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Aoki M, Aoki-Ogata H, Bulut H, Hayashi H, Takamune N, Kishimoto N, Tanaka H, Higashi-Kuwata N, Hattori SI, Das D, Venkateswara Rao K, Iwama K, Davis DA, Hasegawa K, Murayama K, Yarchoan R, Ghosh AK, Pau AK, Machida S, Misumi S, Mitsuya H. GRL-142 binds to and impairs HIV-1 integrase nuclear localization signal and potently suppresses highly INSTI-resistant HIV-1 variants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2955. [PMID: 37436982 PMCID: PMC10337902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear localization signal (NLS) of HIV-1 integrase (IN) is implicated in nuclear import of HIV-1 preintegration complex (PIC). Here, we established a multiclass drug-resistant HIV-1 variant (HIVKGD) by consecutively exposing an HIV-1 variant to various antiretroviral agents including IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). HIVKGD was extremely susceptible to a previously reported HIV-1 protease inhibitor, GRL-142, with IC50 of 130 femtomolar. When cells were exposed to HIVKGD IN-containing recombinant HIV in the presence of GRL-142, significant decrease of unintegrated 2-LTR circular cDNA was observed, suggesting that nuclear import of PIC was severely compromised by GRL-142. X-ray crystallographic analyses revealed that GRL-142 interacts with NLS's putative sequence (DQAEHLK) and sterically blocks the nuclear transport of GRL-142-bound HIVKGD's PIC. Highly INSTI-resistant HIV-1 variants isolated from heavily INSTI-experienced patients proved to be susceptible to GRL-142, suggesting that NLS-targeting agents would serve as salvage therapy agents for highly INSTI-resistant variant-harboring individuals. The data should offer a new modality to block HIV-1 infectivity and replication and shed light on developing NLS inhibitors for AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Aoki
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aoki-Ogata
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Structural Virology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kazuya Iwama
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - David A Davis
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Structural Biology Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alice K Pau
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Department of Structural Virology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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The Role of Cyclodextrins in COVID-19 Therapy-A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032974. [PMID: 36769299 PMCID: PMC9918006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019 and quickly spread, giving rise to a pandemic crisis. Therefore, it triggered tireless efforts to identify the mechanisms of the disease, how to prevent and treat it, and to limit and hamper its global dissemination. Considering the above, the search for prophylactic approaches has led to a revolution in the reglementary pharmaceutical pipeline, with the approval of vaccines against COVID-19 in an unprecedented way. Moreover, a drug repurposing scheme using regulatory-approved antiretroviral agents is also being pursued. However, their physicochemical characteristics or reported adverse events have sometimes limited their use. Hence, nanotechnology has been employed to potentially overcome some of these challenges, particularly cyclodextrins. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that present hydrophobic cavities suitable for complexing several drugs. This review, besides presenting studies on the inclusion of antiviral drugs in cyclodextrins, aims to summarize some currently available prophylactic and therapeutic schemes against COVID-19, highlighting those that already make use of cyclodextrins for their complexation. In addition, some new therapeutic approaches are underscored, and the potential application of cyclodextrins to increase their promising application against COVID-19 will be addressed. This review describes the instances in which the use of cyclodextrins promotes increased bioavailability, antiviral action, and the solubility of the drugs under analysis. The potential use of cyclodextrins as an active ingredient is also covered. Finally, toxicity and regulatory issues as well as future perspectives regarding the use of cyclodextrins in COVID-19 therapy will be provided.
