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Saikia UK, Nagarajaiah P, Baro A, Bhuyan AK. A Comparison of 06:00 AM Versus 09:00 AM Serum Cortisol as a Basal Morning Cortisol in Guwahati, Assam: A Pilot Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2024; 28:250-253. [PMID: 39086577 PMCID: PMC11288508 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_337_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cortisol secretion is regulated by circadian rhythm, which is influenced by zeitgebers like light. In India, the entire country operates under a single time zone, Indian Standard Time, which may not align with the local sunrise timing across different regions. Aims This study aimed to compare the basal serum cortisol levels between 06:00 AM and 09:00 AM in Guwahati, Assam, where sunrise occurs earlier compared with the western part of the country. A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted from December 2022 to June 2023 in a tertiary care hospital in Guwahati. Methods Serum cortisol samples were collected at 06:00 AM and 09:00 AM from 25 healthy adult participants once in winter and again in summer. Descriptive statistics and paired Student's t-tests were used. Results The mean serum cortisol levels at 06:00 AM in winter, summer and overall were 13.2, 13.4 and 13.3 μg/dL, respectively. At 09:00 AM, the mean serum cortisol levels in winter, summer and overall were 8.2, 7.7 and 8.0 μg/dL, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the 06:00 AM and 09:00 AM cortisol levels in both winter and summer (P <0.001). Conclusion This study highlights the importance of considering the influence of earlier sunrise on circadian rhythm, cortisol secretion and sampling protocols. Recognising the impact of earlier sunrise on cortisol secretion and adapting sampling protocols accordingly to align with the local sunrise can provide a more accurate assessment of basal cortisol levels and help avoid potential misinterpretation and diagnostic challenges associated with low values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma K. Saikia
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Praveen Nagarajaiah
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Abhamoni Baro
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashok K. Bhuyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Fulton JM, Flanagan SC, Sittlington JJ, Cobice D, Dobbin S, McCullough SJ, Orr G, Richardson P, Saunders KJ. A Cross-Sectional Study of Myopia and Morning Melatonin Status in Northern Irish Adolescent Children. J Ophthalmol 2023; 2023:7961623. [PMID: 37946723 PMCID: PMC10632006 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7961623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have demonstrated an association between melatonin status and both refractive error and axial length in young adult myopes. This study aimed to determine if this relationship extends to a younger adolescent cohort. Methods Healthy children aged 12-15 years provided morning saliva samples before attending Ulster University (55°N) for cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measures. Participants completed questionnaires describing recent sleep habits and physical activity. Salivary melatonin was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data collection for all participants occurred over a 1-week period (April 2021). Results Seventy participants aged 14.3 (95% CI: 14.2-14.5) years were categorised by spherical equivalent refraction [SER] (range: -5.38DS to +1.88DS) into two groups; myopic SER ≤ -0.50DS (n = 22) or nonmyopic -0.50DS < SER ≤ +2.00DS (n = 48). Median morning salivary melatonin levels were 4.52 pg/ml (95% CI: 2.60-6.02) and 4.89 pg/ml (95% CI: 3.18-5.66) for myopic and nonmyopic subjects, respectively, and did not differ significantly between refractive groups (P = 0.91). Melatonin levels were not significantly correlated with SER, axial length, sleep, or activity scores (Spearman's rank, all P > 0.39). Higher levels of physical activity were associated with higher sleep quality (Spearman's rank, ρ = -0.28, P = 0.02). Conclusion The present study found no significant relationship between morning salivary melatonin levels and refractive error or axial length in young adolescents. This contrasts with outcomes from a previous study of adults with comparable methodology, season of data collection, and geographical location. Prospective studies are needed to understand the discrepancies between adult and childhood findings and evaluate whether melatonin levels in childhood are indicative of an increased risk for future onset of myopia and/or faster axial growth trajectories and myopia progression in established myopes. Future work should opt for a comprehensive dim-light melatonin onset protocol to determine circadian phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M. Fulton
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Sarah C. Flanagan
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Julie J. Sittlington
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Diego Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Sara Dobbin
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Sara J. McCullough
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Gareth Orr
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Patrick Richardson
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Kathryn J. Saunders
