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Bernardino ABCDS, Barreto-Filho MA, Pompeu AS, Andrade JDS, Azevedo ACA, Brasil MQA, Cedro M, Araújo C, Andrade N, Akrami K, Scussiatto HO, Boaventura VS, Fornazieri MA. Validation of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders (QOD) for the Brazilian population. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100414. [PMID: 38878322 PMCID: PMC11226810 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of olfactory disorders has increased in recent years, mainly related to COVID-19 infection. In Brazil, over 37 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported, and approximately 10 % of those cases continue to experience olfactory disorders for more than one month. Despite the significant negative impact on well-being, there is currently no validated instrument to assess how olfactory disorders impact the quality of life in Brazil. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to validate the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) for Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS The authors first performed translation, back-translation, expert review, pre-testing, psychometric evaluation and cultural adaptation of the English version of the questionnaire. To assure linguistic and conceptual equivalence of the translated questionnaire, 126 participants from two Brazilian states and varying degrees of olfactory loss answered the QOD and the World Health Organization Quality of Life bref (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaires. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®) was used to quantify the olfactory loss. Furthermore, to evaluate the reliability of the Portuguese version a test-retest was performed on a subgroup of patients. The authors observed a high Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.86) for internal consistency of the quality of Life (QOD-QOL) statements. FINDINGS As expected, there was a negative correlation between QOD-QOL and UPSIT® (Spearman's ρ = -0.275, p = 0.002), since QOL score increases and UPSIT® score decreases with worsening of olfactory function. Correlations were moderate between QOD-QOL and WHOQOL-bref mean (Spearman's ρ = -0.374, p < 0.001) and weak to moderate between the QOD-QOL and Visual Analog Scale of the QOD regarding professional life, leisure, and private life (Spearman's ρ = -0.316, p = 0.000; Spearman's ρ = -0.293, p = 0.001; Spearman's ρ = -0.261, p = 0.004; respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the authors have demonstrated a high internal consistency and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the QOD for evaluating the quality of life in individuals with olfactory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcio Andrade Barreto-Filho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Cedro
- Section of Otorhinolaryngology at Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Cintia Araújo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nilvano Andrade
- Section of Otorhinolaryngology at Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Kevan Akrami
- University of California, San Diego, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Health Sciences Center of the Universidade de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cabrera CI, Hicks K, Rodriguez K, Gerka Stuyt JA, McComsey GA, D'Anza B. Comparison of the incidence of smell and taste disorders between influenza and COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104176. [PMID: 38157588 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smell and taste disorders among patients with COVID-19 has become increasingly reported in the literature, however the prevalence varies. Post-infectious respiratory dysfunction has also been linked to influenza. In this study, we aimed to compare the rates of smell and taste disorders between COVID-19 and Influenza in unvaccinated patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING TriNetX research network. METHODS Two queries were made on 7/1/2023 to include Influenza without a diagnosis of COVID-19 and a COVID-19 without a diagnosis of Influenza. The queries included patients from January 1 to December 31, 2022 from 102 Healthcare Organizations. The resultant population of patients with ICD-10 codes for COVID-19 and Influenza were matched using demographic characteristics to evaluate the risk of smell disorders. RESULTS The overall 3-month incidence of smell and taste disorders was 0.73 % in the COVID-19 population and 0.1 % in the influenza population. The 3-month matched risk ratios were 11.1 [95 % CI (8.8,13.8)]; p < 0.001) times higher for disorders of the smell and taste secondary to COVID-19 compared to influenza. CONCLUSIONS Disorders of the smell and taste are more common among patients with COVID-19 compared to patients with Influenza. Beyond smell loss, patients experience additional nasal and sinus-related rhinological symptoms, pointing to COVID-19's and influenza's wider impact on overall rhinological health. We believe that due to the transient nature of these disorders, they might go underreported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Cabrera
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kayla Hicks
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth Rodriguez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John A Gerka Stuyt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian D'Anza
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. Brian.D'
