1
|
Tremolanti C, Angeloni E, Da Pozzo E, Germelli L, Giacomelli C, Scalzi E, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Martini C, Costa B. Human oligodendrocyte-like cell differentiation is promoted by TSPO-mediated endogenous steroidogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167174. [PMID: 38631406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) arise from oligodendrocyte precursor cells that, in case of demyelination, are recruited at the lesion site to remyelinate the axons and therefore restore the transmission of nerve impulses. It has been widely documented that exogenously administered steroid molecules are potent inducers of myelination. However, little is known about how neurosteroids produced de novo by OLs can impact this process. Here, we employed a human OL precursor cell line to investigate the role of de novo neurosteroidogenesis in the regulation of OLs differentiation, paying particular attention to the 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) which controls the rate-limiting step of the neurosteroidogenic process. Our results showed that, over the time of OL maturation, the availability of cholesterol, which is the neurosteroidogenesis initial substrate, and key members of the neurosteroidogenic machinery, including TSPO, were upregulated. In addition, OLs differentiation was impaired following neurosteroidogenesis inhibition and TSPO silencing. On the contrary, TSPO pharmacological stimulation promoted neurosteroidogenic function and positively impacted differentiation. Collectively, our results suggest that de novo neurosteroidogenesis is actively involved in the autocrine and paracrine regulation of human OL differentiation. Moreover, since TSPO was able to promote OL differentiation through a positive modulation of the neurosteroid biosynthetic process, it could be exploited as a promising target to tackle demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tremolanti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Angeloni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa. Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Germelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa. Italy.
| | - Eduardo Scalzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa. Italy.
| | - Ayikoé-Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa. Italy.
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa. Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bachmann H, Vandemoortele B, Vermeirssen V, Carrette E, Vonck K, Boon P, Raedt R, Laureys G. Vagus nerve stimulation enhances remyelination and decreases innate neuroinflammation in lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:575-587. [PMID: 38648972 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) poorly address chronic innate neuroinflammation nor do they offer effective remyelination. The vagus nerve has a strong regulatory role in inflammation and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has potential to affect both neuroinflammation and remyelination in MS. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of VNS on demyelination and innate neuroinflammation in a validated MS rodent model. METHODS Lysolecithin (LPC) was injected in the corpus callosum (CC) of 46 Lewis rats, inducing a demyelinated lesion. 33/46 rats received continuously-cycled VNS (cVNS) or one-minute per day VNS (1minVNS) or sham VNS from 2 days before LPC-injection until perfusion at 3 days post-injection (dpi) (corresponding with a demyelinated lesion with peak inflammation). 13/46 rats received cVNS or sham from 2 days before LPC-injection until perfusion at 11 dpi (corresponding with a partial remyelinated lesion). Immunohistochemistry and proteomics analyses were performed to investigate the extend of demyelination and inflammation. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that cVNS significantly reduced microglial and astrocytic activation in the lesion and lesion border, and significantly reduced the Olig2+ cell count at 3 dpi. Furthermore, cVNS significantly improved remyelination with 57.4 % versus sham at 11 dpi. Proteomic gene set enrichment analyses showed increased activation of (glutamatergic) synapse pathways in cVNS versus sham, most pronounced at 3 dpi. CONCLUSION cVNS improved remyelination of an LPC-induced lesion. Possible mechanisms might include modulation of microglia and astrocyte activity, increased (glutamatergic) synapses and enhanced oligodendrocyte clearance after initial injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bachmann
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
| | - Boris Vandemoortele
- Laboratory for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Vermeirssen
- Laboratory for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Carrette
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Guy Laureys
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cisneros-Mejorado AJ, Ordaz RP, Garay E, Arellano RO. β-carbolines that enhance GABA A receptor response expressed in oligodendrocytes promote remyelination in an in vivo rat model of focal demyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1369730. [PMID: 38694535 PMCID: PMC11061515 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1369730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is typically followed by a remyelination process through mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) differentiated from precursor cells (OPCs) recruited into the lesioned areas, however, this event usually results in uncompleted myelination. Potentiation of the remyelination process is an important target for designing effective therapeutic strategies against white matter loss. Here, it was evaluated the remyelinating effect of different β-carbolines that present differential allosteric modulation on the GABAA receptor expressed in OLs. For this, we used a focalized demyelination model in the inferior cerebellar peduncle (i.c.p.) of rats (DRICP model), in which, demyelination by ethidium bromide (0.05%) stereotaxic