMID: 30706058 PMCID: PMC6350919 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has a profound impact on multiple facets of the immune system, culminating in aberrant functionality. The architectural disorganization of splenic white pulp is a hallmark of the aging spleen, yet the factors underlying these structural changes are unclear. Fibroblastic reticular cells comprise one stromal cell subset in the spleen that is important for maintenance of architectural organization, yet it remains to be determined how aging impacts these cells. In this study, we sought to determine how aging impacts splenic T cell zone reticular cell (TRC) numbers, morphology, and function. Using a mouse model of aging, we found that aged naive spleens have fewer TRCs than young spleens. This reduction in TRC number correlated with reduced CCL19 and CCL21 concentrations in aged spleens, which may contribute to impaired homing of T cells. CCL21 in both young and aged spleens localized with TRCs. Aged TRCs extended marginally into B cell follicles and may contribute to the blending of the T cell zone and B cell follicles in aged spleens. The described age-related changes in TRCs number and function may be an underlying factor contributing to impaired immune system function with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- April R Masters
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Laura Haynes
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
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32
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Weinberger B. Immunosenescence: the importance of considering age in health and disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 187:1-3. [PMID: 27988944 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
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33
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Cepeda S, Griffith AV. Thymic stromal cells: Roles in atrophy and age-associated dysfunction of the thymus. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:113-117. [PMID: 29278750 PMCID: PMC5869099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atrophy of the thymus, the primary site of T lymphocyte generation, is a hallmark of the aging immune system. Age-associated thymic atrophy results in diminished output of new, naïve T cells, with immune sequelae that include diminished responses to novel pathogenic challenge and vaccines, as well as diminished tumor surveillance. Although a variety of stimuli are known to regulate transient thymic atrophy, mechanisms governing progressive age-associated atrophy have been difficult to resolve. This has been due in part to the fact that one of the primary targets of age-associated thymic atrophy is a relatively rare population, thymic stromal cells. This review focuses on changes in thymic stromal cells during aging and on the contributions of periodic, stochastic, and progressive causes of thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cepeda
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ann V Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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34
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Mayer RL, Schwarzmeier JD, Gerner MC, Bileck A, Mader JC, Meier-Menches SM, Gerner SM, Schmetterer KG, Pukrop T, Reichle A, Slany A, Gerner C. Proteomics and metabolomics identify molecular mechanisms of aging potentially predisposing for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:290-303. [PMID: 29196338 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), the most common type of leukemia in adults, is still essentially incurable despite the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This reflects the incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. A comprehensive proteome analysis of primary human B-CLL cells and B cells from younger as well as elderly healthy donors was performed. For comparison, the chronic B cell leukemia cell line JVM-13 was also included. A principal component analysis comprising 6,945 proteins separated these four groups, placing B cells of aged-matched controls between those of young donors and B-CLL patients, while identifying JVM-13 as poorly related cells. Mass spectrometric proteomics data have been made fully accessible via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006570-PXD006572, PXD006576, PXD006578, and PXD006589-PXD006591. Remarkably, B cells from aged controls displayed significant regulation of proteins related to stress management in mitochondria and ROS stress such as DLAT, FIS1, and NDUFAB1, and DNA repair, including RAD9A, MGMT, and XPA. ROS levels were indeed found significantly increased in B cells but not in T cells or monocytes from aged individuals. These alterations may be relevant for tumorigenesis and were observed similarly in B-CLL cells. In B-CLL cells, some remarkable unique features like the loss of tumor suppressor molecules PNN and JARID2, the stress-related serotonin transporter SLC6A4, and high expression of ZNF207, CCDC88A, PIGR and ID3, otherwise associated with stem cell phenotype, were determined. Alterations of metabolic enzymes were another outstanding feature in comparison to normal B cells, indicating increased beta-oxidation of fatty acids and increased consumption of glutamine. Targeted metabolomics assays corroborated these results. The present findings identify a potential proteome signature for immune senescence in addition to previously unrecognized features of B-CLL cells and suggest that aging may be accompanied by cellular reprogramming functionally relevant for predisposing B cells to transform to B-CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert L Mayer
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Josef D Schwarzmeier
- §Karl Landsteiner Institute for Bioanalytical Oncology, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene C Gerner
- ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Johanna C Mader
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry
| | | | - Samuel M Gerner
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry
| | | | - Tobias Pukrop
- ‖Department of Internal Medicine III, Haematology & Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- ‖Department of Internal Medicine III, Haematology & Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Slany
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Christopher Gerner
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, .,**Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Thompson HL, Smithey MJ, Surh CD, Nikolich-Žugich J. Functional and Homeostatic Impact of Age-Related Changes in Lymph Node Stroma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:706. [PMID: 28659930 PMCID: PMC5469916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults over 65 years of age are more vulnerable to infectious disease and show poor responses to vaccination relative to those under 50. A complex set of age-related changes in the immune system is believed to be largely responsible for these defects. These changes, collectively termed immune senescence, encompass alterations in both the innate and adaptive immune systems, in the microenvironments where immune cells develop or reside, and in soluble factors that guide immune homeostasis and function. While age-related changes in primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow, and, in particular, the thymus, which involutes in the first third of life) have been long appreciated, changes affecting aging secondary lymphoid organs, and, in particular, aging lymph nodes (LNs) have been less well characterized. Over the last 20 years, LN stromal cells have emerged as key players in maintaining LN morphology and immune homeostasis, as well as in coordinating immune responses to pathogens. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the contributions of LN stromal cells to immune senescence. We discuss approaches to understand the mechanisms behind the decline in LN stromal cells and conclude by considering potential strategies to rejuvenate aging LN stroma to improve immune homeostasis, immune responses, and vaccine efficacy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Thompson
- Department of Immunobiology, The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology, The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Charles D. Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Basic Science, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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