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Gima E, Teh CSL, Nik Hassan NFH, Yaacob NM, Md Shukri N. Validity and Reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:156-166. [PMID: 38239243 PMCID: PMC10793134 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory disorders (OD) are an umbrella term for a diverse group of smell problems. Numerous tests and questionnaires have been formulated to identify and test the severity of smell impairment, which is not readily available or translated for the Malaysian population. This study aimed to translate the Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders (QOD) and validate and test the reliability of the Malay Questionnaire for Olfactory Disorders (mQOD). Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary centres. A forward and backward translation was conducted for the QOD. The translated questionnaire was distributed to subjects with self-reported smell disorders on days 1 and 7. Internal consistency was analysed using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability was tested with an intraclass correlation coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test construct validity. Results A total of 375 participants were recruited, 52 dropped out and 323 completed the questionnaire a second time. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.537 for parosmia (P), 0.892 for life quality (LQ), 0.637 for sincerity (S) and 0.865 for visual analogue score (VAS). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for domain scores was > 0.9, while the ICC for all items was good to excellent. A three-factor model for mQOD showed an acceptable fit with indices chi-square value (CMIN)/degree of freedom (DF) = 3.332, Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI) = 0.923, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.939, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079 and standardised root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.0574. Conclusion The mQOD is a valid and reliable tool for assessing OD in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Carren Sui Lin Teh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Fariza Husna Nik Hassan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Najib Majdi Yaacob
- Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norasnieda Md Shukri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Mahali M, Coolidge FL. On the relationship between neurocognitive measures and olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients with and without anosmia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100632. [PMID: 37215309 PMCID: PMC10196905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the predominant symptoms of the COVID-19 virus is the complete (anosmia) or partial (hyposmia) loss of smell. Anosmia may be a critical neurocognitive symptom because there is an empirically demonstrated association of anosmia with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc. The present study assessed the neurocognitive disorder patterns in recovered COVID-19 patients who either self-reported anosmia or its absence. Of the 60 adult participants (n = 32 males, n = 28 females; Mage = 20.78 years, range = 18-31 years), 15 reported COVID-19 induced anosmia, 15 reported COVID-19 without anosmia, and 30 reported not having contracted COVID-19. The participants were first administered a 10-item smell test, and analysis of variance revealed significantly better scores for the control group than the other two groups. Further, there was no significant difference in smell scores between the patients who self-reported anosmia or denied it. This statistical pattern was consistent across all neuropsychological tests: short- and long-term verbal memory, digit span, Trail Making, and a self-report 46-item neurocognitive scale. Regardless of the self-report of anosmia or denial, all thirty COVID-19 patients scored significantly poorer than the control group on all of the tests and neurocognitive scale. In summary, the self-report of anosmia appears to be unreliable, and the COVID-19 patients who were found to be anosmic on the initial objective smell test demonstrated poorer neuropsychological performance than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Mahali
- Centre of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
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5
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Strahm C, Seneghini M, Güsewell S, Egger T, Leal-Neto O, Brucher A, Lemmenmeier E, Meier Kleeb D, Möller JC, Rieder P, Ruetti M, Rutz R, Schmid HR, Stocker R, Vuichard-Gysin D, Wiggli B, Besold U, Kuster SP, McGeer A, Risch L, Friedl A, Schlegel M, Schmid D, Vernazza P, Kahlert CR, Kohler P. Symptoms Compatible With Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) in Healthcare Workers With and Without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection-Results of a Prospective Multicenter Cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e1011-e1019. [PMID: 35090015 PMCID: PMC9383387 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of long-term symptoms (ie, long COVID) in patients after mild COVID-19 is debated. Within a cohort of healthcare workers (HCWs), frequency and risk factors for symptoms compatible with long COVID are assessed. METHODS Participants answered baseline (August/September 2020) and weekly questionnaires on SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) results and acute disease symptoms. In January 2021, SARS-CoV-2 serology was performed; in March, symptoms compatible with long COVID (including psychometric scores) were asked and compared between HCWs with positive NPS, seropositive HCWs without positive NPS (presumable asymptomatic/pauci-symptomatic infections), and negative controls. The effect of time since diagnosis and quantitative anti-spike protein antibodies (anti-S) was evaluated. Poisson regression was used to identify risk factors for symptom occurrence. RESULTS Of 3334 HCWs (median, 41 years; 80% female), 556 (17%) had a positive NPS and 228 (7%) were only seropositive. HCWs with positive NPS more frequently reported ≥1 symptom compared with controls (73% vs 52%, P < .001); seropositive HCWs without positive NPS did not score higher than controls (58% vs 52%, P = .13), although impaired taste/olfaction (16% vs 6%, P < .001) and hair loss (17% vs 10%, P = .004) were more common. Exhaustion/burnout was reported by 24% of negative controls. Many symptoms remained elevated in those diagnosed >6 months ago; anti-S titers correlated with high symptom scores. Acute viral symptoms in weekly questionnaires best predicted long-COVID symptoms. Physical activity at baseline was negatively associated with neurocognitive impairment and fatigue scores. CONCLUSIONS Seropositive HCWs without positive NPS are only mildly affected by long COVID. Exhaustion/burnout is common, even in noninfected HCWs. Physical activity might be protective against neurocognitive impairment/fatigue symptoms after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Strahm