injection was confirmed histologically by staining with Black-Gold II (BGII) and toluidine blue. In addition, a longitudinal analysis with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) was made by computing fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and diffusivity parameters to infer i.c.p. microstructural changes. First, dMRI analysis revealed FA decreases together with ADC and radial diffusivity (RD) increases after demyelination, which correlates with histological BGII observations. Then, we evaluated the effect produced by three allosteric GABAA receptor modulators, the N-butyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCB), ethyl 9H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate (β-CCE), and 4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-9H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (DMCM). The results indicated that daily systemic β-CCB (1 mg/Kg) or β-CCE (1 mg/Kg) administration for 2 weeks, but not DMCM (0.35 mg/Kg), in lesioned animals increased FA and decreased ADC or RD, suggesting myelination improvement. This was supported by BGII staining analysis that showed a recovery of myelin content. Also, it was quantified by immunohistochemistry both NG2+ and CC1+ cellular population in the different experimental sceneries. Data indicated that either β-CCB or β-CCE, but not DMCM, produced an increase in the population of CC1+ cells in the lesioned area. Finally, it was also calculated the g-ratio of myelinated axons and observed a similar value in those lesioned animals treated with β-CCB or β-CCE compared to controls. Thus, using the DRICP model, it was observed that either β-CCB or β-CCE, positive modulators of the GABAA receptor in OLs, had a potent promyelinating effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogelio O. Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalakh S, Mouihate A. The Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on Myelin in Health and Disease. Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:198-214. [PMID: 38350432 PMCID: PMC11175611 DOI: 10.1159/000537794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelin plays a pivotal role in the efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Disruptions in myelin integrity are associated with numerous neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes. Remyelination refers to the re-formation of the damaged myelin sheath by newly formed oligodendrocytes. Steroids have gained attention for their potential modulatory effects on myelin in both health and disease. Steroids are traditionally associated with endocrine functions, but their local synthesis within the nervous system has generated significant interest. The term "neuroactive steroids" refers to steroids that can act on cells of the nervous system. In the healthy state, neuroactive steroids promote myelin formation, maintenance, and repair by enhancing oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation. In pathological conditions, such as demyelination injury, multiple neuroactive steroids have shown promise in promoting remyelination. Understanding the effects of neuroactive steroids on myelin could lead to novel therapeutic approaches for demyelinating diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. This review highlights the potential therapeutic significance of neuroactive steroids in myelin-related health and diseases. We review the synthesis of steroids by neurons and glial cells and discuss the roles of neuroactive steroids on myelin structure and function in health and disease. We emphasize the potential promyelinating effects of the varying levels of neuroactive steroids during different female physiological states such as the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, lactation, and postmenopause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Kalakh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- School of Engineering and Computing, American International University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mouihate A, Kalakh S. Breastfeeding promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cells division and myelination in the demyelinated corpus callosum. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148584. [PMID: 37717888 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination alters the conduction of neuronal signals and hampers sensory-motor functions. Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that breastfeeding exerts a promyelinating impact on the maternal brain. The mechanism underlying this neuroprotective effect is not well-understood. In the present paper, we assessed the impact of rat lactation on lysolecithin-induced demyelination injury within the corpus callosum of lactating and non-lactating postpartum rats. We show that lactation enhanced the cell density of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), but not that of activated microglia and astrocytes, within the demyelination lesion. Lactation also increased the expression of myelin markers involved in the initial stage of myelin recovery (Myelin-associated glycoprotein and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase) and reduced the demyelination injury. Altogether, these data suggest that lactation creates a conducive promyelinating environment through increased OPCs cell division, enhanced expression of select myelin proteins, and reduced number of non-myelinated axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Samah Kalakh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sills GJ. Pharmacological diversity amongst approved and emerging antiseizure medications for the treatment of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231191000. [PMID: 37655228 PMCID: PMC10467199 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231191000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are rare neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by early-onset and often intractable seizures and developmental delay/regression, and include Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Rufinamide, fenfluramine, stiripentol, cannabidiol and ganaxolone are antiseizure medications (ASMs) with diverse mechanisms of action that have been approved for treating specific DEEs. Rufinamide is thought to suppress neuronal hyperexcitability by preventing the functional recycling of voltage-gated sodium channels from the inactivated to resting state. It is licensed for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with LGS. Fenfluramine increases extracellular serotonin levels and may reduce seizures via activation of specific serotonin receptors and positive modulation of the sigma-1 receptor. Fenfluramine is licensed for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome and LGS. Stiripentol is a positive allosteric modulator of type-A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors. As a broad-spectrum inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, its antiseizure effects may additionally arise through pharmacokinetic interactions with co-administered ASMs. Stiripentol is licensed for treating seizures associated with Dravet syndrome in patients taking clobazam and/or valproate. The mechanism(s) of action of cannabidiol remains largely unclear although multiple targets have been proposed, including transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, G protein-coupled receptor 55 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. Cannabidiol is licensed as adjunctive treatment in conjunction with clobazam for seizures associated with Dravet syndrome and LGS, and as adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Like stiripentol, ganaxolone is a positive allosteric modulator at GABAA receptors. It has recently been licensed in the USA for the treatment of seizures associated with cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 deficiency disorder. Greater understanding of the causes of DEEs has driven research into the potential use of other novel and repurposed agents. Putative ASMs currently in clinical development for use in DEEs include soticlestat, carisbamate, verapamil, radiprodil, clemizole and lorcaserin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J. Sills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Room 341, Sir James Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pletzer B, Winkler-Crepaz K, Hillerer K. Progesterone and contraceptive progestin actions on the brain: A systematic review of animal studies and comparison to human neuroimaging studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101060. [PMID: 36758768 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review we systematically summarize the effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins on neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination and six neurotransmitter systems. Several parallels between progesterone and older generation progestin actions emerged, suggesting actions via progesterone receptors. However, existing results suggest a general lack of knowledge regarding the effects of currently used progestins in hormonal contraception regarding these cellular and molecular brain parameters. Human neuroimaging studies were reviewed with a focus on randomized placebo-controlled trials and cross-sectional studies controlling for progestin type. The prefrontal cortex, amygdala, salience network and hippocampus were identified as regions of interest for future preclinical studies. This review proposes a series of experiments to elucidate the cellular and molecular actions of contraceptive progestins in these areas and link these actions to behavioral markers of emotional and cognitive functioning. Emotional effects of contraceptive progestins appear to be related to 1) alterations in the serotonergic system, 2) direct/indirect modulations of inhibitory GABA-ergic signalling via effects on the allopregnanolone content of the brain, which differ between androgenic and anti-androgenic progestins. Cognitive effects of combined oral contraceptives appear to depend on the ethinylestradiol dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Pletzer
- Department of Psychology & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Salzburg Austria.
| | | | - Katharina Hillerer
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Li X, Zhou H, Zhou J. NG2-glia crosstalk with microglia in health and disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1663-1674. [PMID: 36000202 PMCID: PMC9532922 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly becoming a global problem. However, the pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases are not fully understood. NG2‐glia abnormalities and microglia activation are involved in the development and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the present understanding of the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia in physiological and pathological states and discuss unsolved questions concerning their fate and potential fate. First, we introduce the NG2‐glia and microglia in health and disease. Second, we formulate the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia. NG2‐glia proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis are influenced by factors released from the microglia. On the other hand, NG2‐glia also regulate microglia actions. We conclude that NG2‐glia and microglia are important immunomodulatory cells in the brain. Understanding the interaction between NG2‐glia and microglia will help provide a novel method to modulate myelination and treat neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xue MT, Sheng WJ, Song X, Shi YJ, Geng ZJ, Shen L, Wang R, Lü HZ, Hu JG. Atractylenolide III ameliorates spinal cord injury in rats by modulating microglial/macrophage polarization. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1059-1071. [PMID: 35403332 PMCID: PMC9160450 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory reactions induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) are essential for recovery after SCI. Atractylenolide III (ATL‐III) is a natural monomeric herbal bioactive compound that is mainly derived in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz and has anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Objective Here, we speculated that ATL‐III may ameliorate SCI by modulating microglial/macrophage polarization. In the present research, we focused on investigating the role of ATL‐III on SCI in rats and explored the potential mechanism. Methods The protective and anti‐inflammatory effects of ATL‐III on neuronal cells were examined in a rat SCI model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated BV2 microglial line. The spinal cord lesion area, myelin integrity, and surviving neurons were assessed by specific staining. Locomotor function was evaluated by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale, grid walk test, and footprint test. The activation and polarization of microglia/macrophages were assessed by immunohistofluorescence and flow cytometry. The expression of corresponding inflammatory factors from M1/M2 and the activation of relevant signaling pathways were assessed by Western blotting. Results ATL‐III effectively improved histological and functional recovery in SCI rats. Furthermore, ATL‐III promoted the transformation of M1 into M2 and attenuated the activation of microglia/macrophages, further suppressing the expression of corresponding inflammatory mediators. This effect may be partly mediated by inhibition of neuroinflammation through the NF‐κB, JNK MAPK, p38 MAPK, and Akt pathways. Conclusion This study reveals a novel effect of ATL‐III in the regulation of microglial/macrophage polarization and provides initial evidence that ATL‐III has potential therapeutic benefits in SCI rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tong Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Xue Song
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Geng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diviccaro S, Cioffi L, Falvo E, Giatti S, Melcangi RC. Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e12996. [PMID: 34189791 PMCID: PMC9285581 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone, a 3α,5α-progesterone metabolite, acts as a potent allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor. In the present review, the synthesis of this neuroactive steroid occurring in the nervous system is discussed with respect to physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, its physiological and neuroprotective effects are also reported. Interestingly, the levels of this neuroactive steroid, as well as its effects, are sex-dimorphic, suggesting a possible gender medicine based on this neuroactive steroid for neurological disorders. However, allopregnanolone presents low bioavailability and extensive hepatic metabolism, limiting its use as a drug. Therefore, synthetic analogues or a different therapeutic strategy able to increase allopregnanolone levels have been proposed to overcome any pharmacokinetic issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Lucia Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Eva Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shaw JC, Crombie GK, Palliser HK, Hirst JJ. Impaired Oligodendrocyte Development Following Preterm Birth: Promoting GABAergic Action to Improve Outcomes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618052. [PMID: 33634057 PMCID: PMC7901941 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with poor long-term neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes, even in the absence of obvious brain injury at the time of birth. In particular, behavioral disorders characterized by inattention, social difficulties and anxiety are common among children and adolescents who were born moderately to late preterm (32-37 weeks' gestation). Diffuse deficits in white matter microstructure are thought to play a role in these poor outcomes with evidence suggesting that a failure of oligodendrocytes to mature and myelinate axons is responsible. However, there remains a major knowledge gap over the mechanisms by which preterm birth interrupts normal oligodendrocyte development. In utero neurodevelopment occurs in an inhibitory-dominant environment due to the action of placentally derived neurosteroids on the GABAA receptor, thus promoting GABAergic inhibitory activity and maintaining the fetal behavioral state. Following preterm birth, and the subsequent premature exposure to the ex utero environment, this action of neurosteroids on GABAA receptors is greatly reduced. Coinciding with a reduction in GABAergic inhibition, the preterm neonatal brain is also exposed to ex utero environmental insults such as periods of hypoxia and excessive glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, these insults may increase levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the developing brain and result in a shift in the balance of inhibitory: excitatory activity toward excitatory. This review will outline the normal development of oligodendrocytes, how it is disrupted under excitation-dominated conditions and highlight how shifting the balance back toward an inhibitory-dominated environment may improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Shaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle K Crombie