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Selective Targeting of Protein Kinase C (PKC)-θ Nuclear Translocation Reduces Mesenchymal Gene Signatures and Reinvigorates Dysfunctional CD8 + T Cells in Immunotherapy-Resistant and Metastatic Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061596. [PMID: 35326747 PMCID: PMC8946217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some important signaling proteins that control how cells grow and behave not only act in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus, where they tether to chromatin. This is especially true for protein kinase C (PKC)-θ, which acts in the nucleus to mediate cancer hallmarks that drive metastasis and in normal T cells. However, current PKC-θ inhibitors are either non-specific or target only its cytoplasmic function. In a bid to develop a novel class of PKC-θ inhibitor that maintains cytoplasmic signaling but inhibits its nuclear function, here we present a novel PKC-θ inhibitor (nPKC-θi2) that specifically inhibits nuclear translocation of PKC-θ without interrupting normal signaling in healthy T cells. We show for the first time that nPKC-θ mediates immunotherapy resistance via its activity in circulating tumor cells and dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. Our novel inhibitor provides a means to target this process by simultaneously overcoming T-cell exhaustion and cancer stem cell burden. As part of a sequential approach with other therapies, this work paves the way for improving outcomes in cancer patients with immunotherapy-resistant relapse and metastasis. Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC)-θ is a serine/threonine kinase with both cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. Nuclear chromatin-associated PKC-θ (nPKC-θ) is increasingly recognized to be pathogenic in cancer, whereas its cytoplasmic signaling is restricted to normal T-cell function. Here we show that nPKC-θ is enriched in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) brain metastases and immunotherapy-resistant metastatic melanoma and is associated with poor survival in immunotherapy-resistant disease. To target nPKC-θ, we designed a novel PKC-θ peptide inhibitor (nPKC-θi2) that selectively inhibits nPKC-θ nuclear translocation but not PKC-θ signaling in healthy T cells. Targeting nPKC-θ reduced mesenchymal cancer stem cell signatures in immunotherapy-resistant CTCs and TNBC xenografts. PKC-θ was also enriched in the nuclei of CD8+ T cells isolated from stage IV immunotherapy-resistant metastatic cancer patients. We show for the first time that nPKC-θ complexes with ZEB1, a key repressive transcription factor in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in immunotherapy-resistant dysfunctional PD1+/CD8+ T cells. nPKC-θi2 inhibited the ZEB1/PKC-θ repressive complex to induce cytokine production in CD8+ T cells isolated from patients with immunotherapy-resistant disease. These data establish for the first time that nPKC-θ mediates immunotherapy resistance via its activity in CTCs and dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. Disrupting nPKC-θ but retaining its cytoplasmic function may offer a means to target metastases in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
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Wing CE, Fung HYJ, Chook YM. Karyopherin-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:307-328. [PMID: 35058649 PMCID: PMC10101760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and regulated nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules to the correct subcellular compartment is critical for proper functions of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of the macromolecular traffic across the nuclear pores is mediated by the Karyopherin-β (or Kap) family of nuclear transport receptors. Work over more than two decades has shed considerable light on how the different Kap family members bring their respective cargoes into the nucleus or the cytoplasm in efficient and highly regulated manners. In this Review, we overview the main features and established functions of Kap family members, describe how Kaps recognize their cargoes and discuss the different ways in which these Kap-cargo interactions can be regulated, highlighting new findings and open questions. We also describe current knowledge of the import and export of the components of three large gene expression machines - the core replisome, RNA polymerase II and the ribosome - pointing out the questions that persist about how such large macromolecular complexes are trafficked to serve their function in a designated subcellular location.
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Goel D, Srivastava A, Aledo-Serrano Á, Krishnan A, Vohora D. Pharmacotherapy for SARS-CoV-2 and Seizures for drug repurposing presumed on Mechanistic Targets. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:832-845. [PMID: 34645381 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666211013122528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The currently circulating novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has brought the whole world to a standstill. Recent studies have deciphered the viral genome structure, epidemiology and are in the process of unveiling multiple mechanisms of pathogenesis. Apart from atypical pneumonia and lung disease manifestations, this disease has also been found to be associated with neurological symptoms, which include dizziness, headache, stroke, or seizures, among others. However, a possible direct or indirect association between SARS-CoV-2 and seizures is still not clear. In any manner, it may be of interest to analyze the drugs being used for viral infection in the background of epilepsy or vice versa. OBJECTIVE To identify the most credible drug candidate for COVID-19 in persons with epilepsy or COVID-19 patients experiencing seizures. METHODS A literature search for original and review articles was performed, and further, the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database was used to unearth the most credible drug candidate. RESULTS Our search based on common mechanistic targets affecting SARS-CoV-2 and seizures revealed ivermectin, dexamethasone, anakinra, and tocilizumab for protection against both COVID-19 and seizures. Amongst the antiseizure medications, we found valproic acid as the most probable pharmacotherapy for COVID-19 patients experiencing seizures. CONCLUSION These findings would hopefully provide the basis for initiating further studies on the pathogenesis and drug targeting strategies for this emerging infection accompanied with seizures or in people with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. India
| | - Ángel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy Program, Neurology Department, Ruber Internacional Hospital, Madrid. Spain
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. India
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Tabasi M, Nombela I, Janssens J, Lahousse AP, Christ F, Debyser Z. Role of Transportin-SR2 in HIV-1 Nuclear Import. Viruses 2021; 13:829. [PMID: 34064404 PMCID: PMC8147801 DOI: 10.3390/v13050829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV replication cycle depends on the interaction of viral proteins with proteins of the host. Unraveling host-pathogen interactions during the infection is of great importance for understanding the pathogenesis and the development of antiviral therapies. To date HIV uncoating and nuclear import are the most debated steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. Despite numerous studies during past decades, there is still much controversy with respect to the identity and the role of viral and host factors involved in these processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the role of transportin-SR2 as a host cell factor during active nuclear transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium; (M.T.); (I.N.); (J.J.); (A.P.L.); (F.C.)