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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Saver JL, Klerman EB, Buchan AM, Calleja P, Lizasoain I, Bahr-Hosseini M, Lee S, Liebeskind DS, Mergenthaler P, Mun KT, Ning M, Pelz D, Ray D, Rothwell PM, Seners P, Sreekrishnan A, Sung EM, Tiedt S, Webb AJS, Wölfer TA, Albers GW. Consensus Recommendations for Standardized Data Elements, Scales, and Time Segmentations in Studies of Human Circadian/Diurnal Biology and Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:1943-1949. [PMID: 37272394 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.041394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that circadian and diurnal rhythms robustly influence stroke onset, mechanism, progression, recovery, and response to therapy in human patients. Pioneering initial investigations yielded important insights but were often single-center series, used basic imaging approaches, and used conflicting definitions of key data elements, including what constitutes daytime versus nighttime. Contemporary methodologic advances in human neurovascular investigation have the potential to substantially increase understanding, including the use of large multicenter and national data registries, detailed clinical trial data sets, analysis guided by individual patient chronotype, and multimodal computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging. To fully harness the power of these approaches to enhance pathophysiologic knowledge, an important foundational step is to develop standardized definitions and coding guides for data collection, permitting rapid aggregation of data acquired in different studies, and ensuring a common framework for analysis. To meet this need, the Leducq Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA) convened a Consensus Statement Working Group of leading international researchers in cerebrovascular and circadian/diurnal biology. Using an iterative, mixed-methods process, the working group developed 79 data standards, including 48 common data elements (23 new and 25 modified/unmodified from existing common data elements), 14 intervals for time-anchored analyses of different granularity, and 7 formal, validated scales. This portfolio of standardized data structures is now available to assist researchers in the design, implementation, aggregation, and interpretation of clinical, imaging, and population research related to the influence of human circadian/diurnal biology upon ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Saver
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Geffen School of Medicine, University of Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S., M.B.-H., D.S.L., K.T.M., E.M.S.)
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.B.K., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Sleep Medicine (E.B.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alastair M Buchan
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.M.B., P.M.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Calleja
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Doce de Octubre University Hospital (P.C.), Complutense Medical School, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (I.L.), Complutense Medical School, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mersedeh Bahr-Hosseini
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Geffen School of Medicine, University of Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S., M.B.-H., D.S.L., K.T.M., E.M.S.)
| | - Sarah Lee
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (S.L., P.S., A.S., G.W.A.)
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Geffen School of Medicine, University of Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S., M.B.-H., D.S.L., K.T.M., E.M.S.)
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.M.B., P.M.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (P.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology With Experimental Neurology, Clinical Research Center (P.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherine T Mun
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Geffen School of Medicine, University of Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S., M.B.-H., D.S.L., K.T.M., E.M.S.)
| | - MingMing Ning
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.B.K., M.N.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David Pelz
- Departments of Medical Imaging and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (D.P.)
| | - David Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (D.R.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.R., A.J.S.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Seners
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (S.L., P.S., A.S., G.W.A.)
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Fondation A. de Rothschild, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, France (P.S.)
| | - Anirudh Sreekrishnan
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (S.L., P.S., A.S., G.W.A.)
| | - Eleanor Mina Sung
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Geffen School of Medicine, University of Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S., M.B.-H., D.S.L., K.T.M., E.M.S.)
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (S.T., T.A.W.)
| | - Alastair J S Webb
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.R., A.J.S.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa A Wölfer
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (S.T., T.A.W.)
| | - Gregory W Albers
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (S.L., P.S., A.S., G.W.A.)