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mao L, Sun L, Sun J, Sun B, Gao Y, Shi H. Ethyl pyruvate improves white matter remodeling in rats after traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:113-122. [PMID: 33369165 PMCID: PMC7804862 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in long‐term neurological deficits associated with white matter injury (WMI). Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a simple derivative of the endogenous energy substrate pyruvate with neuroprotective properties, but its role in recovery from WMI has not been explored. Aims This study examines the effect of EP treatment on rats following TBI using behavioral tests and white matter histological analysis up to 28 days post‐injury. Materials and Methods Anaesthetised adult rats were subjected to TBI by controlled cortical impact. After surgery, EP or Ringers solution (RS) was administrated intraperitoneally at 15 min after TBI and again at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h after TBI. Sensorimotor deficits were evaluated up to day 21 after TBI by four independent tests. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to assess white matter injury. Microglia activation and related inflammatory molecules were examined up to day 14 after TBI by immunohistochemistry or real‐time PCR. Results Here, we demonstrate that EP improves sensorimotor function following TBI as well as improves white matter outcomes up to 28 d after TBI, as shown by reduced myelin loss. Furthermore, EP administration during the acute phase of TBI recovery shifted microglia polarization toward the anti‐inflammatoryM2 phenotype, modulating the release of inflammatory‐related factors. Conclusion EP treatment may protect TBI‐induced WMI via modulating microglia polarization toward M2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Mao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation at the University of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation at the University of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation at the University of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation at the University of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li T, Niu J, Yu G, Ezan P, Yi C, Wang X, Koulakoff A, Gao X, Chen X, Sáez JC, Giaume C, Xiao L. Connexin 43 deletion in astrocytes promotes CNS remyelination by modulating local inflammation. Glia 2019; 68:1201-1212. [PMID: 31868275 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the most abundant gap junction protein in the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytic connexin 43 (Cx43) maintains astrocyte network homeostasis, affects oligodendroglial development and participates in CNS pathologies as well as injury progression. However, its role in remyelination is not yet fully understood. To address this issue, we used astrocyte-specific Cx43 conditional knockout (Cx43 cKO) mice generated through the use of a hGFAP-cre promoter, in combination with mice carrying a floxed Cx43 allele that were subjected to lysolecithin so as to induce demyelination. We found no significant difference in the demyelination of the corpus callosum between Cx43 cKO mice and their non-cre littermate controls, while the remyelination process in Cx43 cKO mice was accelerated. Moreover, an increased number of mature oligodendrocytes and an unaltered number of oligodendroglial lineage cells were found in Cx43 cKO mouse lesions. This indicates that oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation was facilitated by astroglial Cx43 depletion as remyelination progressed. Underlying the latter, there was a down-regulated glial activation and modulated local inflammation as well as a reduction of myelin debris in Cx43 cKO mice. Importantly, 2 weeks of orally administrating boldine, a natural alkaloid that blocks Cx hemichannel activity in astrocytes without affecting gap junctional communication, obviously modulated local inflammation and promoted remyelination. Together, the data suggest that the astrocytic Cx43 hemichannel is negatively involved in the remyelination process by favoring local inflammation. Consequently, inhibiting Cx43 hemichannel functionality may be a potential therapeutic approach for demyelinating diseases in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guangdan Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Chenju Yi
- Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Annette Koulakoff
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Christian Giaume
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mouihate A, Kalakh S. Ganaxolone enhances microglial clearance activity and promotes remyelination in focal demyelination in the corpus callosum of ovariectomized rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:240-250. [PMID: 31332963 PMCID: PMC6978248 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Experimental studies have shown that the progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone, is endowed with promyelinating effects. The mechanisms underlying these promyelinating effects are not well understood. Therefore, we explored the impact of allopregnanolone's synthetic analogue, ganaxolone, on remyelination and microglial activation following focal demyelination in the corpus callosum of ovariectomized rats. Methods Ovariectomized adult Sprague Dawley rats received a stereotaxic injection of 2 µL of 1% lysolecithin solution in the corpus callosum followed by daily injections of either ganaxolone (intraperitoneal injection [i.p.], 2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle. The demyelination lesion was assessed 3 and 7 days postdemyelination insult using Luxol fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of myelin proteins (MBP, MAG, MOG, CNPase) were explored using Western blot. The inflammatory response and clearance of damaged myelin were evaluated using immunofluorescent staining (Iba1, dMBP, GFAP) and multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐6). Results Systemic administration of ganaxolone promoted remyelination of lysolecithin‐induced demyelination, upregulated the expression of major myelin proteins, and enhanced microglial clearance of damaged myelin. Astrocytosis, as well as locally produced pro‐ and antiinflammatory cytokines, was not affected by ganaxolone treatment. Conclusion Ganaxolone promotes remyelination in response to focal demyelination of the corpus callosum of ovariectomized rats. This effect is, at least in part, mediated by enhancing microglial clearance of myelin debris, which creates a conducive environment for a successful remyelination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Samah Kalakh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|