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7
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Martin AJ, Jans DA. Antivirals that target the host IMPα/β1-virus interface. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:281-295. [PMID: 33439253 PMCID: PMC7925013 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although transport into the nucleus mediated by the importin (IMP) α/β1-heterodimer is central to viral infection, small molecule inhibitors of IMPα/β1-dependent nuclear import have only been described and shown to have antiviral activity in the last decade. Their robust antiviral activity is due to the strong reliance of many different viruses, including RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV), on the IMPα/β1-virus interface. High-throughput compound screens have identified many agents that specifically target this interface. Of these, agents targeting IMPα/β1 directly include the FDA-approved macrocyclic lactone ivermectin, which has documented broad-spectrum activity against a whole range of viruses, including HIV-1, DENV1-4, ZIKV, West Nile virus (WNV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya, and most recently, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Ivermectin has thus far been tested in Phase III human clinical trials for DENV, while there are currently close to 80 trials in progress worldwide for SARS-CoV-2; preliminary results for randomised clinical trials (RCTs) as well as observational/retrospective studies are consistent with ivermectin affording clinical benefit. Agents that target the viral component of the IMPα/β1-virus interface include N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), which specifically targets DENV/ZIKV/WNV non-structural protein 5 (NS5). 4-HPR has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of infection by DENV1-4, including in an antibody-dependent enhanced animal challenge model, as well as ZIKV, with Phase II clinical challenge trials planned. The results from rigorous RCTs will help determine the therapeutic potential of the IMPα/β1-virus interface as a target for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Martin
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Bedwell GJ, Engelman AN. Factors that mold the nuclear landscape of HIV-1 integration. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:621-635. [PMID: 33337475 PMCID: PMC7826272 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of retroviral reverse transcripts into the chromatin of the cells that they infect is required for virus replication. Retroviral integration has far-reaching consequences, from perpetuating deadly human diseases to molding metazoan evolution. The lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), which is the causative agent of the AIDS pandemic, efficiently infects interphase cells due to the active nuclear import of its preintegration complex (PIC). To enable integration, the PIC must navigate the densely-packed nuclear environment where the genome is organized into different chromatin states of varying accessibility in accordance with cellular needs. The HIV-1 capsid protein interacts with specific host factors to facilitate PIC nuclear import, while additional interactions of viral integrase, the enzyme responsible for viral DNA integration, with cellular nuclear proteins and nucleobases guide integration to specific chromosomal sites. HIV-1 integration favors transcriptionally active chromatin such as speckle-associated domains and disfavors heterochromatin including lamina-associated domains. In this review, we describe virus-host interactions that facilitate HIV-1 PIC nuclear import and integration site targeting, highlighting commonalities among factors that participate in both of these steps. We moreover discuss how the nuclear landscape influences HIV-1 integration site selection as well as the establishment of active versus latent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Bedwell
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chang CC, Hsia KC. More than a zip code: global modulation of cellular function by nuclear localization signals. FEBS J 2020; 288:5569-5585. [PMID: 33296547 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structural and functional studies have been carried out in the field of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nuclear transport factors, such as Importin-α/-β, recognize nuclear localization signals (NLSs) on cargo, and together with the small GTPase Ran, facilitate their nuclear localization. However, it is now emerging that binding of nuclear transport factors to NLSs not only mediates nuclear transport but also contributes to a variety of cellular functions in eukaryotes. Here, we describe recent advances that reveal how NLSs facilitate diverse cellular functions beyond nuclear transport activity. We review separately NLS-mediated regulatory mechanisms at different levels of biological organization, including (a) assembly of higher-order structures; (b) cellular organelle dynamics; and (c) modulation of cellular stress responses and viral infections. Finally, we provide mechanistic insights into how NLSs can regulate such a broad range of functions via their structural and biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chiang Hsia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
FOXO proteins are transcription factors that are involved in numerous physiological processes and in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic neurological diseases. For example, FOXO proteins are context-dependent tumour suppressors that are frequently inactivated in human cancers, and FOXO3 is the second most replicated gene associated with extreme human longevity. Therefore, pharmacological manipulation of FOXO proteins is a promising approach to developing therapeutics for cancer and for healthy ageing. In this Review, we overview the role of FOXO proteins in health and disease and discuss the pharmacological approaches to modulate FOXO function.