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Gregory S, Denham SG, Lee P, Simpson JP, Homer NZM. Using LC-MS/MS to Determine Salivary Steroid Reference Intervals in a European Older Adult Population. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020265. [PMID: 36837884 PMCID: PMC9963097 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of steroids, including glucocorticoids and sex hormones, have been associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular conditions common in aging populations. The application of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) steroid analysis offers an opportunity to conduct simultaneous multiplex steroid analysis within a given sample. In this paper, we describe the application of an LC-MS/MS steroid analysis method for the assessment of reference ranges of steroids in human saliva samples (200 µL) collected from older adults (age 50 years and above) enrolled in a European cohort investigating the risk for Alzheimer's dementia. Saliva samples were prepared using supported liquid extraction (SLE) along with a calibration curve and analysed using a Waters I-Class UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) and a Sciex QTrap 6500+ mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometry parameters of steroids were optimised for each steroid and a method for the chromatographic separation of 19 steroids was developed. Lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs), linearity and other method criteria were assessed. In total, data from 125 participants (500 samples) were analysed and assessed for reference ranges (64 male, 61 female). A total of 19 steroids were detected in saliva within the range of the method. There were clear diurnal patterns in most of the steroid hormones detected. Sex differences were observed for androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), cortisone (E) and aldosterone (Aldo). In the first sample of the day, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was significantly higher in healthy volunteers compared to those with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. This LC-MS/MS method is suitable for the analysis of 19 steroids in saliva in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gregory
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Scott G. Denham
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Patricia Lee
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna P. Simpson
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Natalie Z. M. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- BHF/Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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5
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Winnebeck EC. Chronobiology: Is daylight saving time a deer-saving time? Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1283-R1286. [PMID: 36327978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Earlier human activity relative to sunrise and sunset, the very essence of daylight saving time, is linked with health and safety detriments in humans. A new study predicts that deer, at least, may benefit from earlier human activity through reduced deer-vehicle collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Winnebeck
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK; Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
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6
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Clothier J, Small A, Hinch G, Brown WY. Perinatal Stress in Immature Foals May Lead to Subclinical Adrenocortical Dysregulation in Adult Horses: Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zerbini G, Merrow M, Winnebeck EC. Weekly and seasonal variation in the circadian melatonin rhythm in humans: A response. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12777. [PMID: 34689364 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We read with interest the commentary by Skeldon and Dijk about our article "Weekly, seasonal and chronotype-dependent variation of dim light melatonin onset." The discussion points raised by Skeldon and Dijk are currently among the most hotly debated in human circadian science. What external factors determine human phase of entrainment? How great is the contribution of natural versus artificial light and sun time versus social time? Our intra-individual data add to the still limited evidence from field studies in this matter. In their commentary, Skeldon and Dijk formulate two either-or hypotheses, postulating that humans entrain either solely to the natural light-dark cycle (sun time referenced by midday) (H1 ) or solely to the light selected by local clock time and social constraints (H2 ). Neither hypothesis accounts for the effect of season on human light exposure. We interpreted our findings along more complex lines, speculating that the 1-h earlier melatonin rise in summer found in our sample is likely the combined result of daylight saving time (DST)-induced behavioral advances and a stronger natural zeitgeber in summer (light exposure determined by social and seasonal factors, Horiginal ). Here, we show how the criticism by Skeldon and Dijk is based on two sentences quoted out of context (misrepresenting our hypothesis as H1 ) and that their hypothesis H2 leaves out important seasonal components in light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zerbini
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martha Merrow