- Correspondence: C. Strahm, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9011 St Gallen, Switzerland ()
| | - Marco Seneghini
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Güsewell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Egger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Onicio Leal-Neto
- Epitrack, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Brucher
- Psychiatry Services of the Canton of St Gallen (South), St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Eva Lemmenmeier
- Clienia Littenheid AG, Private Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Littenheid, Switzerland
| | | | - J Carsten Möller
- Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, Zihlschlacht, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Ruetti
- Fuerstenland Toggenburg Hospital Group, Wil, Switzerland
| | - Remus Rutz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Danielle Vuichard-Gysin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt Wiggli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan P Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
- Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch Ostschweiz AG, Buchs, Switzerland
- Private Universität im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrée Friedl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schlegel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Schmid
- Clinic for Psychosomatic and Consultation Psychiatry, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
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Herz RS, Larsson M, Trujillo R, Casola MC, Ahmed FK, Lipe S, Brashear ME. A three-factor benefits framework for understanding consumer preference for scented household products: psychological interactions and implications for future development. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:28. [PMID: 35362845 PMCID: PMC8972642 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have deliberately scented their environment for purpose or pleasure for millennia. In the contemporary marketplace most consumers prefer and purchase scented versions of common household products. However, the drivers of this consumer preference have not been elucidated. To explain the attraction to scent in household products we propose a novel three-factor framework, comprising functional benefits (malodor mitigation, base odor coverage, freshening), in-use experience benefits (cleanliness, efficacy, pleasure), and emotional benefits (increasing in confidence, mood and nostalgia). To support this framework, we present new data from a market research survey on US consumer purchasing habits and attitudes towards home cleaning, laundry, and air freshening products. Further substantiating our framework, a focused review of olfactory psychological science illustrating the central role of scent in cognition, wellbeing, motivated behavior, and social behavior, as well as sensory marketing research highlights the benefits and implications of scent in consumer household products. Based on our three-factor framework we go on to discuss the potential for scent to influence health and raise issues to consider (such as potential negative responding to fragranced products). We conclude by showcasing new opportunities for future research in olfactory science and on scented household products that can advance the positive impacts of scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Herz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University Medical School, 146 Thayer St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA. .,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, USA.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Stacy Lipe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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7
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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8
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Mathis S, Le Masson G, Soulages A, Duval F, Carla L, Vallat JM, Solé G. Olfaction and anosmia: From ancient times to COVID-19. J Neurol Sci 2021; 425:117433. [PMID: 33848701 PMCID: PMC9755649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, one of our five main qualitative sensory abilities, is the action of smelling or the capacity to smell. Olfactory impairment can be a sign of a medical problem, from a benign nasal/sinus problem up to a potentially serious brain injury. However, although clinicians (neurologists or not) usually test the olfactory nerves in specific clinical situations (for example, when a neurodegenerative disorder is suspected), they may omit such tests in many other situations. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the resurgence of anosmia has reminded us of the importance of testing this sensorineural function. We retrace here the main historical steps and discoveries concerning olfaction and anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mathis
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Gwendal Le Masson
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Neurocentre François Magendie, Unité INSERM 1215, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Soulages
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Duval
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Louis Carla
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Department and Laboratory of Neurology, National Reference Center for 'Rare Peripheral Neuropathies', University Hospital of Limoges (CHU Limoges), Dupuytren Hospital, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Guilhem Solé
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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9