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Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The broad spectrum host-directed agent ivermectin as an antiviral for SARS-CoV-2 ? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 538:163-172. [PMID: 33341233 PMCID: PMC7577703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
FDA approved for parasitic indications, the small molecule ivermectin has been the focus of growing attention in the last 8 years due to its potential as an antiviral. We first identified ivermectin in a high throughput compound library screen as an agent potently able to inhibit recognition of the nuclear localizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase protein by the host importin (IMP) α/β1 heterodimer, and recently demonstrated its ability to bind directly to IMPα to cause conformational changes that prevent its function in nuclear import of key viral as well as host proteins. Cell culture experiments have shown robust antiviral action towards a whole range of viruses, including HIV-1, dengue, Zika and West Nile Virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Chikungunya, pseudorabies virus, adenovirus, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Close to 70 clinical trials are currently in progress worldwide for SARS-CoV-2. Although few of these studies have been completed, the results that are available, as well as those from observational/retrospective studies, indicate clinical benefit. Here we discuss the case for ivermectin as a host-directed broad-spectrum antiviral agent, including for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Cancer Targeting and Nuclear Therapeutics Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ivermectin as a Broad-Spectrum Host-Directed Antiviral: The Real Deal? Cells 2020; 9:cells9092100. [PMID: 32942671 PMCID: PMC7564151 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule macrocyclic lactone ivermectin, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for parasitic infections, has received renewed attention in the last eight years due to its apparent exciting potential as an antiviral. It was identified in a high-throughput chemical screen as inhibiting recognition of the nuclear localizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase protein by the host heterodimeric importin (IMP) α/β1 complex, and has since been shown to bind directly to IMPα to induce conformational changes that prevent its normal function in mediating nuclear import of key viral and host proteins. Excitingly, cell culture experiments show robust antiviral action towards HIV-1, dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Chikungunya virus, Pseudorabies virus, adenovirus, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Phase III human clinical trials have been completed for DENV, with >50 trials currently in progress worldwide for SARS-CoV-2. This mini-review discusses the case for ivermectin as a host-directed broad-spectrum antiviral agent for a range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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13
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Engelman AN. Multifaceted HIV integrase functionalities and therapeutic strategies for their inhibition. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15137-15157. [PMID: 31467082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral inhibitors that are used to manage HIV infection/AIDS predominantly target three enzymes required for virus replication: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase. Although integrase inhibitors were the last among this group to be approved for treating people living with HIV, they have since risen to the forefront of treatment options. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are now recommended components of frontline and drug-switch antiretroviral therapy formulations. Integrase catalyzes two successive magnesium-dependent polynucleotidyl transferase reactions, 3' processing and strand transfer, and INSTIs tightly bind the divalent metal ions and viral DNA end after 3' processing, displacing from the integrase active site the DNA 3'-hydroxyl group that is required for strand transfer activity. Although second-generation INSTIs present higher barriers to the development of viral drug resistance than first-generation compounds, the mechanisms underlying these superior barrier profiles are incompletely understood. A separate class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, the allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs), engage integrase distal from the enzyme active site, namely at the binding site for the cellular cofactor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 that helps to guide integration into host genes. ALLINIs inhibit HIV-1 replication by inducing integrase hypermultimerization, which precludes integrase binding to genomic RNA and perturbs the morphogenesis of new viral particles. Although not yet approved for human use, ALLINIs provide important probes that can be used to investigate the link between HIV-1 integrase and viral particle morphogenesis. Herein, I review the mechanisms of retroviral integration as well as the promises and challenges of using integrase inhibitors for HIV/AIDS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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14