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva C Winnebeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, and Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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Non-Invasive Determination of Annual Fecal Cortisol, Androstenedione, and Testosterone Variations in a Herd of Male Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus) and Their Relation to Some Climatic Variables. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092723. [PMID: 34573690 PMCID: PMC8467623 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Studies of physiology, animal welfare, and behavior in endangered species are gaining more importance with the aim of contributing to their conservation, and studies that use non-invasive methods for hormonal determinations are especially valuable. In this study, feces were used to assess whether the adrenal and gonadal hormones showed variation in male Asian elephants in a 14-month period and to evaluate whether there were any influences of climatic variables with respect to hormonal secretion. We show here that the use of non-invasive methods to measure the levels of steroid hormones in Asian elephant feces allows us to obtain useful results without having to subject the animals to stressful activity or requiring specific training to obtain the samples. Additionally, this research provides a deeper understanding of endocrine regulation in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in order to enhance reproduction programs in captivity and conserve the species. Abstract The measurement of stress and reproductive hormones in wild animal species by non-invasive methods is of special interest. To assess whether the adrenal and gonadal hormones show annual variations in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and to evaluate whether there is any influence of climatic variables on hormonal secretion, fecal samples were taken from a herd of 7 Asian elephants over a 14-month period to subsequently determine the concentrations of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4), and cortisol (C) by a validated immunoassay technique. Data referring to three climatic variables in the place and period of study were collected, namely monthly mean values of temperature, humidity and rainfall. Levels of T and A4 showed two major increases in July (T: 1088.35 ± 131.04 ng/g; A4: 480.40 ± 50.86 ng/g) and October (T: 825.09 ± 31.60 ng/g; A4: 319.96 ± 32.69 ng/g) (p < 0.05). Our results show a secretion of fecal androgens dependent on temperature (T and A4), and humidity (T). Male musth was detected during the initial increases of T and A4 levels. The highest concentrations of C were observed in September (156.67 ± 60.89 ng/g) (p < 0.05), probably due to the stressful fights that occurred during the musth period. The observed results of the fecal levels of T, A4 and C were similar to those obtained by invasive methods. In conclusion, fecal secretion of the three hormones in these captive male Asian elephants showed variations related in some cases to different weather factors.
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Abstract
We provide a dataset of millions of hormone tests from medical records that shows seasonality with a winter−spring peak in hormones for reproduction, growth, metabolism, and stress adaptation. Together with a long history of studies on a winter−spring peak in human function and growth, the hormone seasonality indicates that, like other animals, humans may have a physiological peak season for basic biological functions. We further use the specific seasonal phases of the hormones to suggest a model for a circannual clock in humans and animals that can keep track of the seasons, similar in spirit to the circadian clock that keeps track of time of day. Hormones control the major biological functions of stress response, growth, metabolism, and reproduction. In animals, these hormones show pronounced seasonality, with different set-points for different seasons. In humans, the seasonality of these hormones remains unclear, due to a lack of datasets large enough to discern common patterns and cover all hormones. Here, we analyze an Israeli health record on 46 million person-years, including millions of hormone blood tests. We find clear seasonal patterns: The effector hormones peak in winter−spring, whereas most of their upstream regulating pituitary hormones peak only months later, in summer. This delay of months is unexpected because known delays in the hormone circuits last hours. We explain the precise delays and amplitudes by proposing and testing a mechanism for the circannual clock: The gland masses grow with a timescale of months due to trophic effects of the hormones, generating a feedback circuit with a natural frequency of about a year that can entrain to the seasons. Thus, humans may show coordinated seasonal set-points with a winter−spring peak in the growth, stress, metabolism, and reproduction axes.
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Kuzmenko NV, Tsyrlin VA, Pliss MG. Seasonal Dynamics of Melatonin, Prolactin,
Sex Hormones and Adrenal Hormones in Healthy People: a Meta-Analysis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Červená K, Spišská V, Kolář D, Evansová K, Skálová K, Dostal J, Vybíral S, Bendová Z. Diurnal and seasonal differences in cardiopulmonary response to exercise in morning and evening chronotypes. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1661-1672. [PMID: 34128445 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1938598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks regulate multiple physiological domains from molecular to behavioral levels and adjust bodily physiology to seasonal changes in day length. Circadian regulation of cellular bioenergy and immunity in the cardiovascular and muscle systems may underpin the individual diurnal differences in performance capacity during exercise. Several studies have shown diurnal differences in cardiopulmonary parameters at maximal and submaximal workloads in morning and evening circadian human phenotypes. However, the effect of seasons on these changes was not elucidated. In this study, we recruited subjects with Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire scores corresponding to morning and evening types. Subjects underwent morning (7:00-9:00) and evening (20:00-22:00) maximal workload spiroergometry in both winter and summer seasons. We analyzed their performance time, anaerobic threshold, heart rate, and respiratory parameters. Our results suggest that evening types manifest diurnal variations in physical performance, particularly in winter. They also have slower heart rate recovery than morning types, irrespective of the time of day or season. Compared to winter, the chronotype effect on the magnitude of morning-evening differences in performance time, maximal heart rate, and anaerobic threshold onset was more significant in summer. Our data are in concordance with previous observations and confirm the difference between morning and evening types in the timing of maximum performance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Červená