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Sabiniewicz A, Wrage F, Hummel T. The impact of cognitive and noncognitive factors on odor discrimination performance. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic TU Dresden Dresden Germany
- Institute of Psychology University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland
| | - Florian Wrage
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic TU Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic TU Dresden Dresden Germany
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Corticosteroid nasal spray for recovery of smell sensation in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102884. [PMID: 33429174 PMCID: PMC7836546 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the role of the topical corticosteroid, mometasone furoate, nasal spray in the treatment of post COVID-19 anosmia. Methods A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted among patients with post COVID-19 anosmia. One hundred patients were randomly assigned to two groups; group I included 50 patients received mometasone furoate nasal spray in an appropriate dose of 2 puff (100 μg) once daily in each nostril for 3 weeks with olfactory training, group II included 50 patients were advised to keep on olfactory training only. The assessment of smell was done using (Visual Analog Scale from 0 to 10). All patients were initially evaluated after their recovery from COVID-19 and followed up for 3 weeks. The smell scores were recorded weekly and the duration of smell loss was recorded from the onset of anosmia till the full recovery. Results In both groups, the smell scores significantly improved by the end of the third week (P < 0.001). By comparing smell scores between both groups after 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks of treatment, there were no statistically significant differences between both groups. In group I, (62%) of patients completely recovered their sense of smell after 3 weeks of treatment, compared to (52%) of patients in group II (P = 0.31). Conclusion The results suggested that using mometasone furoate nasal spray as a topical corticosteroid in the treatment of post COVID-19 anosmia offers no superiority benefits over the olfactory training, regarding smell scores, duration of anosmia, and recovery rates. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04484493
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11
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Schäfer L, Schriever VA, Croy I. Human olfactory dysfunction: causes and consequences. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:569-579. [PMID: 33496882 PMCID: PMC7835667 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sense of smell essentially contributes to social communication, guides nutrition behaviour and elicits avoidance towards environmental hazards. Olfactory smell impairment may hence entail severe consequences for affected individuals. Compared with sensory loss in other modalities, reduced olfactory function is often unnoticed by those affected and diagnosed late. Those patients seeking help frequently suffer from long-term impairments resulting in reduced well-being and quality of life. The current review provides an overview of aetiology, prevalence and specifics of diagnostics in acquired and congenital olfactory loss and focusses on short- and long-term consequences. Compensation strategies are elaborated, and treatment options are mentioned. Individual characteristics associated with the development of serious mental health impairment are discussed in order to help practitioners identifying populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schäfer
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Psychotherapie Und Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinder- Und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Psychotherapie Und Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Stanojlović O. The importance of smell and taste in everyday life: Dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/mp72-33020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-to-human transmission of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) - is characterized by a pandemic exponential rate and the patients with mild to moderate infection have odor and taste problems that represent a new atypical disease. A new viral syndrome of acute anosmia or "new loss of taste or smell" without rhinitis and nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea has been placed on the list of symptoms that may occur 2 to 14 days after exposure to the COVID-19 virus. Two months after declaring the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized changes in the perception of smell and taste as symptoms of this disease. The described cardinal symptoms are more common in the population of young patients and able-bodied people which facilitates the spread of disease. Significantly higher prevalence of patients with COVID-19 who have lost their taste and smell is treated at home (rare hospitalization), lung damage is rare, as well as oxygen therapy with mild lymphopenia. Different scenarios of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection can be assumed: it is probable that the virus does not enter directly into olfactory sensory neurons (they do not have ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors), but it is localized to vascular pericytes and causes inflammatory processes and vasculopathies. On the other hand, direct infection of non-neuronal cells which contain said receptors is possible. Those are specific cell types in the olfactory epithelium such as sustentacular, horizontal basal cells, as well as Bowman's glands, which leads to massive degeneration and loss of olfactory neurons. The sense of taste is a complex sensation that is the result of the interaction of smell, taste, temperature and texture of food. The virus damages cranial nerves, epithelial receptors and blood vessels leading to taste damage (ageusia or dysgeusia). A multidisciplinary approach with epidemiological, clinical and basic research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of sensorineural odor and taste loss caused by coronavirus.