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Yang SNY, Atkinson SC, Fraser JE, Wang C, Maher B, Roman N, Forwood JK, Wagstaff KM, Borg NA, Jans DA. Novel Flavivirus Antiviral That Targets the Host Nuclear Transport Importin α/β1 Heterodimer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030281. [PMID: 30909636 PMCID: PMC6468590 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) threatens almost 70% of the world’s population, with no effective vaccine or therapeutic currently available. A key contributor to infection is nuclear localisation in the infected cell of DENV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) through the action of the host importin (IMP) α/β1 proteins. Here, we used a range of microscopic, virological and biochemical/biophysical approaches to show for the first time that the small molecule GW5074 has anti-DENV action through its novel ability to inhibit NS5–IMPα/β1 interaction in vitro as well as NS5 nuclear localisation in infected cells. Strikingly, GW5074 not only inhibits IMPα binding to IMPβ1, but can dissociate preformed IMPα/β1 heterodimer, through targeting the IMPα armadillo (ARM) repeat domain to impact IMPα thermal stability and α-helicity, as shown using analytical ultracentrifugation, thermostability analysis and circular dichroism measurements. Importantly, GW5074 has strong antiviral activity at low µM concentrations against not only DENV-2, but also zika virus and West Nile virus. This work highlights DENV NS5 nuclear targeting as a viable target for anti-flaviviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundy N Y Yang
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Johanna E Fraser
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Belinda Maher
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Noelia Roman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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15
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DeBono A, Thomas DR, Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Cao Y, Graham JD, Clarke CL, Wagstaff KM, Shechter S, Kehn-Hall K, Jans DA. Novel RU486 (mifepristone) analogues with increased activity against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus but reduced progesterone receptor antagonistic activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2634. [PMID: 30796232 PMCID: PMC6385310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no therapeutics to treat infection with the alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), which causes flu-like symptoms leading to neurological symptoms in up to 14% of cases. Large outbreaks of VEEV can result in 10,000 s of human cases and mass equine death. We previously showed that mifepristone (RU486) has anti-VEEV activity (EC50 = 20 μM) and only limited cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 μM), but a limitation in its use is its abortifacient activity resulting from its ability to antagonize the progesterone receptor (PR). Here we generate a suite of new mifepristone analogues with enhanced antiviral properties, succeeding in achieving >11-fold improvement in anti-VEEV activity with no detectable increase in toxicity. Importantly, we were able to derive a lead compound with an EC50 of 7.2 µM and no detectable PR antagonism activity. Finally, based on our SAR analysis we propose avenues for the further development of these analogues as safe and effective anti-VEEV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron DeBono
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lindsay Lundberg
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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16
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Wagstaff KM, Headey S, Telwatte S, Tyssen D, Hearps AC, Thomas DR, Tachedjian G, Jans DA. Molecular dissection of an inhibitor targeting the HIV integrase dependent preintegration complex nuclear import. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12953. [PMID: 30216959 PMCID: PMC6585680 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in developing nations where high cost and logistical issues severely limit the use of current HIV therapeutics. This, combined HIV's high propensity to develop resistance, means that new antiviral agents against novel targets are still urgently required. We previously identified novel anti-HIV agents directed against the nuclear import of the HIV integrase (IN) protein, which plays critical roles in the HIV lifecycle inside the cell nucleus, as well as in transporting the HIV preintegration complex (PIC) into the nucleus. Here we investigate the structure activity relationship of a series of these compounds for the first time, including a newly identified anti-IN compound, budesonide, showing that the extent of binding to the IN core domain correlates directly with the ability of the compound to inhibit IN nuclear transport in a permeabilised cell system. Importantly, compounds that inhibited the nuclear transport of IN were found to significantly decrease HIV viral replication, even in a dividing cell system. Significantly, budesonide or its analogue flunisolide, were able to effect a significant reduction in the presence of specific nuclear forms of the HIV DNA (2-LTR circles), suggesting that the inhibitors work though blocking IN, and potentially PIC, nuclear import. The work presented here represents a platform for further development of these specific inhibitors of HIV replication with therapeutic and prophylactic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Wagstaff
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stephen Headey
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - David Tyssen
- Life Science Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Life Science Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - David A Jans
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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