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Spišská
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kolář
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Evansová
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Skálová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dostal
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vybíral
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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12
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Teoh AN, Kaur S, Mohd Shukri NH, Shafie SR, Ahmad Bustami N, Takahashi M, Lim PJ, Shibata S. Psychological state during pregnancy is associated with sleep quality: preliminary findings from MY-CARE cohort study. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:959-970. [PMID: 33779445 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1902338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Past studies have demonstrated the association between circadian disturbances with psychological health. However, the roles of chronotype and social jetlag on psychological state during pregnancy are yet to be identified. We aimed to examine the psychological state in pregnant women and its relations to chronotype, social jetlag (SJL), sleep quality and cortisol rhythm. The current study included a subsample of participants from an ongoing cohort study. A total of 179 primigravidas (mean age 28.4 ± 4.0 years) were recruited. Chronotype and sleep quality during the second trimester were assessed using the Morning-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. SJL was calculated based on the difference between mid-sleep on workdays and free days. Psychological state of participants was evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Subsamples (n = 70) provided salivary samples at 5 time points over a 24 h period during the second trimester for cortisol assay. A higher proportion of pregnant women experienced moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (n = 77, 43.0%), followed by depressive (n = 17, 9.5%) and stress (n = 14, 7.8%) symptoms. No association was observed between chronotype and psychological distress during pregnancy. There was no significant difference in cortisol rhythms in relation to psychological distress. SJL and sleep quality were significantly associated with stress symptoms among pregnant women in the second trimester. Poor sleep quality, particularly daytime dysfunction (β = 0.37, p = .006) and sleep disturbances (β = 0.23, p = .047), were significantly associated with psychological distress (depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms) during the second trimester. The findings suggest that sleep is a potential modifiable lifestyle factor that can be targeted to improve psychological health among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ni Teoh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Husna Mohd Shukri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Raihanah Shafie
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Normina Ahmad Bustami
- School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pei Jean Lim
- Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore, Waseda University, Helios, Singapore
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Biosciences, School of Advanced Engineering and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Maimon L, Milo T, Moyal RS, Mayo A, Danon T, Bren A, Alon U. Timescales of Human Hair Cortisol Dynamics. iScience 2020; 23:101501. [PMID: 32911331 PMCID: PMC7490542 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a major human stress hormone, secreted within minutes of acute stress. Cortisol also has slower patterns of variation: a strong circadian rhythm and a seasonal rhythm. However, longitudinal cortisol dynamics in healthy individuals over timescales of months has rarely been studied. Here, we measured longitudinal cortisol in 55 healthy participants using 12 cm of hair, which provides a retrospective measurement over one year. Individuals showed (non-seasonal) fluctuations averaging about 22% around their baseline. Fourier analysis reveals dominant slow frequencies with periods of months to a year. These frequencies can be explained by a mathematical model of the hormonal cascade that controls cortisol, the HPA axis, when including the slow timescales of tissue turnover of the glands. Measuring these dynamics is important for understanding disorders in which cortisol secretion is impaired over months, such as mood disorders, and to test models of cortisol feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Maimon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer Milo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rina S. Moyal
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Danon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Bren
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Wright KP, Dijk DJ, Zee P, Gorman MR, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB. Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time? J Biol Rhythms 2020; 34:227-230. [PMID: 31170882 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419854197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Local and national governments around the world are currently considering the elimination of the annual switch to and from Daylight Saving Time (DST). As an international organization of scientists dedicated to studying circadian and other biological rhythms, the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) engaged experts in the field to write a Position Paper on the consequences of choosing to live on DST or Standard Time (ST). The authors take the position that, based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently. Four peer reviewers provided expert critiques of the initial submission, and the SRBR Executive Board approved the revised manuscript as a Position Paper to help educate the public in their evaluation of current legislative actions to end DST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Roenneberg
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Sonia Ancoli-Israel
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Phyllis Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael R Gorman
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eva C Winnebeck