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13
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Swain S. Management of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a review. MGM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_37_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Rebholz H, Braun RJ, Ladage D, Knoll W, Kleber C, Hassel AW. Loss of Olfactory Function-Early Indicator for Covid-19, Other Viral Infections and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:569333. [PMID: 33193009 PMCID: PMC7649754 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.569333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of the senses of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) are rather common disorders, affecting up to 20% of the adult population. Yet, this condition has not received the attention it deserves, most probably because per se such a disorder is not life threatening. However, loss of olfactory function significantly reduces the quality of life of the affected patients, leading to dislike in food and insufficient, exaggerated or unbalanced food intake, unintentional exposure to toxins such as household gas, social isolation, depression, and an overall insecurity. Not only is olfactory dysfunction rather prevalent in the healthy population, it is, in many instances, also a correlate or an early indicator of a panoply of diseases. Importantly, olfactory dysfunction is linked to the two most prominent neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Anosmia and hyposmia (reduced sense of smell) affect a majority of patients years before the onset of cognitive or motor symptoms, establishing olfactory dysfunction as early biomarker that can enable earlier diagnosis and preventative treatments. In the current health crisis caused by SARS-CoV2, anosmia and dysgeusia as early-onset symptoms in virus-positive patients may prove to be highly relevant and crucial for pre-symptomatic Covid-19 detection from a public health perspective, preceding by days the more classical respiratory tract symptoms such as cough, tightness of the chest or fever. Thus, the olfactory system seems to be at the frontline of pathologic assault, be it through pathogens or insults that can lead to or at least associate with neurodegeneration. The aim of this review is to assemble current knowledge from different medical fields that all share a common denominator, olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, and to distill overarching etiologies and disease progression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Rebholz
- Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Dennis Ladage
- Center of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Universitaetsklinikum Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Kleber
- Center of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Achim W. Hassel
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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15
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Auinger AB, Besser G, Liu DT, Renner B, Mueller CA. Long-term impact of olfactory dysfunction on daily life. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 133:1004-1011. [PMID: 33084955 PMCID: PMC8500863 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is common in the general population, affects the quality of life (QoL), and is suspected to cause depression. Long-term outcome data are lacking and there is a need to improve patient counselling regarding prognosis. We aimed to assess subjective long-term recovery rates, the QoL, and mood disturbance in a group of 65 patients, who were affected with OD. Methods Out of 325 patients treated for OD between 2003 and 2009 at a smell and taste clinic, 65 patients were included for a follow-up after an average of 8.6 years. A total of 28 patients answered questionnaires only and 37 patients were provided with an additional smell identification test. Among others, questionnaires included a short form of the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Beck’s depression inventory. Results In the long run, subjective improvement was stated in 33.8% of all patients, with the highest rate of 42.3% in patients with postinfectious OD. The subjective rating of olfactory function on a visual analogue scale was significantly higher at study follow-up compared to first clinical contact (median 1.25 vs. 4.5; U = 469.5, p = 0.001), as were mean identification scores (6.0 ± 3.0 vs. 8.0 ± 4.0, t(18) = 2.51, p = 0.021). The QoL in general was considered reduced in 40% of all patients at follow-up. Furthermore, participants exhibited only minor, if any, depressive symptoms. Conclusion Despite negative effects of OD on certain activities in daily life, such as cooking, detecting spoiled food, or personal hygiene, it seems that the patients included in this study adapted to the OD in the long-term. The current findings should aid clinicians in patient counselling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00508-020-01751-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Auinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David T Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Olfactory dysfunction: properties of the Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12 test and associations with quality of life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 276:389-395. [PMID: 30456541 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12 test is a test of olfactory performance based on pen-like odor dispensing devices. The aims of this study were to analyze the performance of this test in a general population sample and to explore associations between olfactory dysfunction and quality of life. METHODS A large community sample (n = 7267) completed the Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12 test and several questionnaires measuring quality of life, anxiety, dispositional optimism, social support, and satisfaction with life. RESULTS According to the criteria recommended by the test manufacturer, 5.1% of the participants were anosmic (score ≤ 6), 52.4% were dysosmic (7 ≤ score ≤ 10), and 42.5% were normosmic (score ≥ 11). While frequencies of correct identification differed between the 12 sticks, all sticks contributed positively to the test results. The associations between olfactory functioning and quality of life variables were negligible. In the multivariate analyses, none of the associations reached the 1% significance level. CONCLUSIONS While studies with patients in otorhinolaryngological clinics often report substantial detriments to their quality of life in relation to olfactory dysfunction, the present epidemiological study cannot confirm this association for the general population.