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Münch M, Wirz-Justice A, Brown SA, Kantermann T, Martiny K, Stefani O, Vetter C, Wright KP, Wulff K, Skene DJ. The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:61-85. [PMID: 33089192 PMCID: PMC7445840 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology. What are the consequences of living in industrialised urban areas with much less daylight and more use of electric light, throughout the day (and at night), on general health and quality of life? In this workshop report, we have classified key gaps of knowledge in daylight research into three main groups: (I) uncertainty as to daylight quantity and quality needed for "optimal" physiological and psychological functioning, (II) lack of consensus on practical measurement and assessment methods and tools for monitoring real (day) light exposure across multiple time scales, and (III) insufficient integration and exchange of daylight knowledge bases from different disciplines. Crucial short and long-term objectives to fill these gaps are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Faculty for Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), 45141 Essen, Germany;
- SynOpus, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
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16
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Moreno JP, Crowley SJ, Alfano CA, Thompson D. Physiological mechanisms underlying children's circannual growth patterns and their contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12973. [PMID: 31737994 PMCID: PMC7002188 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies since the 1990s have demonstrated that children increase their body mass index at a faster rate during summer months compared with the school year, leading some to conclude that the out-of-school summer environment is responsible. Other studies, however, have suggested that seasonality may play a role in children's height and weight changes across the year. This article reviews evidence for seasonal differences in the rate of children's height and weight gain and proposes potential physiological mechanisms that may explain these seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennette P Moreno
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Biological Rhythm Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston (SACH), Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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17
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18
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Roenneberg T, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB. Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones - A Battle Between Biological and Social Times. Front Physiol 2019; 10:944. [PMID: 31447685 PMCID: PMC6692659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many regions and countries are reconsidering their use of Daylight Saving Time (DST) but their approaches differ. Some, like Japan, that have not used DST over the past decades are thinking about introducing this twice-a-year change in clock time, while others want to abolish the switch between DST and Standard Time, but don’t agree which to use: California has proposed keeping perennial DST (i.e., all year round), and the EU debates between perennial Standard Time and perennial DST. Related to the discussion about DST is the discussion to which time zone a country, state or region should belong: the state of Massachusetts in the United States is considering switching to Atlantic Standard Time, i.e., moving the timing of its social clock (local time) 1 h further east (which is equivalent to perennial DST), and Spain is considering leaving the Central European Time to join Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), i.e., moving its social timing 1 h further west. A wave of DST discussions seems to periodically sweep across the world. Although DST has always been a political issue, we need to discuss the biology associated with these decisions because the circadian clock plays a crucial role in how the outcome of these discussions potentially impacts our health and performance. Here, we give the necessary background to understand how the circadian clock, the social clock, the sun clock, time zones, and DST interact. We address numerous fallacies that are propagated by lay people, politicians, and scientists, and we make suggestions of how problems associated with DST and time-zones can be solved based on circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Roenneberg
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva C Winnebeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Roenneberg T, Pilz LK, Zerbini G, Winnebeck EC. Chronotype and Social Jetlag: A (Self-) Critical Review. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E54. [PMID: 31336976 PMCID: PMC6784249 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) has now been available for more than 15 years and its original publication has been cited 1240 times (Google Scholar, May 2019). Additionally, its online version, which was available until July 2017, produced almost 300,000 entries from all over the world (MCTQ database). The MCTQ has gone through several versions, has been translated into 13 languages, and has been validated against other more objective measures of daily timing in several independent studies. Besides being used as a method to correlate circadian features of human biology with other factors-ranging from health issues to geographical factors-the MCTQ gave rise to the quantification of old wisdoms, like "teenagers are late", and has produced new concepts, like social jetlag. Some like the MCTQ's simplicity and some view it critically. Therefore, it is time to present a self-critical view on the MCTQ, to address some misunderstandings, and give some definitions of the MCTQ-derived chronotype and the concept of social jetlag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Roenneberg
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Luísa K Pilz
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Giulia Zerbini
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva C Winnebeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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