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Abstract
Background Depression is a major comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this prospective study was to investigate socio-demographic and clinical factors and serum markers of inflammation, including cytokines that, may be a cause or an association with COPD-related depression. Material/Methods This study enrolled 53 patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Hefei First People’s Hospital, China between October 2015 and October 2016. Patients were consecutively recruited who were diagnosed with COPD and without lower respiratory tract disease, psychiatric disorders, or a family history of cognitive disorders. All patients were investigated for symptoms of depression. Lung function testing included forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. Results Of the 53 patients with COPD, 40 (75.47%) patients had symptoms of depression. Univariate analysis showed that gender, smoking, a high level of education, duration of a cough, FEV1, and serum CRP level were associated with depression. A multivariate logistic regression model identified two risk factors for depression in patients with COPD: serum CRP level and FEV1. Conclusions The findings of this study showed that the risk factors for COPD-related depression included male gender, heavy smoking, higher academic qualifications, and duration of cough, but the two strongest risk factors were a high serum CRP level and low FEV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 3rd Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 1st People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 3rd Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 1st People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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18
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Kollndorfer K, Reichert J, Brückler B, Hinterleitner V, Schöpf V. Self-esteem as an important factor in quality of life and depressive symptoms in anosmia: A pilot study. Clin Otolaryngol 2017; 42:1229-1234. [PMID: 28236363 PMCID: PMC5724690 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has reported a negative impact of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life (QoL) and depressive symptoms. As self-esteem was identified as a contributing factor to depression, this study aimed to investigate QoL, depressive symptoms and self-esteem in patients with smell loss. DESIGN Prospective controlled study. SETTING Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, in co-operation with the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two anosmic patients (12 females, 10 males) and 25 healthy controls (15 females, 10 males) participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Olfactory performance was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks battery. In addition, psychological questionnaires that covered the topics quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), depressive symptoms (BDI-II) and self-esteem (MSWS) were conducted. RESULTS The results of this study revealed a decrease in QoL and reduced body-related self-esteem in anosmic patients. Furthermore, QoL and self-esteem were correlated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION As self-esteem, QoL and depressive symptoms in anosmia interact with each other, we suggest that self-esteem should be considered in the medical history, in order to provide a personalised intervention, adapted to the patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kollndorfer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - J.L. Reichert
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMedGrazAustria
| | - B. Brückler
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - V. Schöpf
- Institute of PsychologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMedGrazAustria
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Boesveldt S, Postma EM, Boak D, Welge-Luessen A, Schöpf V, Mainland JD, Martens J, Ngai J, Duffy VB. Anosmia-A Clinical Review. Chem Senses 2017; 42:513-523. [PMID: 28531300 PMCID: PMC5863566 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmia and hyposmia, the inability or decreased ability to smell, is estimated to afflict 3-20% of the population. Risk of olfactory dysfunction increases with old age and may also result from chronic sinonasal diseases, severe head trauma, and upper respiratory infections, or neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders impair the ability to sense warning odors in foods and the environment, as well as hinder the quality of life related to social interactions, eating, and feelings of well-being. This article reports and extends on a clinical update commencing at the 2016 Association for Chemoreception Sciences annual meeting. Included were reports from: a patient perspective on losing the sense of smell with information on Fifth Sense, a nonprofit advocacy organization for patients with olfactory disorders; an otolaryngologist's review of clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management/treatment of anosmia; and researchers' review of recent advances in potential anosmia treatments from fundamental science, in animal, cellular, or genetic models. As limited evidence-based treatments exist for anosmia, dissemination of information on anosmia-related health risks is needed. This could include feasible and useful screening measures for olfactory dysfunction, appropriate clinical evaluation, and patient counseling to avoid harm as well as manage health and quality of life with anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elbrich M Postma
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, PO Box 9025, 6710 HN Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Boak
- Fifth Sense, Sanderum House, 38 Oakley Road, Chino OX39 4TW, UK
| | - Antje Welge-Luessen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martens
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John Ngai
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Road, Box U-101 Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA
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